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DC MACHINES (EE 100)

• Development of EMF, torque and voltage equation

• Characteristics of DC motors
• Shunt
DC MACHINES • Series
• Compound Motor
EE 1000

• Starting of DC Motor

• Speed Control of DC Motor

Prof. Paresh Kale • Variation of field circuit resistance
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, • Variation of the armature circuit resistance
NIT Rourkela. • Variation of Voltage

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LECTURE PLAN TEXT BOOKS

• Introduction Working and construction, (1)

• EMF equation , Classification (1)

• speed-torque characteristics, Power (2)

• Starters, field control method (1)

• Armature control method (2)

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REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THIS CHAPTER

Fundamentals and
Working of DC machine
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TORQUE
REVIEW OF PHYSICS
• Tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis
• Newton’s law for translation: • Unit of torque : N-m
F=ma
• Counterclockwise torques are +ve and clockwise torques are –ve.
F in Newtons, m in kg, a in m/s2.

ccw
• Acceleration • Positive torque:

a = dv / dt Counter-clockwise, out
of page
• Kinetic energy cw
E = ½ m v2
E in Joules, m in kg, v in m/s.
• Negative torque: clockwise, into page

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CONCEPT OF WORK AND POWER ENERGY CONVERSION IN ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Electrical Mechanical
Work Power system system
Electric Machine
• 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = • Power is rate of doing work. e, i T, n
𝐹 𝑥 (Joules)
Motor
Energy flow
• 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹 𝑣 (Watts).
Generator
• where x is the distance (m) through
which the force acts. • An electrical machine is link between an electrical
• 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇  (Watts).
system and a mechanical system.
• Work done by a torque = T 
• Power often expressed in
• Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator
(Joules)
horsepower = 746 Watts • Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor
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ELECTRIC GENERATOR ELECTRIC MOTOR

Review of fundamentals of electrical Review of fundamentals of electrical

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engineering by Dr. Paresh Kale engineering by Dr. Paresh Kale

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GENERAL PHYSICS OF MOTOR WORKING PRINCIPLE

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BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Electrical
Machines

DC AC
machine machine

Synchronous Induction
machine machine

• Machines are called AC machines (generators or

motors) if the electrical system is AC.
• DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical
system is DC.
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CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS

Construction of DC machine
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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF FOUR POLE DC GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF FOUR POLE DC

MACHINE MACHINE
• Pole Cores (C) : Fixed • Armature Core (A):
steel part • Made of steel laminations (0.4 to 0.6 mm)
• Carries field winding (F) • Insulated from one another
• Lamination reduces eddy current loss
• Pole tips at the end of pole • Slots on the periphery of laminations to
cores accommodate windings
• support field winding
• increase cross sectional
area to reduce the
reluctance of the air gap

• Yoke (R) : Made up of

steel plates / cast steel /
fabricated roll steel
• Houses the machine parts

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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF DC MACHINE WINDINGS OF DC MACHINE

• Armature: Rotating part of DC machine
Conductor (N) : Active portion on which winding is mounted
which cuts the magnetic field
• EMF’s generated in conductors 1 and 1’
assist each other
• If an armature has 40 slots
• 1’ must be moving under a S pole when 1
each containing 8 is moving under N pole
conductors,
• By applying right hand rule and assuming
the armature to be rotated clockwise, the
• Then, the armature is said direction of emf generated in conductor 1
is towards the slide,
to have 8 conductors per
slot and total of 320 • whereas that of 1’ is outwards from the • double layer winding
conductors slide • 4 poles
• With 11 slots
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
• 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
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ARRANGEMENT OF OVERLAP OF END CONNECTIONS

• B) Three coils 1-1’, 2-2’, 3-3’ are

arranged in the slots so that their
end connections overlap one
another

• A) End connection of the coils

• P and Q are the two ends of the coil

Armature coil

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LAP AND WAVE WINDING

• Lap winding has many paths in

parallel between negative and
positive brushes as there are
poles
𝒄 = 𝟐𝒑
• E.g. for 8-pole lap winding ,
armature conductors form eight
parallel paths
• p = pairs of poles
a) Coil of lap winding
b) Coil of wave winding
• Wave winding has only two paths
in parallel, irrespective of number
of poles.
𝒄= 𝟐

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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF FOUR POLE DC

COMPARISON OF LAP AND WAVE WINDING
MACHINE

Sl.
Lap Winding Wave winding
• Magnetic flux Distribution: represented by dotted line
No.

Number of parallel paths Number of parallel paths

1
= No of Poles =2

No. of brush sets

No. of brush sets
2 =2
= Number of poles

Preferable for high Preferable for low current,

3
current, low voltage high voltage

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WAVEFORM OF E. M. F. GENERATED IN A CONDUCTOR COMMUTATOR OF D. C. MACHINE

• If the air gap is of uniform Conductor moving under the poles • Commutator: Enables steady or direct or unidirectional voltage
length, the emf generated
in a conductor remains
constant while it is moving • It consists of large number of wedge shaped bars (C), assembled
under a pole face side by side to form a ring

• It decreases rapidly to • Bars are insulated from one another using Mica sheet (P)
zero when the conductor
is midway between the
pole tips of the adjacent
poles

• Pole pitch : Distance

between the centres of
Conductor midway between pole tips
the adjacent poles
Axial section and the end elevation of Commutator

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COMMUTATOR ASSEMBLY COMMUTATOR FUNCTION

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PARTS OF TYPICAL DC MACHINE SECTIONAL VIEW OF TYPICAL DC MACHINE

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DC MACHINE IN NUTSHELL DC MACHINE IN NUTSHELL

• Field winding is stationary whose pole shoes occupy major • Currents is collected from the commutator segment by means of
part of pole-pitch carbon brushes

• Alternating emf is induced in the coil due to rotation of

armature past the stator / field poles • For DC machine, armature is always a rotor and field
winding must always be placed on stator
• Two ends of armature coil are connected to two conducting /
copper segments : called as commutator • Air-gap under the poles is almost uniform

• The connection of the coil to the outside circuit reverse each • Pole shoes are wider, making flux density in air around the
half cycle such that polarity of one brush is always positive armature periphery a flat topped wave.
and the other negative : Rectification action

• Rectification is mechanical to obtain DC from alternating http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCwu5KPVv54

induced emf

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AVERAGE EMF GENERATED IN AN ARMATURE WINDING

• When an armature is rotated through one revolution, each
conductor cuts magnetic flux emanating from N as well as S pole

• Let
•  = Useful flux / pole (Wb)
• 𝑝 = number of pairs of poles
• 𝑁𝑟 = Speed (rpm)

60
• Time of one revolution = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑟
60 1
• Time taken by conductor to move one pole pitch = . 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑟 2𝑝
60 1
• Average rate at which conductor cuts the flux =  / . Wb 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑁𝑟 2𝑝
EMF equation for
𝟐𝝋𝑵𝒓 𝒑
DC machine • Average emf generated in each conductor = Volts
𝟔𝟎
http://richardcardona.com/labels/lost.html
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EMF GENERATED IN AN ARMATURE WINDING

• Z = Total number of armature conductors

• c = number of parallel paths through winding between positive and

negative brushes Q. An 8 pole, lap wound armature has 1200
• c = 2 for wave winding
• c = 2p for lap winding
conductors and a flux per pole of 0.03 Wb.

𝑍
• = number of conductors in series in each path Determine the emf generated when running
𝑐
at 500 rpm.
𝑍
• Total emf between brushes = Average emf per conductor X
𝑐
𝟐𝝋𝑵𝒓 𝒑 𝒁
Eb =
𝟔𝟎 𝒄

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Generated e.m.f.,

E = 2𝑝𝑐 𝑛𝑍
Q. A DC generator running at 30 rev/s
for a lap-wound machine generates an emf of 200 V.

E = nZ Determine the percentage increase in the flux

per pole required to generate 250 V at 20 rps.
500
= (0.03) ( 60 ) (1200)

= 300 volts

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generated e.m.f., E ∝  and since ω = 2n,

E ∝ 𝒏
Let 𝐸1 = 200 𝑉, 𝑛1 =30 rev/s
And flux per pole at this speed be 1

Let 𝐸2 = 250 𝑉, 𝑛2 =20 rev/s

and flux per pole at this speed be 2

=𝟏 𝒏𝟏
𝑬𝟏
Since E ∝ n then
𝑬𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 CLASSIFICATION AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MACHINE
200  (30)
Hence = 1
250 2 (20)

 (30)(250)
From which, 2 = 1 =1.87𝟏
2 (20)(200)

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ARMATURE AND FIELD CONNECTIONS CIRCUIT MODEL OF DC MACHINE

• Brushes are situated

approximately in line with the
centres of the poles

• This position enables them to

make contact with conductors in
which small or no emf is being
generated

• Four field or exciting coils are

connected in series
General arrangement of brush
• Filed coils are so connected that and field connections of a four
alternate N and S poles are pole machine
produced

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CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES BASED ON FIELD WINDING

TYPES OF EXCITATION
CONNECTIONS

• Separately excited machines:

• Separate sources for field and armature

• Self Excited machines

• Shunt wound : Field winding across the armature terminals

• Series wound: Field winding in series with armature

• Compound wound: Combination of shunt and series windings

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COMPOUND EXCITATION

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SHUNT-WOUND MACHINE AS GENERATOR OR

GENERATING AND MOTORING MODE MOTOR

• There is no difference of construction

between DC machine and motor

• For DC motor:
Generated EMF < Terminal voltage

• For DC generator:
Generated EMF > Terminal voltage

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SHUNT-WOUND MACHINE AS GENERATOR OR Q. An 8-pole DC shunt generator with 778 wave-connected

MOTOR armature conductors and running at 500 r.p.m. supplies a load of
• Let 12.5 Ω resistance at terminal voltage of 250 V. The armature
• E = EMF generated in armature resistance is 0.24 Ω and the field resistance is 250 Ω.
• V = Terminal voltage
• Ra = Armature circuit resistance Find the armature current, the induced e.m.f. and the flux per pole.
• Ia = Armature current

If operating as generator
𝑬 = 𝑽 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂

If operating as motor
𝑬 = 𝑽 − 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝑽 = 𝑬 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂
Since the emf generated in armature of a motor is in opposition
to the applied voltage, it is called as back emf (Eb)
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Load current = V/R = 250/12.5 = 20 A

Shunt current = 250/250 =1A
Armature current = 20 + 1 = 21 A
Induced e.m.f. (Eb) = 250 + (21 . 0.24) = 255.04 V

𝟐𝝋𝑵𝒓 𝑷 𝒁
Bacl EMF = Eb =
𝟔𝟎 𝒄
Flux =Φ = 9.83 mWb

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