By

Dr. M Vishnu Vardhan

 Objectives
• To be able to know when and what type of NC should be used
• To be able to read and interpret an NC part program
• To be able to create NC part programs for milled parts
• To understand the difference between world, machine and part
coordinates
• To understand how to set machine offsets
• To execute an NC part program
 Introduction
CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control.

It is the technology of controlling a machining

operation using a computer program, which is
called Numerical Control (NC) Program.

In other words, a computer rather than a person

will directly control the machine tool.
 Introduction
The most important computerized machine tools
that are used extensively in the industry are:

CNC Turning CNC Milling

(Lathe) machine machine
 Turning Machine axes
CNC Turning machine has at least 2
controllable feed axes, marked as X and Z;
Fig. 1.8
 Turning Machine axes
When the cutting tool moves toward and
backward the machine spindle, this is called
movement along Z axis.

When the cutting tool moves in cross

direction to the longitudinal axis of the
workpiece, this is called movement along X
axis.
 Turning Machine axes
Positive Z direction
is when the tool moves
away from the
workpiece in Z axis.

Positive X direction
is when the tool moves
away from the work
part in X axis.
 Dimensioning
There are two types of Dimensioning

Absolute Incremental
Dimensioning Dimensioning
Motivation and uses

To manufacture complex curved geometries in 2D or

3D was extremely expensive by mechanical means
(which usually would require complex jigs to control the
cutter motions)

Machining components with repeatable accuracy

Unmanned machining operations

 Overview
A numerical control, or “NC”, system controls many machine functions and
movements which were traditionally performed by skilled machinists.
Numerical control developed out of the need to meet the requirements of
high production rates, uniformity and consistent part quality.
Programmed instructions are converted into output signals which in turn
control machine operations such as spindle speeds, tool selection, tool
movement, and cutting fluid flow.

Fig. Basic components of NC system

CNC Tooling
Advantages of CNC

- Easier to program;
- Easy storage of existing programs;
- Easy to change a program
- Avoids human errors
- safer to operate
- Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple
ones
- Usually generates closer tolerances than manual
machines
 Basic CNC Principles
All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly
control motion in various directions. Each of these directions of motion is
called an axis. Depending on the machine type there are commonly two
to five axes.
Additionally, a CNC axis may be either a linear axis in which movement is
in a straight line, or a rotary axis with motion following a circular path.
 CNC Programming Basics
CNC instructions are called part program commands.

When running, a part program is interpreted one command line at a time

until all lines are completed.

Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up of words

which each begin with a letter address and end with a numerical value.

Each letter address relates to a specific machine function. “G” and “M” letter
addresses are two of the most common. A “G” letter specifies certain
machine preparations such as inch or metric modes, or absolutes versus
incremental modes.

A “M” letter specifies miscellaneous machine functions and work like on/off
switches for coolant flow, tool changing, or spindle rotation. Other letter
addresses are used to direct a wide variety of other machine commands.
 CNC programming
Important things to know:

• Coordinate System

• Units, incremental or absolute positioning

• Coordinates: X,Y,Z
• Feed rate and spindle speed

• Coolant Control: On/Off

• Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters
 CNC programming
• Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes

• Preparatory Codes: G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing

operating conditions

• Miscellaneous codes – M codes For coolant control and other activities

• N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU

• Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z

direction

• Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed

• Tool codes: T – specify tool number

 Programming Key Letters
• O - Program number (Used for program identification)
• N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
• G - Preparatory function
• X - X axis designation
• Y - Y axis designation
• Z - Z axis designation
• R - Radius designation
• F – Feed rate designation
• S - Spindle speed designation
• H - Tool length offset designation
• D - Tool radius offset designation
• T - Tool Designation
• M - Miscellaneous function
 G codes
• G00 Rapid Transverse
• G01 Linear Interpolation
• G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
• G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
• G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane
• G20/G70 Inch units
• G21/G71 Metric Units
• G40 Cutter compensation cancel
• G41 Cutter compensation left
• G42 Cutter compensation right
• G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
• G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
• G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
• G49 Tool length compensation cancel
• G80 Cancel canned cycles
• G81 Drilling cycle
• G82 Counter boring cycle
• G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
• G90 Absolute positioning
• G91 Incremental positioning
 M codes
• M00 Program stop
• M01 Optional program stop
• M02 Program end
• M03 Spindle on clockwise
• M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
• M05 Spindle stop
• M06 Tool change
• M08 Coolant on
• M09 Coolant off
• M10 Clamps on
• M11 Clamps off
• M30 Program stop, reset to start
 CNC Programming format

The programming format is called as a word address format

Each line of program == 1 block

Each block is composed of several instructions, or (words)

Sequence and format of words:

N3 G02 X+1.4 Y+1.4 Z+1.4 F3.2 S4 T0404 M2

sequence no destination coordinates tool

Other function
feed rate
preparatory function
spindle speed
 APT Programming Example
Cylindrical Part

F 25
Raw Material

70

F 22.5
F 17.5
Finished Part

20
30
NC Programming Example
Cylindrical Part
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0303
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X22.50 Z2.0 S500
N0080 G01 Z-30.0 F100
N0090 G00 X23.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0
N0130 M30
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
Program identification number
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
To cancel any previous working zero point
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0303

N0010 Sequence number

T0303 Select tool number 303
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.0 Z0.0 S500 M04

G57 To set the working zero point as saved

G00 Rapid movement (no cutting)
X26.0 X location (as a diameter; 13 form zero)
Z0.0 Z location
S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm
x spindle counterclockwise
M04 Rotate
+ve

(0,0) +ve z
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100

G01 Linear interpolation (cutting)

X-0.20 Move only in x direction until you pass
the center by 0.1 mm (facing)
F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min.
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0

G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting)

Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face.
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0

Go to a safe location away from the

workpiece [x = 50 (25 from zero), z = 50] to
change the tool.
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404

T0404 Select tool number 404

 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X22.50 Z2.0 S500

G57 PS0
G00 Rapid movement (no cutting)
X22.50 X location (as a diameter; 11.25 form zero)
Z2.0 Z location
S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 Z-30.0 F100

G01 Linear interpolation (cutting)

Z-30 Move only in z direction (external turning)
F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min.
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X23.0 Z2.0 S500

G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) to

location x= 23.0 (11.50 from zero) and z = 2.0.
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650

G84 Turning cycle for machining the step

X17.5 final diameter
Z-20 length of step is 20 mm
D0=200 Finish allowance in X direction (0.2 mm)
D2=200 Finish allowance in Z direction (0.2 mm)
D3=650 Depth of cut in each pass (0.65 mm)
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0

G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting)

Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face.
 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0

X50.0 Z50.0 Move to the tool changing location

 APT Program Interpretation
O0013
N0005 G53
N0010 T0404
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04
N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100
N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00
N0130 M30

M30 Program End