In which option energy

ionisation do all / three

kJ molparticles
950have1800
the same electronic
2700 4800configuration
6000 12and300 the same
number of neutrons?
What
A 15could
N3– be
16 the
O2– formula
19 –
F of a chloride of X?
3
A 18 2– 19 – 20
B XCl O F B NeXCl 2 C XCl 3 D XCl 4

Moles WS 1

4 When nuclear
19 – 20
reactions
23
take place, the elements produced are different from the elements that
C F Nuclear
reacted. Na+
Ne equations, such as the one below, are used to represent the changes that
2 Which
22 set of 23
occur. conditions
24 gives
2+ the highest yield of ammonia at equilibrium?
D Ne Na Mg
1 2015 JUN P12 Q2 N2(g)235
o –1
+ 3H2(g)
1 2NH
144 3(g) 89
n = –92 kJ mol
+ 3 01∆H
92 U + 0 n → 56 Ba + 36 Kr

alt
2 The shell of a chicken’s egg makes up 5% of the mass of an average egg. An average egg has a
mass of 50catalyst
The nucleon g. (mass) numberpressure temperature
total is constant at 236 and the proton number total is constant
at 92.
A
Assume theabsent
egg shell is pure high
calcium carbonate. low
InBanother absent
nuclear reaction, uranium-238
low high with deuterium atoms, 21 H. An isotope of a
is reacted
How many complete chicken’s egg shells would be needed to neutralise 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3
new element, J, is formed as well as two neutrons.
C
ethanoic present
acid? high high
238
+C 21H3 low
→ J + 2 01 n D
AD 1

present B 2 low 92 U 4

What is isotope J?
3 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant tohydrogen
this question.
2 2015 a NOV
Np P11ion, Q3 B
Phosphorus forms a compound with called phosphine, PH3. This compound can react
A 238
with hydrogen H+.
238
Pu C 240Np D 240Pu
The compound S2O7 is hydrolysed by water to produce sulfuric acid and oxygen only.
Which type of interaction occurs between PH3 and H+?
5 Which
Dicarbon monoxide,
volume C2O,measured
of oxygen, is found in dust clouds
at room in space.
temperature The structure
and pressure, of thiswhen
is evolved molecule
0.352is
g
A
of S2dative
C=C=O. covalent
O7 isThe bond
molecule
hydrolysed? contains no unpaired electrons.
B dipole-dipole forces
cm3 lone pairs 24 cm3 are present 3
96 cm3
A
How12
many Bof electrons C 48 incm
a molecule ofDC2O?

C hydrogen bond
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
4 Nitrogen, N , and carbon monoxide, CO, both have M = 28.
3 2016 JUN P11 Q6
D ionic bond
2 r

6 A white
The powder
boiling pointisofknown to K.
N2 is 77 be a mixture of magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide.
4 Which solid has a simple molecular lattice?
3 –3
100 cm
The of 2point
boiling mol dm
of CONaOH(aq)
is 82 K. is just sufficient to cause the aluminium oxide in x grams of the
A calcium
mixture fluoride
to dissolve.
What could be responsible for this difference in boiling points?
B
The nickel
reaction occurring is Al 2O3 + 2OH– + 3H2O → 2Al (OH)4–.
A CO molecules have a permanent dipole, the N2 molecules are not polar.
C silicon( IV) oxide
800 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl (aq) is just sufficient to cause all of the oxide in x grams of the mixture
B N2 has
to dissolve. σ and π bonding, CO has σ bonding only.
D sulfur
C N2 has a strong N≡N bond, CO has a+C=O bond.
The reactions occurring are Al 2O3 + 6H → 2Al 3+ + 3H2O
D The CO molecule has andmore + 2H+ than
MgOelectrons → Mg 2+
the N+2 molecule.
H2O.

How many moles of each oxide are present in x grams of the mixture?
© UCLES 2015 9701/11/O/N/15

© UCLES 2015
aluminium magnesium 9701/12/M/J/15
oxide oxide

A 0.05 0.25
B 0.05 0.50
C 0.10 0.25
D 0.10 0.50

© UCLES 2016 9701/11/M/J/16 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed 1 Moles WS 1

 4
B arsenic, As antimony, Sb
6 Histamine is produced in the body to help fight infection. Its shape allows it to fit into receptors
∆H positive ∆H negative
which
A expand
C blood vessels.bond breaking
selenium, Se
atomisation
tellurium, Te
D tellurium, Te selenium, Se
B bond breaking neutralisation H
4 2016 JUN P12 Q4
H blood H
C bond making combustion H N C
4 In China, the concentration of glucose, C6H12O6, is measured in mmol / l . In Pakistan, the
D combustion bond making in mg / dl .
concentration of blood glucose x is
N yC
measured
C C N
z H
3 C dm3).
H unit dlHis a decilitre
The unit l is a litre (1 dm ). The (0.1
What will make it more likely that a gas willHapproach ideal behaviour?

alt
2
A blood glucose concentration of 18.5 mmol / l indicates H a health problem.
A higher pressure
histamine
What is 18.5 mmol / l converted to mg / dl ?
B lower temperature
What33.3
are the/ dl
bond angles x, mg
y and
/ dlz in histamine, from
/ dlthe smallest to the
mg largest?
C moremg
A B 178
polar molecules C 333 mg D 3330 / dl

D weaker smallest
intermolecular forces largest
5 Each ofbond angle
the four bond are
species in this question angle
isolated and gaseous.
5 2016 JUN P13 Q3
3 A species
Which massx ofisurea, y 2)2, contains
not planar?
CO(NH z the same mass of nitrogen as 101.1 g of potassium
nitrate?
A B BF3 y B CH x +
3
zC C H
2 4 D NH3
A C 22 g y B z
30 g xC 44 g D 60 g

6 D is a gas
Argon z used to fill electric
y x
light bulbs.

6 2016
Under NOV
which P11 Q7 of pressure and temperature
conditions 3 will argon behave most like an ideal gas?
7 The approximate percentage composition of the atmospheres on four different planets is given in
2 the table
The below.
diagram shows the temperature
pressure pathways of a reaction, with and without a catalyst.

Which mixture
A letter
Which of gases the
high
represents hasoverall
the greatest
high energydensity?
change for the reaction?
B high low
major gases /
C planet
low %high
by number of molecules
D low H2 low He CH4 B
A Jupiter 89.8 10.2 0.0 A D
energy reactants
B Neptune 80.0 19.0 1.0
C
© UCLESC2016 Saturn 96.3 3.39701/12/M/J/160.4 [Turn over
D Uranus 82.5 15.2 2.3 products

© UCLES 2016
extent of reaction
9701/13/M/J/16
8 An important reaction in the manufacture of nitric acid is the catalytic oxidation of ammonia.
7 2016 NOV P12 Q3
3 People are advised to4NH 3(g) than
eat less + 5O6.00
2(g) g of salt
4NO(g) + 6H
(sodium 2O(g) per day for health reasons.
chloride)

For every
Which massmole of O2 that
of sodium reacts ininthis
is present way,
6.00 g of181.8 kJ of
sodium energy are released.
chloride?
5
A factory
A 0.261makes
g 2.50B× 10
2.36mol
g of NO every
C day.
3.64 g D 3.88 g

How much energy, in kJ, is released every day?

4 When copper reacts with a 50% solution of nitric acid, nitrogen monoxide is evolved and a blue
× 107
A 3.64results.
solution B 4.55 × 107 C 5.68 × 107 D 2.27 × 108

The2016
© UCLES balanced equation for this reaction is9701/11/O/N/16
shown.

p Cu + q HNO3 → r Cu(NO3)2 + s H2O + t NO

What are the values of the integers p, q, r, s and t ?

p q r s t

A 1 4 1 2 2
Moles WS
B1 2 6 2 3 2 2 Bilal Hameed
C 2 8 2 4 4
 Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.
1 Which ion has the same electronic configuration as Cl –?

1 Which
A F–molecule contains six bonding electrons?
+
B P C Sc3+ D Si4+
8 2017
A C2MAR
H4 P12 Q2
B H2S C NCl 3 D SF6
2 Compounds J and K each contain 40% carbon by mass.

2 The
Whatmass spectrum
could J and K of
be?a sample of lithium shows that it contains two isotopes, 6Li and 7Li.

The isotopic abundances are shown in the table.

alt
J K

A a hexose, C6H12O6 isotope

starch, (C6isotopic
H10O5)n abundance
B a pentose, C5H10O5 a 6hexose,
Li C6H12O67.42%
7
C a pentose, C5H10O5 Li
sucrose, C12H22O92.58%
11
8
D starch, (C6H10O5)n sucrose, C12H22O11
What is the relative atomic mass of this sample of lithium, given to three significant figures?

18 The ammonium ion is formed by the following reaction.

A 6.07 B 6.50 C 6.90 D 6.93
3 Two moles of compound P were placed NH3 +in Ha+ sealed 4
+
NHcontainer. The container was heated and P
9 2017 JUN P11
was partially Q3
decomposed to produce Q and R only. A dynamic equilibrium between P, Q and R
3 A sports
Which
was medal about
statement
established. has athe
total surface
species area inofthis
involved 150 cm2. Itis was
reaction evenly coated with silver by
correct?
electrolysis. Its mass increased by 0.216 g.  
A The ammonia
At equilibrium molecule
x moles contains
of R were a dative
present andcovalent
the totalbond.
number of moles present was  2 + x  .
2
How many atoms of silver were deposited per cm on the surface of the medal?  2 
B The ammonium ion is a Brønsted-Lowry base as it has accepted a proton.
What is the 18equation for this reversible reaction?
A 8.0 × 10 B 1.8 × 1019 C 8.7 × 1020 D 1.2 × 1021
C The H–N–H bond angle changes from 107° in ammonia to 90° in the ammonium ion.

A P 2Q + R
D The number of electrons surrounding each nitrogen atom does not change.
4 Which
B 2Pproperty 2Qof+anRatom does not affect its first ionisation energy?
10 2017 JUN P12 Q19
19 A the
2P atomic
AC chemist Q radius
took + Rdm3 of nitrogen gas, measured under room conditions, and reacted it with a
2.00
large volumeQof +hydrogen 2
gas in order to produce ammonia. Only 15.0% of the nitrogen gas
BD the2P number of electron
2R shells
reacted to produce ammonia.
C the number of neutrons Section A
Which mass of ammonia was formed?
For D
eachthe numberthere
question of protons
are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
A 0.213 g
be correct. B 0.425 g C 1.42 g D 2.83 g

5UseWhich
of the molecule has may
Data Booklet the largest overall dipole?
be appropriate for some questions.
20 A carbonyl compound X will react with HCN in the presence of NaCN to make a compound with
11 2017
Mr 85. NOVA P11 Q1
Compound X does not reactB with Fehling’s reagent.
C D
1 Which formula represents the empirical formula of a compound?
WhatHis X? CH3 CH3 Cl H 3C Cl
A C2H4O B C2H4O2 C C6H12 D H2O2
C
A butanal C O C O C C C

B H CH3 CH Cl Cl CH
2 The butanone
relative first ionisation energies of3four elements with consecutive atomic numbers3 below 20
are shown
C propanalon the graph.

One2017
D
© UCLES of the elements
propanone reacts with hydrogen9701/12/F/M/17
to form a covalent compound with formula HX.
© UCLES 2017 9701/11/M/J/17
Which element could be X?

first
ionisation
energy
/ kJ mol–1

Bilal Hameed 3 Moles WS 1

D
C
 7 9
B
A Li
B and
11 Be
and 12C
C 724Mg 9 28Si
and
B Li and Be
14 16
D
C Mgand
24 N OSi
and 28
12 2017
D 14NNOV
and P12
16
O Q2
2 Two hydrocarbons have the formulae CWHX and CYHZ. W, X, Y and Z represent different whole
numbers.
2 Two hydrocarbons have the formulae CWHX and CYHZ. W, X, Y and Z represent different whole
numbers. W = Y

alt
X Z
W = Y
Which row is correct when comparing the twoXhydrocarbons?
Z

Which row empirical

is correct when comparing
molecularthe two hydrocarbons?
relative
formula formula molecular mass
empirical molecular relative
A different
formula same
formula different
molecular mass
B
A different
different same
same same
different
C
B same
different different
same different
same
D
C same
same different
different same
different

D same different same

3 The airbags in cars contain sodium azide, NaN3, and an excess of potassium nitrate, KNO3.
13 2017 NOV P12 Q3
3 In a airbags
The car accident, the
in cars reactions
contain shown
sodium occur,
azide, NaNproducing
3, and an nitrogen.
excess ofThis causes nitrate,
potassium the airbag to3.inflate
KNO
rapidly.
In a car accident, the reactions shown occur, producing nitrogen. This causes the airbag to inflate
rapidly. 2NaN3 2Na + 3N2

10Na + 2KNO
2NaN 3 K2O + 5Na
2Na 3N2 2O + N2

How many moles of nitrogen

10Na gas are produced
+ 2KNO 3 K2O in
+ total
5Na2Owhen
+ N1
2 mol of sodium azide, NaN3,
decomposes in an airbag?
How many moles of nitrogen gas are produced in total when 1 mol of sodium azide, NaN3,
A 1.5
decomposes B 1.6
in an airbag? C 3.2 D 4.0

A 1.5 B 1.6 C 3.2 D 4.0

3
14 2018 MAR P12 Q6
6 Sodium hydroxide neutralises acid.
© UCLES 2017 9701/12/O/N/17
H + OH–
+
H2O
© UCLES 2017 9701/12/O/N/17
In a 11 000 dm3 sample of an aqueous solution, the concentration of acid, [H+], is
1.26 × 10– 3 mol dm–3.

Which mass of solid sodium hydroxide neutralises the acid?

A 0.0214 g B 0.0504 g C 236 g D 554 g

7 The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation.

pV = nRT

0.960 g of oxygen gas is contained in a vessel of volume 7.00 × 10–3 m3 at a temperature of 30 °C.

Assume that the gas behaves as an ideal gas.

What is the pressure in the vessel?

A 1.07 kPa B 2.14 kPa C 10.8 kPa D 21.6 kPa

Moles WS 1 4 Bilal Hameed

8 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation of water?

 3
B aquestion
For each bond between
there areanfour
s orbital andanswers,
possible an sp orbital
A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
C a bond between an s orbital and an sp2 orbital
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.
D a bond between an s orbital and an sp3 orbital
15 2018 JUN P13 Q5
15 The temperature
Aspirin, C9H8O4, Mof a= sample of an
180.0, can beinert
madegasbyisaincreased.
reaction between 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O3,
r
Mr = 138.0, and ethanoic anhydride, C4H6O3, Mr = 102.0. The balanced equation for the reaction
What effect does this have on the number of molecules with the most probable energy and on the
is shown.
number of molecules with high energy?
C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + C2H4O2

alt
number of molecules with number of molecules
the most
If a reaction probable
mixture energy
consists with
of 10.0 g of each ofhigh energy
the two reactants, what is the maximum mass of
aspirin that can be produced?
A decreases decreases
A 5.7 g B 10.0 g C 13.0 g D 17.6 g
B decreases increases

C increases decreases
6 Which diagram correctly describes the behaviour
3 of a fixed mass of an ideal gas? (T is measured
16 2018
inDK.) NOV P11increases
Q4 increases
4 5.0 g samples of the carbonates of barium, copper, lithium and magnesium are decomposed to
the metalAoxides and carbon dioxide. B C D
2 A sample of element X is analysed using mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum obtained is
constant
For which
shown. p
compound constant
is there the T loss in mass?constant T
greatest constant T

A
V barium carbonate p pV 56% pV
B copper(II) carbonate
41%
0
C lithium 0 0 0
0 T carbonate 0 V 0 p 0 V
% abundance
D magnesium carbonate

5 In this question you should assume methane

3% behaves
3 as an ideal gas.
17 2019 MAR P12 Q2
2 The gas
A 3.7 laws can
g sample be summarised
of copper( in theisideal
II) carbonate 112 gas
added to equation
113 cm3 of
25114 115below.
mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
2.0116

nRT m / e
pV =conditions?
Which volume of gas is produced under room
3
A volume
What
The 0.60 dmrelative
is the B 0.72
atomic
of a sample dm3of thisissample
ofmass
methane Cmeasured
1.20
ofdm
3
element D 2.40 dm
X?
at a temperature
3
of 60 °C and a pressure of

–3 3
103 kPa. The volume measured is 5.37 × 10 m .
A 113.7 B 114.0 C 114.2 D 114.4
3 What
Whichisstatement
the mass about
of the asample
3p orbital
of is correct?given to two significant figures?
methane,
18 2019 JUN P11 Q3
3 AAwashing
It can hold
0.0032 g a maximum
powder contains
B 0.018 of 6gelectrons.
sodium hydrogencarbonate,
C 3.2 g D 3,18
NaHCO asgone of the ingredients.
B It has the highest energy of the orbitals with principal quantum number 3.
In a titration, a solution containing 1.00 g of this washing powder requires 7.15 cm3 of
–3
6 0.100 Itmol
ACbutane dm
is atburner sulfuric
is used
a higher acid for water.
to heat
energy level complete
than a The reaction.
Mr of but
3s orbital Theis
butane
has sodium
same hydrogencarbonate
58.
the shape. is the only
ingredient that reacts with the acid.
D It is occupied of bybutane
one electron
is –2877in an isolated
kJ mol –1
. phosphorus atom.
What is the percentage by mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the washing powder?
250 g of water is heated from 12 °C to 100 °C.
4 AThe3.0%
eight species that B follow
6.0%all have covalent bonds.
C 12.0% D 24.0%
The burner transfers 47% of the heat released from the burning fuel to the water.

© UCLES 2018 9701/13/M/J/18 [Turn over

In which pair do the species have different shapes from each other?
Assume that the butane undergoes complete combustion and none of the water evaporates.
© UCLES BeCl 2 and CO2
A 2019 9701/11/M/J/19
What is the minimum mass of butane that must be burnt?
B CH4 and NH4+
AC 0.068
NH and BF
g B 1.85 g C 3.94 g D 4.48 g
3 3

D SCl 2 and H2O

5 Histidine is an amino acid.

histidine

H H 2 H
Bilal Hameed 5 Moles WS 1
1 H N O
C
H
N C C C C
 a
B The peak P is at a lower height and the position of Ea moves to the right.
C The peak P remains at the same height and the position of Ea moves to the left.
D The peak P remains at the same height and the position of Ea moves to the right.
proportion of
19 2019 NOVmolecules
P11 Q2
with
2 Diamond is a pure energy,
form E
of carbon. The mass of a diamond can be measured in carats. One carat
is 0.200 g of carbon.

0 number of carats that 3 23

Which expression gives the 0 Ea1 Ea26.02 × 10 carbon atoms?
contain

alt
5 In the redox reaction shown, how do the oxidation 4 states of vanadium and sulfur change?
A 0.200 × 12.0 molecular energy, E
8 In this question you should use VO changes
+ in oxidation V3+ numbers
+ SO42– to balance a chemical equation.
2 + SO2
B 0.200
Which12
Acidified
.0
statement
potassium about this distribution
dichromate( curve can
VI) solution is correct?
oxidise a solution of V2+ ions. The equation for
vanadium sulfur
this reaction
.0 is shown.
C If12
A the temperature of the gas is increased, the maximum of the curve becomes higher.
0.200 from to from to
2–
B If the temperature a Crof2Othe
7 gas V2+increased,
+ b is + c H+ thed maximum Cr3+ + e VOof
–
the
3 +curve
f H2Omoves to the left.
A 0.200
+1 +3 0 –2
D × 12.0
What
C The 6.02
is the × 10 23
ratio a
fraction of: b in the correctly
molecules balanced
that react in the equation?
presence of a catalyst is shown by .

B +1 +3 +4 +6
A
DC1 : 1 fraction
The +5 of +3B 1 : 2 0that react–2in
molecules C the2 absence
:1 D 4 : 1is shown by
of a catalyst .
3 Which molecule or ion contains the smallest bond angle?
20 2019D NOV +5 P12 Q2 +3 +4 +6 +
9 A
A C
sample H of argon B
gas CH
has
2 In this question it should be assumed that
2 4 3aCOCH
mass 3 of C (NH
0.20 g,NH at44)2aCOpressure D 100 NH000
3.H2O(s)ofdissolves
3 Pa and awithout
in water temperature of
causing
an °C.
12 increase in volume.
6 The equation for the reaction between silver chloride and aqueous ammonia is shown.
3 –3
Which volume
mass ofdoes (NH4the)2CO gas
3.Hoccupy?
2O(s) should be added to 800 cm of water to form a 0.100 mol dm
+
solution
© UCLES 2019 of NH4 ions? AgCl (s) + 2NH3(aq)9701/11/O/N/19 +
[Ag(NH3)2] (aq) + Cl (aq) –

A 1.2 × 10–4 cm3

A aregthe units ofBKc for
What4.56 7.13 g reaction?C 9.12 g D 14.3 g
B 5.0 cm3
this

A
C no cm
59 units
3 B mol–1 dm3 C mol dm–3 D mol2 dm–6
21 2020
D 119MAR
cm3 P12 Q7
7 Sodium azide, NaN3, decomposes as shown.

10 In which pair does each species have the3 same2Na

2NaN number
+ 3Nof2 unpaired electrons?

A and Cu2+of nitrogen, measured at room temperature and pressure, will be produced by the
Al volume
Which
decomposition of 150 g of sodium azide?
B Ca and Cr3+
A 166 dm3 B 83 dm3 C 55 dm3 D 37 dm3
C Ca and Ni2+

D Fe3+ and O2–

8 A stable ion N5+ has been produced by research chemists.
22 2020 JUN P11 Q11
11 Which
A 2019 structure
sample
© UCLES of solidisammonium
most likely chloride
to show decomposes
the9701/12/O/N/19
electron arrangement
on heating. of this ion?

+
solid ammonium chloride ammonia gas + hydrogen chloride gas
A N N N N N
A total of 2.4 × 1021 molecules of gas is formed.

How many hydrogen atoms are present

+ in the gaseous products?
B
A 1.2 N
× 1021N NB N2.4 ×N1021 C 4.8 × 1021 D 9.6 × 1021

+
C N N N N N

+
D N N N N N

Moles WS2020
© UCLES 1 6
9701/12/F/M/20 Bilal
[Turn Hameed
over

© UCLES 2020 9701/11/M/J/20

 B diamond
C graphite
3
D graphene
5 2020
23 In this JUN
question
P12you
Q2 should use changes in oxidation numbers to balance a chemical equation.
2
2 A copper
The ore contains
following 3.00% when
reaction occurs of copper
MnOcarbonate,
2 is warmed CuCO 3, by mass.
with dilute H2SO4.
Section A
Which mass of copperawouldMnO2 be + obtained
b H+ from 1 tonne
c Mn2+ of the
+ d MnO – ore?
4 + e H2O
For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be
A 1.91 kg B 3.71 kg C 15.4 kg D 58.4 kg

alt
correct.
What is the ratio of c : d in the correctly balanced equation?

Use Aof the

1 :Data
1 Booklet may B 1be: 2appropriate for C some 2 : 3questions. D 3 : 2
3 The catalysed formation of ammonia by the Haber process can be represented by the equation
24 2020
shown.JUN P12 Q6

2
6
1 In this question
Which statementyou should assume air contains 21% oxygen.
is correct?
N2(g) + Section
3H2(g) A 2NH3(g) H = –92 kJ mol–1
A Clishas
What theaminimum
relative isotopic
volumemass of airofrequired
35.5. to ensure complete combustion of 10 cm3 of butane
gas, under
Which changeroominconditions?
conditions will increase both the rate of formation and the equilibrium yield of
2 For each
B Cl
ammonia?
correct.
question
2 has a there
relativearemolecular
four possiblemassanswers
of 70. A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be
A 14 cm3 B 27 cm3 C 65 cm3 D 310 cm3

C ICl has a relative molecular mass of 162.4.

UseAof thedecrease in the may
Data Booklet temperature
be appropriate for some questions.
D NaCl has a relative molecular mass of 58.5.
7 B When increase
aqueous in the temperature
bromine is shaken with cyclohexane and allowed to stand, two layers form. The
25 2020 NOV P11layer
top cyclohexane Q2 is coloured and the bottom aqueous layer is almost colourless.
1 C Whatincrease
is the average oxidation number of sulfur in each compound?
in the pressure
2 Strontium metal can be extracted from strontium oxide, SrO, by reduction with aluminium. One of
DWhat is the most
the possible
increase likely
reactions
in the isexplanation
surface area of for
shown. thethis observation?
catalyst
Ca(HSO3)2 Na2S2O3
A Bromine is reduced to bromide ions in the bottom
3Sr + layer.
A 4 26SrO + 2Al Sr3Al 2O6

::
4 Solid sulfur consists
B Bromine molecules of Sare8 molecules.
non-polar.
What
B is the maximum4 mass of 4 strontium metal that can be produced from the reduction of 100 g
of strontium
C
Which Bromine
equation oxide
reacts using
with this
represents waterreaction?
the but cannotenthalpy
standard react withofcyclohexane.
atomisation of sulfur?
C 6 2 3
D
A The41.3 product
g of the
B reaction
42.3 g betweenCbromine 84.6 gand cyclohexane
D 169.2 is coloured.
g
A D 81 S8(s) 6 S(g) 4
4 Originally, chemists thought indium oxide had the formula InO. By experiment they showed that
26 2020
B SNOV
4.8 g 1of 32 P12
indium
(g)
8 8 change
Q2 with 1.0 g of oxygen to produce325.8 g of indium oxide. The Ar of oxygen
combined
S(g)
8
3 In A which
wassingle
known are
Ptonucleus
be 16. only
can temporary
be produced dipole-induced
when a single dipoleSforces overcome?
nucleus joins with particle X. In the
2 process
An ore ofamanganese contains 4% by mass of MnO2 and no other manganese compound.

:
C S8(s) proton
8S(g)is emitted.
A C2H5OH(l) C H OH(g)
Which
Which value
mass for the 2Ar 5of indium
of manganese would is be
calculated
obtainedusing
from these
1 tonnedata?
of this ore?
DWhat S is
8(g)
particle X?
8S(g)
B H2O(s) H2O(l)
A
A 38 25.3 kg B
B 77 40.0 kg C
C 115 63.3 kg D
D 154632 kg
2
A a
C O2deuteron,
(s) O2(l)1H
3
27
5
3 D
2021
In
WhichC4MAR
B which
an H 10(l)
atomic
P12
electron C4Q4
substance H10(s)
orbitals areareoccupied
the only in anintermolecular forces temporary dipole-induced dipole
atom of phosphorus?
attractions?
4 Originally, chemists thought indium oxide had the formula InO. By experiment they showed that
C a neutron
4.8
A g1p of2sindium
2p combined B 2s with
2p 2d1.0 g of oxygen
C 2sto2pproduce
3s 5.8Dg of2p
indium
3s 3doxide. The Ar of oxygen
9 TheA
D hydrogen
was acomplete
known
protonto bechloride
combustion
16. of 2 moles of an alkane produces 400 dm3 of carbon dioxide measured

:
© UCLES 2020 9701/12/M/J/20
at 301 K and 1 × 105 Pa. Carbon dioxide can be assumed to behave as an ideal gas under these
B methanol
4 conditions.
Which value for
The structure of the Ar of indium
compound is calculated using these data?
A is shown.
4 C In which
octane of the following, when in liquid form, are there only intermolecular forces based on
A
What 38is thedipoles
temporary B the77alkane?
formulabetween
of the particles?C 115 A
compound D 154
D water
A C8H18 CH
B C CH H3 C C20H42 D C40H82
28 2021bromine
MAR P12 Q6 3 16 34
5 In which substance are theCHonlyCHintermolecular C CH 3 Cforces CH temporary
CH2OH dipole-induced dipole
B solution
ethanol
6 attractions?
A contains 0.25 g of sulfur dioxide in 1.00 dm of water.
CH3 CH3
C hydrogen chloride
A hydrogen
Which of sulfur dioxide, measured at 50 C and a pressure of 1 105 Pa, must be added
volume chloride
to
D 1.00
waterdm3 of water to produce this solution?
B methanol
Some of the carbon atoms in compound A have a tetrahedral arrangement of bonds.
A 0.0162 cm3 B 0.105 cm3 C 16.2 cm3 D 105 cm3
C octane
Some of the carbon atoms in compound A have a trigonal planar arrangement of bonds.
D water
7 UCLES
© An
How experiment
many carbon
2020 wasatoms
performed to determine
are there of each the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.
type?
9701/12/M/J/20 [Turn over

6 contains 0.25 gtrigonal

A solutiontetrahedral of sulfur thermometer
dioxide in 1.00
planar dm3 of water.
© UCLES 2020 9701/11/O/N/20

A volume5of sulfur dioxide,12measured at 50 C and a pressure of 1 105 Pa, must be added

Which
to 1.00 dm3 of water to produce this solution? test-tube
B 8 8
Bilal Hameed 7 3 Moles WS 1
A C 0.0162 cm9 3
B 0.105 cm 3
water
C 16.2 cm D 105 cm3
6
D 9 8 spirit burner
 For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be
correct.

Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.

29 2021 JUN P11 Q1
1 Which contains the largest number of hydrogen atoms?
2
A 0.10 mol of pentane
Section A
B 0.20 mol of but-2-ene
3

alt
For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be
C 1.00 mol of hydrogen molecules
correct.
D 6.02 1023 hydrogen atoms
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.
30 2021 JUN P12 Q1
2 In which pair of species do both species have only one unpaired p electron?
4? 1 Which statement about the Avogadro constant is correct?
A Ar+ and C– B B and Ti+ C F2and Ga D Se– and Si–
A It is the mass of one mole of any element.2
Section A

:
B It is the mass of 6.02 1023 atoms of Section A
any element.
3 Phosphorus forms two chlorides. Phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3, is a covalent liquid.
For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be
C Itquestion
For each is the number of atoms
there are in one mole
four possible of neon.
answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be
correct.
Phosphorus(V) chloride is an ionic solid. One of the ions present is [PCl 4]+.
correct.
D It is the number of atoms in 12 g of any element.
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions. +
Use What
of theisData
the shape
Bookletofmay
the PCl 3 molecule and
be appropriate the [PCl
for some 4] ion?
questions.
31 2021 JUN P13 Q1
2 Which equation represents the first ionisation energy of iodine?
1 Compound X PCl is an
3 [PCl 4]+ that contains 30.6% carbon, 3.8% hydrogen, 20.4%
organic compound
1 Compound
oxygen X is– an organic compound that contains 30.6% carbon, 3.8% hydrogen, 20.4%
A 1
I and
(g) +45.2%
e chlorine
I–(g) by mass.
A 2 2and pyramidal
oxygen square planar
45.2% chlorine by mass.

i.
–
B B I(g)
What is the
+ e empiricalI–(g)
formula of X?
What is the pyramidal
empirical formula of X? tetrahedral
+ –
A C C2 2IH
C 1
2(g)
3OCl I (g) B+ eC2H4OCl
tetrahedral C C3H4OCl
square planar D C4H3O2Cl 2
A C2H3OCl B C2H4OCl C C3H4OCl D C4H3O2Cl 2
D
D I(g) trigonal
+ planar
I (g) + e – tetrahedral
32 2021 JUN P13 Q2
2 A sample of propane, C3H8, with a mass of 9.61 g is completely combusted in an excess of
2 A sample
oxygen of propane,
under C3H8, with a mass of 9.61 g is completely combusted in an excess of
room conditions.
3 oxygen
The under room
structures conditions.
represent three compounds, each with four carbon atoms per molecule.
Which volume of carbon dioxide gas is produced?
Which volume of carbon X dioxide gas is produced?
Y Z
A 4.89 dm33 B 5.24 dm33 C 14.7 dm33 D 15.7 dm33
A 4.89 dm BO 5.24 dm C O14.7 dm D 15.7 dmO

3 Which atom has the sameOH

number of electrons as
O an ammonium ion? O–Na+
3 Which atom has the same number of electrons as an ammonium ion?
A Mgrow is correct?
Which B Na C Ne D O
A Mg B Na C Ne D O

4 lowest
Ethanal reacts highest
with hydroxylamine, NH2OH, to form the molecule shown.
4 Ethanalboiling
reacts point OH, topoint
with hydroxylamine, NH2boiling form the molecule shown.
H H
A X Y H HZ z
y z
B Y X y
H C CZ N O H
H C C N O H
C Z X x Y
x
© UCLESD2021 Z Y H X
9701/11/M/J/21
H
What is the order of increa ing bond angle in this structure from smallest to largest?
What is the order of increa ing bond angle in this structure from smallest to largest?
A , ,y B y, , C , ,y D , y,
A , ,y B y, , C , ,y D , y,

© UCLES 2021 9701/12/M/J/21

Moles WS 1 8 Bilal Hameed

 Moles WS 2
4
1 2016 MAR P22 Q2
2 Spathose is an iron ore that contains iron(II) carbonate, FeCO3. The percentage of iron(II) carbonate

alt
VI) solution using
a suitable indicator.

The ionic equation is shown below.

Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)

(a) A 5.00 g sample of spathose was reacted with excess concentrated hydrochloric acid and then

A 25.0 cm3 sample of the standard solution required 27.30 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3
dichromate(VI) solution for complete reaction.

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of dichromate(VI) ions used in the titration.

amount = ............................ mol [1]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe2+ present in the 25.0 cm3
sample.

amount = ............................ mol [1]

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe2+ present in the 250 cm3

amount = ............................ mol [1]

(iv) Use your answer to (iii) to calculate the mass of iron(II) carbonate present in the sample
of spathose.

mass = ............................ g [2]

(v) Calculate the percentage of iron(II) carbonate in the sample of spathose.

percentage of iron(II) carbonate = ............................ % [1]

© UCLES 2016 9701/22/F/M/16

Bilal Hameed 9 Moles WS 2
 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

2 2016 JUN P23 Q1
1 An experiment was carried out to determine the percentage of iron in a sample of iron wire.

(a) A 3.35 g piece of the wire was reacted with dilute sulfuric acid, in the absence of air, so that
all of the iron atoms were converted to iron(II) ions. The resulting solution was made up to

alt
250 cm3.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between the iron in the wire and the sulfuric
acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

A 25.0 cm3 –3

potassium dichromate(VI). 32.0 cm3 of the potassium dichromate(VI) solution was required
for complete reaction with the iron(II) ions in the sample.

The relevant half-equations are shown.

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Fe2+ Fe3+ + e–

(ii) Use the half-equations to write an equation for the reaction between the iron(II) ions and
VI) ions.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of dichromate(VI) ions used in the titration.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(iv) Calculate the amount, in moles, of iron(II) ions in the 25.0 cm3 sample of solution.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(v) Calculate the amount, in moles, of iron in the 3.35 g piece of wire.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(vi) Calculate the mass of iron in the 3.35 g piece of wire.

mass = ............................. g [1]

© UCLES 2016 9701/23/M/J/16

Moles WS 2 10 Bilal Hameed

 3

(vii) Calculate the percentage of iron in the iron wire.

2
percentage = ............................. % [1]

alt
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
3 2016 NOV P21 Q1
(b) Some electronegativity values are shown.
1 A 0.17 g sample of a Group 14 chloride, XCl 4, reacted with water to produce an oxide, XO2, and
HCl.
element electronegativity
equation 1 XCl 4(s) + 2H2O(l) XO2(s) + 4HCl (aq)
aluminium 1.5
The HCl produced was absorbed in 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol
chlorine 3.0dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution (an excess).
iron 1.8
In a titration, the unreacted sodium hydroxide solution required 30.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid for complete neutralisation.
(i) Use the data to suggest the nature of the bonding in iron(III) chloride. Explain your answer.
(a) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid used in the titration to neutralise the
.............................................................................................................................................
unreacted sodium hydroxide solution.
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest an equation for the reaction between iron(III) chloride and water.
amount = ............................ mol [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Write the equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
[Total: 10]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide neutralised in the titration.

amount = ............................ mol [1]

(d) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide that reacted with the HCl produced by the
reaction in equation 1.

amount = ............................ mol [1]

(e) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl produced by the reaction in equation 1.

amount = ............................ mol [1]

© UCLES 2016 9701/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

Bilal ©Hameed
UCLES 2016 11
9701/21/O/N/16 Moles WS 2
 3

(f) Calculate the amount, in moles, of XCl 4 in the original 0.17 g sample.

amount = ............................ mol [1]

alt
(g) Calculate the molecular mass, Mr, of XCl 4.

Mr = ............................ [1]

(h) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of X and suggest its identity.

Ar of X = ............................

identity of X .............................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 9701/21/O/N/16 [Turn over

Moles WS 2 12 Bilal Hameed

 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

4 2016 NOV P22 Q1
1 A 0.50 g sample of a Group 2 metal, M, was added to 40.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
(an excess).

equation 1 M(s) + 2HCl (aq) MCl 2(aq) + H2(g)

alt
(a) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid present in 40.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(b) 3
in a volumetric

A 10.0 cm3 3
of 0.050 mol dm–3
sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3, for complete neutralisation of the remaining
hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write the equation for the complete reaction of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate needed to react with the
hydrochloric acid in the 10.0 cm3

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid in the 10.0 cm3 sample.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(iv) Calculate the total amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid remaining after the reaction
shown in equation 1.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

© UCLES 2016 9701/22/O/N/16

Bilal Hameed 13 Moles WS 2

 3

(v) Use your answers to (a) and (b)(iv) to calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid
that reacted with the 0.50 g sample of M.

alt
amount = ............................. mol [1]

(vi) Use your answer to (v) and equation 1 to calculate the amount, in moles, of M in the 0.50 g
sample.

amount = ............................. mol [1]

(vii) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of M and identify M.

Ar of M = .............................

identity of M = .............................
[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 9701/22/O/N/16 [Turn over

Moles WS 2 14 Bilal Hameed

 4
5 2018 JUN P22 Q2d
(d) ) Fe(SO4)2
4 2 2 II

alt
–3
potassium manganate(VII 3

potassium manganate(VII 2+
ions.

(i)

4
–
(aq) + .....Fe2+ +
(aq) 2+
(aq) + .....Fe3+ 2
[1]

(ii) 2+
ions in this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) VII) ions that reacted.

(iv) 2+

© UCLES 2018 9701/22/M/J/18

Bilal Hameed 15 Moles WS 2
 5

(v) ) Fe(SO4)2
4 2 2 O.

alt
(vi)

© UCLES 2018 9701/22/M/J/18 [Turn over

Moles WS 2 16 Bilal Hameed

 A –1208 kJ mol–1
B –1124 kJ mol–1 62
–1
13 C –562
X and kJ mol
Y are oxides of different Period 3 elements.
Section A
D –541 kJ mol–1
If onequestion
For each
be correct.
mole of Ythere
is added
are four Moles WS 3

to water, the answers,

possible solution formed is neutralised
A, B, C, by exactly
and D. Choose oneyou
the one mole of X. to
consider

Whatofcould
6 Use be the
the Data identities
Booklet of X and
is relevant to Y?
this question.
1 2014 NOV P13 Q6
1 InAmmonium nitrate,
X
some countries, NH4NOY
anhydrous3, can decompose
calcium chlorideexplosively
is used aswhen heated.
a drying agent to reduce dampness in

alt
houses. The anhydrous salt absorbs enough water to form the dihydrate CaCl 2.2H2O.
A Al 2O3 P4O10 NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O
What is the percentage increase in mass?
B are the
What Al 2O 3
changes in SO
the3 oxidation numbers of the two nitrogen atoms in NH4NO3 when this
reaction
A C 14%proceeds?
Na2O B 24%P4O10 C 32% D 36%

A D –2, –4Na2O B +2,

SO+6
3 C +4, –6 D +4, –4

2 2014 JUN P12 Q14

214 In the extraction
Ammonium of aluminium
sulfate in the soil by electrolysis,
is slowly whybyis air,
oxidised it necessary
producingtosulfuric
dissolve aluminium
acid, oxide
nitric acid andin
molten
water ascryolite?
the only products.
A
Howtomany
reduce the of
moles very high melting
oxygen gas are point
neededof the
for electrolyte
the complete oxidation of one mole of ammonium
sulfate?
B cryolite is a base; aluminium oxide is amphoteric
A
C 1
cryolite B the
reacts with 2 aluminium oxide
C to3 form ions D 4

D molten aluminium oxide alone would not conduct electricity

3 2013 NOV P13 Q3
15 Which statement about the oxides and hydroxides of the Group II elements Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba is
correct?
3 A 10 cm3 sample of 0.30 mol dm–3 Tl +NO3– required 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 acidified NH4VO3 to
© UCLES 2014
A Each
oxidise it toofTl
the 9701/13/O/N/14
3+ oxides reacts readily with water
in solution. Vanadium is the onlytoelement
form a solution
reducedofinpH
this or above. [Turn over
12reaction.
B Magnesium oxide is used as a furnace lining because it has a giant molecular structure and
What is the oxidation number of the vanadium in the reduced form?
hence a high melting point.
C The hydroxides are produced directly by the thermal decomposition of the corresponding

A +1 B +2 C +3 D +4
5
nitrates.
Use The
of the
the Data Booklet
P12Booklet is relevant
relevant to
to this question.
question.
410 Use of Data is this
4 2013
D NOV solubility Q10
of the hydroxides increases from Mg(OH)2 to Ba(OH)2.
Element X forms
Which sodium X– ions
compound that 74.2
contains can%be oxidised
by mass to element X by acidified potassium
of sodium?
manganate(VII).
A sodium carbonate
What could be the values of the first four ionisation energies of X?
B sodium chloride
C sodium1st
hydroxide 2nd 3rd 4th

D A sodium418
oxide 3070 4600 5860

B 577 1820 2740 11 600

11 Use
C of the Data
590 Booklet is relevant 4940
1150 to this question.
6480
ADstudent1010
carried out 1840
an experiment
2040to determine
4030the enthalpy change for the combustion of
methanol.

The following results were obtained by the student.

© UCLES 2014 9701/12/M/J/14

© UCLES 2013 9701/13/O/N/13

Bilal Hameed 17 Moles WS 3

 C Cl • + CH4 → CH3• + HCl
B 0.15 × 8.31× 405
5 Cl • + Cl
D Cl
1×210→ × 65 × 10 − 3 •
−3 5 4
C 0.15 × 65 × 10 × 1× 10
8.31Booklet
× 405 is relevant to this question.
75 2013 NOV P13 Q8
8 Use of the Data
The table gives the successive ionisation energies for an element X.
0 . 15 × 8 . 31 × 405
D approximate percentage composition of the atmosphere on four different planets is given in
The
5
the table × 65 × 10 − 6
1× 10below. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
–1
ionisation
The density energy
of a gas may/ kJ
bemol 950the mass
defined as 1800of 1 dm
27003
of the4800 6000 at
gas measured 12300
s.t.p.

alt
8 Which compound is the only gas at room temperature and pressure?
What
Whichcould be of
mixture thegases
formula
hasofthe
thegreatest
chloridedensity?
of X?
A CH3CH2CH2NH2 Mr = 59.0
A XCl B XCl2 C XCl3 D XCl4
B CH3CH2CH2OH Mr = 60.0major gases /
planet
% by number of molecules
C CH2OHCH2OH Mr = 62.0
8 The gaseous compound Z decomposes on heating.
A Jupiter H2 89.8, He 10.2
D CH3CH2Cl Mr = 64.5
In B
the diagram
Neptunebelow, Boltzmann
H2 80.0, distributions
He 19.0, CHfor
4 1.0Z at two different temperatures P and Q are
shown. The lines X and Y indicate activation energies for the decomposition of Z with and without
9 C formula
aWhich Saturnrepresents H
catalyst. 2 96.3,
the He 3.25,
empirical CH4of0.45
formula a compound?
D Uranus H 82.5, He 15.2, CH4 2.3
A CH4O B C2H24 C C6H12 D H2O2

910 Nitrogen reacts

Data with hydrogen to produce
to this ammonia.
6 2013 JUN P13 Q10
Use of the Booklet is relevant question.
X Y
P
A washingnumberpowder of N2(g)hydrogencarbonate,
contains sodium + 3H2(g) 2NHNaHCO
3(g) 3, as one of the ingredients. In a
titration, amolecules
solution containing 1.00 g of washing powder requires 7.15 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
A mixture
sulfuric of 2.00
acid mol of nitrogen,
for complete reaction.6.00
Themol of hydrogen,
sodium and 2.40 mol isofthe
hydrogencarbonate ammonia is allowedthat
only ingredient to
Q
3
reach equilibrium
reacts with the acid. in a sealed vessel of volume 1 dm under certain conditions. It was found that
2.32 mol of nitrogen were present in the equilibrium mixture.
What is the percentage by mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the washing powder?
What is the value of Kc under these conditions?
0
A 3.0 B0 6.0 C 12.0 D 24.0

(1.76)2 energy
A
(2.32)(6.96)3
Which curve and which line describe the decomposition 5 of Z at a higher temperature and with a
2013
©7UCLES 2013JUN
catalyst P11
2
present?
(1.76) Q11 9701/13/M/J/13
B
322+
(2.32)(of6.Sn
11 A solution )3 ions will reduce an acidified solution of MnO4– ions to Mn2+ ions. The Sn2+ ions
higher
are oxidised Sn4+ ions in this reaction.
to temperature catalyst present
(2.08) 2
CA 2+
How (many 6.32)P
2.32)(moles 3 of Mn ions are formed X when a solution containing 9.5 g of SnCl 2 (Mr: 190) is
added to an excess of acidified KMnO4 solution?
B P Y
(2.40)2
D
A C 0.010
(2.32)(6.00)Q 3 B 0.020 XC 0.050 D 0.125

D Q Y
12 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
8 2012 NOV P13 Q9
This question
9 During shouldthe
steel-making be impurity
answered using
P4O 10 is bond
removedenthalpy data. The
by reacting equation
it with calciumforoxide.
the complete
The only
combustion
© UCLES of methane
2013 of this
product reaction isis the
given
saltbelow.
calcium9701/11/O/N/13
phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.

CH
In this reaction, how many moles + 2O2 oxide
of4 calcium → COreact
2 + 2H 2Oone mole of P4O10?
with

A
What1 is the enthalpyBchange
1.5 of combustion
C of3methane? D 6

–1
A –1530 kJ mol
B –1184 kJ mol–1
C –770 kJ mol–1
D –688 kJ mol–1
© UCLES 2012 9701/13/O/N/12

13 In which row of the table are all statements comparing the compounds of magnesium and barium
correct?

Moles WS 3 solubility of hydroxides 18 solubility of sulfates Bilal Hameed

solubility of
solubility of barium solubility of solubility of barium
magnesium
 A to oxide
Which increase its surface
produces area
the saturated solution with the highest pH?
B to produce the maximum reduction in the activation energy
A BaO(aq) B CaO(aq) C MgO(aq) D SrO(aq)
C to reduce its loss during the reaction
D toof reduce
the DataitsBooklet
surfaceisarea
9 2012 JUN P13 Q15
15 Use relevant to this question.
5

8 The reaction
Which between
reaction has analuminium powder equal
enthalpy change and anhydrous bariumenthalpy
to the standard nitrate ischange
used asofthe propellant
formation of
2 The
in following
some
propane? equations
fireworks. The the
metalletters
oxides W, X,
and Y and2
nitrogenZ all
are represent
the only whole numbers.
products.

When
Which
A correctly
3C(g) + 4H2balanced,
volume → C3H8which
of nitrogen,
(g) equationunder
(g)measured requires Aoneconditions,
room
Section of letters W,
is X,produced
Y or Z to when
be 5? 0.783 g of

alt
anhydrous barium nitrate reacts with an excess of aluminium?
A 3C(g)
For B
each WC 3H+
7COOH
question8H(g)
there+ are
→ XO
C3H → YCO2 + ZH
8(g) possible
2four 2O
answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose3 the one you consider to
3 3
C 93.6 cm3
A 46.8
be correct.
C
cm
WC4H+8 +
B 3C(s) 4HXO
B
→ YCO
2 →
72.0 cm
+ ZH2O
D 144 cm

2(g) C3H82(g)

D WH3PO
C 3C(s) 4 + XNaOH
+ 4H (g) → C → YNa2HPO4 + ZH2O
H (l)
1 Use of the Data2 Booklet3is8relevant to this question.
10 2011 NOV P13 Q1
D WNH3 + XO2 → YN2 + ZH2O
Lead(IV) chloride will oxidise bromide ions to bromine. The Pb4+ ions are reduced to Pb2+ ions in
9 In the conversion of compound X into compound Z, it was found that the reaction proceeded by
this reaction.
way of compound Y, which could be isolated. The following steps were involved.
3 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
If 6.980 g of lead(IV) chloride is added to an excess of sodium bromide solution, what mass of
X → Y ; ∆H, positive
bromine would
From which be produced?
particle is the removal of an electron the most difficult?
Y → Z ; ∆H, negative
[Turn over

Cl –(g)g
A 0.799 F–(g) g
B 1.598 K+(g) g
C 3.196 Na+(g)g
D 6.392
© UCLES 2012 9701/13/M/J/12
Which reaction profile fits these data?
24 Which
11 2011 A Datahas
Use of element
the an equal
Booklet B to of
number
is relevant electron
this pairs and C
question. D orbitals of
of unpaired electrons within
NOV
principal P12 Q4
quantum number 2?
560 kg of nitrogen and 120 kg of Y hydrogen are pressurised, heated and passed over an iron
A Y
beryllium Y
energy

energy

energy

energy
catalyst. When the mixture of gases reaches equilibrium, it contains
Z X
96 kg of hydrogen.
B carbon X
X Y Z
X
Which mass of ammonia does it contain?
C nitrogen Z Z
A 24 kg B 68 kg C 136 kg D 680 kg

D progress
oxygen of progress of progress of progress of
reaction reaction reaction reaction

3 2011
12 ThreeJUN P12 Q10
elements, X, Y and Z, have the physical properties shown in the table.
10 Tanzanite is used as a gemstone for jewellery. It is a hydrated calcium aluminium silicate mineral
with a chemical formula Ca2Al xmelting
SiyO12(OH).6½H 2O. Tanzanite
point boiling point has Mr of 571.5.
density
element
/ °C / °C / g cm-3
Its chemical composition is 14.04 % calcium, 14.17 % aluminium, 14.75 % silicon, 54.59 % oxygen
and 2.45 % hydrogen. X –7 59 3.12
(Ar values: H = 1.0, O =Y16.0, Al = 27.0,
98 Si = 28.1, Ca
883
= 40.1) 0.97

What are the values of xZ and y? 649 1107 1.74

What
© UCLES could
2011 be the identities of X, Y and Z?
9701/12/O/N/11
x y

A X
1 Y1 Z
B
A 22
Br Al3 Si
C
B 32
Br 3
Na Mg
D I62 1

C Mg Na
D I2 Si K

© UCLES 2011 9701/12/M/J/11 [Turn over

© UCLES 2011 9701/13/O/N/11

Bilal Hameed 19 Moles WS 3
 What is the
Q change
2Cl →inCl
oxidation
2 number of sulfur in this reaction?

A +2 toR+4 CH3 +BCl →

+2CH Cl
to 3+6 C +4 to +5 D +4 to +6
S CH4 → CH3 + H

13 2010
5 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
NOV
What is P13 Q5
the order of enthalpy changes of these reactions from most negative to most positive?
Nickel makes up 20 % of the total mass of a coin. The coin has a mass of 10.0 g.
A P→Q→R→S
HowQmany
B → R nickel
→S→ atoms
P are in the coin?

alt
22
4.30 × 1022 1.03 × 1023 1.20 × 1024
A
C 2.05
R →Q → P → SB
× 10 C D

D S→P→Q→R
14 2010 JUN P13 Q6
© UCLES 2010 9701/13/O/N/10
6 Which mass of gas would occupy a volume of 3 dm3 at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere pressure?
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere pressure.]

A 3.2 g O2 gas 2
B 5.6 g N2 gas 2 A
Section
C 8.0 g SO2 gas
Section
For each question there are four possible answers, A C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
A, B,
be correct.
D 11.0 g CO2 gas

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
17 Use of the Data
Ammonium Booklet
nitrate, is relevant
NH4NO to this question.
3, can decompose explosively when heated.
15 2009 JUN P1 Q1
1 Useleaded
In of the Data
petrolBooklet
there isisrelevant to this
an additive
NH 4NO
question.
composed
3 → N2O + of2Hlead,
2O carbon and hydrogen only. This
compound contains 29.7 % carbon and 6.19 % hydrogen by mass.
In leaded
What petrol
are the thereinisthe
changes anoxidation
additive numbers
composed of lead,
of the carbon atoms
two nitrogen and hydrogen
in NH4NO3only.
whenThis
this
compound
What is thecontains
value
reaction proceeds? of 29.7
x in %
the carbon and
empirical 6.19
formula% hydrogen
PbC H
8 X ? by mass.

A
A 5–2,
What –4 value of B
is the xBin 6
the
+2, empirical
+6 CC 16
formula PbC
+4, 8HX?
–6 DD 20
+4, –4

A 5 B 6 C 16 D 20
16 2009 JUN P1 Q2
2 A household bleach contains sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, as its active ingredient. The
concentration of NaClO in the bleach can be determined by reacting a known amount with
2 aqueous
A household bleach
hydrogen contains
peroxide, H2O2.sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, as its active ingredient. The
concentration of NaClO in the bleach can be determined by reacting a known amount with
aqueous hydrogen peroxide,
NaClO(aq)H2O
+2H. 2O2(aq) → NaCl(aq) + O2(g) + H2O(l)

3 NaClO(aq) + Hwith
When
© UCLES 201025.0 cm of bleach is treated 2O2(aq)
an → NaCl(aq)
excess + O2(g)H+2OH22,O(l)
of aqueous
9701/13/M/J/10 0.0350 mol of oxygen gas
[Turn is
over
given off.
When 25.0 cm3 of bleach is treated with an excess of aqueous H2O2, 0.0350 mol of oxygen gas is
given is
What off.the concentration of NaClO in the bleach?
–4
What8.75
A is the mol dm–3 of NaClO in the bleach?
concentration
× 10
–3
B
A 10–4
8.75 ×mol
0.700 dmmol dm–3
–3
C
B 0.875
0.700 mol dm–3
mol dm
–3
D
C 1.40
0.875mol dm–3
moldm
D 1.40 mol dm–3

3 The first seven ionisation energies of an element between lithium and neon in the Periodic Table
are as follows.
3 The first seven ionisation energies of an element between lithium and neon in the Periodic Table
are as follows.
1310 3390 5320 7450 11 000 13 300 71 000 kJ mol–1

What is 1310 3390

the outer electronic 5320 7450of the11element?
configuration 000 13 300 71 000 kJ mol–1

What2sis2 the outer electronic

A B 2s22p 1
configuration 2s2element?
Cof the 2p4 D 2s22p6

A 2s2 B 2s22p1 C 2s22p4 D 2s22p6

Moles WS 3 20 Bilal Hameed

 For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.

17 2008 NOV P1 Q1
1 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, is brilliantly white and much of the oxide produced is used in the
manufacture of paint.
2
What is the maximum amount of TiO2 obtainable from 19.0 tonnes of the ore ilmenite, FeTiO3?

alt
Section A
A 10.0 tonnes B 12.7 tonnes C 14.0 tonnes D 17.7 tonnes

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider
consider to
to
be correct.
2 Carbon disulphide vapour burns in oxygen according to the following equation.
18 2008 JUN P1 Q1
1 CS2(g) +process
In the Basic Oxygen steel-making 3O2(g) →theCOP24(g)
O10+ impurity
2SO2(g) is removed by reacting itit with
with
calcium oxide. The only product of this reaction is the salt calcium phosphate, Ca 33(PO44)22.
A sample of 10 cm3 of carbon disulphide was burned in 50 cm3 of oxygen. After measuring the
volume
In of gas remaining,
this reaction, how many the product
moles was treated
of calcium with with
oxide react an excess of aqueous
one mole of P44O10
10?
sodium hydroxide
and the volume of gas measured again. All measurements were made at the same temperature
Aand 1pressure, underBsuch1.5
conditions thatCcarbon
3 disulphide was D gaseous.
6

What were the measured volumes?

2 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
19 2008 JUN P1 Q2
volume of gas volume of gas after
A typical solid burningfor
afterfertiliser use
/ cm3 with household plants and shrubs
adding NaOH(aq) / cm3 contains the elements N, N, P,
P, and
and
K in the ratio of 15 g : 30 g :15 g per 100 g of fertiliser. The recommended usage of fertiliser
fertiliser is
is 14
14gg
3
of A
fertiliser per 5 dm30 of water. 0
B is the concentration
What 30 20 solution?
of nitrogen atoms in this

A C 0.03 mol dm–3 50 2

20
D 50 40
B 0.05 mol dm–3 Section A
C 0.42 mol dm–3
For each question
3 In which there
pair do bothare four have
atoms possible
oneanswers, A, B,inC,
electron only anand D. Choose
s orbital in theirthe one you
ground consider to
states?
D 0.75 mol dm–3
be correct.

A Ca, Sc B Cu, Be C H, He D Li, Cr

32
203 2007 NOV P1 Q1
1 Use 32
Skinof cancer
the DatacanBooklet is relevant
be treated usingto athis question. isotope of phosphorus, 15
radioactive 15
P . A compound
compound
4 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant
32 to
3 − this question.
containing the phosphide ion 15 P , wrapped in a plastic 2 sheet, is strapped to the affected
affected
When a sports medal with a total surface area of 150 cm was evenly coated with silver, using
area.
electrolysis,
Hard its mass increased
water contains calcium ions by 0.216 g.
and hydrogencarbonate ions arising from dissolved calcium
hydrogencarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2.
322 3 −
How
What many atoms
is the of silverof
composition the deposited
were phosphideper ion,cm
15 Pon?the surface of the medal?
How many electrons are present in the hydrogencarbonate anion?
A 8.0 × 1018
A 30 protons B neutrons
31 electrons
C 32 D 33
B 1.8 × 1019
A 15 17 18
C 1.2 × 1021
B 15 17 32
D 4.1 × 1022
C 17 15 17

D 32 17 15
2 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this9701/01/O/N/08
© UCLES 2008
question.

In forming ionic compounds, elements generally form an ion with the electronic structure of a
noble gas.

Which ion does not have a noble gas electronic structure?

A I– B Rb+ C Sn2+ D Sr2+

3 The first stage in the manufacture of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia by oxygen.

wNH3(g) + xO2(g) → yNO(g) + zH2O(g)

Bilal
© Hameed
© UCLES
UCLES 2008
2008 21
9701/01/M/J/08
9701/01/M/J/08 Moles WS 3
Which values for w, x, y and z are needed to balance the equation?
 What is the relative atomic mass of the element?

A 10.2 B 10.5 C 10.8 D 11.0

21 2007 JUN P1 Q2
2 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Oxides of nitrogen are pollutant gases which are emitted from car exhausts.

In urban traffic, when a car travels one kilometre, it releases 0.23 g of an oxide of nitrogen NxOy,
which occupies 120 cm3.

alt
What are the values of x and y?
(Assume 1 mol of gas molecules occupies 24.0 dm3.)

A x = 1, y = 1
B x = 1, y = 2
2
C x = 2, y = 1
Section A
D x = 2, y = 4

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
3 John Dalton’s atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms.
22 2006 JUN P1 Q1
1 N2O4 isof
Which a his
poisonous gas.isIt still
predictions canconsidered
be disposedtoofbesafely by reaction with sodium hydroxide.
correct?

A Atoms are veryN2Osmall

4(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + NaNO2(aq) + H2O(l)
in size.
2
B No atom can be split into simpler parts.
What is the minimum volume of 0.5 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) needed to dispose of 0.02 mol of N2O4?
C All the atoms of a particular 3element have Section
the Asame mass.
A 8 cm3 B 12.5 cm C 40 cm3 D 80 cm3

For each
D All question there
the atoms of are
onefour possible
element are answers,
different inA,mass
B, C,from
and all
D. the
Choose the
atoms ofone you
other consider to
elements.
be correct.
2 A sample of chlorine containing isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37 was analysed in a
23 2005 NOV P1 Q1
mass-spectrometer.
1 The petrol additive tetraethyl-lead(IV), Pb(C
© UCLES 2007 2H5)4, is now banned in many countries. When it is
9701/01/M/J/07
completely
How burnedcorresponding
many peaks in air, lead(II) to Cl 2+ CO
oxide, 2 and
were H2O are formed.
recorded?

How2many moles of B
A oxygen
3 are requiredCto burn
4 one mole ofDPb(C
5 2H5)4?

A 9.5 B 11 C 13.5 D 27
3 Gallium nitride, GaN, could revolutionise the design of electric light bulbs because only a small
length used as a filament gives excellent light at low cost.
2 Which ion has more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?
Gallium nitride is an ionic compound containing the Ga3+ ion.
[H = 11 H ; D = 12 H ; O = 168 O]
What is the electron arrangement of the nitrogen ion in gallium nitride?
A D– B H3O+ C OD– D OH–
A 1s2 2s2
B 1s2 2s2 2p3
3 What is2 the2 electronic
4
configuration of an element with a second ionisation energy higher than
C
that 1s 2s 2p
of each of its neighbours in the Periodic Table?
2
D
A 1s 2s222p
1s22s
6
2p63s2

B 1s22s22p63s23p1
4 A radioactive isotope of thallium, 201
81 Tl, is used to assess damage in heart muscles after a heart
C 1s22s22p63s23p2
attack.
D 1s22s22p63s23p3
Which statement about 20181 Tl is correct?

4 Which
A compound
This hasaanucleon
isotope has boiling point
numberwhich is influenced by hydrogen bonding?
of 120.
A
B CH3CHO
The number of electrons in one atom of this isotope is 81.
C
B The number
CH3OCH 3 of neutrons in one atom of this isotope is 201.
201 201
C
D HCO H an isotope of
82 X 2is 81 Tl.
Moles WS
D 3HCO2CH3 22 Bilal Hameed
 Section A

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
24 2006 NOV P1 Q1
1 The amount of calcium ions in a sample of natural water can be determined by using an ion-
exchange column as shown in the diagram.

alt
water sample

ion-exchange resin

A 50 cm3 sample of water containing dissolved Sectioncalcium

A sulphate was passed through the ion-
exchange resin. Each calcium ion in the sample was exchanged for two hydrogen ions. The
3 –2 –3
resulting
For each acidicthere
question solution collected
are four in the
possible flask required
answers, A, B, C,25 cmD.
and of 1.0 × 10
Choose mol dm
the one potassium
you consider to
hydroxide for complete neutralisation.
be correct.

What was the concentration of the calcium sulphate in the original sample?
1 A pure hydrocarbon is used in bottled gas for cooking and heating.
A 2.5 × 10–3 mol dm–3
When 10 cm–23 of the –3
hydrocarbon is burned in 70 cm3 of oxygen (an excess), the final gaseous
B 1.0 × 10 mol dm 3
mixture contains 30 cm of carbon dioxide and 20 cm3 of unreacted oxygen. All gaseous volumes
were
C 2.0 × 10–2 mol
measured dm–3identical conditions.
under
–2
mol dmof–3the hydrocarbon?
D 4.0
What is × 10formula
the

A C2H6 B C3H6 C C3H8 D C4H10

25 2005 JUN P1 Q2
2 On collision, airbags in cars inflate rapidly due to the production of nitrogen.

The nitrogen is formed according to the following equations.

2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

10Na + 2KNO3 → K2O + 5Na2O + N2

© UCLES 2006 9701/01/O/N/06
How many moles of nitrogen gas are produced from 1 mol of sodium azide, NaN3?

A 1.5 B 1.6 C 3.2 D 4.0

3 The first six ionisation energies of four elements, A to D, are given.

Which element is most likely to be in Group IV of the Periodic Table?

Bilal Hameed
ionisation 23 Moles WS 3
−1 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
energy / kJ mol
 0
264 65 66 67
Ar
Section A
A 65 B 65.25 C 65.5 D 65.66
26 2004 NOV P1 Q3
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
3 The foul smell that skunks spray is due to a number of thiols, one of which is methanethiol,
CH3SH, which burns as follows.
1 Which of these samples of gas contains the same number of atoms as 1g of hydrogen
(Mr : H2, 2)? CH3SH + 3O2 → CO2 + SO2 + 2H2O

alt
A 10 cm3dioxide
22 g ofofcarbon
A sample , 44)exploded with 60 cm3 of oxygen.
(Mr : CO2was
of methanethiol
B 8 g of methane (Mr : CH4, 16) 2 mixture of gases when cooled to room
What would be the final volume of the resultant
temperature?
C 20 g of neon (Mr : Ne, 20)
Section A

3
A 820
D g cm
of ozone (Mr B : O3,30 cm3
48) C 50 cm3 D 70 cm3
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
27 2004 JUN P1 Q1
2 UCLES 2004
Self-igniting flares contain Mg3P2. With 9701/01/O/N/04
water this produces diphosphane, P2H4, which is
spontaneously flammable in air.
1 Which of these samples of gas contains the same number of atoms as 1g of hydrogen
(Mr : H2equation
Which , 2)? that includes the formation of diphosphane is balanced?
A
A 22 g3Pof
Mg 2 +carbon
6H2O dioxide (Mr : 2CO
! 3Mg(OH) + P2,2H
44)
4

B
B 8 g 3of
Mg P2methane (M3Mg(OH)
+ 6H2O ! r : CH4, 16)
2 + P2H4 + H2

C
C 20 g 3of
2Mg P2neon (M
+ 12H r :!
2O
Ne, 20)
6Mg(OH)2 + P2H4 + 2PH3

D
D 8 g of3Pozone
2Mg (Mr : !
2 + 12H2O
O36Mg(OH)
, 48) 2 + 3P2H4

32 2004
28 Use of JUN
Self-igniting
P1flammable
the Data Q3
flares contain
Booklet Mg3P2.to With
is relevant water this produces diphosphane, P2H4, which is
this question.
spontaneously in air.
Most modern cars are fitted with airbags. These work by decomposing sodium azide to liberate
Which equation
nitrogen that inflates
gas, which includesthe
thebag.
formation of diphosphane is balanced?

A H4 3 !223N2 + 2Na
Mg3P2 + 6H2O ! 3Mg(OH)2 + P22NaN
B Mg3P2 + 6H2O ! 3Mg(OH)2 + P2H4 +Section Section
H2 AA
A typical driver’s airbag contains 50 g of sodium azide.
A, B,
B, C, D. Choose one you
C 2Mg3P2 + 12H2O ! 6Mg(OH)2 + P2H4 + 2PH3
For
For each
each question
the there
question
Calculate there are
volume four
areoffour possible
possible
nitrogen answers,
thisanswers, A,
will produce atC, andtemperature.
and
room D. Choose the
the one you consider
considerto
tobe
be
correct.
correct.
D 2Mg3P2 + 12H2O ! 6Mg(OH)2 + 3P2H4
A 9.2 dm3 B 13.9 dm3 C 27.7 dm3 D 72.0 dm3

3 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

114 Use
Whatof
Use ofisthe
theData
the orderBooklet
Data Booklet is relevant
is relevant to this
to this question.
question.
29 2003 NOV P1 Q1 are fitted with airbags. These work by decomposing sodium azide to liberate
of increasing energy of the listed orbitals in the atom of titanium?
Most modern cars
Analytical chemists can detect very small amounts
amounts of of amino
amino acids,
acids, down to 33 ×× 10
down to –21 mol.
10–21
Analytical
nitrogen
A chemists
3s 3pgas, which can
3d 4s detect
inflates thevery
bag.small mol.
How
How many
many molecules
molecules ofof an
an amino
amino acid
acid (M
(Mr == 200)
200) would
would this
this be?
be?
B 3s 3p 4s 3d 2NaNr3 ! 3N2 + 2Na
A 9 4s 3pB3d 200 C 1800 D 360360 000
000
C 3s
A typical driver’s airbag contains 50 g of sodium azide.

D 4s 3s 3p 3d
2 Use of thethe
Calculate Data Booklet
volume question.
is relevant to this question.
of nitrogen this will produce at room temperature.
30 2003 NOV P1 Q2
A 9.2 dm3 B 13.9 dm3 C 27.7 dm3 D 72.0 dm3
A garden fertiliser is said to have a phosphorus content
content of
of 30.0
30.0%% ‘P O55 soluble
‘P22O soluble in
in water’.
water’.

What is the percentage by mass of phosphorus in the the fertiliser?

fertiliser?
4 What is the order of increasing energy of the listed orbitals in the atom of titanium?
A 2004
! UCLES
A 3s 3p 3d 4s B
6.55 % 13.1 % C 26.2 %
9701/01/M/J/04 D
D 30.0%
30.0 %

B 3s 3p 4s 3d
3 A sample of the hydrocarbon C6H12 is completely burned
burned in
in dry
dry oxygen
oxygen and
and the
the product
product gases
gasesare
are
collected
C 3s 4sas 3pshown.
3d
D r : H,
[A 4s 13s; C,
3p 12
3d ; O, 16.]

Moles WS 3 H2O + CO2 + excess of O2 24 excess of

excess of O
O22 Bilal Hameed
 For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider to be
correct.

1 The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

31 2003 JUN P1 Q1
What is the number of molecules in 500 cm3 of oxygen under room conditions?

A 1.25 x 1022
B 1.34 x 1022

alt
C 3.0 x 1022
D 3.0 x 1026

2 In the preparation of soft margarine, glyceryl trieleostearate

CH3(CH2)3CH CHCH CHCH CH(CH2)7CO2CH2

CH3(CH2)3CH CHCH CHCH CH(CH2)7CO2CH

CH3(CH2)3CH CHCH CHCH CH(CH2)7CO2CH2

is suitably hydrogenated so that, on average, one of its side-chains is converted into the
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2 residue and two side-chains are converted into the
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2 residue.

How many moles of hydrogen are required to convert one mole of glyceryl trieleostearate into the
soft margarine?

A 4 B 5 C 6 D 9

3 Which isotope of an element in the third period of the Periodic Table contains the same number of
32
neutrons as 16 S?
23
A 11 Na
24
B 12 Mg
28
C 14 Si
31
D 15 P

4 The successive ionisation energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element X are given below.

870 1800 3000 3600 5800 7000 13 200

What is X?

A 33As B 40Zr C 52Te D 53I

9701/1/M/J/03

Bilal Hameed 25 Moles WS 3

 Moles WS 4
4
1 2014 JUN P23 Q2
2 A sample of a hydrated double salt, Cu(NH4)x(SO4)2.6H2O, was boiled with an excess of sodium

alt
hydroxide. Ammonia was given off.

The ammonia produced was absorbed in 40.0 cm3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The resulting
solution required 25 cm3 of 0.12 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide to neutralise the excess acid.

(a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid in 40.0 cm3 of 0.400 mol dm–3 solution.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise the excess
acid. This will be equal to the amount of hydrochloric acid left in excess.

[1]

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid that reacted with ammonia.

[1]

(iv) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonium ions in the sample of the double salt.

[1]

(v) The sample contained 0.413 g of copper. Use this information and your answer to (iv) to
calculate the value of x in Cu(NH4)x(SO4)2.6H2O.

[2]

(vi) Calculate the Mr of Cu(NH4)x(SO4)2.6H2O.

[1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2014 9701/23/M/J/14

Moles WS 4 26 Bilal Hameed
 4
2 2014 JUN P22 Q2
2 A 6.30 g sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4.xH2O, was dissolved in water and the
solution made up to 250 cm3.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was acidified and titrated with 0.100 mol dm–3 potassium

alt
manganate(VII) solution. 20.0 cm3 of this potassium manganate(VII) solution was required to
react fully with the ethanedioate ions, C2O42–, present in the sample.

(a) The MnO4– ions in the potassium manganate(VII) oxidise the ethanedioate ions.

(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, the meaning of the term oxidise in the sentence
above.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete and balance the ionic equation for the reaction between the manganate(VII)
ions and the ethanedioate ions.

2MnO4–(aq) + 5C2O42–(aq) + .........H+(aq) .........(aq) + 10CO2(aq) + .........H2O(l)

[3]

(b) (i) Calculate the number of moles of manganate(VII) used in the titration.

[1]

(ii) Use the equation in (a)(ii) and your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the number of moles of
C2O42– present in the 25.0 cm3 sample of solution used.

[1]

(iii) Calculate the number of moles of H2C2O4.xH2O in 6.30 g of the compound.

[1]

(iv) Calculate the relative formula mass of H2C2O4.xH2O.

[1]

(v) The relative formula mass of anhydrous ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4, is 90.

Calculate the value of x in H2C2O4.xH2O.

[1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2014 9701/22/M/J/14

Bilal Hameed 27 Moles WS 4

 4
3 2014 JUN P21 Q2
2 The commonest form of iron(II) sulfate is the heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O. On heating at 90 C
this loses some of its water of crystallisation to form a different hydrated form of iron(II) sulfate,
FeSO4.xH2O.

alt
3.40 g of FeSO4.xH2O was dissolved in water to form 250 cm3 of solution.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was acidified and titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 potassium
manganate(VII).

In this titration 20.0 cm3 of this potassium manganate(VII) solution was required to react fully with
the Fe2+ ions present in the sample.

(a) The MnO4– ions in the potassium manganate(VII) oxidise the Fe2+ ions in the acidified solution.

(i) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, the meaning of the term oxidise in the sentence
above.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete and balance the ionic equation for the reaction between the manganate(VII)
ions and the iron(II) ions.

MnO4–(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + .........H+(aq) .........(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + .........H2O(l)

[3]

(b) (i) Calculate the number of moles of manganate(VII) used in the titration.

[1]

(ii) Use the equation in (a)(ii) and your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the number of moles of
Fe2+ present in the 25.0 cm3 sample of solution used.

[1]

(iii) Calculate the number of moles of FeSO4.xH2O in 3.40 g of the compound.

[1]

(iv) Calculate the relative formula mass of FeSO4.xH2O.

[1]

(v) The relative formula mass of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4, is 151.8.

Calculate the value of x in FeSO4.xH2O.

[1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2014 9701/21/M/J/14

Moles WS 4 28 Bilal Hameed

 4
4 2013 JUN P22 Q2
For
2 Chile saltpetre is a mineral found in Chile and Peru, and which mainly consists of sodium Examiner’s
nitrate, NaNO3. The mineral is purified to concentrate the NaNO3 which is used as a fertiliser Use
and in some fireworks.

alt
In order to find the purity of a sample of sodium nitrate, the compound is heated in NaOH(aq)
with Devarda's alloy which contains aluminium. This reduces the sodium nitrate to ammonia
which is boiled off and then dissolved in acid.

3NaNO3(aq) + 8Al (s) + 5NaOH(aq) + 18H2O(l) 3NH3(g) + 8NaAl (OH)4(aq)

The ammonia gas produced is dissolved in an excess of H2SO4 of known concentration.

2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

The amount of unreacted H2SO4 is then determined by back-titration with NaOH of known
concentration.

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(a) A 1.64 g sample of impure NaNO3 was reacted with an excess of Devarda's alloy.
The NH3 produced was dissolved in 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 H2SO4.
When all of the NH3 had dissolved, the resulting solution was titrated with NaOH(aq).
For neutralisation, 16.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH were required.

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 present in the 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3
H2SO4.

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH present in 16.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 that reacted with
16.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.

(iv) Use your answers to (i) and (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 that
reacted with the NH3.

Bilal©Hameed
UCLES 2013 29
9701/22/M/J/13 Moles WS 4
 5
For
(v) Use your answer to (iv) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NH3 that reacted with Examiner’s
the H2SO4. Use

alt
(vi) Use your answer to (v) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NaNO3 that reacted with
the Devarda's alloy.

(vii) Hence calculate the mass of NaNO3 that reacted.

(viii) Use your answer to (vii) to calculate the percentage by mass of NaNO3 present in
the impure sample.
Write your answer to a suitable number of significant figures.

[9]

(b) The above reaction is an example of a redox reaction.

What are the oxidation numbers of nitrogen in NaNO3 and in NH3?

NaNO3 ....................... NH3 ....................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2013 9701/22/M/J/13 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 30 Bilal Hameed

 2
For
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Examiner’s
Use
5 2013 JUN P21 Q1
1 A sample of a fertiliser was known to contain ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and sand only.

A 2.96 g sample of the solid fertiliser was heated with 40.0 cm3 of NaOH(aq), an excess, and
all of the ammonia produced was boiled away.

alt
After cooling, the remaining NaOH(aq) was exactly neutralised by 29.5 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3
HCl.

In a separate experiment, 40.0 cm3 of the original NaOH(aq) was exactly neutralised by
39.2 cm3 of the 2.00 mol dm–3 HCl.

(a) (i) Write balanced equations for the following reactions.

NaOH with HCl

....................................................................................................................................

(NH4)2SO4 with NaOH

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH present in the 40.0 cm3 of the original
NaOH(aq) that was neutralised by 39.2 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 HCl.

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH present in the 40.0 cm3 of NaOH(aq) that
remained after boiling the (NH4)2SO4.

(iv) Use your answers to (ii) and (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH that
reacted with the (NH4)2SO4.

© UCLES 2013 9701/21/M/J/13

Bilal Hameed 31 Moles WS 4

 3
For
(v) Use your answers to (i) and (iv) to calculate the amount, in moles, of (NH4)2SO4 that Examiner’s
reacted with the NaOH. Use

alt
(vi) Hence calculate the mass of (NH4)2SO4 that reacted.

(vii) Use your answer to (vi) to calculate the percentage, by mass, of (NH4)2SO4 present
in the fertiliser.
Write your answer to a suitable number of significant figures.

[9]

(b) The uncontrolled use of nitrogenous fertilisers can cause environmental damage to lakes
and streams. This is known as eutrophication.

What are the processes that occur when excessive amounts of nitrogenous fertilisers get
into lakes and streams?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Large quantities of ammonia are manufactured by the Haber process.

Not all of this ammonia is used to make fertilisers.
State one large-scale use for ammonia, other than in the production of nitrogenous
fertilisers.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2013 9701/21/M/J/13 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 32 Bilal Hameed

 2
For
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Examiner’s
Use
6 2012 NOV P21 Q1
1 Zinc is an essential trace element which is necessary for the healthy growth of animals
and plants. Zinc deficiency in humans can be easily treated by using zinc salts as dietary
supplements.

alt
(a) One salt which is used as a dietary supplement is a hydrated zinc sulfate, ZnSO4.xH2O,
which is a colourless crystalline solid.

Crystals of zinc sulfate may be prepared in a school or college laboratory by reacting

dilute sulfuric acid with a suitable compound of zinc.

Give the formulae of two simple compounds of zinc that could each react with dilute
sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate.

....................................................... and ....................................................... [2]

(b) A simple experiment to determine the value of x in the formula ZnSO4.xH2O is to heat it
carefully to drive off the water.

ZnSO4.xH2O(s) ZnSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

A student placed a sample of the hydrated zinc sulfate in a weighed boiling tube and
reweighed it. He then heated the tube for a short time, cooled it and reweighed it when
cool. This process was repeated four times. The final results are shown below.

mass of mass of tube + mass of tube + salt

empty tube / g hydrated salt / g after fourth heating / g
74.25 77.97 76.34

(i) Why was the boiling tube heated, cooled and reweighed four times?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of the anhydrous salt produced.

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of water driven off by heating.

© UCLES 2012 9701/21/O/N/12

Bilal Hameed 33 Moles WS 4

 3
For
(iv) Use your results to (ii) and (iii) to calculate the value of x in ZnSO4.xH2O. Examiner’s
Use

alt
[7]

(c) For many people, an intake of approximately 15 mg per day of zinc will be sufficient to
prevent deficiencies.

Zinc ethanoate crystals, (CH3CO2)2Zn.2H2O, may be used in this way.

(i) What mass of pure crystalline zinc ethanoate (Mr = 219.4) will need to be taken to
obtain a dose of 15 mg of zinc?

(ii) If this dose is taken in solution as 5 cm3 of aqueous zinc ethanoate, what would be
the concentration of the solution used?
Give your answer in mol dm–3.

[4]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2012 9701/21/O/N/12 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 34 Bilal Hameed

 4
7 2012 JUN P23 Q02
For
2 Washing soda is hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.xH2O. Examiner’s
Use
A student wished to determine the value of x by carrying out a titration, with the following
results.

alt
5.13 g of washing soda crystals were dissolved in water and the solution
was made up to 250 cm3 in a standard volumetric flask.

25.0 cm3 of this solution reacted exactly with 35.8 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide was produced.

(a) (i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Na2CO3 and HCl .

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl in the 35.8 cm3 of solution used in the titration.

(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Na2CO3 in the
25.0 cm3 of solution used in the titration.

(iv) Use your answer to (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Na2CO3 in the 250 cm3
of solution in the standard volumetric flask.

Bilal©Hameed
UCLES 2012 35
9701/23/M/J/12 Moles WS 4
 5
For
(v) Hence calculate the mass of Na2CO3 present in 5.13 g of washing soda crystals. Examiner’s
Use

alt
[6]

(b) Use your calculations in (a) to determine the value of x in Na2CO3.xH2O.

[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2012 9701/23/M/J/12 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 36 Bilal Hameed
 4
8 2012 JUN P21 Q2
For
2 Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is widely used as a fertiliser. Examiner’s
Use
In order to determine its percentage purity, a sample of ammonium sulfate fertiliser was
analysed by reacting a known amount with an excess of NaOH(aq) and then titrating the

alt
unreacted NaOH with dilute HCl.

(a) Ammonium sulfate reacts with NaOH in a 1 : 2 ratio.

Complete and balance the equation for this reaction.

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH .......NH3 + ................ + ................

[2]

(b) A 5.00 g sample of a fertiliser containing (NH4)2SO4 was warmed with 50.0 cm3 (an excess)
of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.

When all of the ammonia had been driven off, the solution was cooled.

The remaining NaOH was then titrated with 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl and 31.2 cm3 were required
for neutralisation.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between NaOH and HCl.

....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl in 31.2 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl.

(iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 NaOH.

(iv) Use your answers to (i), (ii) and (iii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH
used up in the reaction with (NH4)2SO4.

Bilal©Hameed
UCLES 2012 37
9701/21/M/J/12 Moles WS 4
 5
For
(v) Use your answer to (iv) and the equation in (a) to calculate the amount, in moles, of Examiner’s
(NH4)2SO4 that reacted with NaOH. Use

alt
(vi) Use your answer to (v) to calculate the mass of (NH4)2SO4 that reacted with NaOH.

(vii) Hence, calculate the percentage purity of the ammonium sulfate fertiliser.

[7]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2012 9701/21/M/J/12 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 38 Bilal Hameed
 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. For

Examiner’s
9 2011 JUN P23 Q1 Use

1 Methanoic acid, HCO2H, was formerly known as formic acid because it is present in the
sting of ants and the Latin name for ant is formica. It was first isolated in 1671 by John Ray
who collected a large number of dead ants and extracted the acid from them by distillation.

alt
In this question, you should give all numerical answers to two significant figures.

At room temperature, pure methanoic acid is a liquid which is completely soluble in water.

When we are stung by a ‘typical’ ant a solution of methanoic acid, A, is injected into our
skin.

Solution A contains 50% by volume of pure methanoic acid.

A ‘typical’ ant contains 7.5 × 10–6 dm3 of solution A.

(a) (i) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of solution A in one ant.

volume = ................................. cm3

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the volume, in cm3, of pure methanoic acid in
one ant.

volume = ................................. cm3

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate how many ants would have to be distilled to
produce 1 dm3 of pure methanoic acid.

number = .......................................
[3]

© UCLES 2011 9701/23/M/J/11

Bilal Hameed 39 Moles WS 4

 3

When we are stung by an ant, the amount of solution A injected is 80% of the total amount of For
solution A present in one ant. Examiner’s
Use

The density of pure methanoic acid is 1.2 g cm–3.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of pure methanoic acid injected in one ant sting.

alt
(b) (i)

volume = ................................. cm3

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the mass of methanoic acid present in one ant
sting.

mass = ........................................ g
[3]

Bees also sting us by using methanoic acid. One simple treatment for ant or bee stings is to
use sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3.

(c) (i) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between methanoic acid and sodium
hydrogencarbonate.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) In a typical bee sting, the mass of methanoic acid injected is 5.4 × 10–3 g.
Calculate the mass of NaHCO3 needed to neutralise one bee sting.

mass = ........................................ g
[3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2011 9701/23/M/J/11 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 40 Bilal Hameed

 3
10 2010 NOV P23 Q1
Antimony, Sb, proton number 51, is another element which is used in alloys. For
Examiner’s
Magnesium and antimony each react when heated separately in chlorine. Use

alt
(d) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and chlorine.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

When a 2.45 g sample of antimony was heated in chlorine under suitable conditions, 4.57 g
of a chloride A were formed.

(e) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of antimony atoms that reacted.

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine atoms that reacted.

(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to determine the empirical formula of A.

(iv) The empirical and molecular formulae of A are the same.

Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between antimony and chlorine.

.............................................................................................................................. [5]

(f) The chloride A melts at 73.4 °C while magnesium chloride melts at 714 °C.

(i) What type of bonding is present in magnesium chloride?

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest what type of bonding is present in A.

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2010
Bilal Hameed 41
9701/23/O/N/10 [Turn
Moles WSover
4
 (c) When copper is reacted directly with chlorine, only CuCl2 is formed.
Suggest an explanation for this observation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
11 2009 JUN P22 Q1
Titanium also reacts with chlorine.

(d) When an excess of chlorine was reacted with 0.72 g of titanium, 2.85 g of a chloride A
was formed.

alt
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of titanium used.

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine atoms that reacted.

(iii) Hence, determine the empirical formula of A.

(iv) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between titanium and chlorine.

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

(e) At room temperature, the chloride of titanium, A, is a liquid which does not conduct
electricity.

What does this information suggest about the bonding and structure in A?

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2009 9701/22/M/J/09 [Turn over

Moles WS 4 42 Bilal Hameed

 7 For
12 2007 NOV P2 Q3 Examiner’s
Use
(c) Sulphur and chlorine can be reacted together to form disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2.

Disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2, is decomposed by water forming sulphur and a mixture of

hydrochloric acid and sulphurous acid.

alt
When 2.7 g of S2Cl2 is reacted with an excess of water, 0.96 g of sulphur, S, is
produced.

(i) What is the amount, in moles, of S2Cl2 present in 2.7 g?

(ii) What is the amount, in moles, of S produced from 1.0 mol of S2Cl2?

(iii) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction of S2Cl2 with water.

..................................................................................................................................
[4]

(d) The reaction between S2Cl2 and water is a redox reaction.

Which product has been formed by oxidation and which by reduction?

product formed by oxidation ........................................

product formed by reduction ........................................ [2]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2007 9701/02/O/N/07 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed 43 Moles WS 4
 5
13 2005 JUN P2 Q2
Hydrogen sulphide burns with a blue flame in an excess of oxygen to form sulphur dioxide For
and water. Examiner’s
Use
(d) (i) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of H2S.

alt
..................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the change in the oxidation number of sulphur in this reaction?

from ....................................................... to .............................................................

(iii) What volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure, is required
for the complete combustion of 8.65 g of H2S? Give your answer to two decimal
places.

[5]

Hydrogen sulphide is a weak diprotic (dibasic) acid. Its solution in water contains HS – and a
few S2– ions.

(e) (i) What is meant by the term weak acid?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation, with state symbols, for the first ionisation of H2S when it
dissolves in water.

............................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 17]

© UCLES 2005
Moles WS 4 44
9701/02/M/J/05 [Turn
Bilalover
Hameed
 3
14 2004 JUN P2 Q2
2 Compounds of phosphorus have many uses in everyday life, e.g. fertilisers, matches and in water
softeners.

(a) State the full electronic configuration of phosphorus.

alt
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is used in the manufacture of phosphate fertilisers.

Deduce the oxidation number of phosphorus in H3PO4.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The salt sodium phosphate, Na3PO4, is a water-softening agent.

(i) Write the equation for the complete neutralisation of phosphoric acid with aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

............................................................................................................................................

Sodium phosphate was prepared from 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 H3PO4 and an excess of
aqueous sodium hydroxide.

(ii) How many moles of H3PO4 were used?

(iii) Use your equation in (c)(i) to calculate how many moles of sodium hydroxide are
required.

[3]

(d) Phosphorus sulphide, P4S3, is used in small amounts in the tip of a match. On striking a
match, this compound burns.

(i) Construct an equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Both oxides formed in (i) dissolve in water to give acidic solutions. Construct an equation
for the reaction of each oxide with water.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total : 9]

© UCLES 2004 9701/02/M/J/04 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed 45 Moles WS 4