IMPACT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DEMOCRACY

IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF THE BUHARI ADMINISTRATION (2015-2022)

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

To achieve sustainable democracy, we must understand that there is more to democracy

than elections and voting. The fact that a nation chooses her leaders through the ballot box does

not necessarily translate to democracy. There are certain tenets upon which democracy can be

nurtured and sustained. Among them are sovereignty of the people, majority rule and minority

rights, the rule of law and good governance, respect for civil and political rights, mass literacy,

economic prosperity, social development, free press and independent judiciary. Sustainable

democracy is attained when these conditions listed above are prevalent in the society.

Sustained democracy needs strong and sustained political parties with the capacity to

represent citizens and provide policy choices that public need. There is need, therefore, to

strengthen political parties so that they do not constitute a weak link in the democratic process,

as we strive to support the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in partnership

with other multinational bodies to truly gain independence to conduct credible elections. We

must begin to pay attention in our development process to the strengthening of party system and

political parties.

Democracy is sustainable when there is good governance and this must be the central

goal of the party in power. Good governance is imperative for social and economic progress.

At political level, democratic practices including transparency in policy making and

administration are important aspects of good governance. This is signified by a pluralistic system
that allows the existence of diversity in political and ideological opinions. No wonder good

governance is said to be more easily achieve and granted in multi-party system like Nigeria than

in mono party system, it also means that the holding of regular election applying the principles of

universal franchise. In order to qualify as good governance on sustainable democracy election

must be free and fair. Good governance deals with the nature and limits of state power.

Another important part of good governance is the promotion and protection of human

rights. For this to be sustained, the rights and freedoms of citizen, must be enshrined in the

constitutions. This covers political and civil rights.

Finally, another contributory factor to good governance and by implication, sustainable

democracy is viable political parties. Sustainable democracy is dependent on the existence of

well-functioning and well-funded political parties. Political parties are crucial policy institutions

which provide people with a choice. This makes room for open competition between political

parties in a democratic state.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite more than sixteen years of good governance and democratic practice in Nigeria,

it has recorded less development because of the following reasons: agitations by some ethnic

nationalities which crave for self-determination, bad governance, electoral malpractice,

corruption etc. these undermine the sustenance of democracy and good governance

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study is to understudy the role of good governance in sustaining democracy in

Nigeria, with a view to:

 i. Identifying the inherent benefits of good governance as seen in Buhari

administration

ii. Outlining the dividends of democracy which impact positively on the lives of

the citizens.

iii. Identifying democratic attributes which can be sustained in Nigeria

iv. Positively promoting and outlining the success stories recorded during the

democratic dispensations in Buhari administration and comparing such against

the military regime.

v. Advancing the idea of sustained good governance and democratic processes

which are of immense benefits to the populace.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do we have good governance in Nigeria?

2. Has good governance and democracy improved the conditions of lives of the people?

3. Have good governance and democracy encouraged grass root developments?

4. What are the problems of good governance and democracy in Nigeria?

5. What are the measures to be taken to improve good governance for democratic

sustainability?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be significant and beneficial to researchers who will be acquainted with

the role played by good governance on sustainable democracy in the development of Nigeria.

The study will be beneficial to the citizens so as to identify the positive aspects of

democracy to expect from elected officials.

 Future students and researchers who would find the study useful during researches into

aspects of good governance in Nigeria.

Elected government officials who are looking for guidelines in their quest of delivering

good governance and also help sustain democracy in Nigeria.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work concerns primarily with the analysis of good governance and

democratic sustainability in Nigeria with emphasis on Buhari administration. It covers the period

between 2004 – 2011. On the other hand, limitations of the study include:

INFORMATION: Sourcing of information was a bit problematic as some literature texts

accessed were either outdated or where particular in praising elected officials. The officials of

government agencies and parastastals were reluctant in releasing information needed in the

course of this study.

FINANCE: The high cost of transportation hinders the researchers from going to places as at

when due.

TIME: The cost of the academic pressure, the researcher has to make use of little time from the

academic time to run about the project.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Framework

For the purpose work the researcher shall use the Cultural theory of governance by

Andreas Pribersky.
After the ‘linguistic turn’ of the seventies, the ‘cultural turn’ – that led to a complete

restructuring of the humanities – represents the second wave of qualitative approaches to

gain an increasing influence on the social sciences since the eighties. The reintroduction of

cultural theory as an important tool for political analysis is closely linked to some key

issues of contemporary politics: the changing behaviour of consumers and voters, the

loosening of traditional social relations as well as of political affiliations and the

transformation of society towards new cultural group patterns reopened the question of

Political Culture(s) as a basis for democratic governance in the advanced societies (Gibbins

1989, Gibbins/ Reimer 1999). At the same time, the global attempts of democratisation and

decolonisation (Huntington 1991, Diamond 1999) raised again the question of the

establishment of stable democracies gaining actuality in the still unfinished process of

democratic transformation of the former Soviet bloc and Soviet Union (Beyme 1996) and

the effects of this process on the European and global political order (Geertz 1996). In the

process of an integrating and enlarging Europe, these problems are especially sound in an

increasing problem of rising nationalism and right-wing populism (Pribersky 2001,

Pribersky/ Liebhart/ Kurtán 2002) or in the crisis of representation of European politics

(Öhner/ Pribersky et al. 2005).

These political developments lead to a constant increase of the use of the term ‘culture’ as

an explanatory variable of political differences and encounters (Huntington 1996) also in

the mass media and to a re-evaluation of approaches of cultural theory concerning their

explanatory force for contemporary politics (Schwelling 2004). The extension of political

analysis of the subcultures of society by the means of a Cultural Studies approach or the

reformulation of the term ‘Political Culture’ from a political science (Thompson/ Ellis/
Wildavsky 1990) and from an anthropological perspective (Abélès/Jeudy 1997) as well

have greatly contributed to a new understanding of democratic governance, that includes

the building and the participatory element of a Civil Society and its importance for

democratic stability: therefore, these contributions are considered an integral part of the

program of the Vienna School of Governance.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES

Good governance is a mechanism through which citizens and groups articulate their

interests, exercise their legal rights and meet their obligation to mediate their differences

(UNESCAP, 2013, Dahal, et al, 2002). Good governance is a state of fulfillment of expectations

and the achievement of societal well-being by the mandated authority (African Leadership

Forum, 2000:4). Good governance is effective in fulfilling the social contract, empowerment of

citizens through participation in decisions affecting them. It is what a citizen has the right to

demand from his/her government in four dimensions as rule of law, participation, human rights

and sustainable development (Izueke, 2007, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2011).

Oyovbaire (2007) views that good governance as the use of power and authority to affect

human condition; this will enable the society to sustain and improve the quality to life and

transform the physical environment.

 Eyinla (2000:22) states that good government includes security of human rights,

devolution of power and respect for local autonomy pivot to successful democracy and

development.

Radical notion of good governance and democratic sustainability is based on the idea that

there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society. It is their role to make

visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference dissent and antagonism in

decision making process.

Although the condition in a modern state make direct participation of all the people in the

government of the state impossible, the concept of good governance and democratic

sustainability in Nigeria still emphasizes the role of the people on the sovereign power is

exercised by the people but now indirectly through a system of representation. The people

choose their representative who then governs in their name. In a good governance and

democratic state, power resides and belongs to the people.

Two great political philosophers Pericles and Abraham Lincoln made theoretical and

practical demonstration for an effective understanding of the concept of good governance and

democratic practice in a political society. A thorough analysis of their various postulations will

reveal that good governance and democratic practice has some unique political connotations

rooted in the following axis.

a. Obedience to law and respect for constituted authority: According to Perides.

“While we are this unconstrained on our private intercourse a

spirit of reverence pervades our public acts we are prevented from

doing wrong by respect for the authorities and the law”

 In other words culture of obedience to laws including lawful orders of our various courts

and obedience to the unwritten laws, the conventions of the democratic process are equally

important for the inner life and survival of the institution of good governance and democratic

practice. Experience over the ages has shown that the activities of the city state can only be

successfully carried out with the voluntary co-operation of the citizens and the main

instrumentality of this co-operation lies on the free and full discussion of government policies in

all their aspects by the people.

b. Obedience to democratic process: The foundation of all good governance and democratic

process in Nigeria is the right to vote. The people must be allowed to elect their

representatives, express their choices and make their preference at the polls. It is absolutely

necessary that such polls should be free and fair; that is free from force or fraud from

intimidation and corruption. Citizens must be given the opportunity to cast their votes

without any form of intimidation. Once the people have voted, made their choices of the

candidates and their political the society parties should accept and respect the verdict of the

electorate.

c. Respect for human right and fundamental freedom, good government on sustainable

democracy envisages a new notion conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that

all men are created equal. As boldly affirmed by Franklin Roosevelt.

In future days which we seek to make secure we look forward to a

world founded upon four essential human freedoms, the first is

freedom of speech, the second is freedom of every person to

worship God in his own way, the third is freedom from want and

the fourth is freedom from fear or oppression.

 Research journal of international studies issues 8 (Nov. 2008) without these four

necessary freedoms, no government will have a claim of good governance and democratic

practice. Clara Smith defined “Freedom” as man’s birth right, a sacred living rampart, a pulse

beat of humanity, the theory of a nation’s heart.

d. Index of good governance and democracy is founded on the principle of obedience. Where

this is the case, there is every possibility that the states legal order will be good and just. It

will be a state where leaders will have respect for citizen’s fundamental rights and basic

freedom. This quality will have respect for citizens who constitute the human resources of

the nation.

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

- Participation

All men and women should have a voice in decision-making, either directly or through

legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their interests. Such broad participation

is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate

constructively.

- Rule of law

Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on

human rights.

- Transparency

Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and

information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information

is provided to understand and monitor them.

- Responsiveness
 Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders.

- Consensus orientation

Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in

the best interests of the group and,. where possible, on policies and procedures.

- Equity

All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.

- Effectiveness and efficiency

Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of

resources.

- Accountability

Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organisations are

accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability

differs depending on the organisations and whether the decision is internal or external to

an organisation.

- Strategic vision

Leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and

human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is

also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that

perspective is grounded.

Other viable and necessary characteristics include, but not limited to the following -
Good governance is accountable

Accountability is a fundamental requirement of good governance. Local government has an

obligation to report, explain and be answerable for the consequences of decisions it has made on

behalf of the community it represents.

Good governance is transparent

People should be able to follow and understand the decision-making process. This means that

they will be able to clearly see how and why a decision was made – what information, advice

and consultation council considered, and which legislative requirements (when relevant) council

followed.

Good governance follows the rule of law

This means that decisions are consistent with relevant legislation or common law and are

within the powers of council.

Good governance is responsive

Local government should always try to serve the needs of the entire community while

balancing competing interests in a timely, appropriate and responsive manner.

Good governance is equitable and inclusive

A community’s wellbeing results from all of its members feeling their interests have

been considered by council in the decision-making process. This means that all groups,

particularly the most vulnerable, should have opportunities to participate in the process.

Good governance is effective and efficient

Local government should implement decisions and follow processes that make the best use of

the available people, resources and time to ensure the best possible results for their community.

Good governance is participatory

Anyone affected by or interested in a decision should have the opportunity to participate in

the process for making that decision. This can happen in several ways – community members

may be provided with information, asked for their opinion, given the opportunity to make

recommendations or, in some cases, be part of the actual decision-making process.

2.3 DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY

The concepts of democracy and good governance mean different things to different

people in the world over. However, there are now generally accepted essential conditions that

must exist for any society to be regarded as democratic and to have experienced good

governance. Dahl (1989:221) identifies existence of high level of civil liberties; political

pluralism; and political participation that provides the choice for the electorate to select

candidates in free and fair elections as a condition for a society to be regarded as democratic.

Babawale (2006:36) argues that “it is doubtful whether one can validly talk of democracy in the

absence of participation, competition and the guarantee of civil liberties”.

 According to Badru (2005, 77-101), democracy represents, first and foremost, an increase

in citizens political equality and equity in terms of their popular participation in the society. He

argues that democracy is a system of government that enables both the leaders and the citizens to

be conscious of what is required and accomplish it for the betterment of that society in terms of

political, social and economic development.

What this implies is that the citizens of a democratic society must therefore have the

opportunity to participate in the electoral process of making deliberate choices as to who to vote

into public offices without fear and anything short of that is to be regarded as undemocratic. One

of the arguments in favour of democratic governance is that democratic governance is that

democratic system emphasizes majority rule as opposed to authoritarian rule by the few.

However, Schumpeter (1942:272) argues that “the will of the majority is the will of the majority

and not the will of the people”. This argument is valid in the context of the Nigerian political

landscape to the extent that, in most cases, the votes that are attributed to the majority are a s a

matter of fact manipulated votes to the detriment of the will of the people in their quest to elect

their political leaders.

Also, the concept of governance like others concepts on the social sciences has generated

exciting debates as to its true meaning. Kim et al (2005, 645-654) see “governance as the process

of policy making through active and cohesive discussion among policy makers who are

interconnected through a broad range of network”. Alkali (2004; 45-57), conceptualizes

governance as the exercise of political power to manage public affairs. He Points out that

governance borders on such issues as rule of law accountability and transparency, development-

oriented leadership, freedom of expression and association, responsiveness. He argues that

“accountability and transparency are the hallmark of governance”.

 Therefore, the word “good” in government connotes the proper exercise of authority,

management of resources and respect for the rule of law in accordance to laid-down principles

for the in society. In this regard, Babawale (2007:7-16) sees good governance as “the exercise of

political power to promote the public good and the welfare of the people”. He argues that good

governance is the absence of lack of accountability in government, corruption and political

repression, suffocation of civil society and denial of fundamental human rights. He points out the

attribute of good governance in any society to include: accountability, transparency in

government procedures, high expectation of rational decisions, predictability in government

behaviour, openness in government transaction, free flow of information, respect for the rule of

law and protection of civil liberties, and press freedom.

In the same vein, Ekpe (2008: 63-70) argues that the purpose of good governance is to

create a conducive climate for political and socio-economic development and to increase the

efficiency and effectiveness of development programmes in a society. He points out that the

concept of good governance is used to characterize the interplay of the best practices in the

administration of a state or nation for sustainable developments. The implication of this assertion

is that no nation is likely to experience enhanced development without the existence of good

governance in place.

2.4 THE NEXUS BETWEEN GOOD GOVERNANCE, DEMOCRACY AND

DEVELOPMENT

Based on empirical evidence, sustainable development is yet to be achieved in Nigeria

because of the challenges of good governance. The federal Government of Nigeria observed

recently on its transformation agenda that:

 Nigeria’s inability to decisive tackle most development challenges

such as poverty, unemployment, security and deplorable state of

infrastructure has been largely attributed to bad governance,

economic governance, corporate governance and effectiveness of

institution (Federal Government of Nigeria Transformation

Agenda (FGNTA) 2011-2015:6-25).

The forgoing clearly shows that good governance and not just governance is a key to a

nation’s quest for sustainable development. And this is more likely to be achieved through a

democratic system where people have the opportunity to freely participate in the election of their

political leaders without hindrance. According to Mimiko (2007:303-316), “democracy provides

a platform for good governance, and promotes systematic stability as long as there is an outlet to

legitimately access power by the political contenders through the peoples vote at election”. In

this regard, Kim et al (2005:646-654) posited that “the institutionalization of participation by all

people is a cornerstone of good governance”.

While some scholars believe that democracy is good because it has the ability to facilitate

good governance for development, others went even further to argue that democracy is

meaningless, without economic and social rights (Abiola and Olaopa 2006:25-34; Ojo 2006:1-

24). In this regard, the former Nigeria Federal Minister of information, Professor Jerry Gana

(Ojo, 2006:1-24) posits that:

You know the mentality of our people. If democracy does not produce

clean water, if democracy does not produce good road, transform,

agriculture, cultivate industrial development, sanitize society, give us

 power supply, democracy will lose credibility and they may say, “Na

democracy we go chop.

The forgoing shows that even on the part of the people, there is a nexus between democracy and

good governance. However, for democracy to successfully provide a platform for good

governance, democratic institutions are put in place as mechanisms to legitimately enthrone

political leaders through election in a democratic society.

2.5 CHALLENGES AND PROSPECT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE AND

DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA

The quest for good governance and democracy has been a major pre-occupation of the

Nigerian state since her independence in 1960. This aspiration has remained elusive due to many

challenges, which have continued to undermine the democratization process in country. These

challenges include:

i. Failures of Leadership: Since Nigeria’s political independence in 1960, the country has not

had the opportunity of being governed by a willing and ready leader but those that can at best

be described as “accidental leaders”. These are leaders whom the mantle of leadership fell on

them by default not minding their capacity, experience and in most cases, they were neither

prepared nor expectant of such huge responsibility. This has been one of the reasons for the

country’s failures resulting from visionless policies. Thus, the 2015 election offers Nigerians

a good personal conviction and preparedness is offering his or herself to serve rather than

someone who will get there before beginning to plan. This underscores the fact that most of

our development challenges are rooted in lack of sound, visionary and result-oriented

leadership.
 The issue of leadership accounts for the problem of Nigeria since independence more than all

other problems often adduced by scholars. Most Nigerian leaders have shown lack of

commitment for true nationhood and allowed personal ambition and ethnic, regional persuasions

to override national consideration. As Chimee (2009) notes, the three major strands that account

for leadership failure in Nigeria are lack of ideology, ethnicity, and corruption. In all the

activities of the country’s political elites in leadership position, the three variables played

considerable role.

Nigeria, today, run a democratic system of government that is expected to promote

democratic values of public accountability, transparency, good conscience, fiscal discipline, due

process, amongst others. However there is lack of credible leadership to enforce these

characteristics of democracy and good governance. This is the tragedy of the Nigerian nation,

which explains its crawling posture at fifty five (55) years of political independence.

ii. Corruption: Another serious challenge to good governance and democracy in Nigeria is the

entrenched corruption in all facets of national life. According to Joseph (2001) cited in

(Osimiri 2009), corruption has resulted in catastrophic governance in Nigeria. In view of the

deleterious effect of endemic corruption on governance, various governments in the country

have embarked on anti-corruption campaigns. For instance, the Obasanjo administration

established the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) to champion the war

against corruption. As Osimiri (2009) notes, the commission gained such level of notoriety in

the country that it is often said the fear of EFCC is the beginning of wisdom.

Thus, an over view of good governance and democracy in Nigeria with regards to transparency,

inclusiveness, and the fight against corruption tend to paint a faint picture of some improvement
 but the records have much to be desired. While the EFCC, especially, under the Obasanjo’s

administration received much commendation from within and outside Nigeria, it has been

selective in focus and alleged to have been occasionally used as an instrument of silencing

political opponents.

iii. Electoral System: It has been pointed out that in the political arena, even though elections

are gradually becoming part of the political culture in Nigeria, they are typically manipulated

and hijacked by “money bags” and incumbents, who deploy all states apparatus of power and

resources to ensure their re-election. Free and fair elections confer legitimacy on the electoral

process. The wide spread electoral malpractices, which often characterize elections in

Nigeria are inimical to the consolidation of good governance and democracy. In 2011, the

outcome of the general elections in Nigeria was followed by the eruption of violence and

wanton destruction of lives and property for alleged election fraud. If people are to have faith

in democracy, the most cardinal point is that they must be assured that their votes count in

determining who will govern and in getting rid of a government that has failed them.

iv. Rise of Insurgency: Boko Haram has become a disaster of un-imaginable proportion. The

terrorist activities of the group has retarded socio-economic and political development of the

country, especially in the north eastern region, hence it poses a major challenge to democracy

and good governance. Since insurgency is inimical to good governance and democracy, the

only way to remedy the situation is to fight it to a stand-still.

Thus, mustering the political will to pursue a full frontal attack on Boko Haram is no longer an

option; it is the most desirable course of action. Many Nigerians are unable to come to terms

with, why a so-called Africa’s best army has been unable to bring to an end this horrendous

situation.
 However, the military approach must be backed by a polite approach and a political

solution, which will address the challenges of poverty and underdevelopment of northern

Nigeria.

v. Impunity: This is a threat to democracy, which is not measured by the existence of

democratic structures but by the promotion of rule of law.

Thus, in Nigeria’s quest for good governance and democracy the impunity clause must be

expunged from the constitution, in order to domesticate the equality of every Nigerian before the

law.

These challenges are antithetical to the achievement of democratic culture and good

governance. They are no doubt, immense and daunting but not insurmountable, once there is the

political will to resolve and overcome them for the enthronement of good government and

democracy in Nigeria.

2.6 HISTORY OF GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRATIC SUSTAINABILITY

IN NIGERIA:

Nigeria witnessed a democratically elected government in 1979 following the presidential

election conducted by the Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO) under Chief Michael Ani.

The above election brought in a democratic leadership headed by President Shehu Shagari.

This administration did not achieve much in terms of development because of the

military influence. It focused much on Agriculture which led to the introduction of “THE

GREEN REVOLUTION PROGRAMME” it was introduced with the view of revolutionize

Agricultural System, production of cereals, cassava, rubber oil palm, coca livestock also to
increase fish production in the country. It also called self-sufficiency in staple food within 5

years and development of export capacity with 7 years.

The administration achieved less as its tenure was cut short through a coup in 1983. Good

governance and democratic sustainability in Nigeria was suspended till 1999, and election was

conducted to usher in democratic governance. Following the presidential election conducted by

the Independence National Electoral Commission (INEC) under Prof. Maurice Iwu. The above

election brought in a democratic leadership headed by former Head of State, Olusegun Obasanjo.

Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, a retired Army General and former Head of State was sworn in on the

29th of May 1999 at an impressive ceremony at the Eagle Square Abuja as the Armed forces. His

administration lasted for eight years, in 2007 and election was held and Alhaji Umaru Musa

Yar’Adua became the president of Nigeria.

The main argument in this Research work is that democracy is more likely to promote

good governance and development in Nigeria only if governmental institutions such as INEC,

Legislature, Executive, Judiciary and the Police are strengthened to carry out their functions

properly in the conduct of elections with a view to guaranteeing “One man, One vote” in

choosing capable public office holders, and also if politicians and the citizens are educated about

the ethos of democracy for good governance and development.

In Nigeria, one of the major problems responsible for the failure of democratic institution

is lack of capacity on the part of the structure, system and operators of these institutions to

achieve set goals. This development is not unconnected with the fact that many Nigerians,

including politicians and citizens, lack proper democratic ethos to achieve sustainable democratic

governance for development.

REPOSITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:

The present democratic dispensation has been period of freedom of speech for most Nigerians.

The gross violation of fundamental human rights that was the sign post of the military era has

drastically reduced indiscriminate arrest and detention now seem to belong to the past Nigerians

now say their minds without fear of being arrested.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This research adopts the survey research approach. The survey methodology is a useful

research technique because it is the collection if data and interpretation of data in social system.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study consists of 2,176,947 peoples. Due to the large size of the

population it becomes reasonable for some proportion of the population to be selected in order to

represent the overall population.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The sample techniques used in selecting the study was the sampling random sampling. A

random is sample selected in such a way that every item in the population has an equal chance of

being included or represented.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

The research instrument used in this study is the questionnaire. A survey containing series of

questions were administered to the enrolled participants. The questionnaire was divided into two

sections, the first section enquired about the responses demographic or personal data while the

second sections were in line with the study objectives, aimed at providing answers to the

research questions. Participants were required to respond by placing a tick at the appropriate

column. The questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher.

3.5 validity of the research

Validity referred here is the degree or extent to which an instrument actually measures what is

intended to measure. An instrument is valid to the extent that is tailored to achieve the research

objectives. The researcher constructed the questionnaire for the study and submitted to the

project supervisor who used his intellectual knowledge to critically, analytically and logically

examine the instruments relevance of the contents and statements and then made the instrument

valid for the study.

3.6 RELIABILITY OF THE STUDY

The reliability of the research instrument was determined. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient

was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. A co-efficient value of 0.68 indicated that

the research instrument was relatively reliable. According to (Taber, 2017) the range of a

reasonable reliability is between 0.67 and 0.87.

3.7METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

 This study will make use of both primary and secondary data. In this process, data would

be collected through questionnaire, interviews and document under study. The researcher also

had personal interview to complement her use of questionnaire.

Secondary data on its own perspective includes the previous works obtained from

relevant books, journals, internet resources and newspaper and internet.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The responses were analysed using the frequency tables, which provided answers to the research

questions.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Background Data of The Respondents

GENDER DISTRIBUTION

TABLE 4.1

Option Distribution Percentage %

Male 123 70%

Female 52 20%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

The table above shows the majority (70%) of the sample population of 175 are male (123)

while female are about 25% (52) of the sample size population.

AGE DISTRIBUTION

TABLE 4.2

Option Distribution Percentage %

21 - 30 80 45.71

31 – 40 60 34.29

41 – 50 25 14.29

50 and above 10 5.71

Total 175 100

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

TABLE 4.3 QUALIFICATIONS

 Option Distribution Percentage %

FSLC 35 20

SSCE 50 28.57

BSC/HND 65 37.14

OTHER HIGHER 25 14.29

QUALIFICATIONS
TOTAL 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

From the table able, 20% of the respondents (35) said they had First school leaving certificate,

28.57% (50) of the respondents had only SSCE as their highest qualification. BSc/NHD holders

were about 37.14% (65) of the respondents while those with MSc and Phd were about 25

respondents which is about 14.29% of the respondents.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

Question 1: Do we have good governance in Nigeria democracy?

TABLE 4.4

Options for Response Frequency Percentage Response

Response Frequency
Yes 129 73.7%

No 46 26.3%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

From the above table 129 out of 175 representing 73.7% disagreed that we don’t have good

governance in Nigeria democracy whereas 46 response presenting 26.3% agreed.

Question 2: Has good governance and democracy improve the condition of lives of the people?

TABLE 4.5

Options for Response Frequency Percentage Response Frequency

Response
Yes 159 90.8%

No 16 9.2%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

As to whether good governance and democracy improved the condition of lives of the people

159 out of 175 representing 90.8% upheld the view whereas 16 respondents out of 175

representing 9.2% opposed the view.

Question 3: Have good governance aid and democracy encouraged grass root development?

TABLE 4.6

Options for Response Frequency Percentage Response

Response Frequency
Yes 152 86.8%

No 23 13.2%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

On the issue whether good governance and democracy encourages grass root development 152

out of 175 representing 86.8% answered affirmatively whereas 23 respondents representing

13.2% answered negatively.

Question 4: Have good governance and democracy laid a positive impact on the development of

the country?

TABLE 4.7

Options for Response Response Frequency Percentage Response

Frequency
Yes 94 53.7%

No 81 46.3%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

The responses from the table indicated that out of 175 respondents 94(53.7%) of them were of

the view of the views that good governance and democracy lay a positive impact in the

development of the country while 81(46.35) did not agreed.

Question 5: Do we have and representation in good governance and democracy in Nigeria?

TABLE 4.8

Options for Response Frequency Percentage Response

Response Frequency
Yes 116 66.3%

No 59 33.7%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

Reacting to whether equal opportunities and representativeness of good governance and

democracy is operating in Nigeria contest 116 out of 175 respondents representing 66.3% gave

their consents whereas 59 out of 175 respondents representing 33.7% held opposing views.
Question 7: In your opinion, have good governance and democracy system brought joy to all the

citizens of Buhari administration?

TABLE 4.9

Option for Response Response Frequency Percentage Response

Frequency
Yes 159 90.8%

No 16 9.8%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

In response to the above question 159 (90.8%) respondents answer affirmatively where 16

respondents (9.2%) answer negatively.

Question 8: Can you positively compare the success recorded during military regime in Buhari

administration and democratic regime in terms of development?

TABLE 4.10

Option for Response Frequency Percentage

Response Response
Frequency
Yes 30 17.2%

No 145 82.8%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

As to whether there is any comparison as to success recorded during military regime in Buhari

administration and democratic regime interns of development, 30 respondents out of 175

representing 82.8% disagreed.

Question 9: Could it be said that good governance and democracy encourages relationship

among civilized nations of the world?

TABLE 4.11

Option for Response Frequency Percentage Response

Response Frequency
Yes 79 45.2%

No 96 54.5%

Total 175 100%

Source: Field Survey data, 2016

From the above table question whether good governance encourages relationship among

civilized nations of the world 79 out of 175 respondents representing 45.2% answered

affirmatively whereas 96 respondents representing 54.8% answered negatively.

Question 10: Do the organs of government in Buhari administration work in harmony with other

levels of government in bringing development in the state?

TABLE 4.12

Option for Response Frequency Percentage Response

Response Frequency
Yes 98 56.0%

No 77 44.0%

Total 175 100%

 Source: Field Survey data, 2016

On the assessment whether the organs of government in Buhari administration work in harmony

with other levels of government bringing development in the state 98 out of 175 respondents

representing 56.0% believed so while on the other hand 77 respondents representing 44.0% did

not occur.

4.3 RESEARCH FINDINGS/INTERPRETATION

From the various tables above, it can be deduced that in table 4.4, majority of the

respondents (73.7%) agreed that we have good governance in Nigerian Democracy. In table 4.5,

majority of the respondents answered in affirmative when asked whether good governance and

democracy has improved the condition of lives of the people. In table 4.6, the respondents were

asked about the positive impact of good governance and democracy on the development of the

country, 94 respondents opined in affirmative while the rest did not agree. In question 5, the 59

of the respondents did not agree that we have any representation in good governance and

democracy. But in question 7, majority of the respondents (90.8%) were of the opinion that good

governance and democracy system have brought joy to all citizens of Buhari administration.

Question 8, which is on comparison of the successes recorded by the military and civilian

regimes in Buhari administration, 82.8% of the respondents, said that there was no comparism

between both regimes. This is because they were of the opinion that the civilian regimes were

much better than the military regime. In question 9, 96 respondents, representing 54.5% said No

to the question, if good governance and democracy encourage relationship among civilized

nations of the world. In table 4.10, when asked if the organs of government in Buhari
administration work in harmony with other levels of government in bringing development to

Buhari administration, 56% of the respondents said yes, while the rest negatively replied.

From the foregoing analysis, it could be deduced that good governance and democratic

sustainability in Nigeria, has positive impacts and effects in Buhari administration.

 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

Good governance is about the processes for making and implementing decisions. It’s not about

making ‘correct’ decisions, but about the best possible process for making those decisions.

Good decision-making processes, and therefore good governance, share several characteristics.

All have a positive effect on various aspects of local government including consultation policies

and practices, meeting procedures, service quality protocols, councilor and officer conduct, role

clarification and good working relationships. Therefore this work looked into the concept and

attributes of good governance and democratic sustainability in Nigeria, with particular reference

to Buhari administration.

In chapter one and two emphasis is made to review some literature relevant to the work to

enable the research work have scheme of work. In the subsequent chapters attempts are been

made to analyze the area of study, the location and size of the origin contemporary situation of

the place and successive and some other tools in the research work. Consequently chapter four

was used in the presentation of data and analysis used and interprets the questionnaire. Chapter

five lastly, summary of the work done recommendations are made and conclusion of the work

done was not left out.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The lesson of this research points to the fact that good governance and democracy is the

only way that encourages development. It is a participatory system of government which allows

the citizens of a nation to participate in governance through their elected representatives. This is

achieved through periodic elections held at different levels of government.

However, good governance and democracy as a system of government has innumerable

benefits. Any democratic rule is recognized by the international community thereby attracting

aid when in need loans can be assessed to solve some developmental needs. These agencies may

not work favorably well in a militarized area. Again democratic rule enhances the rule of law

with the three tiers of government acting in their different capacities even the organs of

government.

Finally good governance and democracy is the best form of government practice in any

part of the world.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Good governance and democracy have contributed a lot in the development of Buhari

administration in particular and Nigeria in general. But like every human endeavour or practice

has shortcomings.

One major shortcoming which if looked into will improve on the existing developmental

concept of the state is the conduct of credible elections in the state, elections at any level should

be free and fair-elections free from bickering must be encourage. This will restore a lot of

confidence on the electorate and even the outside world. Another recommendation is that

candidates for good elections must me literate.

 Transparency should be the watch word for every political officer. The electorates should

be carried along in governance, led them have confidence in the government to avoid regrets at

voting people into power create forums for interactive sessions to explain government

programmes to the masses this erases doubts and ramous on certain programmes. Finally,

consistence in programmes and projects of government. One of the problems of good governance

and democracy in Nigeria is lack of consistence which leads to unfinished projects with

programme or project which has administration can finish and proper research conducted to

know what the masses need before embarking on an project.

The enthronement of democracy and good governance in Nigeria are necessary for the socio-

economic and political transformation of the country in the 21st century. Indeed, Nigerians

demand good governance, justice, equity, fairness and real development and progress of the

country in order to encourage confidence and trust in the polity. To this end, the following

measures are suggested to fast-track the process of deepening democracy and the enthronement

of good governance in the country:

 There should be deliberate government policies to strengthen democratic institutions like

political parties, the National Assembly; the Judiciary; the Independent National

Electoral Commission (INEC); Civil Society; anti-graft agencies such as the Economic

and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC); amongst others. These institutions must be

allowed to operate freely and effectively to ensure the growth and sustenance of

democracy and good governance

 The fight against corruption must be carried out with total commitment from the political

leadership backed by strong political will devoid of lip-service and rhetorics. Also, there

should be a serious drive towards poverty reduction and inequality through people-
 oriented policies and programmes, which would address the basic necessities of life such

as food, shelter, health-care services, safe drinking water, electricity, education,

employment, amongst others;

 The political leadership in Nigeria must imbibe the culture of leadership by example

anchored on selfless service to the people with total commitment and sacrifice. They

should not see political office as a means of self-enrichment and personal

aggrandizement;

 There is need for attitudinal change through a re-branding of the country’s value system

to promote hard work, integrity, honesty, transparency and accountability at all levels of

governance. In addition, people should be enlightened and empowered to demand from

their elected representatives report of their stewardship;

 Political offices should be made less attractive not to entice money conscious politicians

and allow those who are genuinely concerned about rendering service into seeking

offices;

 Election is one of the foundation principles of democracy. Elections should thus, be

conducted in a free, fair and most transparent manner such that peoples’ votes count in

the choice of who become their leader; and

 The impunity clause for certain categories of political leaders should be expunged to

make them accountable to the electorate while in office; etc, etc.

With a sincere implementation of these suggested measures there is much hope for democracy

and good governance in Nigeria.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abiola, A. G. and Olaopa O. R. (2006). Economic Development and

Democratic Sustenance. In E. 0. Ojo (Ed.) Challenges of sustainable democracy in
Nigeria, pp. 25—34. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers
Ltd.
Alkali, A. (2004). Federalism and democratic governance. In Saliu, H. A. (Ed.),
Nigeria under Democratic Rule, 1999—2003, pp. 45—57. Ibadan:
University Press.
Babawale, T. (2006). Nigeria in the crises of governance and development: A
retrospective and prospective analyses of selected issues and events, education,
labour and the economy. Lagos: Political and Administrative Resource
Center.
Chimee, I. N. (2009), “Ideological Flux, Ethnicity and Corruption: Correlates in Explaining
Leadership Failure of Nigeria’s Founding Fathers” in Edoh, T. et al
(eds.) Opcit

Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Elaigwu, J. I. (2011). Topical Issues in Nigeria’s Political Development, Jos, AHA Publishing
House.

Ekpe, A. N. (2008). Effective management of socio- political conflicts in Akwa-

Ibom State: Chief Godswill Akpabio’s effort. The Public
Administration, Vol. 2, 2 (July—December): pp. 63—70.
Federal Government of Nigeria Transformation Agenda (FGNTA). 2011—2012. Summary of
Federal Government‘s key priority policies, programmes and projects.
Abuja: National Planning Commission. 6—25.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (FGNC). 1999. Constitution. Abuja: Government Press.
Ifeanyi Okowa (2015).Towards sustainable democracy in Nigeria: The role of political
parties. In the Guardian newspaper Thursday 26 May 2016 UNESCAP
(2011): “GoodGovernance”http:www.unescap.org
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Instructions – Please tick [√] in the appropriate box

SECTION A

Personal Data

1. What is your gender?

A. Male

B. Female

2. What is your age?

A. 21 – 30

B. 31 – 40

C. 41 – 50

D. 50 and above

3. Educational Qualification

A. FSLC

B. SSCE

C. BSC/HND

D. MSC AND ABOVE

SECTION B

4. Do we have good governance in Nigeria Democracy?

A. Yes

B. No

5. Has good governance and democracy improve the condition of lives of the people?
 A. Yes

B. No

6. Have good governance aid and democracy encouraged grass root development?

A. Yes

B. No

7. What are the problems of good governance and democracy in Nigeria?

A. Corruption

B. Bad Leadership

C. Insurgency

D. Electoral system

8. What are the measures to be taken to improve good governance for democratic

sustainability?

A. Obedience to rule of law

B. Transparency

C. Electoral Reforms

D. Accountability

9. In your opinion, have good governance and democracy system brought joy to all the citizens

of Buhari administration?

A. Yes

B. No

10. Can you positively compare the success recorded during military regime in Buhari

administration and democratic regime in terms of development?

A. Yes
 B. No

11. Could it be said that good governance and democracy encourages relationship among

civilized nations of the world?

A. Yes

B. No

12. Do the organs of government in Buhari administration work in harmony with other levels of

government in bringing development in the state?

A. Yes

B. No