4.

RC Precast
01
1.Precast RC Filler Slab CBRI, Rorkee put considerable efforts to 3.Precast RC Waffle Slab
develop ways of faster & economical Plank & Joist

CBRI TECHNOLOGY
The Mechanism roofing/flooring systems. Elements : Precast RC Plank
The filler slab is a This plate illustrates upon:
mechanism to re[place 1. Precast Concrete plank Joist Scheme
& Precast RC Joist
the concrete in the 2. Precast Concrete Channel Unit scheme Easy to handle, Economical,
tension zone. By 3. Precast Concrete Waffle unit Scheme widely used, Easy to
reducing the quantity & 4. Filler Slab Scheme install

www.ruralhousingnetwork.in0
weight of material, the
Square Waffle Unit
roof become less
expensive. 2. RC Channel & Core Channel Slab

www.bmptc.org
Suitable for roofs/floors Spanning in

www.cbri.rec.in
Suitable for roofs/floors Spanning in two two directions having a span of 9 m or
Directions having a span of 9 m or above. above. Precast units of Shape of an
Precast units of an inverted trough, square inverted trough, square or rectangular Precast Plank
in plan. Laying joist & joist
or rectangular

Filling Pouring
joints Concrete
Terracotta Pots Filler Slab

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

In situ bars as required

Plank & Joist roofing System

Brick Filler Slab Brick Filler Slab Precast RC Channel Slab

Sizes of Precast

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
RC channel
30x420cm, T-beam action of the
60x420cm
Flange thickness plank & joist
3 cm Laying of Waffle Pleasant Grid at
Height soffit

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

Laying Brick Panel 15 to 30 cm Size of Precast waffle unit
90 to 120 cm sides squares

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

or rectangles
Precast RC Core channel Height
Same as Precast Channel. Two circular cores 30cm
through out length of channel. Channel gives
ribbed Soffit while core Channel Gives Flush Soffit.
Suitable For 4.2m Span. Reinforcement Detail

Roll No. 609110

Manufacturing of planks & joists
 CBRI Roorkee examined & contributed:
Types of Latrine
Size of Latrine
Material & Construction
Infiltrative capacity of soil
Satisfactory performance of the low-
cost sanitary latrines built at various
02

CBRI SANITATION
Distance between leaching pit & places has paved the way towards a
solution of the problem. Low initial

www.ruralhousingnetwork.in0
existing building expenditure and maintenance cost
makes them more acceptable even to

, www.bmptc.org
Volume of leaching pit

www.cbri.rec.in
SYSTEM
the
Optimization of weaker section
leaching pit of society.
Pollution aspect
In high
subsoil
water level areas

CBRI Rorkee has innovated Low cost sanitation

system which is a design for wider application ,
simple, inexpensive in construction and provides

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

freedom from odor, unsightly conditions, handling
of fresh excreta and its contact with flies and
animals. It eliminates chances of contamination
of surface soil, and surface and ground water that
Design consists of may enter the springs or wells.
1. Concrete/mosaic
F.R.P. Nitreous china
pan (PRAI)

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
2.P-shaped trap having 20 mm The trap is connected to
water seal chamber with S.W.G. pipe
or cement pipe which
3.Foot Rest permits ease in shifting the

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

connection to the second

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

leaching pit when the first
gets filled up after the
stipulated period of 5 years.
The first pit can be emptied
The materials used for successive use after a

Roll No. 609110

include brick, further lapse of 3 to 5 years
concrete, and the contents can be
ferro-cement, used as manure.
empty bitumen drum,
bamboo mats and
earthen rings. Alternative Leach pit
Leach pit detail Within Leach pit detail under arrangements
the premises the footpath
 03
WHY IS BAMBOO IMPORTANT?
WHAT IS BAMBOO Ecological Role BENEFITS OF BAMBOO
Bamboos are a diverse and primitive group of perennial plants in

Construction
Is excellent at sequestering carbon and releasing oxygen Can be harvested in 3-5 yrs. versus in 10-50 yrs. for
the true grass family (can sequester up to 12 tons softwoods and hardwoods
They are widely distributed throughout parts of the world, of carbon dioxide from the air per hectare and release 35%

Architecture time space people vol 10 issue 3

The yield (weight per acreage) for bamboo is 25% greater
particularly in the Asia-Pacific region more oxygen than
than that of timber
equivalent stands of trees)
It grows primarily in tropical and subtropical areas but several Has a tensile strength that rivals steel (withstands up to
species grow in temperate areas Economic Role 52,000 psi)
There are approximately 2000 species world wide, of which The current estimated trade in bamboo is 5 billion US dollars Has twice the compressive strength of concrete
between 50 – 100 are being used by humans

www.slideshare.com
Bamboo related industries provide food, income, and housing Resistant to earthquake damage and practical on steep

Bamboowww.google.com,
Bamboo species vary in height from 1 ft to over 100 ft tall and to over 2.2billion people slopes
have stem diameters ranging from 1 mm to 30cm Bamboo structures can be built very quickly, are low cost,

Mar 2010
Certain species can grow up to 1 ft/day!! durable, and environmentally friendly
Drawbacks of Bamboo
Untreated bamboo is susceptible to attack by fungi
ANOTOMY OF BAMBOO
and insects
May or may not be harvested, manufactured, and
shipped in an environment
friendly manner
Species Global Distribution Exclusion from building codes and lack of standards
Diversity
At intervals of two to four years up to 30 % of the
mature poles are removed from the cluster. The
Renewable remaining canes not only support the young Impregnating
Coating

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

shoots but also maintain the full power of the
rhizomes. Two to five year old bamboo poles are
Potential considered most suitable for building and other
Local Sustainability Plentiful
purposes. The correct seasons for felling are autumn Smoking PRESERVATION Heating
Harvesting and
winter in the subtropics and the dry season in the
Waste Reducing tropics. This reduce attack by beetles because the Immersion
insects are less active. Felling is best carried out
using a machete or similar tool. After felling the Smoking Oven Preservation Methods
branches
have to be carefully removed so that the outer skin of

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
the
cane is not damaged.
Notch Dimensions

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

Roll No. 609110
Double Butt Bent Joint

Plug in Bamboo Connector

Positive Fitting Connection

Bamboo Connection with Rope Bracket Interlocking Stud Combined
Connection with Bamboo Strips
With Lashing Technique
 04
Properties of Bamboo
Tensile strength:

Construction
The fibers of the bamboo run axial. In the outer zone
are

Architecture time space people vol 10 issue 3

highly elastic vascular bundle, that have a high tensile
strength.
The tensile strength of these fibers is higher than that
of steel, but its not
possible to construct connections that can transfer

www.slideshare.com
Bamboowww.google.com,
these
tensile strengths. Intelligent Joinery
Shrinking: Detail

Mar 2010
Bamboo shrinks more than wood when it loses water.
The canes
can tear apart at the nodes.
Elasticity:
The enormous elasticity of bamboo makes it to a very Bamboo fixation is possible in various ways if its anatomy is understood properly
good building
material for earth-quake endangered areas.

Interlocking Connection Combo of

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

with Metal joints

Halved bamboo canes in Roman tile fashion

Interesting
Crops

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
Made up
Natural Forms of Bamboo
Intelligent use of form of
BAMBOO

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

Various interior

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

products of
Bamboo
Space Frame made up of Bamboo Bamboo Shingles

Roll No. 609110

Octagon Gazebo by Bamboo Technologies of Five story parking garage at the Leipzig Zoo Bridge by Jorg Stamm Deck in various joints
 05

Bamboo Construction
TO CONCLUDE

Architecture time space people vol 10 issue 3

www.slideshare.com
www.google.com,

Mar 2010
TWO STOREY BAMBOO HOUSE

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
Source of this slide :
Cradle to gate Analysis of the production
Of Bamboo in construction Architecture Time Space People

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

Mar 2010 Vol. 10 Issue 3

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

Page no. 41 & 43

Roll No. 609110

Energy consumption in different materials
During fabrication in
MJ/M3 per N/mm2

BAMBOO MAT BAMBOO DOOR BAMBOO RIDGE

 WHAT IS MUD
06
SUITABLE STABILIZERS SUITABLE MORTER FOR MASONRY
ARACHITECTURE
Most common and effective stabilizer Stabilized Earth Mortar is best suited for masonry using
Mud has been the most essential of building is Soil itself. mud blocks.
materials scene the drawn of man. Cement, is the best example of a Mud mortar shall be stabilized 1.5 times more than the mud
Approximately 58% of all the buildings in modern contemporary stabilizer. blocks.

ARCHITECTURE
India are mud brick and a growing Various other indigenous stabilizers Add course sand (0.2 to 2mm) to reduce shrinkage.
construction boom in India. include Prepare plastic mix rather than dry mix.
Straw, Plant Juices, Gum Arabic, Ideal mix = soil suitable for mud block + 40% to 50% of
Mud is a building material which has already
Sugar Or Molasses, Cow Dung, sand by weight + 7.5% cement.
being tested and tried for thousands of years.
It is used in modern day construction and Animal Urine
the method of using it is very different. Tannic Acid, Oil
Mud construction is mainly found in places

MUD,
which are relatively dry and have mud in
abundance.
COB is good for anything except
height. It is particularly good for
curved or round walls.
PISE OR RAMMED EARTH is strong
and ideal for solid, squat, single
GOOD SOIL FOR COMPRESSED STABILISED EARTH storey houses.
BLOCKS ADOBE or SUN DRIED BRICKS can
Soil for cement easily cope with two storey houses.
stabilisation: it is
more sandy
Gravel = 15% Sand = 50% Silt = 15% Clay = 20% PRESSED BRICKS smooth and very
than clayey strong and can build three storey.
Soil for lime WATTLE & DAUB is elegant and fine
Adobe bricks are made of earth with a fairly high clay content stabilisation: it is
Gravel = 15% Sand = 30% Silt = 20% Clay = 35%
for Seismic Zones.
& straw. If produced manually the earth mix is cast in open more clayey
moulds onto the ground & then left to dry out. Adobe bricks are than sandy
only sun dried, not kiln fired. When used for construction they
are laid up into a wall using an earth morter. Before drying out,
COMPRESSED STBILIZED EARTH BLOCKS WATTLE & DAUB
the finished walls are smoothed down. Often a clay render is
applied as a surface coating. CONSTRUCTION

Department of Architecture, JNEC,

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
The second method has developed from the cob wall so as to standardize
or regularize the thickness of the wall.
It is known as the Rammed Earth method.
Two parallel planks are held firmly apart by metal rods and clips or bolts,
ADOBE EARTH BLOCKS or by small crosspieces of wood.
Stiff mud is thrown in between these two planks and rammed down with

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

either a wooden or metal ramrod. Wattle and daub method is an old and
common method of building mud

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

When one section is completed and hard, the two boards are moved
along and the process is repeated structures.
The two planks are then raised up and a second course of rammed earth There bamboo and cane frame
is repeated over the first. structure that supports the roof.
Mud is plastered over this mesh of

Aurangabad.

Roll No. 609110

bamboo cane and straws
Due to excessive rainfall the Wattle and
Daub structures gets washed off.
However, the mesh of cane or split
bamboo remains intact and after the
heavy rain is over the mud is plastered
on again.
COB EARTH CONSTRUCTION RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION
 07
WHAT IS FERRO CONCRETE?? USES OF FERRO CONCRETE??
A working definition of ferroconcrete is "a thin shell Some important uses of ferroconcretet are as follows:

CONCRETE
of highly reinforced portland cement mortar . The Ferro cement planks & panels can be used for construction of beams,
ferroconcrete shells range from 1/2 inch to 2 columns, floor, roofs, walls, chajjas and lintels.
inches in thickness, and the reinforcement consists It can be used in combination with plain cement concrete or reinforced

www.anupamakunoo.com, www.fao.org,
of layers of steel mesh, usually with steel cement concrete.
reinforcing bars sandwiched midway between. The Ferro cement being a thin material single piece panel of size up to 4.5m x
resulting shell or panel of mesh is impregnated 4.5m or more can be manufactures as floors and walls.
with a very rich (high ratio of cement to sand) Large span beams, roofs can also be constructed.

www.slideshare.com
Ferro cement being crack resistant and anticorrosive material lasts much

www.apropedia.com
portland cement mortar. (Other hydraulic cements
may also be used.) more than R.C.C. Quantity requirement of ferroconcrete in building
Specifications of ferroconcrete technology range construction is much less as compared to R.C.C. Therefore dead load of
widely according to use-from oceangoing vessels ferroconcrete building is reduced by at least 50%.
in which human lives are totally dependent on the Consequently the foundation cost gets reduced. Ferro cement membrane
material, to small, expendable household items. lining is used for water proofing of terraces, basements, tanks.
Ferro cement water proofing is the only treatment where reinforcement is
used in the form of wire mesh layers and vibrations are provided in the

FERRO
matrix layers. Therefore ferroconcrete water proofing treatment should
generally last longer than conventional.

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

12 mm C/C 8 mm DIA BARS GRID
& WIRE MESH

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

DETAIL OF FERROCONCRETE
USES OF BAMBOO REINFORCEMENT

Roll No. 609110

Advantages of Ferro cement with Conventional (RCC)
It is cheaper in constructions and lighter than RCC.
Its Strength to weight ratio higher than RCC
It has less thermal conductivity as compared to RCC
It is thin and more aesthetic.
VARSATILE SHAPES POSSIBLE IN FERROCONRETE ONLY
 08
WHAT IS PRECAST COMPONENTS TYPES OF PRECAST
TECHNOLOGY??? Large-panel systems Frame systems Slab-column systems with walls Mixed systems
COMPONENTS :
The demand for industrially precast components has The main features of this construction process are as follows:
been steadily increasing in recent years. The

Precastindustrial buildings detailing manualby National Precast Concrete Association Australia

The division and specialization of the human workforce
building industry benefits from high quality, precision The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the production of standard,

Precast construction by Svetlana Brzev, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Canada

,Teresa Guevara-Perez, Architect, Venezuela ACI 550R-96, Design recommendations of
construction components, which can be interchangeable parts and products
manufactured cost-effectively and consistently, Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete erection is faster and less affected by adverse

COMPONENTS www.cpci.ca
irrespective of weather conditions, via the production weather conditions.
process at the precast plant. Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high quality control and greater control on finishes..
The profitability gained through advantages such as

PRECAST
This type of construction requires a restructuring of entire conventional construction process to enable
fast
The assembly
concept oftimes, gives
precast companies
(also known asand

www.bca.gov.sg/publications/BuildabilitySeries/others/bsl_cp3.pdf
interaction between design phase and production planning in order to improve and speed up construction.
“prefabricated”) construction
developers the incentive includes
to use those
precast concrete
components
buildings, on their
where construction
the majority sites.
of structural
components are standardized and produced in

www.world-housing.net/uploads/precast__concrete.pdf
plants in a location away from the building, and
then transported to the site for assembly. These
components are manufactured by industrial
methods based on mass production in order to
build a large number of
PRECAST buildings in a short time
COMPONENTS Precast concrete structure consisting of solidAwall
large-panel concrete building
A single story warehouse consisting of double
at low cost. under construction
panels and hollow core slabs.

precast Concrete Structures.

tees supported by insulated sandwich wall panels.
TYPICAL PRECAST
ELEMENTS
CONNECTIONS
PRECAST SLABS

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

PRECAST BEAMS &
GIRDERS COLUMN TO COLUMN
CONNECTION

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
PRECAST COLUMNS

Made by – Dhanashri Mirajkar

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

COLUMN TO BEAM
CONNECTION
PRECAST CONSTRUCTION & SESMIC
PRECAST WALLS FORCES DESIGN

Roll No. 609110

There is a general concern regarding the seismic
performance of precast construction. It is noticed that large
panel construction performs better than frame system.
However, in areas of high seismic risk, structures must be
designed to respond safely to the dynamic forces imparted
PRECAST STAIRCASE into the structure. Innovations in joint design are improving ASSEMBLY ON SITE SLAB TO BEAM
the connection systems in precast concrete structures and CONNECTION
the wooden framing members are replaced with thin ADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION

09
steel sections. •Light, and allow quick building without heavy tools or equipment.
WHAT
Cold formed IS LGS
sections, TECHNOLOGY???
meaning that the sections are • Every component can easily be carried by hand.
formed, or given shape at room temperature. •The main tool is a light, handheld screw gun.
Cold formed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of •Their higher strength allows greater spacing between members when compared to

LGS TECHNOLOGY
steel through a series of rollers, each roller changing wood frame construction: about 24" (600mm) for LGS vs. about 16" or 20" (400 or
the shape very slightly, with the net result of converting 500mm) for wood. Fewer members translates to quicker construction times.
a flat sheet of steel into a C or S-shaped section. •It is able to shape itself to any form, and can be clad and insulated with a wide range of

www.masterbuilder.in,www.bca.gov.sg,
The steel used here is coated with zinc (called materials.
galvanized) or a mixture of zinc and aluminum to •It is easy to change or modify this construction at any point in its lifespan.
protect it from corrosion. STUD, PLATES & NOGGING •There are a great range of systems and products catering to this type of construction.
The thickness of this coating can be varied to suit a Light gauge steel structures are non-combustible, which is a code requirement for
range of environments.
SECTIONS

www.smallpdf.com,
some types of structures. Since steel loses its strength in fire quite easily, it must be
Typically, marine environments require the most protected from fire with fire rated sheeting.
protection, and dry, arid regions the least. •Light gauge steel structures do not rot, shrink, warp, or decompose like wood
The thicknesses of steel used here range from about 1 structures, and can be used in areas where there is a probability of termite attack.
to 3mm for structural sections, and 1 to 2mm for non-
structural sections. The members are sized to roughly
correspond to wood members: 2"x4" and 2"x6" are
common sizes. STILL FRAME COLD FRAMED
Like in wooden framed construction,a frame of steel BUILDING COMPONENT
members is first constructed, and then clad with dry
sheeting on both sides to form a load bearing wall. PRELAUNCHED HOLES
Construction with steel follows the platform frame FOR SERVICES
DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE STEEL
system of house building. Connections between CONSTRUCTION
members are made with self tapping self Light framed structures allow the passage of sound
drilling screws. more readily than the more solid masonry
construction.
Light gauge steel will lose strength in the advent of

Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad.

fire. Adequate fire protection must be used. The
STUD TO PLATE
INTERNAL TO EXTERNAL easiest form of fire protection is to clad the steel
CONNECTIONS with fire rated sheeting or drywall
WALL CONNECTIONS

M. Arch. II nd Semester-2015-16
1 TO 3 mm THICK COLD
ROLLED
STRUCTURAL CHANNELS

Made by - Dhanashri Mirajkar

LOADING PATH DIAGRAM

Faculty- Prof. P. N. Varma

Roll No. 609110
A COMPLETE LIGHT GUAGE STEEL
WALL DETAILS & LGS MULTISTOREY BUILDING STILL FRAME WALL &
HOUSE
CONNECTIONS FLOORING