SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.

] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

CHAPTER(1)
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS,
PERIODIC TABLE
AND CHEMICAL BONDS

Fundamental particles
All matter is made up of atoms and each atom consists of three main
fundamental particles. They are protons, neutrons and electrons.
Protons
Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Neutrons are uncharged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Electrons are negatively charged particles of atoms moving outside
and around the nucleus in the circular or near circular orbits.
Nucleus
Nucleus is the small, heavy and positively charged centre of atom
that contain protons and neutrons.
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons or electrons of an atom of an element is
known as the atomic number of that element.
Mass Number (A)
The mass number of an element is the sum of the numbers of protons
and neutrons of an atom of that element.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different masses are called isotopes.
Complete Electronic Structure
The arrangement of all electrons of an atom of an element in the
appropriate sub-shells is called the complete electronic structure of that
element.
Essential Electronic Structure
The arrangement of all the valance electrons of an atom of an
element in the appropriate sub-shells is called the essential electronic
structure of that element.
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Electropositive Elements
Metals are electropositive elements. They tend to lose electrons and
form positive ions.
Electronegative Elements
Non-metals are electronegative elements. They tend to gain
electrons and form negative ions.
Noble Gas
The elements in group (0) are known as noble gas or inert gas.
Octet Rule
In forming a chemical bond, atoms gain or lose or share electrons
in such a way to attain the stable electronic structure of the noble gases,
i.e. to have eight electrons in the outermost shell.
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom to
form a gaseous ion is called ionization energy of an element.
Electron Affinity
The energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom to
form a gaseous ion is called electron affinity of an element.
Ionic Bond (or) Electrovalent Bond (metal + non-metal)
An ionic bond is formed when there is complete transfer of electron
or electrons from one atom to another resulting in the formation of
cations and anions. These oppositely charged ions are held together by
and electrostatic force.
Covalent Bond (non-metal + non-metal)
A covalent bond is formed between two atoms of non-metallic
elements.In covalent bond, each electron of the shared pair passes from
an orbit controlled by the nucleus of one atom into an orbit controlled by
the nuclei of both atoms.
Metallic Bond
Metals are made up of metallic atoms. Valence electrons of metallic
atoms are loosely held and move around the metallic atoms forming
metallic lattice. Metallic ions repel each other but held together by the
moving electron cloud or sea of electrons. The bond between the metallic
ions and moving electron cloud is called metallic bond.
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Coordinate Bond (or) Dative Bond

A coordinate bond is formed when one of the participant atoms
possesses a lone pair of electrons. This lone pair is donated to an atom
needing them to build up or complete electron octet or duplet of great
stability.

SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. All matter is composed of atoms.
2. Mass of an electron can be considered as 1 amu.
3. Most of the mass of an atom is due to the presence of electrons.
4. The mass of an electron is so light that it can be negligible.
5. Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
6. Neutrons are negatively charged particles in the nucleus of an atoms.
7. In an atom, the number of protons must be equal to the number of
neutrons.
8. Atoms are electrically neutral.
9. The atom as a whole is neutral.
10. Atoms of different elements can have different number of protons.
11. Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons.
12. Atoms of the same element can have the same number of neutrons.
13. Atoms of the different elements with different masses are isotopes.
14. Isotopes of chlorine contain different number of neutrons.
15. Isotopes of uranium contain the same number of electrons
16. The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons and electrons.
17. Hydrogen atom does not contain neutron.
18. Atomic number is the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
19. Atomic number of an element always changes.
20. Atomic number of an element never changes.
21. Mass number of an element always changes.
22. Electrons move around and outside the nucleus in a circular or near
circular orbit.
23. Each electron shell can contain a limited number of electrons.
24. The maximum number of electrons in shell number two is 8.
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25. The maximum number of electrons for K shell is 2.

26. The maximum number of electrons in O shell is 25.
27. The maximum number of electrons in s-subshell is 4.
28. The maximum number of electrons in d-subshell is 10.
29. The minimum number of electrons in f-subshell is 14.
30. Halogens have the stable electronic structures. The shell nearest to the
nucleus has the highest energy.
31. The outermost shell has the highest energy.
32. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the lowest energy.
33. The outermost shell has the lowest energy.
34. The electronic structure shown by [He] 2s1 is lithium.
35. The electronic structure shown by [He] 2s2 is boron.
36. The complete electronic structure of 19K is 4s1.
37. The essential electronic structure of 14Si is 3s2 3p2.
38. The essential electronic structure of halogens is ns2 np5.
39. The essential electronic structure of carbon is 2s2 2p2.
40. The complete electronic structure of lithium is 2s1.
41. The essential electronic structure of 12Mg is 2s2.
42. Elements are arranged in order of their electrons in the periodic table.
43. In the periodic table, elements with the same properties occur in
certain periodic intervals.
44. In the modern periodic table, there are 7 vertical columns and 8
horizontal rows.
45. In the modern periodic table, there are 16 vertical columns and 7
horizontal rows.
46. The vertical columns are called periods.
47. The horizontal rows are called periods.
48. All elements in the same period have the same number of electron
shells.
49. All elements in the same group have the same number of electron
shells.
50. All elements in the same period have the same number of valence
electrons.
51. Metals are electronegative elements.
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52. Noble gases are neither electropositive nor electronegative elements.

53. Boron and aluminium are metalloids.
54. A negative ion is always larger than its parent atom.
55. Both a positive and the parent neutral atom have same nuclear charge.
56. Li, Na and K are alkali metals.
57. Most of the metals are liquid at room temperature.
58. The atom with duplet structure is hydrogen.
59. Atomic radii increase from top to bottom in a group.
60. Atomic sizes increase from left to right across a period.
61. Atomic radii decrease from left to right across a period.
62. The size of positive ion is always larger than that of parent atom.
63. The size of carbon is larger than nitrogen.
64. The atomic size of 12Mg is larger than that of 20Ca.
65. Electropositivity increases from left to right in a period.
66. In general, ionization energies decrease down a group.
67. Ionization energies measure how tightly protons are bound to atoms.
68. High ionization energy indicate ease of removal of electrons.
69. Helium has the highest ionization energy.
70. The alkali metals have the lowest first ionization energy.
71. Ionization energy increases from left to right across a period.
72. Electron affinity decreases from left to right across a period.
73. The ionization energy of B is higher than that of Be.
74. The ionization energy of N is higher than that of O.
75. The alkali metals have very high electron affinity.
76. The halogens have very low electron affinity.
77. Electronegative elements combine with one another to form an ionic
compound.
78. Electronegative elements combine with one another to form a
covalent compound.
79. When metals combine with non-metals, covalent bonds are usually
formed.
80. Ionic compound is formed by complete transfer of electrons between
two atoms.

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81. A covalent compound is formed by sharing electrons between two

atoms.
82. Ionic compounds are formed when non-metals react with one another.
83. Covalent compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals.
84. Ionic compounds contain molecules.
85. Covalent compounds contain molecules.
86. Electrovalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids.
87. Covalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids.
88. Electrovalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
89. Covalent compounds can dissolve in organic solvent.
90. Electrovalent compounds cannot dissolve in water.
91. Ionic compounds are electrolytes.
92. Covalent compounds can conduct electricity.
93. The electrons from the higher shell are easier to remove.
94. Ammonia possesses a lone pair of electrons.
95. H+ ion has only an electron.
96. Dative bond is a special type of covalent bond.
97. 5A reacts with 9B to form dative bond.
98. The high electrical conductivity of metals is due to the stability of
electrons to flow freely.
99. BeCl2 deviates the octet rule.
100. A metallic bond can be observed in metals.

SECTION (A) Question No. 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.
1. All matter is composed of (protons, ions, atoms).
2. Mass of a neutron can be considered as (1 amu, 3 amu, negligible).
3. Mass of an electron can be considered as (1 amu, 2 amu, negligible).
4. An electron is a particle which has (positive, negative, no) charge.
5. A proton is a particle which has (positive, negative, no) charge.
6. In an atom, the numbers of (protons and neutrons, electrons and
neutrons, protons and electrons) are always the same.
7. A[an] (proton, neutron, electron) is an uncharged particle.
8. Atom as a whole is electrically (positive, negative, uncharged).
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9. (Ions, Anions, Atoms) are electrically neutral.

10. The atom without neutron is (hydrogen, deuterium, tritium).
11. (Hydrogen, Deuterium, Tritium) contains 2 neutrons in the nucleus.
12. Hydrogen atom has no (electron, proton, neutron).
13. 235 238
92𝑈 and 92𝑈 have the same number of (protons, neutron, eletrons).
14. Atomic (number, size, mass) is generally described by the radius of
an atom.
15. Atomic (number, size, mass) is generally described by the number of
electrons.
16. Atoms of the same element with (different, same, equal) masses are
called isotopes.
17. Atomic number is denoted by the symbol (A, Z, X).
18. If we subtract atomic number from mass number, we will obtain the
number of (protons, electrons, neutrons).
19. Atomic number is the number of (protons or neutrons, protons or
electrons, neutrons or electrons).
20. The first electron shell is assigned as (K, L, M) shell.
21. The maximum number of electrons for O shell is (18, 32, 50).
22. For N shell, the maximum number of electrons it can contain is (8,
18, 32).
23. K shell can accommodate a maximum number of (8, 18, 32) electrons.
24. The d-subshell can have the maximum number of (6, 8, 10) electrons.
25. The f-subshell can have the maximum number of (6, 10, 14) electrons.
26. Elements of period three have (one, two, three) electron shell(s).
27. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the (lowest, highest, medium)
energy.
28. The atom with the duplet structure is (hydrogen, helium, neon).
29. The atom with the octet structure is (hydrogen, helium, neon).
30. [Na+, Na-, Na] is stabilized by an electron octet.
31. [Cl-, Cl+, Cl] is stabilized by an electron octet.
32. [Ca2+, Ca2-, Ca] is stabilized by an electron octet.
33. The electronic structure of the elements vary periodically with their
(valence, atomic masses, atomic numbers).

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34. The complete electronic structure of 17Cl is (1s2 2s22p6 3s23p5, 3s23p5,
3p5).
35. The essential electronic structure of 19K is (1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s1, 4s1,
3p6 4s1).
36. The greater the electron impulsion between the electrons in the
outermost shell, the smaller the (mass, size, radius) of the atom or ion
is.
37. In the modern periodic table, there are 18 vertical columns and (7, 8,
9) horizontal rows.
38. All elements in the same period have the same number of (electron
shells, valence electrons, mass numbers).
39. All elements in the same group have the same number of (electron
shells, valence electrons, mass numbers).
40. Elements are arranged in order of their (atomic numbers, atomic
weights, atomic masses) in the periodic table.
41. The element at the group VII B and the period 4 is [A(2.2), B(2.8.2),
C(2.8.8.2)].
42. The element at the group VI B and the period 2 is [A(2.5), B(2.6),
C(2.7)].
43. The chief valence of 8O is (2, 4, 6).
44. In general, sizes of atoms (increase, decrease, do not change) from
left to right across a period.
45. An element with an essential electronic structure of ns2 except helium
is called (alkali, alkaline earth, transition) metal.
46. Most of the metals are (solids, liquids, gases).
47. (Metals, Non-metals, Noble gases) are electropositive elements.
48. (Metals, Non-metals, Noble gases) are neither electropositive nor
electronegative elements.
49. Noble gases are (electropositive, electronegative, neither
electropositive nor electronegative) elements.
50. The ionization energy of 7N is (larger than, smaller than, equal to) that
of 8O.
51. (Alkali metals, Halogens, Noble gases) have the highest ionization
energy.
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52. (Alkali metals, Halogens, Noble gases) have the lowest first
ionization energy.
53. (Alkali metals, Halogens, Noble gases) have the highest electron
affinity.
54. Group (VI B, VII B, 0) elements have the highest ionization energy.
55. Group (V B, VI B, VII B) elements have the highest electron affinity.
56. (F, Cl, Br) has the highest electron affinity.
57. Alkali metals have (high, low, medium) electron affinities.
58. Electron affinity of fluorine is (higher than, lower than, equal to) that
of chlorine.
59. (Ionic, Covalent, Dative) bond is formed when a metal reacts with a
non-metal.
60. (Ionic, Covalent, Dative) bond is formed when non-metals react with
one another.
61. (Ionic, Covalent, Dative) bond is formed when one of the participant
atoms possesses lone pair of electrons.
62. Metallic bonds are observed in (metals, non-metals, metalloids).
63. Ionic compounds contains (molecules, ions, no molecule and ion).
64. Covalent compounds contains (molecules, ions, none of these).
65. When a[an] (electron, proton, neutron) is removed from a neutral
atom, a positive ion is formed.
66. Electrovalent compounds are (solid, gas, volatile liquids).
67. Covalent compounds are (solid, gas, volatile liquids).
68. Ionic compounds have (high, medium, low) melting point.
69. Covalent compounds have (high, medium, low) boiling point.
70. Covalent compounds are (ions, electrolytes, non-electrolytes).
71. Covalent compounds are soluble in (covalent, ionic, dative) solvents.
72. Electrovalent compounds are soluble in (benzene, water, ether).
73. Dative bond is also called (coordinate, ionic, covalent) bond.
74. A dative bond is a special type of (ionic, covalent, coordinate) bond.
75. H+ ion reacts with :NH3 to form (ionic, covalent, dative) bond.
76. BF3 reacts with :NH3 to form (ionic, covalent, dative) bond.
77. The molecule (NH3, BF3, PCl3) deviates the octet rule.
78. The molecule (NH3, ClF3, BCl3) does not deviate the octet rule.
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79. In BeCl2, the Be atom is surrounded by (2, 4, 6) valence electrons.

80. In SF6, sulphur atom is surrounded by (8, 10, 12) valence electrons.

SECTION (B) Question No. 6 (2 marks)

1. In a neutral atom of an element, the number of a certain particle or

particles is equal to the atomic number. Name the particle or particles.
2. It is accepted that an atom is electrically neutral. Explain why?
3. Why is the mass of an atom concentrated in the nucleus?
4. What are charges and masses of neutron and electron?
𝟑𝟓
5. Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍
and 𝟔𝟒
𝟑𝟎𝒁𝒏.

6. Determine the number of protons neutrons and electrons for 𝟐𝟏

𝟏𝟎𝑵𝒆 and
𝟑𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝑺?
7. Write down the notation of isotopes for an element X. Express the
corresponding terms.
8. Select the isotopes from the followings and give reasons for your
answer.
(a) 𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟑𝟖
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍, 𝟗𝟐𝑼, 𝟏𝟐𝑴𝒈, 𝟗𝟐𝑼,
(b) 𝟑𝟓 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍, 𝟏𝟖𝑨𝒓, 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝒂, 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍
(c) 𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟏
𝟏𝟖𝑨𝒓, 𝟏𝟎𝑵𝒆, 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝒂, 𝟏𝟎𝑵𝒆
9. Which particle contains 16 neutrons, 15 protons and 15 electrons.
10. Which particle contains 18 neutrons, 17 protons and 17 electrons.
11. Determine the number of neutrons, protons and electrons in each of
the following atoms and give the possible isotopes.
𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟒𝑺𝒊, 𝟏𝟑𝑨𝒍, 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍
12. Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom
of element E which has atomic number 18 and mass number 40. Give
the possible isotopes.

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13. Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom
of element E which has atomic number 14 and mass number 28. Give
the possible isotopes.
14. Give the maximum number of electrons in shell number 2 and 4.
15. Give the maximum number of electrons in L shell and M shell.
16. Give the maximum number of electrons in s-subshell.
17. Give the maximum number of electrons in f-subshell.
18. Write down the complete and essential electronic structures of Ne,
Na, Al, P, Cl and Ca.
19. Write down the complete electronic structure and essential electronic
structure of 19K and 14Si.
20. Write down the complete electronic structure and essential electronic
structure of 12Mg and 20Ca.
21. Which arrangement of elements have similar properties in the
periodic table? Why?
22. Explain why noble gases are neither electropositive nor electro-
negative.
23. Which of the following elements is in period 3 and group IA?
Li, Na, Ca and Cl
24. Give the group, period and valence of the following elements.
Na, Ar, Mg, Cl, F, Ca, Ne, K
25. Classify the following elements as alkali metal, alkaline earth metal,
halogen or noble gas.
11Na 17Cl 10Ne 12Mg

26. Classify the following elements in their appropriate group number.

3Li 17Cl 20Ca 8O 11Na 16S 9F 12Mg

27. Classify the following elements as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals
halogens or noble gases.
3Li 12Mg 9F 4Be 10Ne 11Na 17Cl 2He

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28. Arrange the following elements in order of their increasing electro-

negativity.
Oxygen, Carbon, Fluorine, Nitrogen
29. What are the trends of ionization energy in the periodic table? Name
one element which has the lowest ionization energy.
30. Arrange the following elements in order of decreasing ionization
energy.
Na, S, Al, F, K, O
31. From the following elements, select the one which has the largest
radius. Give reasons.
4Be 12Mg 20Ca and N, B, F
32. Select the one which has the largest radius. Give reasons for your
answer.
C, N, O and Li, Na, K
33. Select and give reason. Which one has the largest radius from the
following pair?
Fe2+, Fe, Fe3+
34. Select and give reason. Which one has the largest radius from the
following pair?
Na and Na+
35. How many electrons are lost from Na and Mg in forming Na+ and
Mg2+ ions?
36. Select the one which has the larger radius between Br and Br-. Give
reason for your answer.
37. Select the one which has the larger radius between F and F-.
38. Select the one which has the larger radius between Sn2+ and Sn4+.
39. What are the trends of ionization energy in the periodic table? Name
one element which has the lowest ionization energy.
40. From the following elements, select the one which has the lowest
ionization energy. Give reasons.
3Li 9F 10Ne

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41. Select the one which has the highest ionization energy and give
reasons for your answer.
3Li 11Na 19K
42. Explain which of the following groups has the largest ionization
energy.
2.8.1, 2.8.5, 2.8.7
43. Explain why Be has higher ionization energy than B.
44. Explain why Mg has higher ionization energy than Al.
45. Explain why N has higher ionization energy than O.
46. Explain why phosphorus has higher ionization energy than sulphur.
47. From the following elements, select the one which has the highest
electron affinity.
11Na 17Cl 18Ar
48. Explain that the halogens have the highest electron affinities whereas
the alkali metals have very low electron affinities.
49. Explain that the noble gases have the highest first ionization energies.
50. What elements are most likely to form covalent bonds? Give an
example with electron dot-cross formula.
51. Complete the following table.
Physical properties Ionic compounds Covalent compounds
volatility gases or volatile
liquids
solubility in water soluble in water

52. What type of bonding exists between 9A and 12B? Write down the
most likely formula of this compound using the symbol A and B.
53. What type of bonding exists between 12A and 17B? Write down the
most likely formula of this compound using the symbol A and B.
54. Draw the electron dot-cross structures of BeCl2, BF3, PF5, BCl3, ClF3
and NaCl.

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55. What type of bond is formed between each pair of atoms? Explain
with dot-cross structures.
(i) H and Cl (ii) K and F
56. What type of bond is formed between each pair of atoms? Explain
with dot-cross structures.
(i) H+ and H2O (ii) H+ and NH3
57. Give the differences between ionic compounds and covalent
compounds based on solubility, melting point, volatility and
electrical conductivity.
58. What type of chemical bond is formed between NH3 and H+ ion.
Explain.
59. What type of chemical bond is formed between NH3 and BF3. Write
down the electron dot-cross formula.
60. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 14Si.
Find the value of n in the compound of Si (2.8.4), SiHn and draw the
electron dot-cross structure of the compound.

SECTION (B) Question No. 7 (4 marks)

1. Write down the essential electronic structure, group number, period

number and the valence for A (2.1) and C (2.8.7).
2. Write down the complete electronic structure, group number, period
number and the chief valence of 2He and 16S.
3. Write down the essential electronic structure, the positions in the
periodic table, chief valence and the type of the element for 18Ar and
15P.

4. Write down the complete electronic structure, the essential electronic

structure, the group number, the period number, the type of element
and the valence of Na.
5. Write down the complete electronic structure, group number, chief
valence and classification of elements 20Ca and 10Ne.

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6. Write down the essential electronic structure, position in the periodic

table, the chief valence and type of element for element 19X.
7. An atom has an atomic number 12. Write down the complete and
essential electronic structures of the atom. Give its position in the
periodic table. What is its chief valence? Is it metal or non-metal?
8. An atom has an atomic number 11. Write down its complete and
essential electronic structures of the atom. Give its position in the
periodic table. What is its chief valence? Is it metal or non-metal?
9. An atom has an atomic number of 18. Write down the complete and
essential electronic structures of the atom. Give the group number and
period number. What is its chief valence? Suggest the classification
of element.
10. An atom has an atomic number 13. Write down its essential electronic
structure. Is it a metal or non-metal? Why? Give its position in the
periodic table. What is the chief valence?
11. Element E contains 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and
2 electrons in M shell. Write down the complete electronic structure,
the group number, the chief valence and the name of element E.
12. Element A contains 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and
1 electron in M shell. Write down the complete electronic structure of
element A. What is its chief valence? Is it metal or non-metal? What
is the name of element A.
13. (i) Arrange the following elements in order of their increasing
atomic radius.
9F, 6C, 8O, 7N

(ii) Select the one which of the following groups has the largest
ionization energy,
A (2.8.1) B (2.8.5) C (2.8.7)
(iii) Write down the electron dot-cross structure of PF5.
(iv) Give the positions in the periodic table of element 13Al.

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14. (i) Write down the type of element and the valence of 12Mg.
(v) What elements are most likely to form covalent bonds? Give
one example.
(vi) From the following elements, select the one which has the
highest ionization energy.
4Be, 6C, 8O, 10Ne
(vii) Draw the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed
between 13Al and 17Cl.
15. (i) Describe the arrangement of the following elements in order
of their increasing electronegativity.
7N, 9F, 8O, 6C
(ii) Element Y contains 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell
and 8 electrons in M shell. Give the name of that element Y.
(iii) From the following elements:
3A, 7B, 9C, 10D
Which elements have a valence of 1?
(iv) Write down the electron dot-cross structure of NH4+.
16. Atom A has an atomic number 10 and B has an atomic number 17.
Write down the complete electronic structure of A and B. Give the
group numbers of A and B. What is the valence of each element?
What is the type to each element?
17. Atom A has an atomic number 20 and atom B has an atomic number
10. Write down their essential electronic structures, group numbers,
chief valences and type of each element. An atom has an atomic
number 12. Write down the complete and essential electronic
structures of the atom. Give its positions in the periodic table. What
is its chief valence? Is it a metal or non-metal?
18. Atom A has an atomic number 12 and B has an atomic number 18.
Write down their essential electronic structures. What is the chief
valence of each element? Give the group numbers of A and B. What
is the type of each element?

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

19. An atom X has an atomic number 6 whereas atom Y has an atomic

number 9. Write down their complete electronic structures. Give their
positions in the periodic table. What type of bond can be formed
between X and Y? Write down the formula of the compound formed
between X and Y.
20. An atom A has an atomic number 6 whereas an atom B has an atomic
number 17. Write down the electronic structures of A and B. State the
positions in the periodic table for A and B. What type of bond can
exist between A and B? Draw the electron dot-cross structure of that
compound formed.
21. An atom P has an atomic number of 12 whereas an atom Q has an
tomic number of 17. Write down the essential electronic structures,
positions in the periodic table, types of element and type of bond
formed between P and Q.
22. An atom X has an atomic number 9 whereas an atom Y has an atomic
number 14. Write down their complete electronic structures. Give
their positions in the periodic table. What type of bond can be formed
between X and Y? Write down the formula and electron dot-cross
structure of the compound formed.
23. An atom A has an atomic number 12 whereas an atom B has an atomic
number 17. Write down the essential electronic structures, positions
in the periodic table, types of elements and type of bond that is formed
between A and B.
24. An element X has an atomic number 5 whereas an element Y has the
atomic number of 9. Write the complete electronic structures of X and
Y. Give the valence of the elements. Classify the type of bond formed
between X and Y. Write the electron dot-cross formula of the
compound formed. What type of bond is formed between above
compound and :NH3? Write the electron dot-cross formula of the
compound formed.

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

25. Write down the essential electronic structures of 13Al and 17Cl. Name
the type of bond exists between Al and Cl. Draw the electron dot-
cross formula of the compound formed. Draw the electron dot-cross
formula of the compound which can be formed between the above
compound and :NH3.
26. Element Q contains 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell an 7
electrons in M shell. What is the atomic number of element Q? Write
down the complete electronic structure of element Q. Write down the
essential electronic structure of element Q. What is the name of the
element Q?
27. The following information regarding elements I to IV is provided.
element Atomic number Mass number C.E.S
I 4 9 1s2 2s2
II 12 24 1s2 2s22p6 3s2
III 17 35 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p5
IV 18 40 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
(i) Which element is a noble gas?
(ii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iii) Which element has 18 electrons in each atom?
(iv) Which of the elements have a valence of 2?
28. The following information regarding elements I to IV is provided.
element Atomic number Mass number C.E.S
I 4 9 1s2 2s2
II 12 24 1s2 2s22p6 3s2
III 17 35 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p5
IV 18 40 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6
(i) Which of the above elements are in the same group of the
periodic table?
(ii) Which element is a noble gas?
(iii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iv) Which of the elements has the valence of 2?
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29. Some of the element are listed below.

H, He, C, Ne, Na, K, Ca
Which of these elements are noble gases? Which of these elements
are alkali metals? Which of these elements has a valence of 2? Which
two elements will combine to form a covalent compound? Suggest
the formula of the compound formed.
30. H, He, B, Ne, Na, Al, K, Ca
Which of these elements are noble gases? Which of these elements
are alkali metals? Which of these elements are alkaline earth metals?
Which elements have valence of 0,1,2,3?
31. H, He, B, Ne, Na, Al, K, Ca
Which of these elements are noble gases? Which of these elements
are alkali metals? Which of these element has a valence of 2? Give
the position in periodic table for Al.
32. He, Na, Ca, Al, Ar, Li
Which elements are noble gases? Which elements are alkali metals?
Which elements has a valence of two? Give the positions in periodic
table for Al?
33. 18Ar, 17Cl, 19K, 15P
Which two elements would form a covalent compound? Which two
elements would form an electrovalent compound? Which element is
an electropositive element? Which element is an inert gas?
34. There are three elements X (2.8.8.1), Y (2.8.7), Z (2.8.8.2)
Which elements is alkaline earth metal? Which element has the
lowest ionization energy? What type of bond can be formed between
X and Y? Draw the electron dot-cross formula of the compound
formed.
35. A(2.8), B(2.8.8.1), C(2.8.2), D(2.8.3), E(2.8.8), F(2.8.1)
Which elements are noble gases? Which elements are alkali metals?
Which elements has a valence of two? Give the positions in periodic
table for D.

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36. A (2.8.1.), B (2.8.5), C (2.8.7), D (2.8.8)

Which elements have a valence of 1? Which element is a halogen?
Which element has the highest ionization energy? Name the type of
bonding that exist between A and B.
37. A (2.8.1.), B (2.8.5), C (2.8.7), D (2.8.8)
Which element has the highest ionization energy? Which element has
the highest electron affinity? Which elements have a valence of 1?
Which element is noble gas?
38. A (2.8.8), C (2.8.8.1), D (2.7)
What element has the highest electron affinity? Give the group
numbers and period numbers of the given elements. Which element
has the lowest ionization energy? Which element is a noble gas?
39. A (2.4), B (2.8.1), C (2.8.6)
Write down their essential electronic structures. Which of them is
metal? What type of bonding exists between B and C? Write down
the most likely formula of this compound using the symbols; B and
C.
40. A (2.3), B (2.8.7), C (2.8.7)
What type of bond can be formed between A and C? Suggest the
electron dot-cross structure of the compound formed. What type of
bond can be formed between B and C? Suggest the formula of the
compound formed.
41. A (2.8.1), B (2.8.7), C (2.4)
Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent
compound? Suggest formula of the compound formed. Which two
elements will combine to form a covalent compound? Suggest the
electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
42. A (2.8.1), B (2.8.7), C (2.4)
Which elements will combine to form a covalent compound? Suggest
the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed. Which two
elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound? Suggest
the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

43. A (2.8.2), B (2.8.7), C (2.4)

Write down the positions in the periodic table of the above elements.
Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent
compound? Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound
formed. Which two elements will combine to form a covalent
compound? Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound
formed.
44. A (1s2 2s2), B (1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6), C (1s2 2s22p6 3s23p5), D (1s2 2s22p6 3s1)
Which of the above elements are in the same group of periodic table?
Which element is halogen? Which element has the highest electron
affinity? Which two elements would form an electrovalent
compound?
45. You are given the following elements: 5A, 11X, 17Y
Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
Write down the most likely formula of this compound formed. Which
two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound? Write
down the most likely formula of this compound formed.
46. You are given the following elements: 6A, 11B, 17Y
Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
Write down the most likely formula of this compound formed. Which
two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound? Write
down the most likely formula of this compound formed.
47. You are given the following elements: 11A, 17B, 6C
Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent
compound? Which element has the highest electron affinity? Which
element has the lowest ionization energy?
48. You are given the following elements: 6A, 11B, 16C
Write down their essential electronic structures. Select two of them
which will form an electrovalent compound. What is the valence of
each of these two elements? Write down the most likely formula of
this compound using the symbols of the two elements given above.

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

49. You are provided with four elements: 6W, 10X, 12Y, 17Z
Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound?
Suggest the formula of above compound formed. Which elements
will combine to form a covalent compound? Suggest the formula of
covalent compound formed.
50. What do we call bonding which involves electron transfer? What do
we call bonding which involves electron sharing? In what type of
bonding do we find molecules? Write down two compounds which
deviate octet rule with their electron dot-cross formulae.
51. Two types of compounds Y and Z can be formed from elements 15A
and 17B. Write down (i) the formula of Y and Z, (ii) type of bonding
existing in Y and Z, (iii) the complete chemical equation for the
reaction of Y or Z with ethanol.

Democritus John J.J. Thomson Eugan Ernest James

(460-370 BC) Dalton (1856-1940) Goldstein Rutherford Chadwick
Ancient (1766-1844) English (1850-1930) (1871-1937) (1891-1974)
Greek pre- British Physicist German New British
Socratic chemist, who Physicist Zealand Physicist
philosopher physicist discovered who Physicist who
who and and identified discovered who named discovered
formulated meteorologist electron proton proton neutron in
an atomic who introduced 1932
theory of the Dalton’s
universe atomic theory
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

CHAPTER(2)
THE GASEOUS STATE AND GAS LAWS

Measurable Quantities of Gases

mass (g), Volume (dm3),
Temperature (0C or K) Pressure (atm or mmHg)
Boyle’s Law
When the temperature of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the
volume of the gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
Charles’ Law
When the pressure of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the volume
of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.
Absolute zero temperature (-2730C or 0K)
The volume of all gases become zero at -2730C. This temperature is
assumed to be zero point of a new scale of temperature (Kelvin
temperature) and also known as absolute zero temperature.
Relation between Kelvin temperature and Celsius temperature
TK = t0C + 273
T = temperature in Kelvin
t = temperature in Celsius
Combined Gas Law
When the mass of a gas is kept constant, the volume of the gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure and directly proportional to its
temperature on Kelvin scale.
Relationship between temperature and pressure
When the volume of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the pressure
of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.
STP
STP means standard temperature and pressure
standard temperature = 00C or 273 K
standard pressure = 1 atm or 760 mmHg
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

When the temperature is kept constant, the total pressure of a gas
mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of different gases.
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes of Gases
At the same temperature and pressure, the volumes of reacting gases
and the gaseous products are in simple ratios of small whole numbers.
Diffusion of gases
The process by which the molecules of one gas spread through the
spaces created between the molecules of another gas is known as gas
diffusion.
Graham’s Law of Gaseous Diffusion
At the same temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas
is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the gas.
Relative density
The relative density of a gas is equal to the half of the relative
molecular mass of that gas.
Mole Concept
1 mole = R.M.M in g = 22.4 dm3 at STP = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
Avogadro’s Theory
At the same temperature and pressure, equal volume of all gases
contain the same number of molecules.

SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. The gas spreads itself uniformly throughout the container.
2. The particles of gas are freely moving within the whole space of
container.
3. The particles of gas are widely spaced and free to move in one
direction.
4. The particles of the gases are widely spaced and free to move in any
direction.
5. Particles of gases are in the constant and rapid motion.
6. The particles of gases are never in constant and rapid motion.
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

7. Hitting the walls of the container by the particles of the gas is actually
the force on it.
8. The force acting on the unit area is gas pressure.
9. At any low temperature, the particles of a gas are moving with a high
speed.
10. All measurements of gas volume depend upon temperature and
pressure.
11. Variation of temperature can only affect the volume of the gas.
12. Variation of temperature can affect the pressure and volume of the
gas.
13. Variation of pressure can affect the temperature and volume of the
gas.
14. The increase in temperature makes the particles move with greater
speed.
15. The decrease of the gas volume accompanies the increase of gas
pressure.
16. The decrease in temperature makes the particles move with greater
motion.
17. Boyle’s law can be expressed as T1V1=T2V2.
18. Boyle’s law shows the relation of gas volume and temperature.
19. Boyle’s law shows the relation of gas volume and pressure.
20. Factors kept constant in Boyle’s law are mass and temperature.
21. The volume of the gas decreases with increase of pressure.
22. As the pressure increase, the volume of the gases increases.
23. When the volume of a gas expands at constant temperature, the
pressure of the gas will decrease.
24. The volume of all gases becomes double when pressure is increased
from 1.0atm to 2.0atm.
25. Charles’ Law shows the relation of volume and pressure.
26. Charles’ Law shows the relation of volume and Celsius temperature.
27. Factors kept constant in Charles’ law are mass and temperature.
28. The volume of the gas decreases with increase of temperature.
29. A volume of gas expands when it is heated.
30. The volume of a given mass of gas varies with temperature.
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

31. The volume of the gas increases with increase of temperature.

32. The volume of gas decreases regularly with regular decrease of
temperature.
33. A volume of gas contracts when cooled.
34. The mass of a given varies with temperature.
35. Standard temperature is 0K or -2730C.
36. 1000C is equivalent to -2730C.
37. 1500C is equivalent to 550K.
38. 1000C is equivalent to 473K.
39. Absolute zero temperature is 00C.
40. Absolute zero temperature is -273 K.
41. Absolute zero temperature is -2730C.
42. Absolute zero temperature is -273K or 00C.
43. STP means standard temperature and pressure.
44. The pressure of the gas in a closed container will increase when it is
heated.
45. The pressure of the gas in a closed container will decrease when it is
heated.
46. A change in pressure causes a change in the temperature of reacting
gases.
𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇2 𝑉2
47. Combined gas law equation is 𝑃1
= 𝑃2
.
48. Dalton’s law of partial pressures can be applied when the gases do not
react on mixing.
49. Dalton’s law of partial pressures cannot be used for the gas mixture
of He and Ne.
50. Heavier gas diffuses faster than the lighter one.
51. Equal volume of all gases contain the same number of molecules at
all conditions.
52. Oxygen diffuses four times faster than hydrogen.
53. Helium diffuses faster than neon.
54. Helium diffuses faster than hydrogen.
55. Neon diffuses faster than helium.
56. Neon diffuses faster than helium.
57. Neon diffuses faster than helium under comparable conditions.
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

58. Equal amount of moles of the gases occupies the same volume at the
same temperature and pressure.
59. The relative density of a gas is directly proportional to its relative
molecular mass.
60. Relative density of a gas is equivalent to twice the relative molecular
mass of the gas.
61. Relative density of a gas is equivalent to half of the relative molecular
mass of the gas.
62. The molecular volume of oxygen gas is 22.4 dm3 at STP.
63. One mole of every gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP.
64. One mole of hydrogen weighs 2g. (H=1)
65. One mole of hydrogen weighs 2amu.
66. One mole of oxygen weighs 32amu.
67. One molecule of hydrogen weighs 2g. (H=1)
68. One molecule of nitrogen weighs 14g. (N=14)
69. One gram of hydrogen gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP.
70. 18g of liquid water occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP. (H=1, O=16)

SECTION (A) Question No. 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.

1. The particles of (solid, liquid, gas) are free to move in any direction.
2. The particles of the (solid, liquid, gas) are widely spaced and free to
move in any direction.
3. At any (high, low, increasing) temperature, the particles of gas are
moving in the slow speed.
4. At any high temperature, the particles of gas are moving in the (low,
high, medium) speed.
5. The force acting on unit (length, area, volume) is the gas pressure.
6. Gas pressure is defined as (force per unit area; force per unit volume;
force per unit length).
7. The (volume, temperature, pressure) of gas is defined as the force
acting on the unit area.

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

8. Boyle’s law is the relation between (pressure and temperature,

pressure and volume, temperature and pressure).
1 P
9. Boyle’s law can be expressed as (V= P, PV=constant, V =constant).
10. (Boyle’s, Charles’, Dalton’s) law represents the relationship between
pressure and volume.
11. (Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Combination of Boyle’s law and Charles’
law) shows the relation of volume and Kelvin temperature.
12. The volume of the gas decreases (rapidly, slowly, regularly) regular
decreases of temperature.
1 V
13. Charles’ law can be expressed as (V= , = constant, TV=constant).
T T
14. The volume of a gas (expands; contracts; remains constant) when
heated.
15. The volume of a gas (expands, contracts, remains constant) when it is
cooled.
16. A volume of gas expands when it is heated by the (Boyle’s law,
Charles’ law, Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion).
17. STP means standard temperature and (pressure, volume, mass).
18. A (mass, pressure, volume) of gas expands when heated.
19. If the constant contraction rate is continued, the volume of a gas will
become zero at (-2730C, 273K, 0K).
20. Absolute zero temperature is (-273K, 273 K, 0K).
21. The absolute zero temperature is (00C, -2730C, 250C).
22. Absolute zero temperature is (00C; +1730C; -2730C).
23. Absolute zero temperature is a point at which there may be no
(pressure, volume, mass).
P1 V1 P2 V2
24. The combined gas equation is (P1V1=P2V2, V&T, = ).
T1 T2
25. 100cm3 of CO2 diffuses through a porous pot in 50s.The same volume
of propane gas, C3H8 would take (10s,50s,60s) to diffuse through the
same pot.(C=12, H=1, O=16)
26. Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion can be chiefly symbolized as
1
(r√𝑑 = constant; r1 √𝑑1 = r2√𝑑2 ; r = ).
√𝑑

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

27. Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion can be mathematically expressed

1
as (r√𝑑 = constant; r1d1 = r2d2 ; r = ).
√𝑑
28. Rate of diffusion of a gas is (directly proportional, inversely
proportional, equal to) its molar mass.
29. Dalton’s law can be expressed as (PV= constant, Ptotal =P1+P2,
PVT=constant).
30. The total pressure of a gas mixture is related to the partial pressures
of individual gas that is (inert, reacted, combined) to one another.
31. Dalton’s law of partial pressure can be used to the gas mixture of (Cl2
and H2, He and Ne, NH3 and HCl).
32. Dalton’s law of partial pressures cannot be used for the gas mixture
of (N2 and O2, CO2 and O2, NH3 and HCl).
33. Molar mass means mass in (g mole, mole, g mole-1) of a substance.
34. The molar volume of nitrogen is (2.24, 22.2, 22.4) dm3 at STP.
35. Two mole of H2S gas weighs (68g, 68, 68 amu).
36. One mole of SO2 gas weighs (32 g, 64 amu, 64 g). (S=32,O=16)
37. One mole of hydrogen gas weighs (1 g, 2 g, 2 amu).
38. One molecule of hydrogen gas weighs (1g; 2g; 2amu).
39. One molecule of chlorine gas weighs (35.5 g, 71 g, 71 amu).
40. One molecule of NO weighs (30 g; 3 g; 30 amu). (N=14, O=16)
41. One molecule of carbon dioxide gas weighs (44 g, 22 g, 44 amu).
42. One molecule of oxygen weighs (16 g; 16 amu,32 amu). (O=16)
43. 6.02 x 1023 molecules of hydrogen gas weighs (1g, 2g, 2 amu).
44. One gram of hydrogen gas occupies [11.2; 22.4; 5.6] dm3 at STP.
45. 8g of oxygen gas occupies (22.4, 11.2, 5.6) dm3 at STP. (O=16)
46. 7g of nitrogen gas occupies (5.6, 11.2, 22.4) dm3 at STP.
47. 22g of carbon dioxide gas occupies (22.4 dm3, 11.2 dm3, 44.8 dm3) at
STP.
48. 23 g of nitrogen dioxide gas occupies (22.4 dm3, 2.24 dm3, 11.2 dm3)
at STP.
49. 44g of carbon dioxide gas occupies (22.4 dm3, 11.2 dm3, 44.8 dm3) at
STP.
50. 22.4 dm3 of hydrogen at STP weighs (2 g; 0.2 g; 2 amu). (H=1)
51. 2.24 dm3 of nitrogen oxide at STP weighs (30 g, 3 g, 30 amu).
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52. 2.24 dm3 of oxygen at STP weighs (3.2 g, 3.2 amu, 32 amu).
53. 2.24 dm3 of hydrogen at STP weighs (2 g, 0.2 g, 32 amu).
54. 22.4 dm3 of oxygen at STP weighs (32 g, 3.2 g, 2 amu).
55. (1mole, 0.5mole, 2 moles) of any gas occupies 11.2 dm3 at STP.
56. 0.1 mole of hydrogen gas contains (0.0602 x 1023, 6.02 x 1023, 0.602
x 1023) molecules.
57. If the relative density of a gas is 32, the relative molecular mass of the
gas is (16, 32, 64).
58. The relative density of hydrogen sulphide gas is (15, 17, 19). (H=1,
S=32)
59. The relative density of carbon dioxide gas is (44, 22, 88). (C=12,
O=16)
60. Relative molecular mass of a gas is 64, its relative density will be (16,
32, 64).
61. If the relative molecular mass of gas is 24, the relative density of gas
is (12; 24; 48).

SECTION (B) Question No. 6 (2 marks)

1. What are the measurable quantities of the gas?
2. State Boyle’s law both in words and mathematical expression.
3. State Charles’ law both in words and mathematical expression.
4. State the relation between temperature and pressure both in words and
symbols.
5. State Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion both in words and mathema-
-tical expression.
6. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures both in words and mathematic-
-cal expression.
7. State Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes of gases both in words
and mathematical expression.

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

8. Give the name and state the law which represents the relationship
between volume and temperature. (Mass and pressure are kept
constant.)
9. Give the name and state the law which represents the relationship
between pressure and volume. (Mass and temperature are kept
constant.)
10. Give the name and state the law which represents the relationship
between pressure, volume and temperature on Kelvin scale. (Mass is
kept constant.)

11. Which law represents the following statement? Write down its
mathematical expression.
“When the volume of a gas is increased, its pressure decreases under
constant temperature.”
12. Which law represents the following statement? Write down its
mathematical expression.
“When the pressure of a given mass of gas is kept constant, the
volume of the gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the
Kelvin scale.”
13. Which law represents the following statement? Write down its
mathematical expression.
“When the temperature is kept constant, the total pressure of a gas
mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of different gases.”
14. Which law represents the following statement? Write down its
mathematical expression.
“A volume of gas expands when it is heated.”
15. Which law represents the following statement? Write down its
mathematical expression.
“The same volume of different gases at constant temperature and
pressure contain the same number of molecules.”

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

16. Which law represents the following statement? Write down its
mathematical expression.
“At the same temperature and pressure, the volume of reacting gases
and gaseous products are in simple ratios of small whole number.”
17. Which law represent the fact that a lighter gas diffuses faster than the
heavier one? Write down its mathematical expression.
18. State Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volume of gases both in words
and mathematical expression.
19. Which law represents the following statements.
(i) A volume of gas contracts on cooling.
(ii) A lighter gas diffuses faster than a heavier one.
(iii)The pressure of a gas will increase when it is heated.
20. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under
comparable conditions? (C = 12, O = 16, N = 14, S = 32, H = 1)
(a) CO2 and NO2 (b) SO2 and H2S
21. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under
comparable conditions? (He = 4, Ne = 20, N = 14, O = 16)
(a) He and Ne (b) N2 and O2
22. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under
comparable conditions?
(a) CO2 and SO2 (b) CO and N2
23. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under
comparable conditions?
(a) 235UF6 and 238UF6 (b) CO2 and NH3
24. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under
comparable conditions?
(a) CO and NO (B) SO3 and NO2
25. The volume of the gas will become zero at -2730C. Which
temperature scale represents the above statement? Write down the
relation of Kelvin temperature and Celsius temperature scales.
26. Summarize the effect of pressure on gaseous system.
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

27. The pressure of hydrogen collected over water at 27oC is 76.7 mmHg.
The vapour pressure of water at 27oC is 26.7 mmHg. What is the
pressure of dry hydrogen?
28. The pressure of hydrogen collected over water at 27oC is 775.5
mmHg. The vapour pressure of water at 27oC is 25.5 mmHg. What is
the pressure of dry hydrogen?
29. The pressure of oxygen gas collected over water at 380C is 780.5
mmHg. The vapour pressure of water at 380C is 26.5 mmHg. What is
the pressure of dry oxygen? Name the gas law that you have used.
30. Total pressure of oxygen and acetylene gas storage tank is 7400
mmHg. The pressure of oxygen is 3400 mmHg. What is the pressure
of acetylene gas?
31. What is the mass of nitrogen gas enclosed in 11.2 dm3 at STP? (N =
14)
32. What is the mass of hydrogen gas enclosed in 2.8 dm3 at STP? (H=1)
33. What is the mass of oxygen gas enclosed in 11.2 dm3 at STP? (O =
16)
34. What is the mass of sulphur dioxide enclosed in 5.6 dm3 at STP?
(S=32, O=16)
35. What is the mass of methanol enclosed in 1.4 dm3 at STP? (C=12,
O=16, H=1)
36. 16 g of sulphur dioxide occupies 5.6 dm3 at STP. What is the relative
molecular mass of the gas?
37. 22 g of carbon dioxide occupies 11.2 dm3 at STP. What is the relative
molecular mass of the gas?
38. 7 g of a gas occupies 5.6 dm3 at STP. What is the relative molecular
mass of the gas?
39. How many molecules are there in 2.8 dm3 of carbon dioxide at STP?
40. How many molecules are there in 11.2 dm3 of oxygen gas at STP?
41. How many molecules are there in 5.6 dm3 HCl at STP?
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

42. How many molecules are there in 16 g of sulphur?

43. What is the relative density of CO2? (C = 12, O = 16)
44. What is the relative density of nitrogen oxide? (N=14, O=16)
45. What is the relative density of ammonia? (N=14, H=1)
46. What is the relative density of hydrogen sulphide? (H = 1, S = 32)
47. What is the relative density of SO2 and CO2? (S=32, O=16, C=12)
48. What will be the volume of hydrogen chloride gas when 100 cm3 of
hydrogen and 50 cm3 of chlorine are mixed? (All gases are measured
at the same condition.)
49. How many grams are there in 5 moles of CO2, 0.1 mole of CaCO3 and
0.25 mole of oxygen atom? (C =12, O = 16, Ca = 40)

SECTION (B) Question No. 7 (4 marks)

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑇2
1. Derive the equation = for the combination of Boyle’s law
𝑇1 𝑉2
and Charles’ law.
2. The volume of a certain mass of gas occupies 965 cm3 at 515 mmHg.
What is the volume under 768 mmHg at the same temperature?
3. The volume of a certain mass of gas occupies 784 cm3 at 500 mmHg.
What is the volume under 800 mmHg at the same temperature?
4. A certain mass of gas occupies 250 cm3 measured at 320C. At what
temperature in 0C will the gas occupy 235 cm3 under the same
pressure?
5. A certain mass of gas occupies 942 cm3 measure at 220C. at what
temperature in 0C will the gas occupy 311 cm3 under the same
pressure?
6. A certain mass of gas occupies 617 cm3 at 90C. What is the volume at
00C under the same pressure?
7. The pressure of a gas at 270C is 770 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas at 880C at constant volume?
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

8. The pressure of a gas at 370C is 760 mmHg. What is the pressure of

the gas at 970C at constant volume?
9. The pressure of a gas at 270C is 760 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas at 870C at constant volume?
10. At 150C and 726 mmHg, a gas occupies 360 cm3. What is the volume
of the gas at STP?
11. At 270C and 750 mmHg, a gas occupies 380 cm3. What is the volume
of the gas at STP?
12. At 250C and 740 mmHg, a gas occupies 380 cm3. What is the volume
of the gas at STP?
13. What is meant by STP? Give their numerical values. At 220C and 745
mmHg, a gas occupies 175 cm3. What is the volume of the gas at
STP?
14. 0.2 g of a gas occupies a volume of 185 cm3 measured over water at
766 mmHg and 220C. Vapour pressure of water at 220C is 21 mmHg.
What is the volume of the dry gas at STP?
15. 0.2 g of a gas occupies a volume of 185 cm3 measured over water at
756 mmHg and 220C. vapour pressure of water at 220C is 21.3 mmHg.
What is the approximate molecular mass of the gas?
16. 0.42 g of a gas occupies a volume of 186 cm3 measured over water at
766 mmHg and 230C when it is collected over water. The vapour
pressure of water at 230C is 21.1 mmHg. What is the approximate
molecular mass of the gas?
17. The volume of a certain mass of gas collected over water is 230 cm3
at 120C and 760.5 mmHg. Vapour pressure of water at 120C is 10.5
mmHg. What would be the volume of dry gas at 170C and 770mmHg?
18. The volume of a certain mass of gas collected over water is 2227 cm3
at 120C and 762 mmHg. Vapour pressure of water at 120C is 10.5
mmHg. What would be the volume of dry gas at 150C and 757mmHg?

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

19. The volume of a certain mass of gas collected over water is 239 cm3
at 200C and 769 mmHg. Vapour pressure of water at 200C is 13.5
mmHg. What would be the volume of dry gas at 230C and 753mmHg?
20. What will be the volume of ammonia gas when 100 cm3 of nitrogen
gas and 150 cm3 of hydrogen gas are mixed? (All gases are measured
at the same condition.)
21. What is the relative molecular mass of the gas that diffuses 4 times as
fast as oxygen? (O = 16)
22. What is the molar mass of the gas that diffuses 4 times as fast as
oxygen? (O = 16)
23. What is the molecular mass of the gas that diffuses two times as fast
as oxygen? (O = 16)
24. Hydrogen gas diffuses 8 times as fast as an unknown gas. What is the
relative molecular mass of the gas? (H = 1)
25. Helium gas diffuses 4 times as fast as an unknown gas. What is
relative molecular mass of the gas? (He = 4)
26. Helium gas diffuses 5 times as fast as an unknown gas. What is the
molecular mass of the gas? (He = 4)
27. Helium gas diffuses 8 times as fast as an unknown gas. What is the
relative molecular mass of the gas? (He = 4)
28. Helium gas diffuses twice as fast as a gas X. Calculate the molar mass
and relative density of the gas X. (He = 4)
29. Find out the relative molecular mass of the gas that diffuses 2 times
as fast as sulphur dioxide. What is the molar mass of the gas? What
is the molar mass of the gas? (S = 32, O = 16)
30. Find out the relative molecular mass of the gas that diffuses 4 times
as fast as sulphur dioxide. What is the molar mass of the gas? What
is the molar mass of the gas? (S = 32, O = 16)
31. What is the relative rate of diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen?(O=16,
H=1)

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

32. What is the relative rate of diffusion of helium and sulphur dioxide?
(He = 4, S = 32, O = 16)
33. What is the relative rate of diffusion of helium and hydrogen
sulphide? (He = 4, H = 1, S = 32)
34. If it takes 1 minute for 50 cm3 of oxygen to diffuse through a pinhole,
how long will it take for the same volume of hydrogen to diffuse
through the same hole? (O=16, H=1)
35. If it takes 2 minutes for 100 cm3 of oxygen to diffuse through a
pinhole, how long will it take for the same volume of hydrogen to
diffuse through the same hole? (O = 16, H = 1)
36. If it takes 1 minute for 55 cm3 of hydrogen to diffuse through a
pinhole, how long will it take for the same volume of nitrogen to
diffuse through the same hole? (H = 1, N = 14)
37. 100 cm3 of CO2 diffuses through a pin hole in 1 minute. How long
will it take for the same volume of propane (C3H8) to diffuse through
the same pin hole? (C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
38. 100 cm3 of SO2 diffuses through a pin hole in 20 minute. How long
will it take for the same volume of helium to diffuse through the same
pin hole? (S = 32, O = 16, He = 4)
39. What are the relative density of NO and CO? (N=14, O=16, C=12)
40. A gas with the relative density of 16 is given. Find the relative
molecular mass of the gas and mass of one mole of the gas in grams.
What volume at STP would the gas occupy by 16 g of the gas at STP?
41. If the relative density of a certain gas is 28, calculate its molecular
mass. What would be the volume occupied by 16 g of the gas?
42. A gas with the relative density of 22 is given. Find the relative
molecular mass of the gas and mass of one mole of the gas in grams.
What volume would be occupied by 12 g of the gas at STP?
43. A gas with the relative density of 32 is given. Find the relative
molecular mass of the gas and mass of one mole of the gas in grams.
What volume would be occupied by 32 g of the gas at STP?
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

44. A gas with the relative density of 44 is given. Find the relative
molecular mass of the gas and mass of one mole of the gas in grams.
What volume would be occupied by 44 g of the gas at STP?
45. How many gram of zinc will have to be treated with dilute
hydrochloric acid to liberate 5 dm3 of hydrogenat 300C and 500
mmHg? (Zn = 65)
46. How many gram of zinc will have to be treated with dilute
hydrochloric acid to liberate 1.85 dm3 of hydrogenat 270C and 750
mmHg? (Zn = 65)
47. How many grams of sodium carbonate will have to be treated with
dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate 1.15 dm3 of carbon dioxide at 220C
and 755 mmHg? (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)
48. How many grams of calcium carbonate will have to be treated with
dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate 1.5 dm3 of carbon dioxide at 270C
and 750 mmHg? (Ca = 20, C = 12, O = 16)
49. 10 g of calcium carbonate is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The
liberated gas measured at STP is 1.1661 dm3. Find the percentage
purity of calcium carbonate. (Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
50. 10 g of calcium carbonate is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The
liberated gas measured at 270C and 750 mmHg is 1.52 dm3. Find the
weight of pure calcium carbonate. (Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
51. You are provided with 44.8 dm3 of hydrogen gas at STP. Find the
amount of (i) moles (ii) molecules (iii) gram (iv) amu. (H=1)
52. 7 g of nitrogen gas is given. Calculate the moles, volume in dm3 at
STP, density and relative density of gas. (N=14)
53. 8 g of oxygen gas is given. Calculate the moles, molecules, volume
in dm3 at STP and density of gas. (O = 16)
54. 4.0 g of oxygen gas is given. Calculate the amount of oxygen in
moles, molecules, volume in dm3 at STP and density of oxygen at
STP. (O = 16)

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

55. 11.2 dm3 of hydrogen is provided at STP. Find the amount of

hydrogen in molecules and amu. (H = 1)
56. You are provided with 44.8 dm3 of hydrogen gas at STP. Find the
amount of moles, molecules, grams and amu. (H = 1)
57. How many molecules are there in 5.6 dm3 of hydrogen at STP? What
is the relative rate of diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen? (O = 16,
H=1, Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023)
58. One mole of a gas occupies 25 litres and its density is 1.82gL-1 at a
particular temperature and pressure. What is the molecular weight?
What is the density of the gas at STP?
59. One mole of a gas occupies 27.0 litres and its density is 1.41 gL-1 at a
particular temperature and pressure. What is its molecular weght?
What is the density of the gas at STP?

Robert Jacques John Joseph Louis Thomas Amedeo

Boyle Charles Dalton Gay-Lussac Graham Avogadro
(1627-1691) (1745-1823) (1766-1844) (1778-1850) (1805-1869) (1776-1856)
Anglo-Irish French British French British Italian
natural inventor, chemist, chemist chemist scientist
philosopher, scientist, physicist and
physicist and mathematician and physicist
chemist and balloonist meteorologist
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

CHAPTER(3)
STOICHIOMETRY

Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is a part of chemistry which deals with the quantities
of substances taking part in a chemical reaction.
Molarity
Molarity of a solution is the quantities in moles of the solute
dissolved in 1 dm3 of the solution.
Molar solution
Molar solution of a compound is one which contains one mole of
solute in 1 dm3 of the solution.
One mole of a substance
One mole of a substance is the amount of substance that contains
the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g of 12C.
Molar mass
The mass of one mole of a substance is called molar mass and it is
usually expressed by gmol-1.
Titration
The term ‘titration’ is a procedure in which a solution of standard
reagent is added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown molarity.
Standardization
Determination of the concentration of standard solution
volumetrically by the use of primary standard is called standardization.
Primary standard
Primary standard is a solution of highly pure and stable compound
without water which can be used to determine the concentration of a
standard solution. (anhydrous Na2CO3, ethane dioic acid or oxalic acid)
Standard solution
A reagent of exactly known concentration that is used in titration is
called standard solution.
Apparatus used in titration: pipette, burette, conical flask

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

Equivalence point
The point at which a standard solution reacts with the solution of
unknown molarity in an amount of chemically equivalent is called the
equivalence point.
End point
End point is the practical measure of equivalence point. It is
determined by the physical change associated with the equivalence point.
Acid-base indicators
acid Base neutral solution
methyl orange red yellow orange
Phenolphthalein colourless Red pink
Dilution of a solution
Addition of water to a solution is called dilution. It is carried out
when the solution is needed to reduce the concentration.
When a solution is diluted
(i) the amount of solute does not change
(ii) the molarity does change.

SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. Molarity represents the quantity in mmol of solute per cm3 of solution.
2. Molarity represents the quantity in mole of solute per cubic decimeter
of solution.
3. Molarity means mmol dm-3.
4. Molarity means mol cm-3.
5. Molarity of a solution is the quantity in moles of solute dissolved in
one cubic decimeter of the solute.
6. Molar solution is a solution in which 1 mol of solute dissolved in 1
dm3 of the solution.
7. A molar solution contain one mole of solute dissolved in 1 cm3.
8. 1 M means one mole of solute dissolves in 1 dm3.

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

9. If one mole of solute is dissolved in solution, the molarity of solution

will be 0.1M.
10. A molar solution of H2SO4 contains 1 mole of pure acid in 1 dm3 of
solution.
11. A molar solution of H2SO4 contains 98g of pure acid in 1 dm3
solution.
12. A molar solution of HCl contains 35.5g of pure acid in 1 dm3 of
solution.
13. Molar Na2CO3 solution contains 100g of pure Na2CO3 in 1dm3 of
solution.
14. Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb water from the air.
15. One important requirement for a substance to serve as a good primary
standard is absence of hydrate water.
16. One important requirement for a substance to serve as a good primary
standard is presence of hydrate water.
17. The accuracy of a volumetric analysis depends upon the primary
standard.
18. A highly purified chemical compound is called a primary standard.
19. A hygroscopic compound is preferred to use as a primary standard.
20. The accuracy of a volumetric analysis does not depend on the primary
standard.
21. Anhydrous Na2CO3 can be used as primary standard.
22. Hydrated Na2CO3 can be used as primary standard.
23. Potassium hydroxide can be used as primary standard.
24. Sodium hydroxide can be used as primary standard.
25. The preparation of standard H2SO4 solution can be done directly.
26. The preparation of standard H2SO4 solution cannot be done directly.
27. A standard solution is the reagent of unknown concentration.
28. A standard solution is the reagent of exactly known concentration.
29. The standard solution must react completely with unknown solution.
30. Indicators are used in all types of titration.
31. An indicator indicates the equivalence point of a titration system.
32. An indicator is required in the redox titration using KMnO4.
33. Methyl orange is red in base solution.
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

34. Methyl orange is yellow in base titration.

35. Methyl orange is yellow in acidic solution.
36. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid and red in alkali solution.
37. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid and red in neutral solution.
38. Phenolphthalein is colorless in alkali and red in acid solution.
39. A pipette is used to measure the amount of the solvent.
40. A pipette is used to measure the amount of the solution.
41. A burette is used to measure the amount of the solvent.
42. A burette is used to measure the amount of the solution.
43. A conical flask is used to measure the amount of the solvent.
44. A conical flask is used to measure the amount of the solution.
45. A solution of unknown concentration is added gradually from burette.
46. A solution of exactly concentration is added gradually from burette.
47. In a titration, a solution of unknown concentration is added gradually
from pipette.
48. In a titration, a solution of exactly known concentration is added
gradually from pipette.
49. Equivalence point and end point are similar.
50. Equivalence point and end point are identical.
51. Equivalence point is a theoretical concept.
52. End point is the practical measurement of equivalence point.
53. Equivalent point is the practical measurement of end point.
54. End point is a theoretical concept.
55. The two solutions are completely reacted at the end point.
56. 20 cm3 of 1 M H2SO4 contains 20 mmol of H2SO4.
57. 200 cm3 of 0.1 M H2SO4 contains 20 mmol of H2SO4.
58. 50 dm3 of 0.01 M HCl contains 50 mmol of HCl.
59. 500 dm3 of 0.01 M HCl contains 50 mmol of HCl.
60. Molarity of a solution does not change when a solution is diluted.
61. The amount of solvent does not change due to dilution.
62. The amount of solute does not change due to dilution.
63. When a solution is diluted, the quantity in mole of the solute changes.
64. When a solution is diluted, the concentration of the resultant solution
is directly proportional to its final volume.
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 SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

SECTION (A) Question No. 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.
1. Molarity means (moldm3, gdm3, moldm-3).
2. Molarity means (moldm-3, gdm3, mmolcm-3).
3. One cubic centimeter of a molar solution contains (1 mole, 1 mmol,
1amu).
4. Molarity is (directly proportional, inversely proportional, equivalent)
to the volume of the solution.
5. Molarity of a solution that contains 4 g NaOH in 1 dm3 is (1 M, 0.1
M, 0.01 M).
6. Molarity of a solution that contains 10 g Na2CO3 in 1 dm3 is (1 M, 0.1
M, 0.01 M).
7. A molar solution dissolves (1mole, 2mole, 1mmole) of solute in 1dm3
of solution.
8. A molar solution dissolves (1mole, 2mole, 1mmole) of solute in 1cm3
of solution.
9. A molar solution dissolves 1 mole of solute in (1cm3, 100cm3,
1000cm3) of solution.
10. A molar solution of sulphuric acid contains 98 g of pure acid in (1,
10, 100) dm3 of solution.
11. A 0.5 molar solution of sodium hydroxide contains (40 g, 20 g, 10 g)
of the solute in 1 dm3 of solution.
12. 0.1 M H2SO4 contain (98 g, 9.8 g, 0.98 g) of H2SO4 in 1 dm3 of
solution.
13. 0.1 M HCl contain (36.5 g, 3.65 g, 0.365 g) of HCl in 1 dm3 of
solution.
14. 1.0 dm3 of 0.1 M Na2CO3 solution contains (106 g, 100 g, 10.6 g) of
pure Na2CO3.
15. 1 mole is equivalent to (10, 100, 1000) millimoles.
16. One millimole corresponds to (0.1, 0.01, 0.001) mole.
17. A standard solution is the reagent of exactly known (mass, volume,
concentration).
18. A (An) (saturated, unsaturated, standard) solution is the reagent of
exactly known concentration.
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

19. Determination of concentration volumetrically by the use of a primary

standard is called (standardization, dilution, acidification).
20. For volumetric analysis, a standard solution is required as a(an) (end,
equivalence, starting) point.
21. The compound with (hydrate water, low molecular mass, high purity)
is preferable to use a primary standard.
22. A (highly purified, low purified, non-purified) chemical compound is
called a primary standard.
23. A highly purified chemical compound is called a (an) (primary
standard, indicator, standard reagent).
24. A primary standard should be (hygroscopic, low molecular mass,
stable).
25. A (hygroscopic, deliquescent, highest purity) compound is preferable
to use as a primary standard.
26. (Sodium hydroxide, Anhydrous sodium carbonate, Concentrated
sulphuric acid) can be used as primary standard.
27. (NaOH, KMnO4, Anhydrous Na2CO3) can be used as a primary
standard.
28. (Potassium hydroxide, Potassium carbonate, Potassium
permanganate) is perhaps most widely used of all standard oxidizing
agents.
29. Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb (water, oxygen, carbon
dioxide).
30. The anhydrous sodium carbonate can be used as a(an) (indicator,
catalyst, primary standard).
31. An indicator indicates the (equivalence point, end point,
stoichiometric amount of reactant).
32. In volumetric analysis, end point is detected by the change in (colour,
volume, molecular mass) of an indicator.
33. In acid-base titration, phenolphthalein shows (colourless, red, pink)
colour when the end point is reached.
34. The dye phenolphthalein is (violet, colourless, red) in alkali solution.
35. Phenolphthalein is (colourless, red, orange) with acids.
36. Methyl orange shows the yellow colour in (acid, water, alkali).
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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

37. (Methyl orange, Methyl red, Phenolphthalein) gives colourless with

acid.
38. (Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein, Litmus) is used as an indicator in
the strong acid and strong base titration.
39. Methyl orange gives (yellow, orange, red) colour with alkalis.
40. In acid-base titration, methyl orange shows (yellow, orange, red)
colour when the end point is reached.
41. Methyl orange gives (yellow, orange, red) colour in the acid.
42. A (pipette, burette, conical flask) cannot be used to measure the
amount of a solution.
43. A (burette, conical flask, pipette) is used to measure the amount of a
solution.
44. In a titration, a solution of known concentration is added gradually
from a (pipette, burette, conical flask).
45. The (amount of solute, volume, molarity) increases when evaporation
takes place.
46. The (amount of solute, amount of solvent, molarity) decreases on
dilution.
47. The amount of (solute, solvent, solution) does not change due to
dilution.
48. The (amount of solute, amount of solvent, molarity) does not change
due to dilution.
49. When a solution is diluted, the concentration (increases, decreases,
does not change).

SECTION (B) Question No. 7 (4 marks)

1. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 0.44 g of
NaOH in 100cm3 of the solution?(H=1, O=16, Na=23)
2. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by adding 100 g of pure
sodium carbonate to sufficient water to make 1.5dm3 of the
solution.(C=12, O=16, Na=23)

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

3. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by adding 10.6 g of pure

sodium carbonate to sufficient water to make 0.2 dm3 of
solution.(Na=23, C=12, O=16)
4. Calculate the molarity of 0.69 g of potassium carbonate in 100 cm3
of soluton.(K=39,C=12, O=16)
5. Calculate the molarity of 1 g of caustic potash in 1 dm3 of
solution.(K=39, O=16, H=1)
6. Calculate the molarity of 3.65 g of hydrogen chloride in 100 cm3 of
solution.(H=1, Cl=35.5)
7. How many cubic centimeters of 2 M hydrochloric acid are needed to
react with 0.18 g of magnesium?(Mg=24)
8. How many cubic centimeters of 1 M hydrochloric acid are needed to
react with 0.6 g of magnesium?(Mg=24)
9. Calculate the percent by mass of the element in each of the following
compound.
Potassium oxide(K2O), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)(K=39, O=16, N=14)
10. Calculate the percent composition of magnesium nitrate.(Mg=24,
N=14, O=16)
11. What volume of 2.0 M sulphuric acid is required to react with 5.0 g
of zinc?(Zn=65.4, Cl=35.5, O=16)
12. What volume of 1.0 M sulphuric acid is required to react with 5.0 g
of zinc?(Zn=65.4)
13. Oxidation of 2.01 g of mercury yields 2.17 g of oxide of mercury.
What is the empirical formula of this oxide?(Hg=201, O=16)
14. What volume of water is needed to dilute a 0.1 M solution to make
2dm3 of 0.025 M solution?
15. If 120 cm3 of 0.5 M sulphuric acid and 60cm3 of 0.1 M sulphuric acid
are mixed, what will be the molarity of the final solution?

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SAYA MINN THANT [B.Ed.] MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ WORKBOOK

SECTION (B) Question No. 8 (8 marks)

1. Calculate the molarity of a sodium carbonate solution prepared by
adding 50g of pure sodium carbonate and sufficient water to make 1.5
dm3 solution. 21 cm3 of this solution was needed to neutralize 24.5
cm3 of sulphuric acid. What is the concentration of sulphuric acid
solution? (C=12, O=16, S=32, H=1, Na=23)
2. Calculate the molarity of a sodium carbonate solution prepared by
adding 100 g of pure sodium carbonate and sufficient water to make
1.5 dm3 solution. 25 cm3 of this solution was needed to neutralize
24cm3 of sulphuric acid. What is the concentration of sulphuric acid
solution? (C=12, O=16, S=32, H=1, Na=23)
3. 30 cm3 of a potassium carbonate solution required 27.6 cm3 of 0.6 M
hydrochloric acid solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of
potassium carbonate solution and convert the concentration into
g dm-3. (C=12, O=16, K=39)
4. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 25.5 cm3 of 0.5M
hydrochloric acid solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of
sodium carbonate solution and convert the concentration into
gdm-3. (C=12, O=16,Na=23)
5. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 27.5 cm3 of 0.5M
hydrochloric acid solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of
sodium carbonate solution and convert the concentration into
gdm-3. (C=12, O=16,Na=23)
6. 25 cm3 of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution required 20 cm3 of
sulphuric acid solution. Calculate the molar concentration of
sulphuric acid. What volume of water should be added to 20 cm3 of
the sulphuric acid so that the concentration becomes exactly 0.1 M.
7. 25 cm3 of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution required 22 cm3 of
sulphuric acid solution. Calculate the molar concentration of
sulphuric acid. What volume of water should be added to 22 cm3 of
the sulphuric acid so that the concentration becomes exactly 0.1 M.

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8. 28 cm3 of 0.15 M sodium carbonate solution required 24 cm3 of

hydrochloric acid to neutralize it. Calculate the molar concentration
of hydrochloric acid. What volume of water should be added to 24
cm3 of the hydrochloric acid so that the concentration becomes
exactly 0.2 M.
9. 0.24 g of magnesium was dissolved in 25 cm3 of 1.5 M hydrochloric
acid. How many cubic centimeter of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide
solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess acid? (Mg=24)
10. 0.48 g of magnesium was dissolved in 50 cm3 of 1M hydrochloric
acid. How many cubic centimeter of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide
solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess acid?(Mg=24)
11. 0.24 g of magnesium was dissolved in 50 cm3 of 1M hydrochloric
acid. How many cubic centimeter of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide
solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess acid? (Mg=24,
H=1, Cl=35.5, K=39, O=16)
12. 100 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1 dm3 with
distilled water. 29 cm3 of this diluted acid were needed to neutralize
25 cm3 of 0.05 M sodium carbonate solution. What is the
concentration in g dm-3 of the original acid?
13. 125 cm3 of hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1.5 dm3 with distilled
water. 20 cm3 of this diluted acid were needed to neutralize 25 cm3 of
0.5 M sodium carbonate solution. What is the concentration in g dm-
3
of the original acid?(H=1, Cl=35.5, Na=23, C=12, O=16)
14. 100 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1 dm3 with
distilled water. 26 cm3 of this diluted acid were needed to neutralize
25 cm3 of 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution. What is the concentration
in g dm-3 of the original acid?(H=1,Cl=35.5, Na=23, C=12, O=16)
15. How many cubic centimeters of 1M hydrochloric acid must be diluted
with water to make 1.5 dm3 of 0.25 M solution? If 25 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide neutralizes 22 cm3 of this diluted solution, what is the
molarity of sodium hydroxide solution?

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16. How many cubic centimeters of 0.1M hydrochloric acid must be

diluted with water to make 2 dm3 of 0.025 M solution? If 25 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide neutralizes 22 cm3 of this diluted solution, what is
the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution?(H=1, O=16, Na=23,
Cl=35.5)
17. How many cubic centimeters of 1M hydrochloric acid must be diluted
with water to make 2 dm3 of 0.25 M solution? If 25 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide neutralizes 22 cm3 of this diluted solution, calculate the
concentration of the sodium hydroxide in (i)Molarity
(ii)gdm-3.(Na=23,O=16,H=1)
18. Vinegar contains the organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid)
HC2H3O2. When 6 g of vinegar was titrated with 0.105 M sodium
hydroxide, 43 cm3 of this base had to be added to reach the
equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in
this sample of vinegar? (C=12, H=1, O=16)
19. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HC2H3O2 is the main constituent of
vinegar solution. When 10 g of vinegar was titrated with 0.10M
sodium hydroxide, 60 cm3 of this base had to be added to reach the
equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in
this sample vinegar solution?(C=12, O=16, H=1)
20. An organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid), HC2H3O2 is the main
constituent of vinegar solution. When 8 g of vinegar was titrated with
0.10 M sodium hydroxide, 60cm3 of this base had to be added to reach
the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid
in this sample of vinegar solution?(H=1, C=12, O=16)
21. 5 g of mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made
up to 500 cm3 of solution. 25 cm3 of this solution required 18 cm3 of
0.1 M sulphuric acid for neutralization. Calculate the percentage by
mass of sodium chloride in mixture.
22. 4 g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sand is treated with an
excess of dilute hydrochloric acid and 0.22 g of carbon dioxide is

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produced. What are the percentages of sodium carbonate and sand in

the original mixture? (Na=23, C=12, O=16)
23. 6 g of a mixture of calcium carbonate and sand are treated with an
excess of dilute hydrochloric acid, and 0.924 g of carbon dioxide is
produced. What are the percentages of calcium carbonate and sand in
the original mixture? (Ca=40, C=12, O=16)
24. 5 g of calcium carbonate and sand is treated with an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid, and 0.88 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What are
the percentage of calcium carbonate and sand in the original
mixture?(Ca=40, C=12, O=16)
25. 5 g of a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium sulphate
decahydrate on heating to constant mass produces 3.2 g of anhydrous
salt. What percentages of anhydrous and hydrated salt are presented
in the mixture. (Na=23, S=32, O=16, H=1)
26. 6 g of a mixture of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate and copper(II)
sulphate pentahydrate on heating to constant mass produces 4.2 g of
anhydrous salt. What percentages of anhydrous and hydrated salt are
present in the mixture?(H=1, O=16,Cu=63.5, S=32)
27. 6.5 g of a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium sulphate
decahydrate on heating to constant mass produces 4.34 g of
anhydrous and hydrated salt are present in the mixture?(H=1, Na=23,
S=32, O=16)
28. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated in mixing 5 dm3
of sulphur dioxide with 15 dm3 of hydrogen sulphide if both gases
were originally at 250C and 750 mmHg pressure.(S=32)
29. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated on mixing 5 dm3
of sulphur dioxide with 12 dm3 of hydrogen sulphide if both gases
were originally at 250C and 756 mmHg pressure?(S=32)
30. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated on mixing 5 dm3
sulphur dioxide with 10 dm3 of hydrogen sulphide of both gases were
originally at 750 mmHg pressure and 250C.(S=32)

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31. 100 cm3 of iron (III) chloride solution is boiled and ammonium
hydroxide is added in slight excess. The reddish brown precipitate is
washed, dried and ignited. The mass of the residue obtained is 0.72 g.
How many grams of iron(III) chloride are dissolved in 1 dm3 of
solution?(Fe=56, O=16, Cl=35.5, H=1)
32. To 25 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide of unknown
concentration, 50 cm3 of a 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution was
added, and the resulting solution was titrated with standard 0.25 M
sodium hydroxide solution. 22.3 cm3 of 0.25 M sodium hydroxide
was sodium hydroxide was required for neutralization. Calculate the
original concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in g dm-3.
(Na=23, O=16, H=1)

Cations (to cathode) Anions (to anode)

K+
Ca2+
Na+
Mg2+ SO42-
Al3+ NO3-
Zn2+ Cl-
Fe2+ Br-
Sn2+ I-
Pb2+ OH-
H+
Cu2+
The ease of discharge
Ag+
increases down the arrow

Michael Faraday
(1791-1867)
English scientist
Contributor to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry
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CHAPTER(4)
ELECTROLYSIS

Electrolysis
The decomposition of a compound in solution or in molten state,
brought about by the passage of an electric current through it, is known
as electrolysis
Conductor
A substance of solid state or molten state which conducts or allows
the passage of electricity is called a conductor.
Insulator
A solid substance that cannot conduct or allow the passage of
electricity is called an insulator or non-conductor.
Electrolyte
A substance other than metals in the molten state or solution in
water which allows the passage of electricity is called electrolyte.
Non-electrolyte
A substance of molten state or solution in water which does not
conduct electricity is called non-electrolyte.
Cation
Cation is a positively charged particle produced by the removal of
an electron or electrons from a neutral atom.
Anion
Anion is a negatively charged particle produced by the addition of
an electron or electrons to a neutral atom.
Cathode
Cathode is a negative electrode. It donates the electrons to a cation
during electrolysis.
Anode
Anode is a positive electrode. It accepts the electrons from an anion
during electrolysis.

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One Faraday
The quantity of electricity to liberate one mole of univalent element
is one Faraday and it is equivalent to 96500 C.
Arrhenius Ionic Theory
(i) Electrolytes contain electrically charged particles called ions.
(ii) Electrolytes can conduct electricity due to the movement of ions.
(iii) Non-electrolytes do not contain ions so they cannot conduct
electricity.
Faraday’s first law of electrolysis
The mass of element liberated is directly proportional to the quantity
of electricity passed through the solution during electrolysis.
Faraday’s second law of electrolysis
When the same quantity of electricity is passed through the solutions
of different electrolytes, the relative number of moles of the elements
deposited are inversely proportional to the charge on the ions of each of
elements respectively,

SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.

1. Metals are good conductors.

2. Metals are good insulators of electricity.
3. A metal like copper conducts electricity both in solid and liquid states.
4. In metals, the atoms are packed tightly together to form what is known
as metallic lattice.
5. The valence electrons from each atom in the lattice can move freely
through the entire lattice.
6. Metallic conductance decreases with increase in temperature.
7. Metallic conductance is inversely proportional to its temperature.
8. Conductors are usually solid.
9. A conductor contains electrically charged ions.
10. Electrical conductance of a metal is much greater than that of
electrolyte.
11. Aluminium has lower negative potential than potassium.
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12. Silver has the highest conductance among the metals.

13. Non-electrolytes are ionic compounds.
14. Electrolytes are covalent compounds.
15. Electrolytes are ionic compounds.
16. Electrolytes contain electrically charged particles.
17. Electrolytes do not contain ions and they cannot conduct electricity.
18. Electrolytes can conduct electricity due to the movement of atoms.
19. Electrolytes can conduct electricity due to the movement of ions.
20. Electrolytes can conduct electricity due to the movement of electrons.
21. Solid sodium chloride conduct electricity.
22. Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.
23. Molten sodium chloride contains Na+ and Cl- ions.
24. Aqueous solution of inorganic salts conduct electricity.
25. Aqueous solution of sugar conducts electricity.
26. Aqueous solution of urea conducts electricity.
27. Non-electrolyte is a covalent compounds.
28. Non-electrolytes contain ions.
29. A solid substance that does not conduct electricity is a non-conductor.
30. Ions are derived from atoms but differ from them by having electrical
charges.
31. Cations are reduced at the cathode.
32. Cations are reduced at the anode.
33. The positive ions are called cathode.
34. Positive ions migrate to the anode.
35. Positive ions migrate to the cathode and negative ions move to the
anode.
36. Anions are oxidized at the anode.
37. The negative ions are called anode.
38. Negative ions move to the cathode.
39. Anions are oxidized at the cathode.
40. A cathode is an electron donor.
41. Cathode reaction is an oxidation reaction.
42. K+ ions are difficult to discharge.

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43. In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, graphite is used as

anode.
44. In an electrolysis, the quantity of element discharged is directly
proportional to the quantity of electricity used.
45. Oxidation reaction takes place at the anode in an electrochemical
reaction.
46. One Faraday of electricity will liberate one mole of calcium ions.
47. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis express the qualitative analysis of
electrolysis.
48. As the concentration of ions increases, the tendency to discharge also
increases
49. The number of electrical charges on an ion is equal to the valence
corresponding atom or group of atoms.
50. A chemical cell produces electricity due to the chemical reaction.
51. A chemical cell reaction is not a redox reaction.
52. An electric current can be produced from the chemical reaction.
53. In a battery, there is a flow of electrons towards the negative terminal.
54. The greater the difference in reactivity between the two metals, the
greater the e.m.f of the cell.
55. Electrochemical series and activity series are similar but not identical.
56. Electroplating is the electrical precipitation of a metal.
57. The object must be made as cathode in the electroplating.
58. Lead is used as anode in chromium plating.
59. The quantity of electricity to liberate one mole of univalent element
is one coulomb.
60. The quantity of electricity to liberate one mole of a univalent element
is one Faraday.

SECTION (A) Question No. 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.

1. Conductors are usually (solids, liquids, gases).

2. (Non-metals, Metals, Inert gases) are good conductors of electricity.

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3. (Aqueous solution, Zinc, Plastic) is an insulator of electricity.

4. (Wood, Gold, Zinc) is an insulator.
5. Copper is good (conductor, non-conductor, insulator) of electricity.
6. A substance which conducts or allow the passage of electricity is
called (conductor, insulator, non-electrolyte).
7. Metals are good (conductors, non-conductors, insulators) of
electricity.
8. A substance in a solution that does not conduct electric current is
called a (non-conductor, non-electrolyte, insulator).
9. At room temperature, mercury is referred to as (non-conductor,
insulator, conductor).
10. Aqueous solution of (sodium chloride, sugar, urea) conducts
electricity.
11. (Mercury, Copper, Iron) is a conductor but it exists in the liquid state
at room temperature.
12. Electrolytes are (covalent, ionic, coordinate) compounds.
13. Covalent compounds are (electrolytes, non-electrolytes, ions).
14. An electrolyte contains electrically charged particles called (atoms,
ions, molecules).
15. Electrolytes can conduct electricity due to the movement of (ions,
electrons, molecules).
16. Ionic compounds are (electrolytes, non-electrolytes, molecules).
17. An electrochemical reaction is a (redox, catalytic, electron
transferring) reaction.
18. An electrolytic process involves (neutralization, redox, precipitation)
reaction.
19. A cathode is a (an) (source of electron, electron acceptor, electron
donor).
20. Cation is reduced at the (anode, cathode, electrode).
21. Negative ions migrate to the (anode, cathode, electrode).
22. Anion is oxidized at the (anode, cathode, electrode).
23. Cation is (reduced, neutralized, oxidized) at the cathode.
24. Those ions which migrate towards the negative electrodes are called
(cations, anions, ions).
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25. Anode is (source of electrons, electron acceptor, electron donor).

26. (K+, H+, Cu++) ions are difficult to discharge.
27. (K+, H+, Cu2+) ions are easier to discharge.
28. In the electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution using copper
electrodes, (copper is deposited, copper is dissolved, oxygen is
evolved) at the cathode.
29. In the electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution using copper
electrodes, copper deposited at the (anode, cathode, electrode).
30. In the electrolysis of brine using platinum electrodes, chlorine gas
liberate at the (cathode, anode, both electrodes).
31. In the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) solution using
platinum electrodes, (H2, O2, Cl2) evolves at the anode.
32. In the electrolysis of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution using
platinum electrodes, (O2, H2, Cl2) is liberated at the cathode.
33. In the electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution using platinum
electrodes, (Cl2, O2, H2) evolves at the anode.
34. In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, (graphite, platinum,
copper) is used as cathode.
35. In the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide, (graphite, platinum,
copper) is used as a cathode.
36. In silver plating (silver is deposited, silver dissolves, oxygen is
evolved) at the anode.
37. In chromium plating on a steel, object is plated first with (nickel,
silver, chromium).
38. Electroplating is the electrical (separation, neutralization,
precipitation) of one metal on another.
39. The electrical precipitation of one metal on another is known as
(electrolysis, electroplating, polarization).
40. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis express the (qualitative, quantitative,
volumetric) results of electrolysis.
41. As the concentration of an ion increases, the tendency to discharge
from the solution (decreases, increases, remains the same).
42. The passage of electricity through electrolytes is usually accompanied
by (physical changes, heat, chemical decomposition).
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43. Polarization occurs in a chemical cell due to (hydrogen bubbles,

discharge of OH- ions, disconnection of current).
44. Articles to be electroplated are connected to the (cathode, anode,
electrode).
45. More (separate, closed, adjacent) metals in the electrochemical series
produce more e.m.f in a chemical cell.
46. For a chemical cell, the grater the difference in reactivity between the
two metals the (grater, lighter, smaller) the voltage or the electro
motive force of the cell.
47. At sufficiently (high, low, medium) temperature, NaCl may be
melted.
48. (Cu, Hg, Pt) is a liquid conductor.
49. Metallic conductance decreases with increase in (pressure,
temperature, mass).
50. (Ag, Na, K) has the highest conductance among the metals.
51. At sufficient (high, low, medium) temperature, NaCl may be melted.
52. As the concentration of an ion increases, the tendency to discharge
from the solution (decreases, increases, remains the same).
53. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis express the (qualitative, quantitative,
volumetric) results of electrolysis.
54. The passage of electricity through electrolytes is usually accompanied
by (physical changes, heat, chemical decomposition).
55. More (separate, closed, adjacent) metals in the electrochemical series
produce more e.m.f in a chemical cell.
56. For a chemical cell, the greater the difference in reactivity between
the two metal, the (greater, lighter, smaller) the voltage or the electro
motive force of the cell.
57. Polarization occurs in a chemical cell due to (hydrogen bubbles,
discharge of OH- ions, disconnection of currents).
58. Articles to be electroplated are connected to the (cathode, anode,
electrode).

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SECTION (B) Question No. 6 (2 marks)

1. Write the difference between conductors and non-conductors
(insulator).
2. Write the difference between electrolytes and non-electrolytes.o
3. Identify the following substances whether it is conductor or insulator,
or electrolyte or non-electrolyte.
4. What are the factors affecting the electrolysis products?
5. Draw the diagram of electron flow and current flow for the
conduction in metal wire.
6. Write down the electrochemical series.
7. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
molten (fused) sodium chloride using platinum electrodes.
8. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
molten (fused) potassium iodide.
9. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
molten (fused) lead (II) bromide.
10. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
aqueous sodium chloride solution using platinum electrodes.
11. What is the net result for the electrolysis of aqueous copper (II)
sulphate solution using platinum electrodes?
12. What is the net result for the electrolysis of aqueous copper (II)
sulphate solution using copper electrodes?
13. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution using platinum electrodes?
14. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
dilute sulphuric acid solution using platinum electrodes?
15. Write down the electrode reactions at the cathode and anode for the
electrolysis of aqueous solution of alkali using Pt electrodes?
16. Write down the electrode reactions at the cathode and anode for the
electrolysis of aqueous solution of acid using Pt electrodes?
17. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for the electrolysis of
silver nitrate solution using platinum electrodes?
18. Give the cathode and anode reaction for the electrolysis of sodium
sulphate solution using platinum electrodes.
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19. Name the main anode and cathode products during the electrolysis of
aqueous solution of alkali using Pt electodes.
20. Write down the reactions at the anode and cathode for silver plating.
21. Name the solution which is used in silver plating. Write down the
cathode reaction for silver plating.
22. Write down the equation for ionization of potassium argentocyanide
KAg(CN)2 solution and the reaction at the cathode for silver plating.
23. Write down the cathode and anode reactions for chromium plating.
24. Give the name of cathode and anode in chromium plating and write
down the cathode reaction of it.
25. Why is steel object plated first with nickel or copper in chromium
plating?
26. Write down the reactions at the zinc and copper plate in a chemical
cell using dilute suphuric acid.
27. What mass of copper will be deposited during electrolysis by one
Faraday?
28. Draw the diagrams of electron flow and current flow for the
conduction in metal wire.
29. Distinguish between conductor and insulator.

SECTION (B) Question No. 7 (4 marks)

1. Who put forward the ionic theory about the year 1880?
2. Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by passing a steady
current of 0.1 A for one hour through an excess of AgNO3 solution.
(Ag=108, 1 F=96500 C)
3. Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by passing a steady
current of 0.8 A for two hours through an excess of silver nitrate
solution.(Ag=108, 1F=96500C)
4. Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by passing a steady
current of 0.45 A for one hour through an excess of silver nitrate
solution.(Ag=108, 1F=96500C)
5. A steady current of 0.5 A was switched on and allowed to flow for
one hour through a dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the volume of
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hydrogen which would be liberated at STP during the electrolysis.

(1F=96500 C, H=1)
6. A steady current of 0.5 A was switched on and allowed to flow for 15
minutes through a dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the volume of
hydrogen which would be liberated at STP during the electrolysis.
(1F=96500 C, H=1)
7. A steady current of 0.5 A was switched on and allowed to flow for 20
minutes through a dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the volume of
hydrogen which would be liberated at STP during the electrolysis.
(1F=96500 C, H=1)
8. What mass of copper and silver will be liberated during electrolysis
by a charge of one Faraday? (1 F=96500 C, Cu=63, Ag=108)
9. What mass of aluminium and silver will be liberated during
electrolysis by a charge of three Faraday?
10. What mass of aluminium and silver will be liberated using
electrolysis by a charge of one Faraday?
11.What mass of aluminium and copper will be liberated during
electrolysis by 19300 C? (Al=27, Cu=63, 1F=96500 C)
12. On passing a steady current of 0.75 A for 26 minutes through a metal
(II) sulphate solution, 0.458 g of metal is deposited. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of that metal. (one Faraday=96500 C)
13. On passing a steady current of 0.21 A for 45 minutes through a copper
(II) sulphate solution, 0.187 g of copper is deposited. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of copper.(1 F=96500C)
14. On passing a steady current of 0.85 A for 30 minutes through a metal
(II) sulphate solution. 0.458 g of metal is deposited. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of that metal.(1 F= 96500C)
15. What will be the quantity of electricity required for the deposition of
1.8 g of silver on the cathode? (1F=96500 C, Ag=108)
16. What will be the quantity of electricity required for the deposition of
5.4 g of silver on the cathode?(1F=96500C, Ag= 108)
17. What will be the quantity of electricity required for the deposition of
2.7 g of silver on the cathode?(1F=96500C, Ag=108)

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18. Calculate the time required to discharge 0.523g of copper by passing

a current of 0.3 A through an excess of copper (II) sulphate solution.
(Cu=63.54, one Faraday=96500 C)
19. Calculate the time required to discharge 0.4029 g of silver on passing
a steady current of 1 A through an excess of silver nitrate
solution.(Ag=108, One Faraday= 96500C)
20. Calculate the time required to discharge 0.835 g of copper by passing
a current of 0.3 A through an excess of copper (II) sulphate
solution.(Cu=63.54, 1F=96500C)
21. An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of silver nitrate
and copper (II) sulphate in series. If 4.5g of silver is deposited at the
cathode of the first cell, calculate the mass of copper deposited in the
second cell.(Ag=108, Cu=63,1F=96500C)
22. An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of silver nitrate
and copper (II) sulphate in series. If 0.5 g of silver were deposited at
the cathode of the first cell, calculate the mass of copper deposited in
the second cell.(Ag=108, Cu=63, 1F=96500C)
23. An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of silver nitrate
and copper (II) sulphate in series. If 5.4 g of silver is deposited at the
cathode of the first cell, calculate the mass of copper deposited in the
second cell.(Ag=108, Cu=63)
24. An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of silver nitrate
and copper (II) sulphate in series. If 0.7g of silver is deposited at the
cathode of the first cell, calculate the volume of hydrogen liberated at
350C and 760 mmHg in the second cell.(Ag= 108, H=1)
25. An electric current is passed in turn through solutions of silver nitrate
and dilute sulphuric acid in series. If 1.2 g of silver were deposited at
the cathode of the first cell, calculate the volume of hydrogen
liberated at STP in the second cell.(Ag=108, H=1)
26. An electric is passed in turn through solutions of silver nitrate and
dilute sulphuric acid in series. If 0.3 g of silver were deposited at the
cathode of the first cell, calculate the volume of hydrogen liberated at
STP in the second cell.(Ag=108, H=1)

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CHAPTER(5)
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

Oxidation in terms of oxygen

Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance.
Reduction in terms of oxygen
Reduction is the removal of oxygen from a substance.
Oxidation in terms of hydrogen
Oxidation is the removal of hydrogen from a substance.
Reduction in terms of hydrogen
Reduction is the addition of hydrogen to a substance.
Oxidation in terms of electronegative elements
Oxidation is the addition of electronegative element to a substance.
Reduction in terms of electronegative elements
Reduction is the removal of electronegative element from a
substance.
Oxidation in terms of electropositive elements
Oxidation is the removal of electropositive element from a
substance.
Reduction in terms of electropositive elements
Reduction is the addition of electropositive element to a substance.
Oxidation in terms of electron transfer
Oxidation is the loss of electrons from an element or compound or
ion.
Reduction in terms of electron transfer
Reduction is the gain of electrons by an element or compound or ion.
Oxidation in terms of oxidation number
An element that increases in oxidation number is said to be oxidized.
Reduction in terms of oxidation number
An element that decreases in oxidation number is said to be reduced.

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Redox reaction
Reactions in which one reactant is oxidized while other is reduced
are called redox reactions.
Oxidizing agent
An oxidizing agent causes the oxidation of another species and it in
turn is reduced. It is an acceptor of electrons. (eg, H2SO4, HNO3, KMnO4,
K2Cr2O7, CuO, O2, Cl2, non-metals)
Reducing agent
A reducing agent causes the reduction of another species and it in
turn is oxidized. It is a donor of electrons. (eg, Coke or carbon, CO,
Na2SO3, SO2, H2S, H2, metals)

SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. Oxidation number of element in pure form is zero.
2. Oxidation number of element in pure form is one.
3. Oxidation number of halogen in halides is 1.
4. Oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is taken to be 1.
5. Oxidation number of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is -1.
6. Oxidation number of oxygen in peroxides is -2.
7. Oxidation number of oxygen in ozone is -2.
8. Oxidation number of oxygen in BaO2 is -1.
9. Oxidation number of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide is one.
10. Oxidation number of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide is +1.
11. Oxidation number of carbon in carbon dioxide is four.
12. Oxidation number of carbon in carbon dioxide is two.
13. Oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid is three.
14. Oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid is 5.
15. Oxidation number of nitrogen in ammonia is +3.
16. Oxidation number of iron in FeCl3 is 2.
17. Oxidation number of Al in Al3+ is +3.
18. Oxidation number of S in SO3 is -6.
19. Oxidation number of Cl in Cr(ClO4)3 is -1.
20. Oxidation number of P in P4O10 is +5.
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21. The oxidation number of copper in copper (II) ion is +2.

22. All elements in their free state have oxidation number of zero.
23. In a simple ion, the oxidation number is the same as the charge on the
ion.
24. The alkali metals always exhibit an oxidation number of 1 in their
compounds.
25. The alkaline earth metals always exhibit an oxidation number of +1
in their compounds.
26. The sum of oxidation number in NaCl must be zero.
27. The sum of oxidation number in MnO4- must be zero.
28. The sum of oxidation number in MnO4- must be -1.
29. The sum of oxidation number in KNO3 must be -1.
30. The sum of oxidation number in MgCl2 must be zero.
31. Oxidation is defined as the removal of oxygen from a substance.
32. Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance.
33. Oxidation is the gain of electron by a substance.
34. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance.
35. Any element which decreases in oxidation number is said to be
oxidized.
36. Any element which increases in oxidation number is said to be
oxidized.
37. The addition of electronegative element to a substance is called
oxidation.
38. The removal of an electronegative element from a substance is
oxidation.
39. Oxygen oxidizes most metals and non-metals to their oxides.
40. Reduction is the loss of electron by a substance.
41. Reduction is the gain of electrons.
42. Reduction is the addition of electronegative elements to a substance.
43. Reduction is the loss of electrons by an element, compound or ion.
44. Reduction brings about a decrease in oxidation number.
45. Any element which increases in oxidation number is said to be
reduced.
46. The discharge of positive ions at a cathode is a reduction.
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47. Cation is reduced at the anode.

48. Anions are oxidized at the cathode.
49. Oxidation reaction takes place at the anode in an electrochemical
reaction.
50. Every oxidizing must be accompanied by a corresponding reduction.
51. Electrochemical reaction is a redox reaction.
52. Electrolytic process involves redox reaction.
53. In the electrolytic process, reduction always occurs at the cathode.
54. A chemical cell reaction is a redox reaction.
55. Chlorine oxidizes heated iron to iron (III) chloride.
56. FeCl2 has been oxidized to FeCl3.
57. An oxidizing agent is a donor of electrons.
58. An oxidizing agent is an acceptor of electrons.
59. The number of electrons donated by the reducing agent cannot be
equal to the number of electrons accepted by the oxidizing agent.
60. A reducing agent is a donor of electrons.
61. A reducing agent is an acceptor of electrons.
62. Electropositive elements may be reducing agents.
63. An redox reaction involves the transfer of electron from the reducing
agent to the oxidizing agent.
64. Electrons are transferred from an oxidizing agent to a reducing agent.
65. A cathode is a source of electrons.
66. An anode is a source of electrons.
67. Non-metallic elements tend to donate electrons.
68. Metallic elements tend to attract electrons.
69. Non-metallic elements tend to give up electrons.
70. A common laboratory reducing agent is concentrated sulphuric acid.
__________________________________________________________
SECTION (A) Question No. 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE
Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.
1. Oxidation number of element in pure form is (+1, 0, -1).
2. All elements in the free state have an oxidation number of (+1, 0, -1).
3. Oxidation number of metals in pure form is (+1, 0, -1).
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4. Oxidation number of ozone gas is taken to be (+2, -2, 0).

5. Oxidation number of sodium in its compound is (1, 0, +1).
6. The alkali metals always exhibit an oxidation number of (+1, -1, +2).
7. Oxidation number of potassium in its compounds is (+1, +2, +3).
8. Oxidation number of magnesium in its compounds is (2, 0, +2).
9. Oxidation number of sulphur in H2SO3 is (+6, +4, -2).
10. Oxidation number of sulphur in H2SO4 is (+6, +4, -2).
11. Oxidation number of sulphur in H2S is (+2, -2, +4).
12. Oxidation number of sulphur in SO42- is (+6, +4, -2).
13. Oxidation number of sulphur in Cr2(SO4)3 is (+3, +6, -6).
14. Oxidation number of nitrogen in ammonia is (+3, -3, +2).
15. Oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid is (+5, +3, +1).
16. Oxidation number of hydrogen in sodium hydride is (+1, +2, -1).
17. Oxidation number of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide is (-1, +1, 1).
18. Oxidation number of ionic hydride is taken to be (+1, 0, -1).
19. Oxidation number of oxygen in H2SO4 is (-1, 0, -2).
20. Oxidation number of oxygen in O2 gas is taken to be (+2, -2, 0).
21. Oxidation number of carbon in carbon dioxide is (0, +2, +4).
22. Oxidation number of Mn in MnO4- is (+4, +5, +7).
23. Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is (+4, +5, +7).
24. Oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72- is (+4, +6, -6).
25. Oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is (+2, +3, +6).
26. Oxidation number of Cl in NaClO3 is (+1, +5, +7).
27. Oxidation number of Cl in NaClO is (-1, +1, +5).
28. Oxidation number of Cl in Cr(ClO4)3 is (-1, +5, +7).
29. Chlorine has oxidation number +5 in (NaClO, KClO3, Cr(ClO4)3).
30. Oxidation number of (chlorine, sodium, oxygen) in NaClO3 is +5.
31. Oxidation is the (gain, loss, acceptor) of electrons.
32. Oxidation brings about an (increase, decrease, constant) in oxidation
number.
33. Oxidation is the removal of (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen) from a
substance.
34. Oxidation can be defined as the addition of (an electropositive
element, hydrogen, oxygen) to a substance.
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35. (Reduction, Oxidation, Neutralization) is the loss of electrons.

36. Reduction is the (gain, loss, acceptor) of electrons.
37. Reduction is the addition of (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) to a
substance.
38. Reduction is the removal of (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen).
39. Reduction is the (gain, loss, donor) of electrons.
40. When the oxidation number of an element is (decreased, increased,
unchanged), it is said to be reduced.
41. (Reduction, Oxidation, Neutralization) is the gain of electrons.
42. Cation is reduced at the (anode, cathode, electrode).
43. Anion is oxidized at the (anode, cathode, electrode).
44. Cation is (reduced, oxidized, neutralized) at the cathode.
45. In the reaction H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S, H2S is (oxidized, reduced,
neither oxidized nor reduced).
46. In the reaction 2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3S, (H2S, SO2, none) is
oxidized.
47. In the reaction Fe (s) + Cl2 (g) → FeCl2 (s), Fe is a[an] (oxidizing
agent, reducing agent, neither oxidizing agent nor reducing agent).
48. A chemical cell reaction is a[an] (redox, catalytic, electron donating)
reaction.
49. Electrolytic process involves (oxidation, reduction, redox) reaction.
50. An electrochemical reaction is a[an] (redox, catalytic, electron
transferring) reaction.
51. An oxidizing agent is a[an] (source of electron, electron acceptor,
electron donor).
52. An oxidizing agent is a[an] (loss, acceptor, donor) of electrons.
53. A common laboratory oxidizing agent is (CuO, CO, KMnO4).
54. An anode is a[an] (source of electrons, electron acceptor, electron
donor).
55. A cathode is (source of electrons, electron acceptor, electron donor).
56. Chlorine acts as the (reducing agent, oxidizing agent, electron donor).
81. (Oxygen, Electronegative element, Electronegative element) may be
reducing agents.

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SECTION (B) Question No. 6 (2 marks)

1. What is the oxidation number for the underlined elements in each of

the following substances?
KClO3, S2O52-, FeCl3, Cr2O72-, NaClO4, KClO4, N2O5,
KHSO4, NaHCO3, Cr2O3, NaHSO4, H2S, PCl3, N2O,
HClO4, KClO3, FeCl3, Na2O, H2SO4, Na2S2O3, CO32-,
Cl2O7, IF7, PCl5, P2O5, PO43-, PCl3, NO3-, HNO3, Cl2O,
KMnO4, FeCl3
2. Select the oxidizing agents and reducing agents from the following
list.
(a) Carbon, potassium, permanganate, chlorine, hydrogen sulphide
(b) Sodium sulphite, copper (II) oxide, potassium dichromate,
sulphur dioxide
(c) O2, H2S, CO, Cl2
3. (i) Does the following reaction represent oxidation-reduction
reaction?
(ii) State which one is oxidized and which one is reduced. Give
reason for your answer.
(iii) Identify the oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Give
reason.
(a) Fe3+ + Al → Fe + Al3+
(b) 3H2O2 + Cr2O72- + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3O2 + 7H2O
4. Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent from the following
reactions.
(i) Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
(ii) 2Br- + Cl2 → Br2 + 2Cl-
(iii) 2KI + Cl2 → 2KCl + I2
(iv) PbO + C → Pb + CO
(v) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
(vi) H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S
(vii) H2S + Br2 → 2HBr + S
(viii) 2H2O + 2Br2 → 4HBr + O2

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(ix) 2H2O + 2Cl2 → 4HCl + O2

(x) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(xi) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
(xii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
(xiii) Cu + CuCl2 → 2CuCl
(xiv) Br2 + H2 → 2HBr
(xv) Fe + Cl2 → FeCl2
(xvi) 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
(xvii) 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3
(xviii) H2SO4 + 8HI → H2S + 4H2O + 4I2
(xix) H2SO3 + HNO3 → H2SO4 + NO + H2O
(xx) H2O2 + 2HCl + 2KI → 2KCl + I2 + 2H2O
(xxi) SO2 + H2O + NaClO → NaCl + H2SO4
(xxii) SO2 + I2 + 2H2O → H2SO4 + 2HI
5. Which of the following reactions represent oxidation-reduction
reaction? Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in your selected
reaction.
Ca + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2
CaO + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O
6. Write down the oxidation number of the underlined atoms and from
the corresponding loss and gain of electrons. Find the required mole
ration of HI/HNO3.
HI + HNO3 → I2 + NO + H2O
_________________________________________________________
SECTION (B) Question No. 7 (4 marks)
Balance the following redox reactions using either oxidation number
method or ion-electron (half-reaction) method.
Simple equations
1. Cu 2+ + I- → CuI + I2
2. Fe3+ + Al → Fe + Al3+
3. Fe2+ + Cl2 → Fe3+ + Cl_
4. S2- + Cl2 → S + Cl-
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5. ZnO + Cu → Zn + CuO
6. ZnO + C → Zn + CO
More complex equations
7. MnO2 + HCl → MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
8. H2SO4 + C → CO2 + SO2 + H2O
9. H2SO3 + HNO3 → H2SO4 + H2O + NO
10. H2SO4 + HI → I2 + H2S + H2O
11. H2O + Cl2 → HCl + O2
12. SO2 + H2O + NaClO → NaCl + H2SO4
13. CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
14. Fe2O3 + CO → Fe + CO2
Equations including peroxides
15. H2O2 + H+ + I- → H2O + I2
16. KI + HCl + H2O2 → I2 + KCl + H2O
Most complex equations
17. H2S + KMnO4 + H2SO4 → MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O + S
18. Cr2O72- + I- + H+ → Cr3+ + I2 + H2O
19. H2O2 + Cr2O72- + H+ → 2Cr3+ + O2 + H2O
20. K2Cr2O7 + HI + HClO4 → KClO4 + Cr(ClO4)3 + I2 + H2O
21. Cr2O72- + H+ + SO2 → Cr3+ + SO42- + H2O
22. K2Cr2O7+H2SO4+FeSO4 → Cr2(SO4)3+Fe2(SO4)3+K2SO4+H2O
23. Cr2O72- + SO2 + H+ → Cr2+ + SO42- + H2O
Equations needed to break apart
24. Mg + O2 → MgO
25. Fe + Cl2 → FeCl3
26. Br2 + H2 → HBr
27. FeCl2 + Cl2 → FeCl3
Equations without O on the right side
28. MnO4- + S2- → Mn2+ + S

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More practice questions

29. MnO4- + NO2 + H2O → MnO2 + NO3 + OH
30. MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O
31. Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + NO
32. Cl2 + NaOH → NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O
33. H2SO4 + C → CO2 + SO2 + H2O
34. H+ + NO3- + Fe2+ → NO2 + Fe3+ + H2O
35. SO2 + Br2 + H2O → H2SO4 + HBr
36. BrO3- + I- + H+ → Br- + I2 + H2O
37. H2S + Cl2 → HCl + S
38. P4 + HNO3 → H3PO4 + NO2 + H2O

Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier

(1743-1794)
French nobleman and chemist
Showed that loss of weight
in the reduction process of metal ores to metal

Joseph Priestley
(1733-1804)
English separatist theologian, natural philosopher, chemist
Discovered oxygen which is an important step
in the understanding of redox reactions

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CHAPTER(6)
RATES OF REACTIONS AND
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

Reactant
The substances used up in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Product
The substances formed in a chemical reaction are called products.
Forward reaction
The reaction directed to form the products is called the forward
reaction.
Reverse reaction
The reaction directed to reform the reactants is called the reverse
reaction.
Reversible reaction
Some chemical reactions can proceed on both forward and reverse
directions at a certain condition. These types of reactions are called
reversible reactions.
Collision Theory
The more frequent the contact between the reacting species, the
greater can be the rate of reaction.
Rate of reaction
The amount of reactant used up or product formed per unit time is
called the rate of reaction.
Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of chemical reaction but
chemically remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Positive catalyst
A catalyst that increases the rate of reaction is called a positive
catalyst.

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Negative catalyst (or) Inhibitor

A catalyst that decreases the rate of reaction is called a negative
catalyst.
Enzyme
Catalysts found in living tissues are called enzymes.
Photochemical reaction
A photochemical reaction is a reaction which takes place only when
the reactant molecules absorb the light radiation (hv).
Activated complex (or) Transition state
An intermediate state (also known as transition state) is a species of
high energy and highly unstable which changes into products or
reactants depending on a change happening.
Activation energy
The minimum energy required to form an activation complex is
called activation energy.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
When any one of the factors affecting the equilibrium of a chemical
system such as temperature, pressure or concentration is changed, the
system reacts in such a way to nullify the effect of the change.

SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. The substance used in chemical reactions are called products.
2. Chemical reactions depend upon collisions between the reacting
particles.
3. Every collision leads to the chemical reaction.
4. The more frequent the contact between the reacting species, the
greater can be the rate of reaction.
5. Chemical reactions occur only when collisions involve more than a
certain amount of energy.
6. An activated complex is a stable intermediate.
7. An activated complex has the high energy.

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8. The maximum energy required to form activated complex is called

activation energy.
9. Reactions can proceed at different rates.
10. The rate of reaction means the change in concentration of reactants or
products per unit time.
11. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the time.
12. Reaction proceeds faster at the higher temperatures than at lower
ones.
13. The rate of reaction becomes double when the temperature is
increased by ten degree.
14. An increase in temperature would favour exothermic reaction.
15. A change in pressure causes a change in the temperature of reacting
gases.
16. The effect of changing the pressure on reactions just involving liquids
is negligible.
17. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the
reactants.
18. If concentration of reactants is increased, the reaction time increases.
19. As the concentration of reactants is increased, the reaction time
decreases.
20. As the concentration of the reactants is increased, the rate of reaction
increases.
21. More amount of product would be obtained by using a proper catalyst.
22. Catalysts are not consumed by the chemical reactions.
23. A catalyst alters the rate of reactions.
24. Catalysts are widely used in the chemical industry and in chemical
research.
25. A small quantity of catalyst is sufficient to catalyse the reaction of a
large quantity of reactants.
26. A large quantity of catalyst is sufficient to catalyse the reaction of a
large quantity of reactants.
27. A catalyst speeds up the forward reaction and slows down the reverse
reaction.

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28. A catalyst which decreases the rate of reaction is called a positive

catalyst.
29. The negative catalyst is occasionally used to suppress an unwanted
reaction.
30. A positive catalyst decreases the rate of reaction.
31. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as an inhibitor.
32. A negative catalyst is an inhibitor.
33. An inhibitor increases the rate of reaction.
34. An inhibitor is used to initiate an unwanted reaction.
35. Enzyme is a biocatalyst.
36. A very large number of catalysts called enzymes are found in living
tissues.
37. Catalysts found in living cells are known as enzymes.
38. An enzyme is a positive catalyst.
39. Enzyme is inhibitor.
40. Ptyalin is a digestive enzyme in gastric juice.
41. Ptyalin is used as a catalyst to break down a large molecule of starch.
42. A large particle has the larger surface area than the smaller particles
of the same mass.
43. For the same mass of substance, the smaller particles have a larger
total surface area than larger particles.
44. A larger particle has the larger surface area.
45. The larger the surface area of the reactant, the greater will be the rate
of reaction.
46. The larger surface area of the reactant, the slower will be the rate of
reaction.
47. Powdered aluminium reacts much more readily than aluminium foil.
48. Aluminium foil reacts more readily than powdered aluminium.
49. Powdered lead reacts more slowly than lead plate.
50. An iron nail reacts rapidly in air as it rusts.
51. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the reverse reaction.
52. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the forward reaction.
53. A reversible reaction is a one way process.
54. Reversible reactions can proceed in the forward direction only.
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55. No net change in concentration of reactants and products are observed

at equilibrium.
56. A chemical equilibrium is said to be a dynamic state.
57. The reaction is completely stopped at the equilibrium.
58. At the equilibrium, the reactions are still proceeding with equal rates
on both sides.
59. At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions are stopped.
61. The composition of equilibrium mixture does not change by the
catalyst.

SECTION (A) Question No. 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc., given in the brackets.

1. Collision theory states that the more frequent the contact between
reacting species, the (smaller, greater, same) can be the rate of
reaction.
2. (Every collision, Collision with enough energy, Collision with low
energy) leads to chemical ra
3. An activated complex is (stable, unstable, less energetic)
intermediate.
4. An activated complex is (stable, low energetic, high energetic)
intermediate.
5. The (maximum, minimum, maximum or minimum) energy required
to for the activated complex is called activation energy.
6. The rate of chemical reaction means (the product of the reaction, the
amount of the product which occur in unit time, the type of reaction
that takes place).
7. The unit used for rate of reaction is (moldm-3sec-1, dm3mol-1sec-1,
moldm3sec-1).
d[A] d[A] A
8. The rate of formation of A is denoted by (- , , ).
dt dt dt
d [ C ] d [ C] C
9. The rate of decomposition of C is denoted by (- , , dt).
dt dt

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10. The rate of reaction is (inversely proportional, directly proportional,

equal) to the concentration of the reactants.
11. The rate of reaction is (inversely proportional, directly proportional,
equal) to the time taken.
12. Roughly, the rate of reaction becomes double when the temperature
is raised by (five, ten, twenty) degrees.
13. Effect of pressure on (solids, liquids, gases) are negligible.
14. The effect of changing the pressure on reactions just involving liquid
or solid is (very large, negligible, significant).
15. The rate of reaction depends on (catalyst, potential, electricity).
16. A catalyst changes (the rate of reaction, concentration of products,
frequents of collisions).
17. A catalyst that usually increases the rate of reaction is called a
(positive, negative, neutral catalyst).
18. A (catalyst, substance, particle) alters the rate of reaction.
19. A catalyst changes (frequents of collisions, concentration of product,
the rate of reaction).
20. A (positive catalyst, negative catalyst, neutral catalyst) or an inhibitor
decreases the rate of reaction.
21. A negative catalyst is a[an] (biocatalyst, inhibitor, intermediate).
22. An inhibitor (decreases, increases, does not change) the rate of
reaction.
23. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as
(biocatalyst, negative catalyst, positive catalyst).
24. A negative catalyst is a substance which (stops, increases, decreases)
the rate of reaction.
25. A catalyst is a substance which (changes, alters, does not change) the
rate of chemical reaction.
26. In the preparation of oxygen from KClO3, (V2O5, Fe, MnO2) is used.
27. (V2O5, Fe, Zn) is used as a catalyst in the contact process for
manufacturing sulphuhr trioxide.
28. (Pt, Cu, Fe) is used as the catalyst in the Haber process of ammonia
manufacturing.
29. (Cu, MnO2, Fe) is used as a catalyst for producing of oxygen.
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30. Enzymes are (biological, chemical, physical) catalyst.

31. Enzyme is a[an] (biocatalyst, inhibitor, intermediate).
32. A catalyst found in living cells is known as (positive catalyst, negative
catalyst, enzyme).
33. A very large number of catalysts called (enzyme, light radiation, free
radicals) are found in living tissue.
34. The reactions of substances with the oxygen in air take place at
(regular, the same, different) rates.
35. Light is a source of (force, pressure, energy).
36. Light can influence the (volume, rate, pressure) of some chemical
reactions.
37. Particle size may influence the rate of reaction in the chemical
reactions involving (gas, liquid, solid).
38. Increase of (reactant particle size, reactant partial pressure,
temperature) decreases the rate of reaction.
39. The larger the surface area, the (slower, faster, same) is the rate of
reaction.
40. Powdered lead reacts more (slowly, rapidly, moderately) than lead
plate.
82. Aluminium foil reacts more (slowly, rapidly, moderately) than
powdered aluminium.

SECTION (B) Question No. 6 (2 marks)

1. Aluminium foil reacts moderately with aqueous NaOH only when
warmed but powdered aluminium of the same mass reacts rapidly in
the cold. Explain why.
2. Explain why aluminium reacts much more readily than aluminium
foil of the same mass.
3. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by making use of the equilibrium
reaction.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)
Explain why an excess of air is necessary for the manufacturing.
4. Explain why rise in temperature increases the rate of reaction.
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5. Why is chemical equilibrium referred to dynamic equilibrium?

SECTION (B) Question No. 7 (4 marks)

1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What are the factors affecting the rate of reaction.
(ii) Give four factors affecting the rate of reaction.
(iii) What are the factors affecting the chemical equilibrium.
(iv) Explain the term dynamic equilibrium.
2. What would be effect of increasing and decreasing temperature on the
following equilibria.
(i) 2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2CO2 (g) + heat
(ii) 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) + heat
(iii) 2C (s) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2CO (g) + heat
(iv) N2 (g) + O2 (g) + heat ⇌ 2NO (g)
(v) H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g) + heat
(vi) CO (g) + 2H2 (g) + heat ⇌ CH3OH (l)
(vii) 4NO (g) + 6H2O (l) + heat ⇌ 4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g)
(viii) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) + heat
(ix) 4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) ⇌ 6H2O (l) + 4NO (g) + heat
(x) NH4Cl (s) + heat ⇌ NH3 (g) + HCl (g)
(xi) 2H2O (g) + heat ⇌ 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
(xii) CaCO3 (s) + heat ⇌ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
(xiii) 2Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ⇌ 4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ∆H = +115kJ
(xiv) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇌ PCl5 (g) + 92.5 kJ
(xv) 2NOCl (g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + O2 (g) ∆H = +75kJ
(xvi) 4CuO (s) + heat ⇌ 2Cu2O (g) + O2 (g)
3. Predict the effect of increasing and decreasing pressure on the above
equilibria.
4. Using Le Chatelier’s principle, predict the effect of increasing
pressure on the following equilibria.
2NO2 (g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + O2 (g)

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5. Using Le Chatelier’s principle, predict the effect of increasing

pressure on the following equilibrium.
N2O4 (g) ⇌ 2NO2 (g)
6. How would you change the temperature and pressure on the following
equilibrium so that you could get the highest quantity of SO3 on the
right hand side?
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) + heat
7. What would be the effect of adding more Fe3+ ions and decreasing
concentration of Fe3+(aq) ions on the following equilibrium?
Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ FeSCN2+ (aq)
8. Predict the effect of increasing concentration of SCN- ions on the
following equilibrium.
Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ FeSCN2+ (aq)
9. What change will not affect the following equilibrium? Give reason
for your answer.
2NO (g) + Cl2 ⇌ 2NOCl (g)
10. In the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the following exothermic
reaction, the conditions in (i) and (ii) are necessary. Explain why each
condition is necessary.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)
(i) An excess of air (ii) a temperature of about 4500C
11. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by making use of the equilibrium
equation.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)
Heat is given out in the formation of SO3. State what effect there
would be on the equilibrium concentration of SO3 if the temperature
and pressure are increased.
12. How would you change the temperature and pressure on the following
equilibrium so that you could get the highest quality of SO3 on the
right hand side?
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) + heat

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13. How would you control the conditions such as temperature and
pressure to obtain more products?
(i) CO (g) + 2H2 (g) + heat ⇌ CH3OH (l)
14. There is an absorption of heat in the formation of methanol from H2
and CO. what will be the effect of increasing temperature and
decreasing pressure.
15. The dissociation of calcium carbonate is accompanied by the
absorption of heat. What will be the effect of increasing the
temperature and the pressure on the equilibrium.
CaCO3 (g) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
16. In the following equilibrium, how would you move to the right hand
side of the equation.
Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (l)

Henry Louis Le Chatelier

(1850-1936)
French chemist
Famous for devising Le Chatelier’s principle used by chemists
to predict the effect of changing condition has on a system
in chemical equilibrium

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CHAPTER(7)
ENERGY CHANGES
IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chemical energy
Chemical energy is a potential energy that depends upon the
structure of the substance.
Potential energy
Potential energy is an energy that depends upon the position and
structure of the substance.
Kinetic energy
The energy due to the moving body is called kinetic energy.
Thermal energy
The energy due to the temperature difference is called thermal
energy.
Electrical energy
The energy produced by a generator is called electrical energy.
Chemical energetics
The study of energy changes by the chemical reaction is called
chemical energetics.
Endothermic reaction (∆H = +)
The endothermic reaction is one which absorbs heat from the
surroundings.
Exothermic reaction (∆H = -)
An exothermic reaction is one which releases heat to the
surroundings.
Enthalpy change (∆H)
The heat change by a process occurring at constant pressure is
called enthalpy change.
Standard enthalpy change (∆H)
The heat change by a process occurring at standard conditions is
called standard enthalpy change.

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One calorie (1 cal)

The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 10C is
called one calorie. 1 cal = 4.18 J
Thermochemical equations
Chemical equations including their heat changes are called thermo-
-chemical equations.
Heat of combustion
The heat of combustion of a substance is defined as the heat change
which takes place when one mole of substance is completely burned in
oxygen.
Heat of formation of a compound
The heat of formation of a compound is defined as the heat change
when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their
standard state.
Heat of neutralization
The heat of neutralization is defined as the heat change when one
mole of H+ ions from an acid react with one mole of OH- ions from a
base.
Hess’s law of constant heat summation
The net enthalpy change of a given chemical reaction remains the
same no matter by what method the change is carried out.
Practice Equations
Write the equations for the heat of formation and heat of combustion
for the following compounds.
methane ethane Propane butane benzene
CH4 (g) C2H6 (g) C3H8 (g) C4H10 (g) C6H6 (l)
gasoline Methanol ethanol ethanal dimethyl ether
C8H18 (l) CH3OH (l) C2H5OH (l) CH3CHO (l) CH3-O-CH3 (g)
methanoic acid ethanoic acid oxalic acid sugar carbon disulphide
HCOOH (l) CH3COOH (l) C2H2O4 (s) C12H22O11 (s) CS2 (l)

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SECTION (A) Question No. 1 TRUE/FALSE

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. Electrical energy is produced from a motor.
2. Chemical energy is the energy due to the structure of a substance.
3. Potential energy is the energy due to the moving of a body.
4. Kinetic energy is the energy due to the moving of a body.
5. Kinetic energy is the energy due to the position of a body.
6. A chemical reaction is always accompanied by heat change.
7. Heat change results from different kinds of chemical reactions.
8. Standard conditions chosen for enthalpy change are 00C and 1 atm.
9. Standard conditions for enthalpy change are 0K and 1 atm.
10. Standard enthalpy change is measured at 298K and 750 mmHg.
11. Standard enthalpy change is measured at 250C and 1 atm.
12. The symbol of standard enthalpy change is ∆H.
13. The symbol of enthalpy change is ∆H.
14. The change in enthalpy of a chemical reactions is represented by ∆H.
15. ∆H is always negative for an exothermic reaction.
16. ∆H is always negative for an endothermic reaction.
17. ∆H is positive for an exothermic reaction.
18. Positive values of ∆H indicate heat gain by the system.
19. Negative values of ∆H indicate heat gain by the system.
20. Heat liberated by a chemical reaction is assigned by a positive sign.
21. Heat absorbed by a chemical reaction is assigned by a negative sign.
22. The surrounding temperature is increased by an exothermic reaction.
23. The surrounding temperature is increased by the endothermic
reaction.
24. The surrounding temperature is decreased by an exothermic reaction.
25. An endothermic reaction process increases the surrounding
temperature.
26. An endothermic process decreases the surrounding temperature.
27. Endothermic reaction releases heat to the surroundings.
28. Exothermic reaction releases heat to the surroundings.
29. Endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings.
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30. Exothermic reaction is the heat absorbing process.

31. An endothermic process may be used as a cooling system.
32. Melting of ice is a heat absorbing process.
33. Melting of ice is an endothermic process.
34. Melting of ice is an exothermic process.
35. Freezing of water is an exothermic process.
36. Combustion of fuels is exothermic.
37. Combustion of fuels is endothermic.
38. Dilution of sulphuric acid is an endothermic reaction.
39. Dilution of sulphuric acid is an exothermic reaction.
40. Dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic reaction.
41. When sulphuric acid is slowly poured into water, the flask becomes
hot.
42. When glucose is dissolved in water, the solution is cold to touch.
43. Increasing in temperature favours the exothermic reaction where heat
is evolved.
44. The heat liberated by the combustion of one mole of graphite is
greater than that of one mole of carbon monoxide.
45. The heat of combustion of a substance is always positive.
46. The heat of combustion of a substance is always negative.
47. The heat of formation of a substance is always positive.
48. The heat of formation of a compound is always negative.
49. Heat of neutralization is always denoted by a positive sign.
50. Neutralization is sometimes endothermic.
51. All heats of neutralization are found to be endothermic.
52. All heats of neutralization are found to be exothermic.
53. Heat of formation of sulphur dioxide can also be expresses as heat of
combustion of sulphur.
54. In the neutralization reaction, the heat change is due to the reaction
between one mole of acid and one mole of base.
55. When acids and bases react together in a neutralization to form a salt,
heat energy is always evolved.
56. One calorie is equivalent to 4.8 joules.
57. The relation between joule and calorie is 1J = 4.18 cal.
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58. The relation between joule and calorie is 1 cal = 4.18 kJ.
59. One calorie is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1cm3 of
water by 10C.
60. Calorie is the common unit of heat change.
61. The unit of heat change is volt.
62. The unit of heat change is joule.
65. The unit used for the heat change is Kelvin.
SECTION (A) Question No. 4 MATCHING
Match each of the items in List A and with the appropriate item given in List B.
1. List A List B
(a) ∆H (at 250C and 1 atm) (i) 4.18 Joules
(b) calorie (ii) depend upon structure
(c) electrical energy (iii) standard enthalpy change
(d) chemical energy (iv) the heat is evolved
(e) kinetic energy (v) produced by a generator
(f) heat of formation (vi) used in cooling systems
(g) exothermic process (vii) energy due to the moving
body
(h) endothermic reaction (viii)∆Hf
2. List A List B
(a) Mechanical energy (i) combustion
(b) Joule (ii) enthalpy change
(c) Thermal energy (iii) energy due to the position of the
body
(d) Burning in oxygen (iv) one mole of substance is
completely burned in oxygen
(e) Potential energy (v) due to the effect of temperature
(f) Heat of combustion (vi) produced by a motor
(g) Heat change at constant (vii) unit of heat change

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3. List A List B
(a) ∆H (i) with water
(b) 1 calorie (ii) sulphuric acid mixed with
water
(c) Cold with NH4Cl (iii) heat absorbing process
(d) Melting of ice (iv) exothermic
(e) Heat of neutralization (v) to increase 1 g of water by
10C
4. List A List B
(a) 1J (i) reaction of acid and base
(b) Heat changes (ii) heat evolving process
(c) Freezing of ice (iii) measured by bomb calorimeter
(d) neutralization (iv) endothermic
(e) heat liberated by a reaction (v) result from the different kinds of
chemical reactions
(f) heat combustion (vi) 1 volt x 1 coulomb
(g) NH4Cl dissolves in water (vii) assigned by a negative sign

5. List A List B
(a) Chemical energy (i) to increase 1g of water by 10C
(b) Heat of neutralization (ii) heat absorbing process
(c) 1 calori (iii) H+(aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)
(d) Heat of formation (iv) ∆Hf
(e) Endothermic process (v) depends upon structures

SECTION (B) Question No. 8 (8 marks)

1. Calculate the heat of formation of methane, CH4 (g), if its heat of
combustion is -780 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and H2O
(l) are -388 kJmol-1 and -360 kJmol-1, respectively.
2. Calculate the heat of formation of methane, CH4 (g), if its heat of
combustion is -885 kJmol-1. The heat of combustion of carbon and
hydrogen are -385kJmol-1 and -280kJmol-1 respectively.
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3. Calculate the heat of formation of methane, if the heat of combustion

of methane is -990kJmol-1, and the heats of formation of CO2 and H2O
are -498 kJmol-1 and -456kJmol-1 respectively.
4. Calculate the heat of combustion of propane gas C3H8 (g) if its heat
of formation is -1800 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and
H2O (l) are -390 kJmol-1 and -275 kJmol-1, respectively.
5. Calculate the heat of combustion of propane gas C3H8 (g) if its heat
of formation is -110 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and
H2O (l) are -399 kJmol-1 and -288 kJmol-1, respectively.
6. Calculate the heat of combustion of propane gas C3H8 (g) if its heat
of formation is -110 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and
H2O (l) are -393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1, respectively.
7. Calculate the heat of combustion of benzene, C6H6 (l), if its heat of
formation is +49.0 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and H2O
(l) are -393.5 kJmol-1 and -285.5 kJmol-1, respectively.
8. Calculate the heat of combustion of benzene, C6H6 (l), if its heat of
formation is +49.0 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and H2O
(l) are -393.5 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1, respectively.
9. Calculate the heat of combustion of benzene, C6H6 (l), if its heat of
formation is +49.0 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and H2O
(l) are -393.5 kJmol-1 and -285.8 kJmol-1, respectively.
10. Calculate the heat of formation of gasoline, C8H18 (g), if heat of
combustion of gasoline, carbon and hydrogen are -5434 kJmol-1, -
393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1 respectively.
11. Calculate the heat of combustion of gasoline, C8H18(l) if its heat of
formation is -285 kJmol-1 . The heat of formation of CO2(g) and
H2O(l) are -392 kJmol-1 and -283 kJmol-1, respectively.
12. Calculate the heat of formation of C2H5OH (l) if the heat of
combustion of ethanol, carbon (graphite) and hydrogen are -1500
kJmol-1, -485 kJmol-1 and -375 kJmol-1, respectively.

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13. Calculate the heat of formation of C2H5OH(l) if its heat of combustion

is -1468 kJmol-1 and the heats of formation of CO2(g) and H2O(l) are -
493 kJmol-1 and -386 kJmol-1 respectively.
14. Calculate the heat of combustion of C2H5OH(l), if its heat of
formation is -242 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2(g) and
H2O(l) are -393 kJmol-1 and -285 kJmol-1 respectively.
15. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanal, CH3CHO (l), if its heat of
combustion is -1150 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and
H2O (l) are -393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1, respectively.
16. Calculate the heat of formation of methanoic acid if its heat of
combustion is -1068 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2(g) and
H2O(l) are -393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1 respectively.
17. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (l) if its
heat of combustion is -486 kJmol-1 and heats of formation of CO2 (g)
and H2O (l) are -390 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1, respectively.
18. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (l) if its
heat of combustion is -572 kJmol-1 and heats of formation of CO2 (g)
and H2O (l) are -393 kJmol-1 and -296 kJmol-1, respectively.
19. Calculate the heat of formation of oxalic acid, C2H2O4 (s) if its heat
of combustion is -27 kJmol-1 and heats of combustion of carbon
(graphite) and hydrogen are -393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1,
respectively.
20. Calculate the heat of formation of oxalic acid, C2H2O4 (s) if its heat
of combustion is -97 kJmol-1 and heats of combustion of carbon
(graphite) and hydrogen are -399 kJmol-1 and -276 kJmol-1,
respectively.
21. Calculate the heat of formation of oxalic acid, C2H2O4 (s) if its heat
of combustion is -827 kJmol-1 and heats of combustion of carbon
(graphite) and hydrogen are -393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1,
respectively.

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22. Calculate the heat of formation of sugar, C12H22O11 (s), if its heat of
combustion is -5040 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and
H2O (l) are -393 kJmol-1 and -286 kJmol-1, respectively.
23. Calculate the heat of formation of carbon disulphide, CS2 (l) if its heat
of combustion is -1106 kJmol-1. The heat of formation of CO2 (g) and
SO2 (g) are -394 kJmol-1 and -296 kJmol-1, respectively.
24. Calculate the heat of combustion of carbon disulphide, if its heats of
formation of carbon disulphide(l) and carbon dioxide(g) are
+121kJmol-1 and -393kJmol-1. The heat of formation of sulphur
dioxide (g) is -297kJmol-1.
25. The heat evolved in the combustion of methane is -890kJmol-1. How
many grams of methane would be required and how many grams of
carbon dioxide would be formed when 445.15 kJ of heat is evolved?

Germain Henri Hess

(1802-1850)
Swiss-Russian chemist and doctor
Formulated Hess’s Law, an early principle of thermochemistry

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C H A P T E R ( 13 )
A C I D S, B A S E S A N D
THEIR NEUTRALIZATION

Acid according to Lavoisier

All acids contain oxygen.
Acid according to Davy
All acids contain hydrogen.
Acid according to Arrhenius
An acid produces H+ ion in aqueous solution.
Base according to Arrhenius
A base produces OH- ion in aqueous solution.
Bronsted acid
An acid is a proton donor.
Bronsted base
A base is a proton acceptor.
Acid according to Lewis Theory
An acid is an acceptor of lone pair of electrons.
Base according to Lewis Theory
A base is a donor of lone pair of electrons.
Strong acid
An acid which loses a proton readily and highly ionized in a dilute
aqueous solution is called a strong acid.
Weak acid
An acid which loses a proton with difficulty and only slightly ionized
in a dilute aqueous solution is called a weak acid.
Strong base
A base which accepts a proton readily and highly ionized in a dilute
aqueous solution is called a strong base.
Weak base
A base which accepts a proton with difficulty and only slightly
ionized in a dilute aqueous solution is called a weak base.
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Dilute acid
An acid with a large proportion of solvent is called dilute acid.
Concentrated acid
A pure acid or an acid with the large proportion of acid is called
concentrated acid.
Conjugate acid
An acid produced by a base in an acid-base equilibrium is called
conjugate acid.
Conjugate base
A base produced by an acid in an acid-base equilibrium is called
conjugate base.
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Cl- is the conjugate base of original acid, HCl, and H3O+ is the conjugate acid of
water in the reverse reaction.
Neutralization
The reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water is
called neutralization.
Protophilic (proton-accepting) property
The protophilic property of a substance is a property to accept
proton by that substance.
Protogenic (proton-donating) property
The protogenic property of a substance is a property to donate
proton of that substance.
Amphiprotic molecule
A molecule that shows both proton accepting (protophlic) and
proton donating (protogenic) properties is called an amphiprotic
molecule.
pH (Hydrogen ion exponent)
pH is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10 of the molar
concentration of hydrogen ions. ( pH = -log [H+] )
pOH (Hydroxide ion exponent)
pOH is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10 of the molar
concentration of hydroxide ions. ( pOH = -log [OH-] )

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Water neutrality
The term water neutrality refers to the situation in pure water at 298
K. The pH of pure water or neutral aqueous solution at 298 K is 7.
Neutral solution
A neutral solution is one which is neither acid nor base. It contains
equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions.
Basicity of an acid
The basicity of an acid may be defined as the number of H+ ions that
one molecule of an acid can produce.
Acidity of a base
The acidity of a base may be defined as being equivalent to the
number of molecules of a monobasic acid, like HCl which will neutralize
one molecule of the base.
Hydrolysis
The cleavage of compounds by the action of water is called
hydrolysis.

SECTION (A) Question No. 2 TRUE/FALSE

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s), phrase(s), term(s), unit(s), etc.
1. According to Lavoisier, all acids contain _____.
2. According to _____, all acids contain hydrogen.
3. According to Lewis, an acid is an acceptor of _____.
4. According to Lewis, all bases have _____.
5. In the reaction with ammonia, boron trifluoride behaves as an _____.
6. The presence of a _____ of electrons is the characteristic of a base.
7. According to Arrhenius, an acids produces _____ ions in water
solution.
8. A base is an acceptor of _____.
9. Hydrogen sulphate ion is still acidic because it has a replaceable
_____.
10. Hydrogen ion is extremely _____ consisting of a proton only.
11. Acid-base titration is one of the most important methods of _____.
12. Organic acids are _____ acids.
13. The most common strong acids are the _____ mineral acids.
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14. Hydrochloric acid is the most common _____ acid.

15. A dilute acid is one which contains a relatively _____ amount of acid.
16. A _____ acid is one which is highly ionized in specified condition.
17. A _____ acid is completely ionized in diluted solution.
18. A _____ acid is partially ionized in diluted solution.
19. Strong bases are completely _____ in aqueous solution.
20. Strong bases such as sodium hydroxide are _____ ionized in aqueous
solution.
21. An acid which loses protons with difficulty is called a _____ acid.
22. An acid which can readily lose protons is called a _____ acid.
23. Salts are strong _____ and can be completely dissociated in aqueous
solution.
24. Salts are strong electrolytes and can be completely dissociated in
_____ solution.
25. H3O+ ion is called _____ ion.
26. The formula of hydromium ion is _____.
27. In equilibrium, the original acid is related to the base in the reverse
reaction called _____.
28. Chloride ion is a _____ base of hydrochloric acid.
29. Strength of acid may be indicated by the value of ______.
30. Small Ka value indicates _____ acid.
31. Large Ka value indicates _____ acid.
32. Large pKa value indicates _____ acid.
33. Small pKa value indicates _____ acid.
34. For bases, pKb and Kb may be used to give an indication of their
comparative.
35. Na2CO3 has an acidity of _____.
36. NaOH has an acidity of _____.
37. The basicity of H2SO4 is _____.
38. The basicity of HCl is _____.
39. The symbol of ionic product of water is _____.
40. KW is called the _____ of water.
41. The value of KW is maintained by 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 at _____ K.
42. KW is always maintained unchanged in an aqueous solution at ____K.
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43. The concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal both being _____
in pure water.
44. Water is purified by _____ over and over again.
45. If pure water contained no ions, the electrical conductivity would be
______.
46. A molecule that has both protophilic and protongenic properties is
called an _____.
47. If the H+ ion concentration of a solution is 1 x 10-7 M, the solution is
said to be _____.
48. The pH of an acid solution is _____ than seven.
49. The pH of a basic solution is _____ than seven.
50. An acidic solution has pH _____ than seven.
51. An alkaline (A basic) solution has pH _____ than seven.
52. When NaCl is dissolved in water, the pH of the solution is _____.
53. The pH of aqueous NH4Cl solution is _____ than 7.
54. The pH of sodium ethanoate solution is _____ than 7.
55. A solution of the salt from strong acid and a weak base is _____.
56. A solution of the salt from strong acid and a strong base is _____.
57. A solution of the salt from weak acid and a weak base is _____.
58. A solution of the salt from weak acid and a strong base is _____.
59. If the base from which the salt is obtained is _____ than the acid, the
solution tends to be basic.
60. If the base from which the salt is obtained is _____ than the acid, the
solution tends to be acidic.
61. If the base from which the salt is obtained is _____ the acid, the
solution tends to be neutral.
62. If the pH of a solution is 6, it’s pOH is _____.
63. If the pOH of a solution is 8, it’s pH value is _____.
64. pH of the 0.01 M HCl solution is _____.
65. pOH of the 0.1 M caustic soda solution is _____.
66. pOH of the 0.001 M NaOH solution is _____.
67. pOH of pure water is _____.
68. [H+] denotes the concentration of hydrogen ions in _____ unit.
69. The _____ solution resists the change in _____.
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70 . Buffer solutions resists the change in _____.

SECTION (A) Question No. 4 MATCHING

Match each of the items in List A and with the appropriate item given in List B.
1. List A List B
(a) NH4Cl aqueous solution (i) salt of weak acid and strong base
(b) Ammonium ethanoate (ii) CH3COONa
(c) Acid-base by Lewis (iii) indicate the purity of water
(d) Weak acid (iv) a molecule have both
protophillic and protogenic
properties
(e) conductivity (v) transfer of lone pair electrons
(f) dilute acid (vi) the solution to be acidic
(g) amphiprotic molecule (vii) small amount of acid in aqueous
solution
(h) sodium ethanoate (viii)glacial acetic acid

2. List A List B
(a) Ammonium chloride (i) related to the weak conjugate
base Cl-
(b) Phenol red (ii) a base
(c) HCl (iii) salt of strong acid and weak base
(d) Ethanoic acid (iv) indicator
(e) A mixture of NH4OH and (v) organic dyes
NH4Cl solution
(f) Proton acceptor (vi) organic weak acid
(g) Ka (vii) a buffer solution
(h) Indicator (viii)dissociation constant of an acid

3. List A List B
(a) An alkaline solution (i) an acid
(b) proton (ii) pH is greater than 7
(c) completely ionized in water (iii) NaCl
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(d) large pKa value (iv) H2O

(e) acceptor of lone pair electrons (v) weak acid
(f) salt of strong acid an strong base(vi) a strong acid
(g) amphiprotic molecule (vii) a concentrated acid
(h) pure acid (viii)Lewis acid

4. List A List B
(a) HCl (i) 14
(b) A weak base (ii) basicity is one
(c) Na2CO3 (iii) NH4OH
(d) pH + pOH (iv) acid-base indicator
(e) acid base by Arrhenius theory (v) still has replaceable H+
(f) acid solution (vi) H+ ions
(g) phenophthalein (vii) acidity of 2
(h) hydrogen sulphate ion (viii)pH<7

5. List A List B
(a) Ka (i) HSO4-
(b) Has a replaceable hydrogen (ii) ionic product of water
(c) Neutral solution (iii) Bronsted base
(d) Transfer of lone pair electrons (iv) base by Lewis
(e) Acceptor of protons (v) pH<7
(f) 1x10-14 mol2dm-6 (vi) acid-base by Lewis
(g) Donate electrons (vii) pH = 7
(h) Acid solution (viii)strength of an acid

SECTION (B) Question No. 6 (2 marks)

1. Calculate the pOH of a solution in which pH is 9. Is this solution
acidic or basic?
2. Mention the term ‘amphiprotic molecule’ with relevant example.
3. Show that pH + pOH = 14.

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SECTION (B) Question No. 8 (8 marks)

1. Calculate the pH and pOH of the aqueous solutions containing 0.25

mole of HCl per dm3 and 0.025 mole of NaOH per dm3.
2. Calculate the pH and pOH of two aqueous solutions containing 0.02
mole of HCl per dm3 and 0.05 mole of KOH per dm3, respectively.
3. Calculate the pH and pOH values of the solutions containing 0.315g
of HNO3 and 1.4 g of KOH per dm3 respectively.
4. Calculate the pH and pOH of the following solutions. An aqueous
solution containing 7.3 g of HCl per 500 cm3. An aqueous solution
containing 4 g of NaOH per 200 cm3.
5. Calculate the pH and pOH value of two aqueous solution containing
1.46 g of HCl per dm3 and 1.2 g of NaOH per dm3 respectively.
6. Calculate the pH and pOH values of 5.5 g of HCl per dm3 and 6.0 g
of NaOH per dm3.
7. Calculate the pH values of two aqueous solutions containing 6.3 g of
HNO3 per dm3 and 5.6 g of KOH per dm3 respectively.
8. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions having pOH
value of 7.8 and pH value of 6.5.
9. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions having the
pH value of 5.699 and pOH value of 6.02.
10. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions having the
pOH value of 9 and pH value of 4.3.
11. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions having the
pH value of 5.7 and pOH value of 10.0.
12. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions having the
pOH value of 9.9 and pH value of 8.5.
13. What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the solutions having the
pH value of 4.5 and pOH value of 8.9.

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14. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration of the solutions having the
pOH value of 7.8 and pH value of 6.5.
\

15. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentrations having the pH value of

5.37 and pOH value of 9.25.
16. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentrations having the pOH value of
9.9 and pH value of 8.5.
17. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentrations having the pH value of 4.3
and the pOH value of 11.9.
18. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.2 mole of
methanoic acid (Ka = 1.8 x10-5) and 0.1 mole of sodium methanoate
per dm3.
19. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.03 mole of ethanoic
acid.(Ka=1.8x10-5) and 0.3 mole of sodium ethanoate per dm3.
20. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.01 mole of
methanoic acid (Ka=1.8x10-5) and 0.1 mole of sodium methanoate per
dm3.
21. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.03 mole of ethanoic
acid (Ka=1.8x10-5) and 0.40 mole of sodium ethanoate per dm3.
22. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.2 mole of
methanoic acid(pKa=3.8) and 0.05 mole of sodium ethanoate per 500
cm3 of solution.
23. Calculate the pOH of a buffer solution containing 0.04 mole of
ethanoic acid (pKa = 4.7) and 0.4 mole of sodium ethanoate per 500
cm3 of solution.
24. Calculate the pOH of a buffer solution containing 0.04 mole of
ethanoic acid (pKa=4.7) and 0.04 mole of sodium ethanoate per 500
cm3 of solution.
25. Calculate the pOH value of a buffer solution containing 0.03 mole of
methanoic acid (pKa=3.85) and 0.3 mole of sodium methanoate per
dm3.

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26. Calculate the pOH of a buffer solution containing 0.05 mole of

ethanoic acid (pKa=2.85) and 0.5 mole of sodium ethanoate per dm3.
27. Calculate the pOH value of a buffer solution containing 0.05 mole of
hydrogen cyanide (pKa=4.3) and 0.5 mole of sodium cyanide per dm3.
28. Would the pH of a solution of sodium ethanoate be greater or less
than 7? Give an explanation for this. (KW = [H+][OH-]= 1 x 10-14)
29. Would the pH of ammonium nitrate solution be greater (or) less than
7? Give the explaination for your answer.
30. Some ammonium chloride was dissolved in water and the solution
has a pH of 5. Explain the result. (KW = [H+][OH-] = 10-14)
31. The pH of a solution of sodium chloride would be equal to 7. Explain
the result clearly.
32. Ammonium ethanoate was dissolved in water and the solution had a
pH of 7 (or) greater or less than 7.Explain this result clearly.
33. (i) Arrange the following acids in order of increasing acid strength.
Give reasons for your arrangement.
Acid pKa
HCN 9.3
Cl-CH2COOH 2.9
CH3COOH 4.7
HCOOH 3.8
(ii) Calculate the pKa of methanoic acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10-4), ethanoic
acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5) and hydrogen cyanide (Ka = 1.8x10-6).
34. (i) Arrange the following acids in order of increasing acid strength.
Give reasons for your arrangement.
Acid pKa
HCN 9.3
Cl-CH2COOH 2.9
CH3COOH 4.7
HCOOH 3.8
(ii) Explain how a mixture of ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate
resists the change of pH on addition of a small amount of strong acid
or strong base.
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35. Arrange the following acids in order of increasing acid strength. Give
reason for your arrangement.
Acid Ka(mol dm3)
HCOOH 1.8x10-4
HCN 4.8 x10-6
Cl-CH2COOH 1.4 x10-3
CH3-COOH 1.8 x10-5
(ii) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing a 0.2 mole of
methanoic acid (pKa=4.8) and 0.04 mole of sodium methanoate per
dm3.
36. State the acid-base concept of S.A. Arrehenius.
37. Mention appropriate buffer solution for moderately acidic condition.

Sir Humphry Claude Louis Johannes Thomas Gilber N.

Davy Berthollet Bronsted Martin Lewis
(1778-1829) (1748-1822) (1879-1947) Lowry (1875-1946)
Cornist chemist Savoyard- Danish (1874-1936) American
French physical English physical
chemmist chemist physical chemist
chemist

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