POLYNOMIALS
Ashwin Subbiah
X-A
Polynomials:
An algebraic expression can have exponents that are rational numbers. However, a polynomial is an algebraic
expression in which the exponent on any variable is a whole number.
√
5x^3+3x+1 is an example of a polynomial. It is an algebraic expression as well.
2x+3 x is an algebraic expression, but not a polynomial. – since the exponent on x is 1/2 which is not a whole
number.
Degree of a Polynomial Types of Polynomial [1.1]
For a polynomial in one variable – the highest exponent
Polynomials can be classified based on:
on the variable in a polynomial is the degree of the
a) Number of terms
polynomial. b) Degree of the polynomial.
Example: The degree of the polynomial x^2+2x+3 is 2,
as the highest power of x in the given expression is x2.
Types of Polynomial based on the number of terms
a) Monomial – A polynomial with just one term. Example: 2x, 6x^2, 9xy
b) Binomial – A polynomial with two terms. Example: 4x^2+x, 5x+4
a) Trinomial – A polynomial with three terms. Example: x^2+3x+4
Types of Polynomial based on Degree
a) Linear Polynomial: A polynomial whose degree is one is called a linear
polynomial.
For example, 2x+1 is a linear polynomial.
b) Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic
polynomial.
For example, 3x2+8x+5 is a quadratic polynomial.
c) Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
For example, 2x3+5x2+9x+15 is a cubic polynomial.
POLYNOMIALS PHOTO SOURCE:BYJUS
Graphical
Representations
Representing Equations on a Graph
Any equation can be represented as a graph on
the Cartesian plane, where each point on the
graph represents the x and y coordinates of the
point that satisfies the equation. An equation can
be seen as a constraint placed on the x and y
coordinates of a point, and any point that satisfies
that constraint will lie on the curve
For example, the equation y = x, on a graph, will be
a straight line that joins all the points which have
their x coordinate equal to their y coordinate.
Example – (1,1), (2,2) and so on
POLYNOMIALS
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF
ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
Linear Quadratic Cubic
(i)1 zero (i)2 zeroes (i)3 zeroes
(ii)It is called Linear Polynomial (ii)It is called Quadratic Polynomial (ii)It is called Cubic Polynomial
because it has only one zero. because it has atmost two zeroes. because it has atmost three zeroes
POLYNOMIALS
Zeroes of a Polynomial
For a polynomial, there could be some values of the variable for which the
polynomial will be zero. These values are called zeros of a polynomial.
Sometimes, they are also referred to as roots of the polynomials. In
general, we find the zeros of quadratic equations, to get the solutions for
the given equation.
≠
The standard form of a polynomial in x is anxn + an-1xn-1 +….. + a1x + a0,
√
where an, an-1, ….. , a1, a0 are constants, an 0 and n is a whole number.
For example, algebraic expressions such as x + x + 5, x2 + 1/x2 are not
polynomials because all exponents of x in terms of the expressions are not
whole numbers.
POLYNOMIALS
consider the polynomial 2x^2−5x+3
The middle term in the polynomial 2x^2−5x+3 is -5x. This must be expressed as a
Splitting
sum of two terms such that the product of their coefficients is equal to the product
of 2 and 3 (coefficient of x^2 and the constant term)
−5 can be expressed as (−2)+(−3), as −2×−3=6=2×3
the
Thus, 2x^2−5x+3=2x2−2x−3x+3
Now, identify the common factors in individual groups
middle
2x^2−2x−3x+3=2x(x−1)−3(x−1)
Taking (x−1) as the common factor, this can be expressed as:
2x(x−1)−3(x−1)=(x−1)(2x−3)
term:
POLYNOMIALS
Relation Between Zeros and
Coefficient of a Polynomial
Linear Polynomial Quadratic Polynomial Cubic Polynomial
The linear polynomial is an expression,
The Quadratic polynomial is defined as The cubic polynomial is a polynomial
in which the degree of the polynomial
a polynomial with the highest degree with the highest degree of 3. The cubic
is 1. The linear polynomial should be in
of 2. The quadratic polynomial should polynomial should be in the form of ax3
the form of ax+b. Here, “x” is a
be in the form of ax^2 + bx + c. In this + bx2 + cx + d, where a ≠ 0. Let say
variable, “a” and “b” are constant. case, a ≠ 0. Let say α and β are the α,β, and γ are the three zeros of
The polynomial P(x) is ax+b, then the
two zeros of a polynomial, then polynomial, then The sum of zeros, α +β
-b/a = –
zero of a polynomial is The sum of zeros, α + β is -b/a = – + γ is -b/a, The sum of the product of
constant term/coefficient of x) Coefficient of x/ Coefficient of x^2 zeros, αβ+ βγ + αγ is c/a
The product of zeros, αβ is c/a = The product of zeros, αβγ is -d/a = –
Constant term / Coefficient of x^2 Constant term/Coefficient of x3
POLYNOMIALS
Algebraic Identities
1. (a+b)^2=a^2+2ab+b^2
2. (a−b)^2=a^2−2ab+b^2
3. (x+a)(x+b)=x^2+(a+b)x+ab
4. a^2−b^2=(a+b)(a−b)
5. a^3−b^3=(a−b)(a^2+ab+b^2)
6. a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2−ab+b^2)
7. (a+b)^3=a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3
8. (a−b)^3=a^3−3a^2b+3ab^2−b^3
Thank you!
