Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

The Density Matrix Description of Matrix Shell

Systems Associated with the Matrix
Shell Model formalism
Debopam Ghosh

Abstract:- The article presents a mathematical which removes the intricacies and computations contributed
framework to associate a Matrix Shell system (even type by matrix shell interaction elements by setting each of them
or of the odd type) with a unit trace, hermitian, positive to unity, the vast diversity aspect which resulted in
definite or positive semi-definite matrix of order ‘2’ enormous computational requirements is drastically reduced
(Density matrix representation of single qubit quantum by considering an averaging method incorporated at the
states). This framework therefore, allows any evolution level of the basic pathways, this resulted in a single State-
scheme defined on the fundamental matrix space Interaction matrix description to be associated with a
associated with the Matrix Shell system and consistent particular Matrix shell.
with the Matrix shell model formalism to be mapped to
an evolution on or inside of the unit solid sphere, The present article introduces another simplified
centered at the origin, in the three dimensional space( version of the matrix shell model framework; it considers
Bloch sphere representation of single qubit quantum the dual directionality aspect only at the level of Composite
states) pathways α and β constituting each Matrix shell. The
consideration of the directional duality at a higher
Demonstration of the proposed mathematical hierarchical structure results in drastic simplification on the
framework is presented through its application on mathematical construction of the State-Interaction matrix
certain subsets of the Complex Matrix spaces M2×2(C) descriptions, which can now be formulated as hermitian,
and M4×4(C) and on certain numerical examples from positive definite or positive semi-definite matrices of order 2
M3×3(C). , the fundamental requirement of Matrix shell model
framework which restricts the numerical sample of the
Keywords:- Matrix Shell Model formalism, Composite fundamental matrix associated with the Matrix shell system
pathways, Directional states, State-Interaction Matrix to be non-zero, ensures non-zero trace of the State-
description of Matrix shells and of the Matrix Shell system, Interaction matrix description associated with the Matrix
Density matrix representation of quantum states, Bloch Shell system. This results in possibility of introducing an
sphere representation of single qubit quantum states. additional structural aspect; The Matrix Shell system, in
each of its accessible numerical sample over the
I. INTRODUCTION fundamental matrix space, can be associated with a unit
The Matrix shell model framework [9,10,11,12] trace, hermitian, positive definite or positive semi-definite
presents a visualization of a finite, complex square matrix matrix of order 2, these type of matrices have interpretation
as constituted of Identically structured, overlapping as ‘Density matrix descriptions’ of single Qubit quantum
algebraic units termed as “Matrix Shells” , [9,10] studies states [1,2,4,8,14,17,20,22,23,25,26,27] and hence, can be
and presents the diversity aspect associated with this associated with three dimensional real vectors of magnitude
framework by consideration of the concept of dual less than or equal to unity. Therefore, in light of the
directionality at the level of the basic pathways comprising framework proposed in this article, any matrix evolution
the matrix shells, resulting in multiple possible configuration scheme defined on the fundamental matrix space and
states to be associated with a Matrix shell, in [10], the study consistent with the Matrix Shell model framework can be
focuses on determination of the preferential configurations mapped into an evolution on 3 dimensional real space, more
of the individual matrix shells and the Matrix shell system, precisely, on the surface and inside of a solid sphere of unit
through the consideration of eigen-spectral proximity with radius in three dimensions, which has interpretation as the
respect to the ordered eigen-spectrum of matrix shell ‘Bloch sphere representation’
baseline matrices and the baseline matrix associated with the [1,2,4,8,14,17,20,22,23,25,26,27] of single Qubit quantum
matrix shell system. states.

It can be observed that reduction in computational The article presents the underlying mathematical
requirements and simplicity in the framework can be framework and the relevant analytical expressions and
obtained by incorporating certain assumptions and results. The proposed framework is demonstrated through
additional restrictions on the model. [11] presents such a case studies and numerical Illustrations.
simplistic framework, termed as the ‘Reduced framework’,

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. NOTATIONS

 N 0 denotes the set of all natural numbers

 C denotes the set of all complex numbers
 N  2n is used to denote the Even type Matrix Shell systems, n=1,2,3,.... , n  N0
 N  2n 1 is used to denote the Odd type Matrix Shell systems, n=1,2,3,.... , n  N0
 A( , N ) denotes the Matrix Shells associated with the Matrix Shell system ‘N’ , where   0,1,...(n  1)
 AN  N denotes the Fundamental Matrix associated with the Matrix Shell system “N” ,
AN  N  [aij ], i  1, 2,...., N ; j  1, 2,...., N
 M ss (C ) denotes the Complex Matrix space of order ‘s’
 Trace( X ss ) denotes the trace of the matrix X ss
 X 1 denotes the inverse of the invertible matrix X ss
 Y H denotes the Hermitian conjugate of the matrix Y, Y  M st (C )
 R3 ( R) denotes the Real Euclidean space of dimension 3
 C s denotes the Complex coordinate space of dimension ‘s’
   denotes the complex conjugate of the complex number  , i  C , such that: i 2  1
  denotes the modulus of the complex number 
 w 2 denotes the Euclidean norm ( vector 2-norm) of the vector ws1  C s
 w1 
w 
 2 p q
 W  .  , V  [v1 v2 . . v p  ]1 p , B  bij  , V B W   bij vi  w j
  p q
i 1 j 1
 . 
 wq 
  q1

  ( , N ) denotes the Effective State-Interaction Matrix Description of the Matrix Shell A( , N )
  ( N ) denotes the Effective State-Interaction Matrix Description of the Matrix Shell System ‘N’
  ( N ) denotes the Density Matrix Description of the Matrix Shell System ‘N’
 ( N | AN N  BN N ) denotes the Effective State-Interaction Matrix Description of the Matrix Shell System ‘N’ when the
fundamental matrix AN  N takes the numerical sample BN  N , BN  N  M N  N (C )
  ( N | AN N  BN N ) denotes the Density Matrix Description of the Matrix Shell System ‘N’ when the fundamental
matrix AN  N takes the numerical sample BN  N , BN N  M N N (C )
1 0  1 1 1  0 1  0 i  1 0 
 I2    , H2    , 1    , 2    , 3   
0 1  22 2 1 1 22 1 0  22  i 0  22 0 1 22
 r1 
 r .  r11  r2 2  r33 , r   r2  , r  R 3 ( R) , r denotes the magnitude of the vector r
 r3  31
 U V denotes the Kronecker product between the matrices ‘U’ and ‘V’
 [revdiag (1...1)]ss denotes a square matrix of order ‘s’, which has 1’s along the reverse diagonal (the diagonal opposite
to the main diagonal of the matrix) and 0’s everywhere else.

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK AND RELATED ANALYSIS

 The notations and relevant terminologies used in this article are in accordance to that used in [9,10,11,12] unless explicitly
stated otherwise.

N=2n type Matrix Shell systems

Constituent Matrix Shells: A(0, 2n),...., A(n  1, 2n)

The Matrix Shell A( , 2n) , where  {0,1,...., (n  1)} , has the following associated properties:

 Directional states of the Composite Pathway α: 1 ,  2 , Directional states of the Composite Pathway β: 1 , 2 ,

Where 1 , 2 , 1 , 2  C 6 4
 1  (6 4)(6 4) 2 , 2  (6 4)(6 4) 1 , 1  (6 4)(6 4) 2 , 2  (6 4)(6 4) 1
 (6   4)(6   4)  1  [revdiag (1...1)](3 2)(3 2) , thus :  H  1  
1  2  a, 1  2  b where a  0 , b  0
2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2

 1 1  2 2  c , 1 2  2 1  d where c, d  C

 1 
 a ( ) ( )(c( )  d ( )) 
2
Therefore we have: ( , N  2n)    , where   0,1,...., (n  1)
( 1 )(c( )  d ( )) b(  ) 
 2  22

Properties of the N=2n Matrix Shell System

( n 1)
1
 ( N  2n)  (0, N  2n)  

( )   (  , N  2n)
2
1
( n 1)
1
trace[( N  2n)]  ( N  2n)  trace[(0, N  2n)]  

( )  trace[ ( , N  2n)]
2
1

1 1
  ( N  2n )  ( )( N  2n)  ( )[ I 2  (r .)] , r  R3 ( R) , r  1
( N  2n) 2

N=2n-1 type Matrix Shell systems

Constituent Matrix Shells: A(0, 2n  1),...., A( n  1, 2n  1)

The Matrix Shell A(0, 2n  1) has the following properties:

1
1
1 1 2 1 1
 1   2  1   2  ( )(ann )   , Therefore: (0, N  2n  1)  ( ) ann  
4 1 4 1 1 22

1 41

The Matrix Shell A( , 2n  1) , where   {1,...., (n  1)} , have the following properties:

 Directional states of the Composite Pathway α: 1 ,  2 , Directional states of the Composite Pathway β: 1 , 2 ,

1 , 2 , 1 , 2  C 6 1

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

 1  (6 1)(6 1) 2 , 2  (6 1)(6 1) 1 , 1  (6  1)(6  1) 2 , 2  (6  1)(6  1) 1 ,

 033 031 33 

 (6 1)(6  1)   013 1 013  , where 33  [revdiag (1...1)]33
33 031 033 
( 6  1)( 6  1)

1
thus:    H

1  2  a , 1  2  b where a  0, b  0
2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2

 1 1  2 2  c , 1 2  2 1  d , c, d  C

 1 
 a ( ) ( )(c( )  d ( )) 
2
Therefore we have: ( , N  2n  1)   
( 1 )(c( )  d ( )) b( ) 
 2  22
Where   1,...., (n  1)

Properties of the N=2n-1 Matrix Shell System

( n 1)
1
 ( N  2n  1)  (0, N  2n  1)  

( ) ( ,N  2n  1)
21
( n 1)
1
trace[( N  2n  1)]  ( N  2n  1)  trace[(0, N  2n  1)]  

( )  trace[( , N  2n  1)]
2
1

1 1
  ( N  2n  1)  ( )( N  2n  1)  ( )[ I 2  ( r .)], r  R3 ( R) , r  1
( N  2n  1) 2

IV. CASE STUDIES

1. U (2) Subset of the Matrix Space M 22 (C ) :

    
U (2)  {U ( ,  , )  M 22 (C ) | U ( ,  , )  e  i
,   [0, 2 );  ,  C ,     1}
2 2
  
   22

           
        
We have: 1  e i    ,   e i   , 1  e  i   ,  2  e i   
   2
     

 
       
   41    41    41    41

Therefore, we have the following set of results:

1  2 a2 , 1  2  b  2 , therefore: a  b  2
2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2

 1 1  2 2  c  (    )(   ) , 1 2  2 1  d  (    )(   ) , therefore: cd 0

 1 
 a ( )(c  d ) 
2 2 0
 ( N  2 | A  U ( ,  , ))    
0 2  22
, therefore:
( 1 )(c  d ) b  
 2  22

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
trace[( N  2 | A  U ( ,  , ))]  4

1 1 0  1
  ( N  2 | A  U ( ,  , ))  ( )  ,  ( N  2 | A  U ( ,  , ))  ( )( I 2  r .) , where
2 0 1  22 2
r  R3 ( R), r  031

2. U (2)  U (2) Subset of the Matrix Space M 44 (C ) :

   1   2  2 
U (2)  U (2)  {U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 )  M 44 (C ) | U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 )  e i1  1  
 e  i 2   ,

 1 1  22  2 2  22
 1 ,  2  [0, 2 ); 1 , 1 , 2 , 2  C, 1   1  1, 2   2  1}
2 2 2 2

Constituent matrix shells associated with the N  4 Matrix Shell system: A(0, 4) , A(1, 4)
   
1 2
   1 2   12   1 2 
         
   i  1  2   i   1 2    1  2  , where

A(0, 4) : 1  e i 1 2  , 2  e , 1  e , 2  e
 i
     12    1 2    1 2 
          
1 2

     1  2  41  1 2  41  12  41


1 2  41
  1   2

Therefore, we have the following set of results:

1  2  1  2  x0  2( 1 2   1  2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2

 1 1  2 2  1 2  2 1  x1  (1 2  12 )(1 2 1 2 )

x x1 
 (0, 4)   0
 x1 x0  22

  1 41
   2 41
  1 41
  2 41

       
A(1, 4) : 1   01 21 
,  2   02 21 
, 1   01 21 
,  2   02 21 
, where :
  1    2   1   2 
 41 101  41 101  41 101  41 101

  1 2   1 2    1 2   12 

             
 1  e i   2 1  ,   e i  1  2  ,   e i  2 1  ,   e  i  1 2  ,
    1
 2 1  2
 1 2  2
  2 1 
         
1 2

 12  41   1 2  41  1 2  41   1  2  41

 12   1 2    1 2    1 2 

01  e  i
   ,  02  e
 i
 
, 01  e
 i
   , 02  e
 i
 
,
 1 2  21  12  21   1  2  21   1 2  21

 12    1 2   1 2   1 2 

           
1  e i  1 2  , 1  e  i   2  1  ,   e  i   1  2  ,   e i  2 1
 2 1    1 2  2
  2 1  2
  
      
1 2
   
 1 2  41  1 2  41   1  2  41  12  41

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Therefore, we have the following set of results:

1  2  a  2(1  1 2 ) , 1  2  b  2(1   1  2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2

 1 1  2 2  c  (1  1 )(2  2 )(1 2 1 2 )  (1 2 )(1 2 )  (12 )(1 2 )
 1 2  2 1  d  (1 1 )( 2  2 )(12  1 2 )  (1 2 )(1 2 )  (12 )(1 2 )

 1 
 a ( )(c  d ) 
2
 (1, 4)   
( 1 )(c  d ) b 
 2  22
1
 ( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 ))  (0, 4)  ( )(1, 4)
2
 1 1 
 x0  ( 2 )a x1  ( )(c  d ) 
4
( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 ))   
 x   ( 1 )(c  d ) x0  ( )b 
1
 1 4 2  22

1
trace[( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 ))]    2 x0  ( )(a  b)  2  5( 1 2   1  2 )
2 2 2 2

2
1
  ( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 ))  ( ) ( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 ))

 1 1 
 x0  ( )a x1  ( )(c  d ) 
1 2 4
 ( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 , 2 , 2 ))  ( ) 
1  x0  ( )b 
1
2 x0  ( )(a  b) x1  ( )(c  d )
  1
2  4 2  22
 r1 
1
  ( N  4 | A  U ( 1 , 1 , 1 ,  2 ,  2 , 2 ))  ( )( I 2  r .) , r  R ( R) , r  0
3   , r2  r 2 1
2   1 3

 r3  31

Numerical Illustrations

 {I 2 , 1 , 2 , 3} {I 2 , 1 , 2 , 3} Basis set of the Matrix Space M 44 (C ) :

  ( N  4 | A  I 2  I 2 )   ( N  4 | A  I 2  3 )   ( N  4 | A  3  I 2 )   ( N  4 | A  3  3 )  1
 0 
1  4 0   
1  ( )  r   0  ,
7  0 3 22
, therefore :
 
( 1 7 ) 
31
  ( N  4 | A  1  1 )   ( N  4 | A  1  2 )   ( N  4 | A  2  1 )   ( N  4 | A   2   2 )  2
 0 
1 3 0   
2  ( )    
7 0 4 22
, r 0
 
 ( 1 7 ) 
31

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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  ( N  4 | A  I 2  1 )   ( N  4 | A  1  I 2 )   ( N  4 | A  I 2  2 )   ( N  4 | A  2  I 2 )  3
 ( N  4 | A  1  3 )   ( N  4 | A  3  1 )   ( N  4 | A  2  3 )   ( N  4 | A  3   2 )  3
1 1 0 
3  ( )  , r  031
2 0 1  22
 ( 1 ) 
1 3 1  3 
 (N  4 | A  H2  H2 )  ( )  , r  0 
6  1 3  22  
 0 
31

 N 3 Matrix Shell system:

1 0 1  1 0 i  1 0 1 

G1  0 4 0  
, G2  0 4 0
 , G3  0 4 0 
 
1 0 1  33  i 0 1  33 1 0 1 33

We have the following results:

4 4
 (0,3 | A  G1 )  (0,3 | A  G2 )  (0,3 | A  G3 )   
 4 4  22
1 
1 1 1  
  ( N  3 | A  G1 )  ( )   , r  0
 
2  1 1 22 0  31

( 6 ) 
1 7 6   7 
  ( N  3 | A  G2 )   ( N  3 | A  G3 )  ( , r  0 
14  6 7  22
)
 
 0 
31

V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION framework. These subset of matrices are found to be

mapped to Bloch sphere points on or inside of the sphere
The objective of this article is to analyze and understand the that are confined in the XZ plane (under standard
correspondence between the properties of the matrices conventions of coordinate axes assignment pertaining to the
belonging to the fundamental matrix space and their mapped Bloch sphere representation). The numerical illustration
counterpart; the unit-trace hermitian positive presented alongside this discussion provides a numerical
definite/positive semi-definite matrices of order 2, i.e. the demonstration of this feature; the 16 elements of the basis
density matrix descriptions, in light of the proposed set of the matrix space M4×4(C) splits into three categories
mathematical framework. consisting of 4, 4 and 8 elements, which are mapped to
points inside of the Bloch sphere on positive and the
The case studies considered in this article refer to subsets of negative side of the Z axis and to the origin point of the
the complex matrix spaces of order 2 and of order 4 which Bloch sphere, respectively.
can be associated with N=2 and N=4 Matrix Shell systems
respectively. The subset U(2) is the set of all unitary It can thus be observed that the interplay between the
matrices of order 2, the interrelationships existing among the existing interrelationships among the elements of the
matrix elements of a U(2) matrix results in each such matrix fundamental matrix and their behavior under the presented
being mapped to the same density matrix description: mathematical framework determine the mapped point on the
(1/2)I2×2 and hence, are all mapped to the origin point of the associated Bloch sphere representation. The three numerical
Bloch sphere representation. The subset U (2)  U (2) of samples of the N=3 Matrix Shell system considered in the
the complex matrix space M4×4(C) is observed to have such article demonstrates that the mapped points can lie both on
a degeneracy lifted owing to more intricate and inside of the sphere under the mathematical conditions
interrelationships among its matrix elements and differential imposed by the framework, it can be observed here that one
overlap features with respect to the presented mathematical

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
of the three is mapped to the unit vector on positive X axis [18.] Jordan, Thomas. F., Quantum Mechanics in Simple
while the other two are mapped to the same interior point. Matrix Form, Dover Publications, Inc.
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Bloch sphere mathematical construct. [22.] Physical Realizations, CRC Press
[23.] Neudecker, H., Some Theorems on Matrix
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