LAB MANUAL
FLUID MECHANICS LAB (3029)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REVISION - 2015
REVISION 2015
Department of mechanical Engineering
Ma’din poly technic college,
Melmuri, Malappuram
LAB MANUAL
FLUID MECHANICS LAB (3029)
For Diploma Mechanical Engineering
(REVISION - 2015)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MA’DIN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
MELMURI. P O
MALAPPURAM
SYLABUS
COURSE TITLE : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
COURSE CODE : 3029
COURSE CATEGORY :B
PERIODS/ WEEK :3
PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 45
CREDIT :2
CONTENT DETAILS
MODULE I
Understand the pipe friction apparatus
Use the pipe friction apparatus to determine the Darcy’s constant
Explain the term coefficient of friction in pipes
State the effect of friction in pipes
Determine the coefficient of friction of pipes of different diameters Plot total energy line and hydraulics gradient line
Comments on the graph.
Appreciate the venturimeter, Rota meter and water meter
Appreciate the coefficient of discharge through venturimeter
State the functions and applications of a venturimeter
Determine the coefficient of discharge Plot the graph, discharge Vs head Comments on curve.
MODULE II
Understand the Orifice apparatus
Appreciate the coefficient of discharge through orifices
Demonstrate the circular orifices and its functions
Determine the coefficient of discharge
Plot the graph, coefficient of discharge Vs discharge Comments on graph.
Comprehend the metacentric height.
Use the metacentric apparatus to determine the meta centric height
MODULE III
Appreciate the Notch apparatus (Rectangular, triangular & trapezoidal)
Demonstrate different types of Notches
Determine the coefficient of discharge of Rectangular Notch
Determine the coefficient of discharge of Triangular Notch
Determine the coefficient of discharge of Trapezoidal Notch Plot the graph, coefficient of discharge Vs discharge.
Appreciate the Bernoullis theorem
Demonstrate the use of Bernoulli’s theorem apparatus
Explain Bernoulli’s theorem Verify Bernoulli’s theorem using the apparatus
Draw the graph, total energy Vs Length of pipe Interpret the curve.
MODULE IV
Understand the pipe fittings, pipe joints and valves
Identify the various types of pipe fittings, joints and valves
Understand the minor losses in pipes
Estimate the minor losses in flow through pipes
TEXT BOOKS
1Mechanical Workshop & Laboratory Manual By K. C. John
STAFF DETAILS
JITHESH NP HOS 9061414555;
9895771828
VIPIN. V. P LECTURER 9020055676
PRAVEEN. K. P LECTURER 9037834487
ANAND R LECTURER 9633915305
SANJAY K LECTURER 9633593219
NABEEL N WORKSHOP SUPERINTENDENT 9656844140
SUJITH. N W\I 9946012928
SYLABUS
COURSE TITLE : FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
COURSE CODE : 3029
COURSE CATEGORY :B
PERIODS/ WEEK :3
PERIODS/ SEMESTER : 45
CREDIT :2
CONTENT DETAILS
MODULE I
Understand the pipe friction apparatus
Use the pipe friction apparatus to determine the Darcy’s constant
Explain the term coefficient of friction in pipes
State the effect of friction in pipes
Determine the coefficient of friction of pipes of different diameters Plot total energy line and hydraulics gradient line
Comments on the graph.
Appreciate the venturimeter, Rota meter and water meter
Appreciate the coefficient of discharge through venturimeter
State the functions and applications of a venturimeter
Determine the coefficient of discharge Plot the graph, discharge Vs head Comments on curve.
MODULE II
Understand the Orifice apparatus
Appreciate the coefficient of discharge through orifices
Demonstrate the circular orifices and its functions
Determine the coefficient of discharge
Plot the graph, coefficient of discharge Vs discharge Comments on graph.
Comprehend the metacentric height.
Use the metacentric apparatus to determine the meta centric height
MODULE III
Appreciate the Notch apparatus (Rectangular, triangular & trapezoidal)
Demonstrate different types of Notches
Determine the coefficient of discharge of Rectangular Notch
Determine the coefficient of discharge of Triangular Notch
Determine the coefficient of discharge of Trapezoidal Notch Plot the graph, coefficient of discharge Vs discharge.
Appreciate the Bernoullis theorem
Demonstrate the use of Bernoulli’s theorem apparatus
Explain Bernoulli’s theorem Verify Bernoulli’s theorem using the apparatus
Draw the graph, total energy Vs Length of pipe Interpret the curve.
MODULE IV
Understand the pipe fittings, pipe joints and valves
Identify the various types of pipe fittings, joints and valves
Understand the minor losses in pipes
Estimate the minor losses in flow through pipes
TEXT BOOKS
1Mechanical Workshop & Laboratory Manual By K. C. John
STUDY OF ROTAMETER
• The rotameter also known as variable area meter, is shown in fig : it consist of vertical
transparent conical tube in which a rotor or float having a sharp circular upper edge .
The rotor has grooves on its head which ensures that as liquid flows passed it causes
the rotor to rotate its axis, the rotor is heavier than the liquid and hence it will sink to
the bottom of the tube when the liquid is at rest.
• But as the liquid begins to flow through the meter it lift the rotor until it reaches a
study level corresponding to the discharge ,this rate of flow of liquid can then be read
from graduations engraved on the tube by prior calibration the Sharp edge of the float
serving as a pointer. The rotating motion of the float helps to keep it steady. In this
condition of equilibrium the hydrostatic and dynamic thrust of the liquid on the
underside of the rotor will be equal to the hydrostatic thrust on the upper side , plus
the apparent weight of the rotor.
Fig : Rotameter
1
DEVICES TO MEASURE RATE OF FLOW THROUGH PIPES
1 . Quantity meter (Water Meter)
• Water meter it is one of the most common type of quantity meter used in pipelines
for the measurement of volume the figure shows the principle of working of a Rotary
type water metre when the water flows across the water metre the flow takes place
in a helical pattern due to the inclined holes and the propeller retains operating a
series of a gears the quantity of water flowing through the metre can be directly read
from the circular dial the metre reading can be crossed by adjusting the position of the
bypass control screw provided in the in left side of the metre.
FIG : Quantity meter (Water Meter)
2
STAFF DETAILS
JITHESH NP HOS 9061414555;
9895771828
VIPIN. V. P LECTURER 9020055676
PRAVEEN. K. P LECTURER 9037834487
ANAND R LECTURER 9633915305
SANJAY K LECTURER 9633593219
NABEEL N WORKSHOP SUPERINTENDENT 9656844140
SUJITH. N W\I 9946012928
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES
• PIEZOMETER
it is the simplest form of pressure measuring device used for measuring
moderate gauge pressure. By using piezometer , the pressure had of the liquid
contained in a vessel can be directly measured. One end of the piezometer is
connected to the point where pressure is to be measured, and other end is open to
atmosphere.
• U-TUBE MANOMETER
For the measurement of large pressure U tube manometer are used. U - Tube
manometer consists of a U shaped glass tube which contain Mercury on one limb.
And other and remain open to the atmosphere tube consists of Mercury which has
specific gravity 13 .6 times than that of water.
4
U Tube differential manometer
• It is device to find difference of pressure between two points in a pipe, or in two
different pips at the same level, or at different level. It consist of a u shaped tube,
containing heavy liquid (mercury),
• The two ends of this U tube are connected to the points , whose difference of pressure
is to be measured.
5
• BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE
Bourdon tubes are radially formed tubes with an oval cross-section. The
pressure of the measuring medium acts on the inside of the tube and produces a
motion in the non-clamped end of the tube. This motion is the measure of the
pressure and is indicated via the movement. The C-shaped Bourdon tubes, formed
into an angle of approx. 250°, can be used for pressures up to 60 bar. For higher
pressures, Bourdon tubes with several superimposed windings of the same angular
diameter (helical tubes) or with a spiral coil in the one plane (spiral tubes) are used.
BOURDON TUBE VACUUM GAUGE
The bourdon tube vacuum gauge is similar in construction of the pressure gauge here
the C shaped tube of elliptical cross section is bent inwards when pressure inside the tube is
below the atmospheric air the gives an anti clockwise movement of the needle through the
language the figure gives the external appearance of the vacuum gauge.
6
DEVICES TO MEASURE WATER LEVEL OPEN CHANNEL
POINTED GAUGE:
A pointed gauge is basically consists of a thin vertical rod pointed at its lower end the
road is attached to a voice and find the arrangement as shown in the figure the point of the
gauge is lowered until it just touches the surface of water by rotating knob fitted on the
pinion . The elevation of water surface can be read from the vernier scale attached to the rod
the difference in water level in open channel usually measured by the point gauge.
HOOK GAUGE
A hook gauge is similar to that of pointer gauge as shown in the figure here the pointed end
of the rod is bent into a form of hook shaped so that the level of water can be measured
when the pair is just merges above the liquid surface the gauge is giving better accuracy than
pointer gauge in measurement.
7
STUDY OF ORIFICE AND NOTCHES
ORIFICE
An orifice is an opening having closed perimeter ,made at the side or bottom wall of Tank or a
vessel containing fluid the shape may be either circular, rectangular triangular etc ,through
which fluid may be discharged
NOTCHES
A notch may be defined as an opening which is not closed and provided in the side of the
tank such as the liquid surface in the tank is below the bottom edge of the opening.
Notches are made up of metallic plates provided in narrow channels in order to
measure the rate of flow of liquid ,notches are mainly rectangular triangular and trapezoidal.
8
9
Metacentric apparatus height
• Whenever a body floating in a liquid is given a small angular displacement, it starts
oscillating about the some point , this point about which the body start oscillating is
called Metacenter
• The distance between the center of gravity of a floating body ( center of buoyancy)
and the Metacenter is called Metacentric height.
The apparatus used to measure or calibrate the Metacentric height is called meta centric
height apparatus
10
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION-
Sl. no Area of Time Actual Velocity Velocity Pressure Total
section in sec discharge, in m/s head head p1/w head
in mm² Qa in m3/s v²/2g in m in m v²/2g
+
p1/w
in m
1
EXP NO.1
DATE-
CLOSED CIRCUIT BERNOULLI'S THEOREM APPARATUS
AIM -
To prove the Bernoulli’s theorem using closed circuit Bernoulli’s theorem
apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED -
(1) Supply tank
(2) Measuring tank
(3) Sump tank
(4) Duct
(5) Supply pump set
PRINCIPLE -
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, in steady continuous liquid flow, the total head
along the flow is the same at all points. ie the sum of datum head (z) pressure head
(p/w) and velocity head (v2/2g) is constant at different points.
P1/ w + v1²/2g + z1 = p2/w + v2²/2g + z2
FORMULAS-
Velocity = Qa / A
Actual discharge, Qa = a h/t
Where,
a = Area of measuring tank in meter²
h = Rise of water level (say 5cm) in meter
2
t = Time for rise of water level in seconds
A = Area of cross section of duct in meter²
PROCEDURE -
1. Start the pump
2. Open the inlet valve and maintain the head constant.
3. Adjust the outlet gate valve and fix the piezometer head at duct.
4. Measure the time for rise of water level and note down the pressure head.
5. Adjust the head and repeat the procedure.
RESULT:
3
STUDY OF ORIFICE AND NOTCHES
ORIFICE
An orifice is an opening having closed perimeter ,made at the side or bottom wall of Tank or a
vessel containing fluid the shape may be either circular, rectangular triangular etc ,through
which fluid may be discharged
NOTCHES
A notch may be defined as an opening which is not closed and provided in the side of the
tank such as the liquid surface in the tank is below the bottom edge of the opening.
Notches are made up of metallic plates provided in narrow channels in order to
measure the rate of flow of liquid ,notches are mainly rectangular triangular and trapezoidal.
8
EXP NO.2
DATE-
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF
NOTCHES
AIM -
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of notches (termed as notch tank
apparatus) and calibrate the notches.
APPARATUS REQUIRED -
1) Notch tank
2) Notch plates
3) Hook gauge
4) Measuring tank
5) Stop watch
FORMULAS -
1) Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = Qa / Qt
2) Actual discharge , Qa = A h/ t in m³/sec
Where,
A = Area of measuring tank = 30*30=900 cm²= 0.09 m 2
h = Raise of water level in meter = 5cm =0.05m
t = Time for rise of water level in seconds
5
3) The theoretical discharge is calculated by noting the 'head' (H) over the notch
plate, measured with the help of hook gauge. For different types of notch plates ,
different formulas should be used to calculate the theoretical principles of flow.
a) For a rectangular notch,
Qt = 2/3 * /2g B H³´²
Where,
Qt = Theoretical discharge in m3/sec
B = Breadth of the notch in meter
H = Head of water over the notch in meter
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
b) For a 'V' notch,
Qt = 8/15 /2g H5/2 tan 0/2
Where,
Qt = Theoretical discharge in m3/sec
H = Head of water over the notch in meter
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
0 = Angle of the notch = 60 degree
c) For a Trapezoidal notch,
Qt = (2/3 B + 8/15 tan 0/2 H) 2g H3/2
Where,
Qt = Theoretical discharge in m3/sec
6
Metacentric apparatus height
• Whenever a body floating in a liquid is given a small angular displacement, it starts
oscillating about the some point , this point about which the body start oscillating is
called Metacenter
• The distance between the center of gravity of a floating body ( center of buoyancy)
and the Metacenter is called Metacentric height.
The apparatus used to measure or calibrate the Metacentric height is called meta centric
height apparatus
10
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION-
Sl . Differential head Time for Actual Theoretical Co-efficient
No in mm of mercury 10cm raise discharge , discharge , of
of water Qa Qt discharge ,
level Cd
h1 h2 H in sec m³/sec m³/sec
in in mm
mm mm
8
EXP NO.3
DATE-
VENTURIMETER TEST RIG
AIM-
To determine the co-efficient of discharge using venturimeter test rig and also plot
the graph between Cd vs H.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
1) Venturimeter
2) Piping system
3) Measuring tank
4) Differential manometer
FLOW METERS- Venturimeter : 20mm, 25mm
Sl. No Venturimeter size Throat diameter
1. 20mm 11.83
2. 25mm 14.79
FORMULAS-
1) Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = Actual discharge (Qa) / Theoretical discharge (Qt)
2) Actual discharge , Qa = A*h /t m³/sec
Where,
A = Area of measuring tank in meters.
h = Rise of water level in meters (say 5cm)
9
t = Time in seconds for raise of water level (say 10 cm)
3) Theoretical discharge , Qt = a1 a2 /2gH
/ a1²- a2²
K= a1 a2 /2g
/ a1²- a2²
Qt = K / H m³/sec
Where ,
H = Differential head of manometer in mm
a1 = Area of the pipe
a2 = Area of the venture throat
g = Accelaration due to gravity (9.81) m/sec²
PROCEDURE-
1. Close all the valves ( venturimeter pipeline & Manometer)
2. Select the venturimeter pipeline in which you wanted to conduct the experiment
and keep the valve open.
3. Open the inlet valve.
4. Open the needle valves of the manometer and venturimeter( make sure while
taking readings , that the manometer is properly primed .Priming is filling the the
manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water venting the air from the
pipes.)
5. Adjust the control valves kept at the exit side of the venture to a desired flow rate
and maintain the flow steadily.
10
6. Note down the readings of manometer and time for 5cm rise in measuring tank.
7. Adjust the gate valve and repeat the experiment.
RESULT :
11
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sl Weights in Distance Angle of α—angle of tilt Metacentric
No: gm moved tilt
height
in cm
1 200
2 250
3 300
12
H = Head of water over the notch in meter
B = Breadth of the notch in meter
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec²
0 = Angle of the notch
PROCEDURE -
(1) Select the notch plate and fix it with water tight at the notch holder.
(2) Open the inlet valve to the desired value of flow.
(3) Measure the height over the notch with hook gauge.
(4) Note the time for raise of water level in measuring tank.
(5) Repeat the experiment at different flow rate by adjusting the inlet gate valve.
(6) Also repeat the experiment with other notches.
RESULT :
7
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION-
Sl . Differential head Time for Actual Theoretical Co-efficient
No in mm of mercury 10cm raise discharge , discharge , of
of water Qa Qt discharge ,
level Cd
h1 h2 H in sec m³/sec m³/sec
in in mm
mm mm
8
EXP NO.3
DATE-
VENTURIMETER TEST RIG
AIM-
To determine the co-efficient of discharge using venturimeter test rig and also plot
the graph between Cd vs H.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
1) Venturimeter
2) Piping system
3) Measuring tank
4) Differential manometer
FLOW METERS- Venturimeter : 20mm, 25mm
Sl. No Venturimeter size Throat diameter
1. 20mm 11.83
2. 25mm 14.79
FORMULAS-
1) Co-efficient of discharge, Cd = Actual discharge (Qa) / Theoretical discharge (Qt)
2) Actual discharge , Qa = A*h /t m³/sec
Where,
A = Area of measuring tank in meters.
h = Rise of water level in meters (say 5cm)
9
t = Time in seconds for raise of water level (say 10 cm)
3) Theoretical discharge , Qt = a1 a2 /2gH
/ a1²- a2²
K= a1 a2 /2g
/ a1²- a2²
Qt = K / H m³/sec
Where ,
H = Differential head of manometer in mm
a1 = Area of the pipe
a2 = Area of the venture throat
g = Accelaration due to gravity (9.81) m/sec²
PROCEDURE-
1. Close all the valves ( venturimeter pipeline & Manometer)
2. Select the venturimeter pipeline in which you wanted to conduct the experiment
and keep the valve open.
3. Open the inlet valve.
4. Open the needle valves of the manometer and venturimeter( make sure while
taking readings , that the manometer is properly primed .Priming is filling the the
manometer upper part and the connecting pipes with water venting the air from the
pipes.)
5. Adjust the control valves kept at the exit side of the venture to a desired flow rate
and maintain the flow steadily.
10
6. Note down the readings of manometer and time for 5cm rise in measuring tank.
7. Adjust the gate valve and repeat the experiment.
RESULT :
11
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sl Weights in Distance Angle of α—angle of tilt Metacentric
No: gm moved tilt
height
in cm
1 200
2 250
3 300
12
Frictional coefficient, F -- F =hf 2gd/ ( 4LV2 )
Actual discharge ,
Qa = A*h /t , (m³/sec)
Where,
A = Area of measuring tank in (m2 )
h = Rise of water level in meters (say 5cm)
t = Time in seconds for raise of water level (say 5 cm)
PROCEDURE:
1. Close all the valves (pipe line and manometer)
2. Select the pipe line in which we have to conduct the experiment and keep the
gate valve open
3. Open the inlet valve
4. Open the needle valve of the manometer and pressure tapping
5. Adjust the control valve kept the exit side of the apparatus to a desired flow
rate and maintain the flow steady.
19
6. Note down the reading of manometer and time for 5 cm raise of water in
measuring tank
7. Adjust the gate valve and repeat the experiment.
RESULT:
20
