11/07/2022

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
HENRISON C. SANCHEZ
Assistant Professor

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022

Reviewer Information
Henrison C. Sanchez
Faculty Member | Department of Engineering Sciences
BS Mathematics (CLSU, 2016) magna cum laude
MS Meteorology (UP Diliman, 2019)
Algebra, Trigonometry and Integral Calculus (ABE
Review Class 2019)
Differential and Integral Calculus (ABE Review Class
2021)

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Limits and Continuity

Theorems on Limits of Functions
Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐵, and let 𝑐 be a constant then the following holds
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
true:
1. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑎
2. lim [𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝐴 ± 𝐵
𝑥→𝑎
3. lim [𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝐴𝐵
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝐴
4. lim =𝐵
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥
𝑛
5. lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑛 where 𝑛 is a positive integer
𝑥→𝑎

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Question
Evaluate: lim (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4).
𝑥→4
A. 24
B. 26
C. 28
D. 30

Answer: A
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Question
1
Evaluate the lim 1 − sin2 𝜃 2 .
𝜃→0
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

Answer: B
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Question
𝑥−4
Evaluate: lim .
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 −16
A. 0.262
B. 0.354
C. 0
D. ∞

Answer: B
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Limits and Continuity

One-sided Limits
When considering the limit of a function of independent variable 𝑥 is restricted
to values less than (greater than) a number 𝑎, 𝑥 approaches 𝑎 from the left
(right), then the limits is call left hand limits (right hand limits).

NOTE: lim 𝑓 𝑥 exist and equal to 𝐿 if and only if lim 𝑓 𝑥 and

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎+
lim 𝑓 𝑥 both exist and equal to 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑎−

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Question
𝑥 2 −9
Evaluate: lim− .
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

Answer: D
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Question
5 + 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −2
Evaluate: lim + 𝑔 𝑥 where 𝑔 𝑥 = ቊ 2 .
𝑥→−2 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ −2
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

Answer: D

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Limits and Continuity

Infinite Limits
As 𝑥 approaches 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑥 increases (decreases) without bound.
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→𝑎

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Question
1
Evaluate: lim 2.
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3
A. 0
B. 1
C. +∞
D. −∞

Answer: C
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Question
3−𝑥
Evaluate: lim− .
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥
A. 0
B. 1
C. +∞
D. −∞

Answer: D
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Limits and Continuity

Limits at Infinity
If the values of 𝑓 𝑥 eventually get as close as we like to a number 𝐿 as 𝑥
increases without bound, we write
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→+∞
Similarly, if the values of 𝑓 𝑥 eventually get as close as we like to a number 𝐿
as 𝑥 decreases without bound, then we write
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→−∞

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Limits and Continuity

Limit of polynomials as x → ±∞
The end behaviour of a polynomial matches the end behaviour of its highest
degree term.
lim 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = lim 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

lim 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = lim 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

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Limits and Continuity

Limit of Rational Functions as 𝑥 → ±∞
The end behaviour of a rational function matches the end behaviour of the
highest degree term in the numerator divided by the highest degree term in the
denominator.

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Question
Evaluate: lim 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 .
𝑥→−∞
A. 0
B. 1
C. +∞
D. −∞

Answer: D
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Question
𝑥+2
Evaluate: lim .
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−2
A. 0
B. 1
C. +∞
D. −∞

Answer: C
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Question
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6
What is lim ?
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥+1
A. −∞
B. 0
C. +∞
D. Does not exist

Answer: C

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Question
7𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −2
Evaluate: lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 3 +𝑥+5
A. ∞
7
B.
2
2
C.
7
D. 1

Answer: B

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Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function
The function f is continuous at a if and only if
i. 𝑓(𝑎) exists
ii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥→𝑎
iii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

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Question
𝑥−4
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = is discontinuous at 𝑥 =?
𝑥+2
A. -2
B. 0
C. 2
D. None of the above

Answer: A
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Question
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
Is the function 𝑓 𝑥 = continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑥−1
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not enough information
D. None of the above

Answer: B
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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Delta notation
Delta refers to a small change in the value of variable, whereas the average
rate of change is given by

∆𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
= =
∆𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∆𝑥

where 𝑥0 is the initial value of 𝑥.

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Question
Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 starting from 𝑥1 = 1
to 𝑥2 = 1.5.
A. 4.5
B. 5.5
C. 6.5
D. 7.5

Answer: C

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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Formal definition of derivative
The derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥 is the function 𝑓′(𝑥) and is defined as

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
h→0 ℎ

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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Rules for differentiating functions
1. The derivative of a constant is zero
𝑑
𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥
2. The derivative of the constant and polynomial:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. Sum and Difference Rule:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢±𝑣±⋯ = (𝑢) ± (𝑣) ± ⋯ )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Rules for differentiating functions
4. Product Rule:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑢 (𝑣)
= 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 ;𝑣 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣

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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Rules for differentiating functions
6. Power Rule
𝑑 𝑚
𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1
𝑑𝑥
7. Chain Rule
𝑑
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Question
What is the derivative with respect to 𝑥 of 𝑥 + 1 3
− 𝑥 3?
A. 3𝑥 + 6
B. 3𝑥 − 3
C. 6𝑥 − 3
D. 6𝑥 + 3

Answer: D

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Question
1
Differentiate 𝑥 + 2 2 2
1/2
𝑥 2 +2
A.
2
𝑥
B.
𝑥 2 +2 1/2
2𝑥
C.
𝑥 2 +2 1/2
D. 𝑥 + 2 2 3/2

Answer: B

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Question
Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 2.
A. 4𝑡 3 + 14𝑡 2
B. 𝑡 3 + 4𝑡
C. 4𝑡 3 + 14𝑡
D. 4𝑡 3 + 𝑡

Answer: C

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Question
Find the derivative of the (𝑥 + 5)/(𝑥 2 − 1) with respect to 𝑥.
A. (−𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 1)/ 𝑥 2 − 1 2
B. (−𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 1)/ 𝑥 2 − 1 2
C. (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 1)/ 𝑥 2 − 1 2
D. (−𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1)/ 𝑥 2 + 1 2

Answer: A

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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Higher-order Derivatives Notation
𝑑𝑦
First Derivative 𝑦′, 𝑓′ 𝑥 , , 𝐷𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
Second Derivative 𝑦′′, 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 , , 𝐷𝑥2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

′′′
𝑑3 𝑦
Third Derivative 𝑦′′′, 𝑓 𝑥 , , 𝐷𝑥3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
nth Derivative 𝑦 (𝑛) , 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑥 , , 𝐷𝑥𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

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Question
Find the second derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 at 𝑥 = 2.
A. 96
B. 0.375
C. -0.25
D. -0.875

Answer: B

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Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

Implicit Differentiation
An equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 defines 𝑦 implicitly as a function of 𝑥. The domain of
that implicitly defined function consists of those x for which there is a unique y
such that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.

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Question
Differentiate implicitly: 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 = 𝑥.
A. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ = 1
B. 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ = 1
C. 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ = 1
D. 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′ = 1

Answer: A

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Question
Find 𝑦 ′ : 𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 4
𝑦+3𝑥 2
A.
−𝑥+2𝑦
−𝑥+2𝑦
B.
𝑦+3𝑥 2
𝑦−3𝑥 2
C.
−𝑥+2𝑦
−𝑥+2𝑦
D.
𝑦−3𝑥 2
Answer: C

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Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

Derivative of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. 𝑑(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
7. 𝑑(sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2
2. 𝑑(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
8. 𝑑(cos −1 𝑥) = − 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2
3. 𝑑(tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. 𝑑(tan−1 𝑥) =
1
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
4. 𝑑(cot 𝑥) = − csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. 𝑑(cot −1 𝑥) = −
1
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
5. 𝑑(sec 𝑥) = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
11. 𝑑(sec −1 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
6. 𝑑(csc 𝑥) = − cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
12. 𝑑(csc −1 𝑥) = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1

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Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1. 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3. 𝑑 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 1
2. 𝑑 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. 𝑑 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

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Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

Properties of Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 cosh 𝑥
1. sinh 𝑥 = 4. coth 𝑥 =
2 sinh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1
2. cosh 𝑥 = 2 5. sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 1
3. tanh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 6. csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥

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Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

1. 𝑑(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. 𝑑(coth 𝑥) = csch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑑(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. 𝑑(sech 𝑥) = −sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑑(tanh 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. 𝑑(csch 𝑥) = −csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Question
Find the derivative with respect to 𝑥 of 2 cos 2 (𝑥 2 + 2).
A. 2 sin(𝑥 2 + 2) cos(𝑥 2 + 2)
B. −2 sin(𝑥 2 + 2) cos(𝑥 2 + 2)
C. 8𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 + 2 cos(𝑥 2 + 2)
D. −8𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 + 2 cos(𝑥 2 + 2)

Answer: D

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Question
Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 52𝑥+1 .
A. 52𝑥+1 ln 5
B. 52𝑥+1 ln 25
C. 52𝑥+1 ln 10
D. 52𝑥+1 ln 2

Answer: B

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Question
Find the derivative with respect to 𝑥 of ln cos 𝑥 .
A. sec 𝑥
B. − sec 𝑥
C. tan 𝑥
D. − tan 𝑥

Answer: D

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Question
What is the first derivative of 𝑦 = arcsin 3𝑥 .
3
A. −
1+9𝑥 2
3
B.
1+9𝑥 2
3
C. −
1−9𝑥 2
3
D.
1−9𝑥 2

Answer: D
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Question
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 .
A. 𝑥 𝑥 2 + ln 𝑥
B. 𝑥 𝑥 1 + ln 𝑥
C. 𝑥 𝑥 1 − ln 𝑥
D. 𝑥 𝑥 2 − ln 𝑥

Answer: B

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Question
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥, find 𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 .
1
A.
𝑥2
1
B. −
𝑥
1
C.
𝑥
1
D. −
𝑥2

Answer: C
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Question
If 𝑦 = tanh 2𝑥, find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥.
A. 2sech2 2𝑥
B. sech2 2𝑥
C. 2csch2 2𝑥
D. csch2 2x

Answer: A

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Question
Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥: 𝑦 = sin(ln 𝑥 2 )
A. 2 cos(ln 𝑥 2 )
2 cos ln 𝑥 2
B.
𝑥
C. 2𝑥 cos ln 𝑥 2
2 cos ln 𝑥 2
D.
𝑥2

Answer: B

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Question
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 5 cosh 𝑥.
A. 10𝑥 4 cosh 𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 sinh 𝑥
B. 10𝑥 4 cosh 𝑥 − 2𝑥 5 sinh 𝑥
C. 2𝑥 4 cosh 𝑥 + 10𝑥 5 sinh 𝑥
D. 2𝑥 4 cosh 𝑥 − 10𝑥 5 sinh 𝑥

Answer: A

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Question
2
What is the first derivatives of 𝑦 = 𝑎3𝑥 ?
2
A. 6𝑥𝑎3𝑥 ln 𝑎
2
B. 3𝑥𝑎3𝑥 ln 𝑎
3 2
C. 𝑥𝑎3𝑥
2
2
D. 6𝑥𝑎3𝑥

Answer: A

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Derivatives and Shape of a Graph of a Function

Critical Numbers
Critical number 𝑐 are values that makes 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑓′(𝑐) undefined.

Increasing/Decreasing Test
• If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 on an interval, then 𝑓 is increasing on that interval
• If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0 on an interval, then 𝑓 is decreasing on that interval

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Derivatives and Shape of a Graph of a Function

First Derivative Test
Suppose we have the critical number 𝑐 of a continuous function
• If 𝑓 ′ changes from positive to negative at 𝑐, then 𝑓 has local maximum at 𝑐.
• If 𝑓 ′ changes from negative to positive at 𝑐, then 𝑓 has local minimum at 𝑐.
• If 𝑓′ does not change sign at 𝑥0 (for example, if 𝑓′ is positive on both sides of 𝑐 or
negative on both sides), then 𝑓 has no local maximum or minimum at 𝑐

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Derivatives and Shape of a Graph of a Function

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Question
Find the relative maximum of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥.
A. 𝑥 = −1
B. 𝑥 = 0
C. 𝑥 = 1
D. None of the above

Answer: A

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Question
𝑥2
Find the relative minimum/s of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥−1
A. 𝑥=0
B. 𝑥=1
C. 𝑥=2
D. None of the above

Answer: C
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Derivatives and Shape of a Graph of a Function

Concavity
If a graph of 𝑓 lies above all its tangents on an interval 𝐼, then it is called
concave upward on 𝐼.
If a graph of 𝑓 lies below all its tangents on an interval 𝐼, then it is called
concave downward on 𝐼

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Derivatives and Shape of a Graph of a Function

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Derivatives and Shape of a Graph of a Function

Concavity Test
• If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 > 0 on an interval, then the graph of 𝑓 is concave upward on that interval
• If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 < 0 on an interval, then the graph of 𝑓 is concave downward on that interval
Points of Inflection
A point 𝑃 on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is called point of inflection if 𝑓 is continuous
at 𝑃, and the curve changes from concave upward to concave downward or
from concave downward to concave upward at 𝑃.
At points of inflection 𝑝, we have
𝑦 ′′ 𝑝 = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑝 = 0

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Question
Find the point/s of inflection of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 7.
A. (1,4)
B. (1,2)
C. (4,1)
D. 2,1

Answer: A

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Question
Locate the point/s of inflection of the curve
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3 .
A. (0,1)
B. (0,2)
C. (1,0)
D. (2,0)

Answer: B

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Applications of Derivative
L’Hopital’s Rule
Suppose that we have one of the following cases (indeterminate forms),
𝑓 𝑥 0 𝑓 𝑥 ±∞
lim = 𝑂𝑅 lim =
𝑥→1 𝑔 𝑥 0 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 ±∞
where 𝑎 can be any real number, infinity or negative infinity. In these cases we
have,
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥
lim = lim ′
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥

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Question
sin 𝑥
Evaluate: lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥
A. 0
B. 0.5
C. 1
D. 𝜋

Answer: C
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Question
1−cos 𝑥
Evaluate: lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥2
A. 0
B. 0.5
C. 1
D. 𝜋

Answer: B
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Applications of Derivatives
Differentials: Newton’s Method
Given by the function 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ~𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥 which can used to
approximate values of a function.

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Question
3
Estimate the value of 124
A. 370/75
B. 374/75
C. 376/75
D. 378/75

Answer: B

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Question
Estimate the value of 16.2.
A. 157/40
B. 159/40
C. 161/40
D. 163/40

Answer: C

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Applications of Derivatives
Tangent and Normal Lines
The slope 𝑚 of the tangent line to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) at any point 𝑥0 is the value
of the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥0 .
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥0
Note: Normal line of curve at one of its points is the vertical line passes through
the point and perpendicular to the tangent line.

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Question
1
Find the slope of the curve 𝑦 = 6 4 + 𝑥 2 at (0,12).
A. 0.67
B. 1.5
C. 1.33
D. 0.75

Answer: B
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Question
1
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 through the
point (8,12).
A. 7𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 16 = 0
B. 8𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 21 = 0
C. 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 15 = 0
D. 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

Answer: A

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Question
Find the equation of the normal line to 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4 𝑎𝑡 2,4 .
A. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 18 = 0
B. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 18 = 0
C. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 18 = 0
D. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 18 = 0

Answer: B

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Applications of Derivatives
Curvature and Radius of curvature
Curvature refers to the rate of change of the direction of the curve. Thus, a
circle with a smaller radius has a great curvature or is sharply curved.
The curvature, 𝑘, of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is:
𝑦 ′′
𝑘= 3
1 + 𝑦′ 2 2

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Applications of Derivatives
Curvature and Radius of curvature
The radius of curvature, 𝜌, is the reciprocal of the curvature, 𝑘,
3
1 1 + 𝑦′ 2 2
𝜌= =
𝑘 𝑦 ′′

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Question
What is the radius of curvature at point (1,2) of the curve 4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0?
A. 6.21
B. 5.21
C. 5.66
D. 6.66

Answer: C

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Applications of Derivatives
Rate of Change
The derivative of a function is equal to its rate of change.
Example:
𝑑𝑉
The rate of change of volume 𝑉 of sphere with respect to its radius 𝑟 is .
𝑑𝑟

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Question
Find the point in the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 at which the rate of change of the
ordinate and abscissa are equal.
A. (1,2)
B. (2,1)
C. (4,4)
D. (−1,4)

Answer: A

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Question
If the angle of elevation of the sun is 45o and is decreasing by ¼ radians per
hour, how fast is the shadow cast on the ground by a pole 50 ft tall lengthening?
A. 25 ft/h
B. 20 ft/h
C. 32 ft/h
D. 28 ft/h
Answer: A

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Applications of Derivatives
Optimization
Deals with the largest value or the smallest value that a function can take.
• Step 1. Set-up the equation to maximize/minimize
• Step 2. Take the first derivative, and find the critical value
• Step 3. Perform First Derivative Test

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Question
At 9AM, ship B is 65 miles due east of another ship A. Ship B is then sailing due west
at 10 mi/h, and A is sailing due south at 15 mi/h. If they continue on their respective
courses, when will they be nearest one another?
A. 9:30 AM
B. 10 AM
C. 10:30 AM
D. 11 AM
Answer: D

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Question
A rectangular box having a square base and open at the top is to have a
capacity of 16823 cc. Find the height of the box to use the least amount of
material.
A. 16.14 cm
B. 32.28 cm
C. 18.31 cm
D. 28.74 cm
Answer: A

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Applications of Derivatives
Rectilinear Motion
Rectilinear motion is motion of an object on a straight line.
𝑑𝑠
• Instantaneous velocity (𝑣) is the derivative of 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡), that is, 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 .
• Instantaneous speed is the absolute value/ magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
• Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity or the derivative of the velocity, that is,
𝑑2 𝑠
.
𝑑𝑡 2

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Question
A particle moves according to the parametric equation 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 ,
where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are displacements (in meters) in 𝑥 and 𝑦 directions, respectively
and 𝑡 is time in seconds. Determine the acceleration of the body after 𝑡 = 3
seconds.
A. 12.84 𝑚/𝑠 2 C. 21.47 𝑚/𝑠 2
B. 18.44 𝑚/𝑠 2 D. 5.21 𝑚/𝑠 2

Answer: B

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Applications of Derivatives
Circular Motion.
The motion of a particle 𝑃 along a circle is completely described by an equation
𝜃 = 𝑓(𝑡), where theta is the central angle (in radians) swept over in time by a
line joining 𝑃 to the center of the circle. The coordinates of 𝑃 are given by 𝑥 =
𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 .
𝑑𝜃
Note: Angular velocity (𝜔) is equal to while angular momentum (α) is equal
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝜃
to .
𝑑𝑡 2

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Question
A wheel turn through an angle θ radians in time t seconds so that 𝜃 = 128𝑡 −
12𝑡 2 . Find the acceleration at the end of 3 seconds.
A. 56 rad/sec C. -24 rad/sec
B. -36 rad/sec D. 46 rad/sec

Answer: C

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END OF DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
Good Luck!

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