2.
2 PROPERTIES OF WATER
A. The Water Molecule
How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonding
a. Cohesion
b. Adhesion
c. Heat and capacity
B. Solutions and Suspension
1. Solutions
a. solute
b. solvent
2. Suspension
C. Acids, Bases and pH
Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?
1. The pH Scale
2. Acids
3. Bases
4. Buffers
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
KEY QUESTIONS:
HOW DOES THE STRUCTURE OF WATER CONTRIBUTE TO ITS UNIQUE PROPERTIES?
HOW DOES WATER’S POLARITY INFLUENCE ITS PROPERTIES AS A SOLVENT?
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR CELLS TO BUFFER SOLUTIONS AGAINST RAPID CHANGES IN pH?
Questionnaires:
What is a water molecule? (p. 40)
What is the negative in this chemical compound? Where is it?
Draw a water molecule diagram in your notebook
Why are water molecules attracted to one another?
Draw a diagram of a meniscus. Label where cohesion and adhesion occur.
Vocabulary:
Hydrogen Bond
Cohesion
Adhesion
Mixture
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Suspension
pH Scale
Acid
Base
Buffer
DRAW A VENN DIAGRAM
Show the differences between solutions and suspensions and the
properties they share
Draw a Water Molecule: copy the diagram and text on page 40 -figure 2-6
Draw a Hydrogen Bonding and Cohesion diagram copy the text on page 41 -figure 2-
7-
Draw a diagram of a Meniscus. Label where cohesion and adhesion occur. Copy the
text on page 67 Figure 2-8
Draw a Salt solution. Copy the text Figure 2-9
Draw the pH Scale on page 43. Copy the text figure 2-10
How might the temperature of antarctic of dissolved oxygen available for ice fish?
What happens to the sodium ions and chloride in the solution?
Order these items in order of increasing acidity: soap, lemon juice, milk, acid rain
II. THE WATER MOLECULE
How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?
Water is one of the few compounds found in a liquid
state over most of Earth’s surface.
Water is neutral (H2O)
POLARITY.- It has 8 protons in its nucleus.
Oxygen atom has much stronger attraction for
electrons than does a hydrogen atom with a
single proton.
Polar.-A molecule in which the
charges are unevenly distributed.
The molecule is like a magnet
with two poles.
The charges on a polar molecule
are written in parentheses (-) or
(+) to show that they are weaker
than the charges on ions.
Hydrogen Bonding.-
Due to their partial positive and
negative charges, polar molecules
such as water can attract each other.
Hydrogen Bond.- The attraction
between a hydrogen atom on one
water molecule and the oxygen atom.
Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as
covalent bonds or ionic bonds.
Cohesion: Is an attraction between
molecules of the same substance
because a single water molecule may be
involved in as many as four hydrogen
bonds at the same time.
Water is extremely cohesive.
Cohesion causes water molecules to be
drawn together. It Produces surface
tension. (insects walking on water)
Adhesion.- Attraction between molecules
of different substances. (Ex.) see water
in glass.
Capillary Action. Is a force .that draws water out of the roots
of a plant and up into its stems and leaves. Cohesion holds
the column of the water as it rises.
Heat Capacity.- One Result of the multiple hydrogen
bonds between water molecules is that it takes a large
amount of heat energy to cause those molecules to
move faster.
It raises the temperature of water.
This is why water can heat with small changes in
temperature.
SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
How does water’s polarity influence
its properties as a solvent?
Water is not always pure. It is often
found as part of a mixture.
Mixture.- composed of two or more
elements or compounds that
physically mixed together but not
chemically combined.
Ex.: Salt and pepper
Earth’s atmosphere
Solutions.- Ex.: Crystal of table salt in water.
Sodium and chloride ions on the surface of the crystal are attracted to the polar water
molecules.
Ions become dispersed in the water forming a type of mixture called a solution.
ALL the components of a solution are evenly distributed.
Eg.: Saltwater .- Salt in a solution.
The salt is the solute .- it is dissolved.
Water is the solvent.- substance which the solute is dissolved in.
Water is the greatest solvent on Earth.
If there is more solute, then the solution is saturated.
Suspensions.- Materials which do not dissolved in water and separate into pieces.
The small particles are suspended
Mixtures of water and non dissolved material.
Eg..
ACIDS, BASES, AND pH
Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?
Sometimes water molecules split
apart to form ions.
The pH Scale
A measurement system that
indicates the the concentration
of H+ ions in a solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to
14. At a pH of 7, the
concentration of H+ ions and
OH- ions is equal.
PUre water is a pH of.
Solutions of pH below 7 are
called acidic solutions because
they have more H+ ions than
OH- ions. The lower the pH, the
greater the acidity.
Solutions above pH 7 are called
basic solutions because they
have more OH- ions than H1
ions. The higher the pH, the
more basic the solutions.
Each step on the pH scale represents a factor of .
IMPORTANCE OF IONS
ACIDS BASES
The ions come from the acids. A compound that produces hydroxide ions
An acid is any compound that forms (OH-) in solution.
of H+ ions in solution. Basic or alkaline solutions contain
Acidic solutions contain higher lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure
concentrations of H+ ions than pure water water and have pH values above 7.
and have pH values below 7. Examples
Strong acids tend to have pH values that
range from 1 to 3.
:
Buffers.- The pH of fluids within most
cells in the human body must be kept
between 6.5 and 7.5. If the pH is
lower or higher, it will affect the
chemical reactions that take place
within the cells.
Controlling pH is important for
maintaining homeostasis.
one way is through dissolved
compounds or Buffers.
Buffers are weak acids or bases that
can react with strong acids or bases to
prevent sharp sudden changes in pH,
Blood.
Bicarbonate or phosphate ions.
Eg.
