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CHAPTER-ONE

CHAPTER-ONE
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Report: CHAPTER-ONE

Writing Issues
64 Clarity
19 Wordy sentences
9 Unclear sentences
25 Passive voice misuse
5 Hard-to-read text
1 Outdated language
3 Intricate text
2 Unclear paragraphs

51 Correctness
4 Comma misuse within clauses
1 Citation style options
24 Punctuation in compound/complex
sentences
1 Text inconsistencies
2 Mixed dialects of english
7 Incorrect verb forms
3 Wrong or missing prepositions
3 Incomplete sentences
3 Improper formatting
1 Faulty tense sequence
2 Determiner use (a/an/the/this, etc.)

18 Engagement
18 Word choice

2 Delivery
2 Incomplete sentences

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Unique Words 30%

Measures vocabulary diversity by calculating the unique words
percentage of words used only once in your
document

Rare Words 42%

Measures depth of vocabulary by identifying words rare words
that are not among the 5,000 most common English
words.

Word Length 5.2

Measures average word length characters per word

Sentence Length 18.4

Measures average sentence length words per sentence

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CHAPTER-ONE

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Commencement address delivered by leaders, outstanding personalities, and

successful people is an example of discourse that provides a good subject for
1 2
analysis of communication. Through speeches, the speakers have control over
what they want to in uence and how they want the audience to perceive it.
3 4
Persuasion, as stated by (Alkhirbash et.al. 38), is the speaker's attempt to
5 6
in uence his audience, and it can be accomplished by honesty, transparency,
respect, admiration, and activation, but not through deception. The speakers
use several delivery methods to draw the audience's attention to them, agree
with their viewpoints, and be persuaded by sharing their personal stories,
lessons, and values with hopes that they will impart their knowledge and
7 8
listeners will apply it in their everyday life or the future (Ganz, 275) . A
9
universally renowned character, the late Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago
10
who was known for her persuading and praiseworthy discourses, is likewise
11
thought to be the group most loved given her brightness and talking methods.
12
Anent to this, she conveyed different talks to various crowds, one of which is
13 14
the commencement speeches conveyed in certain colleges, which will be
15
utilized as data for this analysis through the use of metaphorical languages by
Perrine's and Aristotle's mode of persuasion (ethos, pathos, logos) as a
framework for the study According to experts, persuasive discourse frequently
appeals to the audience's views or strives to in uence existing points of view,

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or at the very least acknowledges the importance of opposing viewpoints

7 16 7 17
(Rzadkiewicz, 1) . Also stated by (Cockroft, 113) "emotion" is the "natural
18
substance" of a way of talking, since, without genuine inclination, compelling
in uence is probably not going to happen whatever the issue involved. He
19
added that persuaders should feel the feeling they wish to excite in the
audience members. He can accomplish this by giving a few completions like
20
lexis, theoretical order, nonliteral language, or any blend of the above-
21
mentioned. The fundamental association relies upon the persuader's capacity
to anticipate individuals' reactions and ability to draw in with the in uence.
22
Since persuasive strategies involve the use of languages to be more creative
7
and convincing. (Khodabadeh, 347) mentioned that gures of speech are words
2
or sentences utilized to give another meaning different from the literal meaning
24
. Such devices are basically used deliberately in open discourses to make an
25 26
impact. Speakers as a rule resort to encapsulating the talk they present with
logical requests to allude to themselves (ethos), the audience's state of
27 28
emotional state (pathos), or related evidence (logos). This thought using
29
rhetorical appeals in argumentative and persuasive discourse can be followed
back to Aristotle's rhetoric which adds to fundamental contentious parts that
30
narrators depend on in introducing powerful and persuasive stories.
31
Several studies were conducted using speeches as the corpus of the analysis,
32
and studies were conducted using Aristotle's three modes of persuasion as a
tool for the research investigation. (Taylor & Francis p. 23) employed ethos,
logos, and pathos in their study that evolves on investigating two images with
different issues during the cold war in the late 90s. (Dyck, E. F p. 170) applied
33
ethos, pathos, and logos in analysing the play by William Shakespeare "Troilus
34
and Criseyde'' during the Trojan War. (Higgins & Walker p. 194) analysed the
strategies of persuasion utilized in social/environmental reports. The study

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revealed the recent talk investigations of social/environment reports uncover

how the language used in these reports develops a center-ground talk of
35
'business and manageability, however, they don't intricate how the talk comes
36
to impact other social entertainers.
Another study by (Mubarak &Rhaif p. 343) investigates the Pragma-rhetorical
Strategies Utilized by American Commencement Speakers to motivate
37
graduates for managing future opportunities and challenges. The discoveries
have uncovered that initiation speakers resort to different common sense and
expository procedures to pass the inspirational message and counsel they
mean on to convey to the alumni inside the narratives they implant in their
beginning talks. Besides, the discoveries likewise uncover that the rst callings
of the initiation speakers assume a part is zeroing in on speci c pragma
explanatory procedures. The several studies mentioned above have paid
38 39
attention to some commencement speeches, but none of them focused on
investigating the gures of speech and rhetorical appeals embedded in this
academic discourse by Miriam Defensor Santiago. This present study aims to
bridge this gap by nding answers to the following: a.) gures of speech that
are dominantly used by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago in her motivational
40 41
speeches. b.) rhetorical appeals that are highly exploited in Senator Miriam
Defensor Santiago's motivational speeches.
The study advances the frontier of knowledge in the eld of communication.
42
Especially to the language majors, this study will add to their knowledge in
terms of language analysis and constructing speeches creatively using
different metaphorical languages as tools to appeal to various audiences. In
addition, the use of persuasive strategies (ethos, pathos, logos) employed in
43
this study will be of great help for future researchers to be use as the
framework for analyzing various discourses.

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Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

44
This paper is analyzed by the theory of Perrine on gures of speech and
45
Aristotle's three modes of persuasion. Aristotle proposed three modes of
46
persuasion because he claims that the commencement speech consists of
48 47
three things; the speaker, the subject addressed in the delivery and the hearer.
50
The three means of persuasion can be found either in the character of the
speaker (ethos) or in the argument of the speech (logos) in the emotional state
49
of the audience (pathos).
Kinds of Figures of Speech
51
1. Metaphor is utilized to look things that are not all like in representation the
52 53 54 20
correlation is suggested, that is a non-literal term in for or related to the
exacting word.
55
2. Simile is a gure of speech wherein two things are being compared. It has
two characteristics that need to consider; it usually uses "like or as" (or words
56 56
with similar reasoning). The two objects thought about are dissimilar, however,
57 58
have included that are similar to both.
59 60
3. Personi cation is giving life to lifeless things the characteristics of an
61
individual or creature. As per Perrine, representation comprises giving the
62 63
characteristics of a human to a creature, an item, or an idea. It is a subtype of
metaphor, an implied comparison wherein the human being is always the
64
comparison of the gurative term.
65
4. Metonymy the customary separation between similitude substitutes for
66
something different suggested in its unique situation while a metonym erases
67
something from its speci c circumstance. It takes out the primary thing and
68 69 70
gives some perspective or a piece of the entire can be deduced, given the

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71
viewpoint that is expressed, there is a course of cross-over the part and the
entirety.
5. Paradox is a seemingly contradictory statement that is still accurate. It could
72
be a condition or a declaration. The paradox is a statement as a gure of
speech. The contradiction in a paradoxical phrase usually stems from one of
73
the words being used symbolically or in more than one way.
6. Symbol perhaps generally characterized as something meaning more than
what it is. Picture, allegory, and image shade into each and are in some cases
troublesome to recognize, in common be that is it may, a picture cruel as it is
where it is, and image implies what it is and something more too, too. An image
74 75
, that's capacities truly and metaphorically at the same time.
7. Hyperbole utilize overstated terms in arrange, but not deceive.
76
Overstatement or exaggeration is an exaggeration, but misrepresentation
77
within the benet of truth. It isn't the same as an angling story. Like all gures of
78
speech, exaggeration may be utilized with an assortment of impacts. It may be
79
funny or grave, whimsical or limited, persuading or unconvincing exaggeration
could seem strained and strange.
8. Irony has a meaning that expands past its utilization simply as a gure of
80
discourse, verbal incongruity. Saying the inverse of what one implies, is
81
frequently confounded with mockery and with parody. Although verbal
82
incongruity continuously suggests the inverse of what is said, it has numerous
83 84
degrees, and as it were in its least complex frame it is cruel as it were the
inverse of what is complex shapes it implies both what is said and the inverse
of what is said, at once although in numerous ways and several degrees of
accentuation.
85
9. Synecdoche could be an extraordinary sort of metonymy in which a portion of
86
something is substituted.

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87
e.g. many new hands are working at the factory (employees).
Aristotle's Rhetorical Appeals
88
1. Ethos relies upon the personality of the speaker. At the point when the
speaker seems deserving of belief, the crowd acknowledges his suggestions
89 90
and thinks of them as evident and valid. This can be accomplished when his
91
messages react to three characteristics: good sense, good moral character, and
goodwill.
92 93
2. Pathos is an enticing method plans to stimulates the feeling of the crowd to
change their perspective as to their decisions. In pathos, the speaker attempts
to: Move the hearer's emotion, and allow the listeners to experience a feeling
that relates to the current situation, awakens feeling such as love, pride, anger,
empathy, and fear.
3. Logos requests reason and legitimate con rmation with realities, models
mirroring the universe. Logos should be visible through the speaker's: reasons,
facts, examples, rhetorical questions, and enthymemes.
The variables investigated in this study are represented by the rst and second
94
boxes. The rst box displays the data gathered for the study's analysis. The
second box presents the study theory and framework that the researchers will
use to analyze and examine the study's data. Finally, in the third box is the
proposed outcomes based on the analysis of the study's results.
Research Objectives
95
The objectives of this study are to identify the dominant gures of speech and
96
mostly utilized mode of persuasion in the four (4) Commencement Speeches of
Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago and how these strategies persuade
95,97
graduates in managing future opportunities and challenges.
Statement of the Problem

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This study attempts to assess the rhetorical strategies embedded in the select
commencement speeches delivered by the late Senator Miriam Defensor
98
Santiago to motivate graduates for managing future opportunities and
challenges. Speci cally, it answers the following questions:
99
1. What gures of speech are dominantly used by Senator Miriam Defensor
Santiago in her motivational speeches?
100 101
2. What rhetorical appeals are highly used in Senator Miriam Defensor
Santiago's motivational speeches?
Scope and Limitation
The researchers have set several limitations in this study. First, the researchers
102
have limited to only four speeches to be used as data in this study. Second, this
103
study focused only to investigate four (4) Commencement speeches of the late
Senator Miriam Santiago delivered in different universities; (1) Commencement
Speech in the University of the Philippines College of Medicine last May 20,
104
2012, (2) Commencement Speech in University of the Philippines Cebu last
April 30, 2014, (3) Commencement Speech in University of Perpetual Help
System, Biñan Laguna last March 1, 2016, (4) Commencement Speech in Our
Lady of Fatima University at Valenzuela City last March 4, 2016.
Correspondingly, this research was limited only to the qualitative approach
using Perrine's Theory of Figures of Speech and Aristotle's Three Modes of
Persuasion- ethos, logos, and pathos, as a tool for the investigation of the
105
speeches. The differences between this study and the other studies are on the
research Objectives. Most of the previous studies utilized political speeches as
106 107
the object of the research, while this current study uses academic speech.
Additionally, this study identi es the most dominant gurative languages and
Rhetorical strategies used by Miriam Defensor Santiago in her speeches.
Signi cance of the Study

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The researchers believe that the study will be bene cial to the following groups
of individuals:
108
Students. The study will help students improve their written and oral abilities,
and enhance their creative thinking. In addition, since this study has focused
109
on motivational speech it will help readers on how they will face opportunities
110
ahead and cope with their challenges in their everyday lives and the future.
Language Advocates. Raise public familiarity with the advantages of learning
dialects to impact or in uence the bearing of present and future instruction.
Public Speakers. This study will contribute to future speakers improving their
111
knowledge of speeches, and speech styles and enhance their language choice
to use in various events related to public discourse.
112 116
Future Researchers. This study would help expand related studies and this
113 114
could be used as a reference for next further research related to investigating
116 115
the gures of speech and rhetorical appeals that are employed in public
discourse.
De nition of terms
The following terms were de ned conceptually for a better understanding of
the study.
117 118
Challenges.are the different cultures or problems that came from all domains
at the same time. It requires great effort, perseverance, and determination to
119
deal with a set of situations to overcome.
120
Commencement. It is a ceremony in which students formally receive their
diplomas at school or college.
121
Discourse. It is how the language used socially to convey broad historical
meanings. It is language identi ed by the social conditions of its use, by who is
using it, and under what conditions. Language can never be 'neutral' because it
bridges our personal and social worlds.

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122 20
Figures of Speech. It is a word or phrase that is used in a non-literal way to
create an effect. This effect may be rhetorical in the deliberate arrangement of
words to achieve something poetic, or imagery as in the use of language to
suggest a visual picture or make an idea more vivid.
123 124
Graduation.It is the fact of nishing a degree or other course of study at a
125 126
university or school, or the ceremony at which you are of cially said to have
vanished.
127
Motivation. It is one of the factors, which encourage the person to the
128
commitment to some actions and plays a crucial role in the psychological
determinant.
Opportunities. It is an occasion or situation that makes it possible to do
129
something that you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing
something.
130
Pathos. It is a language that draws out feelings such as a pity or anger in an
audience.
131
Persuasion. It is the action or fact of persuading someone or of being
persuaded to do or believe something.
Rhetorical. It is asked only to make a statement or to produce an effect rather
132 133
than to get an answer, connected with the art of rhetoric.
134 135
Rhetorical Appeals. These are argumentative strategies that are intended to
convince a listener of particular points by arguing or appealing to certain
aspects of the listener's character or personality.
Speech. It is the expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by
articulate sounds.

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1. communication analysis Wordy sentences Clarity

2. have control over → control Wordy sentences Clarity

3. Persuasion, as stated by (Alkhirbash Unclear sentences Clarity

et.al. 38), is the speaker's attempt to
in uence his audience, and it can be
accomplished by honesty, transparency,
respect, admiration, and activation, but
not through deception.

4. et.al. → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

5. in uence → control Word choice Engagement

6. be accomplished Passive voice misuse Clarity

7. (Ganz, 275); (Rzadkiewicz, 1); (Cockroft, Citation style options Correctness

113); (Khodabadeh, 347)

8. The speakers use several delivery Hard-to-read text Clarity

methods to draw the audience's
attention to them, agree with their
viewpoints, and be persuaded by sharing
their personal stories, lessons, and
values with hopes that they will impart
their knowledge and listeners will apply it
in their everyday life or the future …

9. renowned → famous Word choice Engagement

10. , who Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

11. , given Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

12. various → diverse Word choice Engagement

13. conveyed → told, said Word choice Engagement

14. certain → speci c Word choice Engagement

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15. be utilized Passive voice misuse Clarity

16. Anent to this, she conveyed different Hard-to-read text Clarity

talks to various crowds, one of which is
the commencement speeches conveyed
in certain colleges, which will be utilized
as data for this analysis through the use
of metaphorical languages by Perrine's
and Aristotle's mode of persuasion
(ethos, pathos, logos) as…

17. ), Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

18. talking, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

19. in Wordy sentences Clarity

20. nonliteral; non-literal Text inconsistencies Correctness

21. those mentioned above, Outdated language Clarity

those as mentioned above,
those as mentioned earlier

22. the use of → using Wordy sentences Clarity

23. meaning → sense Word choice Engagement

24. basically Wordy sentences Clarity

25. , as Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

26. rule, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

27. Speakers as a rule resort to Incomplete sentences Delivery

encapsulating the talk they present with

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 Report: CHAPTER-ONE

logical requests to allude to themselves

(ethos), the audience's state of emotional
state (pathos), or related evidence
(logos).

28. This thought using rhetorical appeals in Unclear sentences Clarity

argumentative and persuasive discourse
can be followed back to Aristotle's
rhetoric which adds to fundamental
contentious parts that narrators depend
on in introducing powerful and
persuasive stories.

29. This thought using rhetorical appeals in Passive voice misuse Clarity
argumentative and persuasive discourse
can be followed

30. persuasive → compelling Word choice Engagement

31. were conducted Passive voice misuse Clarity

32. were conducted Passive voice misuse Clarity

33. analysing → analyzing Mixed dialects of English Correctness

34. analysed → analyzed Mixed dialects of English Correctness

35. , however → . However, ; however Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

36. comes to impact → impacts Wordy sentences Clarity

37. for managing → to manage Incorrect verb forms Correctness

38. , but none → . Still, none Hard-to-read text Clarity

39. of them Wordy sentences Clarity

40. This present study aims to bridge this Passive voice misuse Clarity
gap by nding answers to the following:
a.) gures of speech that are dominantly
used by Senator Miriam Defensor
Santiago in her motivational speeches.

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41. are highly exploited Passive voice misuse Clarity

42. knowledge → expertise Word choice Engagement

43. be use → be used Incorrect verb forms Correctness

44. is analyzed Passive voice misuse Clarity

45. modes → methods Word choice Engagement

46. persuasion → in uence Word choice Engagement

47. , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

48. Aristotle proposed three modes of Unclear sentences Clarity

persuasion because he claims that the
commencement speech consists of three
things; the speaker, the subject
addressed in the delivery and the hearer.

49. The three means of persuasion can be Intricate text Clarity

found either in the character of the
speaker (ethos) or in the argument of the
speech (logos) in the emotional state of
the audience (pathos).

50. The three means of persuasion can be Passive voice misuse Clarity
found

51. at things Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

52. . The correlation, ; the correlation Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

53. is suggested Passive voice misuse Clarity

54. ,a Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

55. being compared Passive voice misuse Clarity

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56. The two objects thought about are Unclear sentences Clarity
dissimilar, however, have included that
are similar to both.

57. they have Incomplete sentences Correctness

58. they are Incomplete sentences Correctness

59. is giving → gives Wordy sentences Clarity

60. , the Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

61. giving → providing Word choice Engagement

62. characteristics → parts, aspects Word choice Engagement

63. creature → beast Word choice Engagement

64. gurative → extended Word choice Engagement

65. , the Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

66. , while Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

67. 4. Metonymy the customary separation Hard-to-read text Clarity

between similitude substitutes for
something different suggested in its
unique situation while a metonym erases
something from its speci c
circumstance.

68. , or Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

69. a piece of the entire can be deduced Passive voice misuse Clarity

70. , given → ; given, . Given Punctuation in Correctness

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 Report: CHAPTER-ONE

compound/complex
sentences

71. is expressed Passive voice misuse Clarity

72. It could be a condition or a declaration. Unclear paragraphs Clarity

The paradox is a statement as a gure of
speech.

73. being used Passive voice misuse Clarity

74. image → idea Word choice Engagement

75. image, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

76. an exaggeration, but → Wordy sentences Clarity

a

77. Overstatement or exaggeration is an Unclear paragraphs Clarity

exaggeration, but misrepresentation
within the benet of truth. It isn't the same
as an angling story.

78. exaggeration may be utilized Passive voice misuse Clarity

79. , exaggeration Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

80. implies, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

81. with Wordy sentences Clarity

82. incongruity → Word choice Engagement

contradiction, paradox, dichotomy

83. , and as → . As Hard-to-read text Clarity

84. frame, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex

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 Report: CHAPTER-ONE

sentences

85. sort of Wordy sentences Clarity

86. is substituted Passive voice misuse Clarity

87. e.g., Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

88. At the point when → When Wordy sentences Clarity

89. This Intricate text Clarity

90. be accomplished Passive voice misuse Clarity

91. This can be accomplished when his Unclear sentences Clarity

messages react to three characteristics:
good sense, good moral character, and
goodwill.

92. stimulates → stimulate Incorrect verb forms Correctness

93. 2. Pathos is an enticing method plans to Unclear sentences Clarity

stimulates the feeling of the crowd to
change their perspective as to their
decisions.

94. The variables investigated in this study Passive voice misuse Clarity
are represented by the rst and second
boxes.

95. The objectives of this study are to identify Unclear sentences Clarity
the dominant gures of speech and
mostly utilized mode of persuasion in the
four (4) Commencement Speeches of
Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago and
how these strategies persuade graduates
in managing future opportunities and
challenges.

96. mostly → mainly, primarily Word choice Engagement

97. in managing → to manage Incorrect verb forms Correctness

98. for managing → to manage Incorrect verb forms Correctness

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 Report: CHAPTER-ONE

99. are dominantly used Passive voice misuse Clarity

100. highly Wordy sentences Clarity

101. are highly used Passive voice misuse Clarity

102. be used Passive voice misuse Clarity

103. to investigate → on investigating Incorrect verb forms Correctness

104. University of → University of Improper formatting Correctness

105. on → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

106. research object Wordy sentences Clarity

107. Most of the previous studies utilized Incomplete sentences Delivery

political speeches as the object of the
research, while this current study uses
academic speech.

108. abilities, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

109. speech, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

110. in the Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

111. speeches, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

112. , and Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

113. be used Passive voice misuse Clarity

114. next → following, subsequent Word choice Engagement

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115. are employed Passive voice misuse Clarity

116. This study would help expand related Unclear sentences Clarity
studies and this could be used as a
reference for next further research
related to investigating the gures of
speech and rhetorical appeals that are
employed in public discourse.

117. . are Improper formatting Correctness

118. came → come Faulty tense sequence Correctness

119. a set of → many Wordy sentences Clarity

120. in which → where Wordy sentences Clarity

121. is used Incorrect verb forms Correctness

122. that is Wordy sentences Clarity

123. . It Improper formatting Correctness

124. the fact → a fact Determiner use Correctness

(a/an/the/this, etc.)

125. school, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

126. are of cially said Passive voice misuse Clarity

127. factors, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex
sentences

128. It is one of the factors, which encourage Unclear sentences Clarity

the person to the commitment to some
actions and plays a crucial role in the
psychological determinant.

129. do, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

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130. a pity Determiner use Correctness

(a/an/the/this, etc.)

131. of Wordy sentences Clarity

132. which is connected Incomplete sentences Correctness

133. It is asked only to make a statement or to Intricate text Clarity

produce an effect rather than to get an
answer, connected with the art of
rhetoric.

134. that are Wordy sentences Clarity

135. are intended Passive voice misuse Clarity

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