SOCIAL SCIENCE-1 FOCUS AREA SSLC MARCH-22

SOCIAL SCIENCE - I SOCIAL SCIENCE - II

Revolutions that Influenced the World SSI-1 Seasons and Time SS2-1
The American War Of Independencethe Seasons and apparent movement of the Sun
French Revolutionthe Rotation and calculation of time
Russian Revolution Greenwich Time (GMT) and Time Zones
World in the twentieth Century SSI-2 Standard Time
Causes Of The First World War Indian Standard time (IST)
Mussolini And Fascism International Date Line
Hitler and Nazism In Search of the Source of Wind SS2-2
Non-Aligned Movement: An Alternative To Bipolar Blocs Atmospheric pressure
Public administration SSI-3 Atmospheric pressure and altitude
Public Administration Temperature and atmospheric pressure
Significance Of Public Administration Humidity and atmospheric pressure
Features Of Bureaucracy. Global pressure belts
Indian Civil Service Planetary winds
British exploitation and Resistance SSI-4 Human Resource Development in India SS2-3
Impact Of The British Policies Education and human resource development
Kurichya Revolt Human resource development and health care
First War Of Indian Independence, 1857 Landscape analysis through maps SS2-4
Culture and Nationalism SS1-5 Topographic Map
Education for the Nation Grid reference
Nationalism in Art Eastings
Struggle and Freedom SS1-6 Northings
Early Struggles of Mahatma Gandhi in India 4 - figure grid reference
Non-cooperation and the Khilafat Movements Eyes in the Sky and Data Analysis SS2-6
Poorna Swaraj and Civil Disobedience Remote Sensing
India after Independence SSI-7 Classification of Remote Sensing based on the platform
Integration of Princely States Geostationary satellites
Space Research in India Sun synchronous satellites
Foreign Policy Analytical Capabilities of GIS
Panchsheel Principles Overlay analysis
Kerala Towards Modernity SS1-8 Buffer Analysis
Early Resistances against the British India: The Land of Diversities SS2-7
Reform Movements and Social Changes In the Himalayas
National Movement and Women Northern Mountain Ranges
The State and political science SS1-9 -Trans Himalayas, Himalayas, Eastern Highlands
Functions of a State Himalayan rivers
Theories on the origin of state Peninsular rivers
Citizenship Coastal plain of India
Civic Consciousness SS1-10 Western coastal plain and Eastern coastal plain
How can we foster civic consciousness? South west monsoon season
Challenge faced by civic consciousness Retreating monsoon season(North East Monsoon)
Sociology : What? Why? SS1-11 Resource Wealth of India SS2-8
The early social science thinkers Different Agricultural seasons in India
Methods of study in sociology Food crops in India
Water transport
Major ports in India-Map
Financial institutions and services SS2-9
Functions of Reserve Bank of India
Function of Commercial Banks
Modern trends in banking sector
Consumer: Satisfaction and Protection SS2-10
Consumer Protection Act 1986
Administrative mechanism
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 Revolutions that Influenced the World SSI-1
The American War Of Independence
-The British treated the American colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market
for selling their products.

Causes of the American War of Independence

- Tax policies of England
- Mercantilist Laws
- Thinkers and their ideologies.

Tax policies of England

-The British collect tax from 13 American colonies according to their needs.
-But the colonies had no Representation in government.
-”No taxation without representation” this slogan was raised by the people of America as part of a powerful
agitation.

Mercantilist Laws
-Policy implemented by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American colonies, is known
as Mercantilism Mercantilist Laws

Main principles of Mercantilism Mercantilist Laws

-The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships or ships built in the British colonies.
-Products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England.
-British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, license, etc.
-Colonies must provide food and quarters for the British Troops which were maintained in the colonies.
-Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass, paper, etc.

Thinkers and their ideologies.

-James Ottis:- No taxation without Representation.
-John Locke:- Everyone has some fundamental rights. No government has the right to suspend them.
-Thomas Paine:- There is something absurd, in supposing a continent (North America) be perpetually governed by a
foreign power (England).

Important incidence of The American War of Independence

- Boston Tea Party On 16 December 1773. Beginning of the war
- The delegates of all the colonies except Georgia met at Philadelphia in 1774 to protest against the policies and
rules imposed by England.
- It is known as the First Continental Congress.
- The colonies submitted a petition to the King of England
- They demanded the revocation of the regulations enforced on industry and commerce and not to impose tax
without the approval of the people
- The Second Continental Congress held at Philadelphia in1775 elected George Washington as the commander-in-
chief of the Continental Army.
-Through the pamphlet titled 'Common Sense', Thomas Paine declared that it was wise for the Americans to break
the ties with Britain.
-The American Continental Congress issued the famous Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776.
-The declaration was prepared By Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin.
-The war between England and the colonies in North America that began with the
Declaration of Freedom, ended in 1781.
-According to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, England ratified the freedom of thirteen Colonies.
-The Constitution Convention held at Philadelphia under the leadership of James Madison, framed the American
Constitution.
-George Washington became the first president of the United States of America, formed in accordance with the new
constitution.

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Regarding human rights and freedom, what all can you find in declaration of American Independence?
-All are equal.
-Everyone has certain rights.
-To achieve rights, establish governments with the approval of those who rule
-The people have the power to change or abolish the government

Prepare a flow chart illustrating the various events that led to the formation of the United States of America.
-Mercantilist Laws.
-Ideologies of thinkers.
-No taxation without representation.
-Boston Tea Party-16 December 1773.
-First Continental Congress – 1774.
-Petition to the King of England.
-The Second Continental Congress 1775.
-George Washington - chief of the Continental Army.
-Thomas Paine declaration - Americans to break the ties with Britain.
-The Third Continental Congress 1776.
-Declaration of American Independence on 4 July 1776.
-England ratified the freedom of thirteen colonies in 1783.
-Formation of the American Constitution.
-George Washington became the first president of the United States of America

The impact of American Independence movement on later world history?

-Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles and revolutions all over the
World.
-Put forward the concept of republican form of Government.
-Prepared the first written constitution.
-Contributed to the concept of federal system that ensured freedom and authority of states in the union.

The French Revolution

Causes
- Autocratic rule
- The luxurious and extravagant life of Kings.
- The social and economic inequality.
-The French society was divided into three Strata.
-They were known as the Estates.

First Estate:-Clergy
-Held vast land
-Collected the tax called 'Tithe' from farmers.
-Exempted from all taxes.
-Controlled higher positions in administrative and military service.

Second Estate:-Nobility
-Engaged in military service.
-Collect various tax from farmers.
-Made farmers work without wage.
-Exempted from all taxes.
-Led luxurious life.
-Held vast land.

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Third Estate:
-The middle class, including traders, writers, lawyers, officials, teachers, and bankers, -Farmers and craftsmen.
-No role in the administration.
-Paid land tax namely 'Taille' to the government.
-Low social status.
-Paid taxes to clergy and nobles.

Ideologies of the thinkers

Voltaire
-Ridiculed the exploitation of clergy.
-Promoted rational thinking, ideals of equality and humanism.

Rousseau
-Spelled out the importance of freedom with the statement, 'Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains'.
-Declared that the people are the sovereign.

Montesquieu
-Encouraged democracy and the Republic.
-Suggested division of powers of the government into legislature, executive, and judiciary.

-The luxurious life and squander of the Bourbon kings, clergy and lords and the frequent wars they waged, along
with the frequent spells of drought and crop failure, brought France to the brink of bankruptcy.
-The financial and military assistance given to American colonies in the American War of Independence also
aggravated the financial crisis in France.
-To levy new taxes upon commoners, Louis XVI summoned the States General, the legislative assembly of the
representatives from all the three estates, in 1789.
-Similar to the French society, the States General also had three estates.
-Traditionally, each Estate would vote as a group and had one vote.
-As a result, the nobility and the clergy could always overrule the Third Estate.
-The first two Estates argued for Estate-wise single voting System, Third Estate (the
Commons) demanded individual vote for each member of all the three estates.
-While the arguments went on, the members of the Third Estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of
France.
-They assembled in the tennis court nearby, and swore not to leave until they had framed a constitution of France.
-This event is known as the 'Tennis Court Oath'.
-14 July 1789 Revolutionaries stormed with the slogan 'liberty, equality, and fraternity', demolished the Bastille
prison, the symbol of Bourbon monarchy.
-This event is considered as the commencement of the French Revolution.
-12 August 1789 The National Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
-October, 1789 Thousands of women marched from Paris to the Palace of Versailles with the slogan 'Give us bread'.
-September, 1792 The National Convention, formed as per the new constitution, proclaimed France as a republic.

Goals and influences of French Revolution.

-Liberty, equality and fraternity were the aims of French revolution.

Influences
-Stimulated all the later revolutions in the world.
-Ended the feudal system in Europe, and threatened the autocratic rulers.
-Proclaimed that nation is not merely a region, but the people.
-Contribute the concept of peoples sovereignty.
-Led to the emergence of Nationalism.
-Helped the growth of the middle class.
-Spread the ideas of equality, liberty and fraternity.

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The Russian Revolution
Causes
-Farmers and factory workers in Russia led a tragic life under the autocracy of the Tsar emperors, who ruled Russia.
-The low agricultural production affected the farmer's income.
-The landless farmers had to pay huge tax.
-Though Russia was rich in natural resources, their industrial production was meagre.
-It was the foreigners who controlled majority of the industries that existed there.

Ideologies of the thinkers

-Writers like Maxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy, IvanTurgenev, and Anton Chekhov depicted the plight of the workers and
farmers in their works.
-The Marxist ideologies formulated by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels stirred the workers.
-They called for establishing the supremacy of the workers instead of that by the capitalists.
-Trade unions were formed to find remedies for the plight of the workers.
-Based on the Marxist ideologies, the Social Democratic Workers Party was formed.
-Later, this party was split into the Mensheviks (minority) and the Bolsheviks (majority).
-The main leaders of the Bolsheviks were Lenin and Trotsky.
-Alexander Kerensky led the Mensheviks.
-The crisis reached its worst when Russia was defeated in the Russia-Japan war in 1905.
-The workers organized a huge march at Petrograd on 9 January 1905 demanding political
rights and economic reforms.
-The march was fired at by the soldiers and hundreds of demonstrators were massacred.
-This event is known as the Bloody Sunday.

February Revolution. (Analyse the circumstances that led to form a provisional government in Russia)
-Workers' organizations called "the Soviets" were formed all over Russia to conduct strikes
-When the strikes gained massive strength, the emperor was compelled to form a legislative assembly called Duma.
-Ignoring the Marxism protest from Duma, Nicholas II, the then Tsar decided to participate in the First World War
Social Democratic Workers Party
-A lot of Russian soldiers founded by Karl Marx and were killed in this war.
-Food shortage became severe by 1917.
-Thousands of women marched along the streets of Petrograd on 8 March 1917 clamouring for bread.
-The workers organized protest march in Petrograd.
-Though the soldiers clashed with the demonstrators in the beginning, later they joined the workers.
-It was the tragic experience during the First World War that induced them to do so.
-The workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II was thrown out of power.
-A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky, the Menshevik leader.
-This revolution that took place in March came to be known as the February Revolution.

October Revolution (Discuss the role of the October Revolution in establishing the proletariat government in
Russia.)
-A group of soviets did not approve of the provisional government.
-Vladimir Lenin, who had been in Switzerland, came to Russia and strongly opposed the provisional government.
-He argued that the entire power should be transferred to the Soviets if they were to realize the aims of the
revolution.
-The Bolsheviks and the Soviets supported him.
-They propagated that only proletarians' (workers) government could eradicate centuries old economic
backwardness and inequality.
-In October 1917, the Bolsheviks organized an armed Rebellion against the provisional government.
-Kerensky fled from the country and Russia came under the control of the Bolsheviks.
-This event, through which the Bolsheviks attained power, is known as the October Revolution (as per Russian
Calendar).

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Results of Russian Revolution?
-Russia withdrew from the first World War.
-Seized out the land and distributed among the peasants.
-Gave importance to public sector.
-Introduced centralized planning.
-Achieved develops in the field of Science, Technology and Economy.
-New constitution came to force in 1924.
-Union of Soviet Socialist Republic was formed by consolidating different Soviet Republics.
-Spread the Socialist ideas all over the world.

World in the twentieth Century SSI-2

Causes Of The First World War
-Disputes between the imperialist powers. -Competition between European countries for colonies
-Formation of military alliances.
-Formation of aggressive nationalist movements
-Imperialist Crisis
-The assassination of Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria

Formation of Military alliances.

-The conflicts between the imperialist powers and the competition between the European countries for colonial
gains led to the formation of military alliances
-Triple Alliance and
-Triple Entente are military alliances.

Triple Alliance:-Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary.

Triple Entente:- England, France, Russia.

Formation of Aggressive nationalism

-Aggressive nationalists considered their own nations as the supreme and justified whatever be the actions of their
nations.
-Pan-slav,
-Pan-German,
-Revenge movement. These are the aggressive nationalist movements.

Imperialist Crisis
- The crises were a result of Serbia with Russian assistance and Austria with Germany's support to dominate the
Balkans.
-Imperialist Crisis are -Moroccan Crisis and -Balkan Crisis.

The assassination of Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria

-Serbian youth Gaverilo Prinsep, assassinated Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria at the Bosnian
capital Sarajevo in July 1914.
-Austria held Serbia responsible for it and declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.
-The allied nations rushed to help their allies.
-Almost all the nations of the world directly or indirectly were involved in it.
-Therefore this war is known as the First World War.
-The First World War ended in 1918.

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Mussolini And Fascism
War is to man what maternity is to woman." Whose words are these?
Mussolini

What are the circumstances under which the Fascist party came to power in Italy.
-Italy got nothing, though she was with the victors in the First World War.
-Post-war destruction of industries, unemployment, increase in tax, inflation etc. kept people away from the
government.
-Industrialists, in fear of Italy moving to socialism, were prompted to support fascism.

What were the features of Mussolini's rule in Italy?

-Dictatorial measures were taken in the political and economic sectors.
-Violence and ferocity were the strategies of the Fascists.
-Socialists and leaders of peasants and workers were proclaimed as enemies of the nation.
-Those who opposed the Fascist Party were executed.
-The aim of Mussolini was to restore ancient Roman Empire.
-He adopted several symbols of ancient Roman administration.
-Using his military force the 'BlackShirts', Mussolini suppressed the opponents through Fascist policies.
-His aggressive foreign policy led him to conquer nations like Ethiopia, Albania etc.
-Italy's run for dictatorship paved the way for the outbreak of another war.
Factors that helped Hitler, the leader of Nazi party come to power in Germany
-The Treaty of Versailles imposed by the victorious allies on Germany after the First World War.
-Economic destruction and inflation.
-Failure of German government and the resultant political uncertainty.
-Hitler's oratory skills and organizational abilities, easily succeeded in gaining popular support.
-He dismissed the government and captured power.

Hitler and Nazism

What were the features of Hitler's rule in Germany?
-Socialists, Communists, Jews and Democrats were executed.
-Hitler held the Jews responsible for Germany's ruin and humiliation.
-Jews were massacred enmasse in specially built concentration camps.
-This is known as the Holocaust.
-A military force 'Brown Shirts' and a secret police troop 'Gestapo' were in charge of assaulting and massacring the
Jews.
-Hitler projected the purity of the Aryan race and argued that Aryans should rule the world.
-He deified the Aryans ancestry of the Germans.
-All other political parties, except the Nazis, were banned.
-Trade unions also were banned.
-Military service was made compulsory.
-Hitler incited a spirit of revenge among the Germans against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
-He used newspapers, radio, cinema, and education systems widely to propagate the ideologies of Nazism.
-Hitler adopted an aggressive foreign policy.
-He attacked Austria and Czechoslovakia.
-Germany formed alliance with Italy and Japan.
-It was opposed by other countries.
-Ultimately this led to the outbreak of another world war.

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Similarities of ideologies put forth by both Fascists and Nazis
Ideology Fascism Nazism
Purity of race. -Restore ancient Roman Empire. -Projected the purity of the Aryan race
-Socialists and leaders of peasants and
workers were proclaimed as enemies of the
Destruction of -Socialists, Communists, Jews and Democrats
nation.
political rivals. Were executed.
-Those who opposed the Fascist Party were
executed.
-Using his military force the 'BlackShirts', -A military force 'Brown Shirts' and asecret
Military dictatorship. Mussolini suppressed the opponents police troop 'Gestapo' were in charge of
through Fascist policies. assaulting and massacring the Jews.
Diffusion of
aggressive -Conquered Ethiopia, Albania etc. -Attacked Austria and Czechoslovakia.
nationalism.

Non-Aligned Movement: An Alternative To Bipolar Blocs

How did decolonization and cold war lead to the formation of Non-Aligned Movement?
-The non-aligned movement is formed as an alternative to capitalism and socialism.
-After the Second World War, newly independent states in Asia, Africa, and Latin America were formed by the
Allied Movement.
-They realized that the Cold War was yet another face of imperialism and that it would threaten world peace.
-The Non-Aligned Movement is a unity of countries that are not part of the capitalist bloc or socialist bloc.
-They understood that the race of super powers for weapons and a stronger military force would pose harm to them.
-They realized that only a world without war and conflict could advance economically and socially.
-The idea of the Non-Aligned Movement was mooted at a meeting held Bandung in Indonesia in 1955.
-The first conference of the non-aligned countries was held in Belgrade in 1961.
-Jawaharlal Nehru's view is that Non-Aligned is not a departure from world affairs, but an active involvement in
many of the problems facing the world.

The leaders who formed the Non-Aligned Movement

Jawaharlal Nehru - India
Gamal Abdul Nasser - Egypt
Marshal Tito - Yugoslavia
Ahmed Sukarno - Indonesia

Public administration SSI-3

Public Administration
Public Administration - definition of N.Gladden
-Public Administration is concerned with the administration of the government.

What is public administration?

-Public administration is the effective utilization of men and materials for the implementation of existing laws,
governmental policies, programmes and developmental projects.
-Governmental institutions are part of public administration
-They functioned for the welfare of the people.

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 -Public administration varies according to system of governance.
Significance Of Public Administration?
-Formulate governmental policies.
-Ensure welfare of the people.
-Find out solutions to public issues.
-Provide goods and Services.

Bureaucracy
-The employees who work under public administrative system and administer the country are together known as
‘bureaucracy’.

Features Of Bureaucracy.
-Hierarchical organisation.
-Permanence.
-Appointment on the basis of Qualification.
-Political Neutrality.
-Professionalism.

Indian Civil Service

-The Indian Civil Service is made up of all the officers of the Central Government and the State Government and
various Public Sector Enterprises.
-The Indian Civil Service can be divided into three

1. All India Services

-Recruits at national level
-Appoints in central or state service
Eg: Indian -Administrative Service, Indian Police Service

2. Central Services
-Recruits at national level
-Appoints in central government departments only
Eg: Indian Foreign Service, Indian Railway Service

3. State Services
-Recruits at state level
-Appoints in state government departments only
Eg : Sales tax officer.

Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

-Candidates to all India services and central services are recruited by the Union Public Service Commission.
-The chairman and the members of this commission are appointed by the President of India.
-The UPSC has elaborate mechanisms for the recruitment of candidates based on qualification.
-UPSC is constituted on the basis of constitutional
provisions.
-So UPSC is called constitutional institutions.

Public Service Commission (PSC) of the State.

-At the state level, candidates are recruited by the Public Service Commission (PSC) of the State.
-The Governor appoints the Chairman and the members of the State Public Service Commission.
-State PSC’s is constituted on the basis of constitutional provisions.
-So State PSC’s are called constitutional institutions

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 British exploitation and Resistance SSI-4

Impact Of The British Policies

-Farmers were one of the immediate victims of the British rule.
-It was the land revenue system implemented by the British that destroyed the backbone of the farmers.
-The aim of their tax policy was to maximize the income.
-The land revenue system implemented in various regions under the British rule was different.

The land revenue systems implemented by the British in various parts of India
Permanent land revenue settlement
Ryotwari system
Mahalwari system

Permanent land revenue settlement

-Implemented in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
-Lord Convalis British Governor General introduced this system.
-In the permanent land revenue settlement the tax was collected by zamindars.
-Zamindar was the owner of the entire land where he had the jurisdiction to collect tax.
-While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants.
-Farmers were to pay up to 60% of the yield as tax.
-Tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield.
-The tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut-off date. (Before introducing this system, tax could be paid in
kind).

Ryotwari system
-The Ryotwari system introduced in South India
-The land revenue wascollected directly from the farmers (Ryots).
-The ownership of land was vested with the farmers, excessive tax impoverished them
-The tax rates were frequently increased.

Mahalwari system
-Implemented in North West India.
-The village headman was assigned the responsibility to collect tax.
-The tax rate was too excessive.
-The entire village (Mahal) was considered as a single unit for tax collection.

The impact of the tax policy implemented by the British in India

(How did the British land revenue policy make the peasantry fall easy prey to the exploitation of
moneylenders? Explain)
-Farmers were unable to pay tax in the form of money before the deadline.
-They had to take loan from moneylenders at a high rate of interest to pay tax.
-The loans were obtained by mortgaging agricultural land.
-The agricultural land of the farmers, who could not pay back the loan and interest, was seized by the money
lenders.

Kurichya Revolt
-Kurichya Revolt was organized by the Kurichya and the Kurumba tribes of Wayanad in 1812.
-Imposition of excessive tax by the British.
-Compulsion for paying tax in cash.
-Seizing of agricultural land for non payment of tax.
-The revolt was led by the Kurichya leader Rama Nambi.
-The British government suppressed the struggle and killed Rama Nambi.
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 First War Of Indian Independence, 1857
-The first organized revolt against the British.
-This rebellion of kings, peasants, soldiers and artisans who were dissatisfied with British rule, without being
confined locally, is known as India's First War of Independence.

Causes of the Revolt of 1857

-Miseries of farmers.
-Poverty of the craftsmen.
-Dissatisfaction of kings
-Miseries of the sepoys.

Miseries of the sepoys

-Poor salary.
-Abuse by the British officers.
-The rumour that the cartridge in the newly supplied Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs.
-It wounded the religious sentiments of the Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
-The soldiers who were unwilling to use the new cartridges were punished by the officers.
-In Barrackpore in Bengal, Mangal Pandey, an Indian soldier, shot at a British officer, who forced him to use the
new cartridge.
-He was arrested and hanged to death.
The first martyrdom in the 1857 revolt
-Mangal Pandey

Dissatisfaction of kings
-The British took over the princely states through the Doctrine of Lapse.
-The princely states were convicted of inefficient rule and were annexed by the British.

Leaders of of the Revolt of 1857

-Delhi - Bahadur Shah II
-Jhansi - Rani Lakshmi Bai
-Lucknow - Begum Hazret Mahal
-Kanpur - Nana Saheb, Thantia Thopi
-Faizabad - Maulavi Ahammedullah

Characteristics of the revolt of 1857 (First War of Independence)

-Along with the kings the sepoys, peasants, artisans and common people also took part in the revolt.
-The real strength of the rebellion was the Hindu-Muslim unity.
-They attacked the British and moneylenders and set fire to their account books, deeds and documents of
transactions.
-The rioters captured Delhi and declared Bahadur Sha II as the emperor of India.
The impact of the 1857 revolt
-Millions of rioters were killed.
-The rioters could not overcome the superior military power of the British and the rebellion was completely
suppressed.
-The British Parliament took over India from the British East India Company.
-The economic exploitation of the British reached its extreme level in the post-1857 phase.
-In the second half of the nineteenth century, around two crores of people died spread over twenty four great
famines.

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 Culture and Nationalism SS1-5
Education for the Nation
Explain the role of education in British India
-To bring about changes in society.
-To maintain unity.
-To maintain equality.

Educational Institutions, Founders and Goals of India during the National Struggle?
Deccan Education Society(Pune)
-Established by:- G.G.Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahadev Govinda Ranade.
-One of the first educational institution established with a nationalistic perspective.
-Aim:- The socio-economic and cultural progress of the Indians.

First Indian Women University in Maharashtra

-Established by-D.K. Karve.
-Aim:- women empowerment.

Visva Bharati university(Bengal)

-Founder- Rabindranath Tagore.
-Focused on universal brotherhood.
-With this university, Tagore aimed at a system of education that would bridge western and eastern cultures.

Jamia Millia Islamia (Aligarh)

Founders:
-Maulana Mohamed Ali,
-Shoukath Ali,
-Dr. Zakir Husain and
-M.A. Ansari

Objective:
-To strengthen national movement through secular education.

Kerala Kalamandalam (Thrissur)

-Founded by Mahakavi Vallathol Narayana Menon

Aim:
-Defend the western cultural and educational invasion and promote traditional art.
What were the major objectives of educational institutions founded in various parts of India during national
movement.
-Promotion of nationalism,
-Opposition to social evils,
-Rejection of western education.

Wardha Education Plan(1937)

Founder-Mahatma Gandhi
Aim
-Its major objective was to provide vocational education.
-He thought that vocational training during education would help build up a good future.
-Gandhiji believed that such a generation could defend the British.

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 Nationalism in Art
Explain the role that painters played in the emergence of Indian nationalism.
-Indian painting was liberated from Western influence.
-It promoted oriental painting that was firmly entrenched in Indian culture and tradition.
-National symbols that helped to nurture nationalism in Indian minds.
-The paintings touched Indian hearts and stimulated protest against the social evils.
-Highlighted the plight of life in Indian villages.
-They played a crucial role in developing nationalist spirit among Indians.

List of paintings, theme and painters painted during the Indian independence movement.
*Bharat Mata -Painted by Abanindranath Tagore.
-Theme -It depicts Bharat Mata giving food, cloth and knowledge to Indian masses.
-Abanindranath Tagore tried to free Indian painting from western style and to promote oriental painting based on
Indian culture and tradition.
-He started Indian Society of Oriental Arts in Calcutta.

*Scene from Sakuntahalam of Kalidasa

-Painter - Raja Ravi Varma.
-Following the western style, Raja Ravi Varma from Kerala visualized various scenes from Indian epics and
literature.

* 'Sati', 'Village Drummer'

-Painter – Nandalal Bose
-Theme - Evil social customs and historical events,

*Village life
-Amrita Sher-Gil, a famous woman artist of India, painted the sufferings of Indian villagers in dark shades ably
reflecting their predicaments.
-Her paintings also motivated people to think about a unified India.

National symbols that helped to promote national unity among the Indian people National flag
-The present tricolour flag of India was officially adopted in 1947.
-The tricolour flag was first designed during the time of the Swadeshi movement.
-The earlier version of the flag contained eight lotuses representing eight provinces in British India and a crescent
representing Hindu-Muslim fraternity.
-The team led by Gandhiji designed the national flag with Charkha, a domestic cotton spinning wheel used in Indian
villages.

National emblem
-National emblem adopted from the lion capital of Asoka at Saranath. Charkha
-Charkha resembled the self dependence of Indians and their defiance to colonial rule.

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 Struggle and Freedom SS1-6
Early Struggles of Mahatma Gandhi in India
1.The Struggle of indigo farmers in Champaran
-Bihar 1917
Way of struggle -Disobedience Satygraha
Impact -Compelled the authorities to pass laws in favour of the indigo farmers

2. Ahmedabad cotton mill strike.

- Gujarat 1918
-Cause Denal of 'Plague Bonus'.
Way of struggle - Disobedience Satygraha
Impact - The authorities agreed to hi ke the wages of the employees

3.Peasant struggle in Kheda

-Gujarat 1918
Cause - Due to drought and crop failure farmers in Kheda were living in utter misery.
Way of struggle – Satygraha, Denal of tax
Impact - The authorities were forced to reduce tax rates.

What kind of struggle did Gandhiji adopt in India?

-Disobedience
-Fasting
-Satygraha
-Denal of tax.

Find out the results of the early struggles that Gandhiji took up in India.
-The struggles he took up popularised his ideologies and method of protest.
-Till his entry into the political scenario, national movement was confined to the educated section of the society. His
methods of protest attracted the laymen to the movement.
-The city centric national movement spread to rural areas.
-Gandhiji became a national leader acceptable to all strata of the society.

The incident that led Gandhi to the Indian National Movement.

-The Rowlatt Act

Non-cooperation and the Khilafat Movements

What were the features of the Non-cooperation movement, the first national movement of the Indian
National Congress led by Gandhiji?
-Lawyers shall boycott court.
-The public shall boycott foreign products.
-Boycott elections.
-Returning the British awards and prizes.
-Denial of taxes.
-Students shall boycott English schools.

What are the examples of how the Indian society responded to Gandhiji's appeal for non-cooperation.?
-Farmers in Awadh refused to pay taxes.
-The tribal groups in northern Andhra entered the forests and collected the forest produces violating the forest laws.
-Farmers in Uttar Pradesh refused to carry the luggage of the colonial officials
-Workers struck work.
-Lawyers boycotted courts.
-Students quitted colleges and schools run by the British.
-The public, including women, burnt foreign clothes on the streets.

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Analyse the effects of the non-cooperation movement
-Gandhiji called for construction work along with the boycott in the time of non-cooperation movement.
-Inspired by this, people began to make indigenous products, spin khadi cloth using charka,
-Establish national schools and popularise Hindi.
-Students who boycotted English education were attracted to national educational institutions.

Which were the national schools that were formed during the non-cooperation movement?
-Kashi Vidya Pith,
-Gujarat Vidya pith,
-Jamia Millia.

Who were the leaders of the Khilafat movement in India?

-Mohamad Ali, Shaukath Ali

What was the aim of bringing the Gandhi Khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement together?
Or Explain the circumstance that led Gandhiji to support the Khilafat Movement.

-By declaring the Khilafat Movement as a part of Indian national movement, Gandhiji ensured active participation
of Muslims.
-Anti-British feeling spread to the nook and corner of the nation.
-Hindu-Muslim unity was intensified.

Describe the circumstances that prompted Gandhi to stop the non-cooperation movement.
-The Chaurachura incident
-In response to the police firing at a mob, at Chouri Choura in Uttar Pradesh the villagers set ablaze the police
station and 22 policemen died.
-This incident disappointed Gandhiji.
-So, he called for stopping the non-cooperation movement.

Poorna Swaraj and Civil Disobedience

What were the important decisions taken at the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929
chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru?
-The session declared that the ultimate aim of Indian freedom struggle was to attain complete freedom (Poorna
Swaraj) for the country
-It also resolved to start the civil disobedience movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
-With the civil disobedience Gandhiji meant to disobey all anti-popular and anti-democratic civil laws made by the
British government.

What are the proposals that Gandhi put forward as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
-To lift salt tax.
-To declare 50% tax relaxation for farmers.
-To increase the tax on imported foreign clothes.
-To release political prisoners.
-To cut short military budget and high salary of top officials.
-To dissolve the secret surveillance wing formed to watch Indians.
-To start coastal shipping service.
-To implement prohibition of liquor.

Examine the reasons why Gandiji selected salt as a powerful weapon against the British.
-Salt tax constituted two fifth portion of the income collected by the British through taxes.
-This tax was a heavy burden for the poor people.
-The British government banned small scale indigenous salt production.
-There was three fold hike on salt price.
-The demand for lifting salt tax was a slogan suitable to inspire all segments of the society.
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The Salt Sathyagraha played a major role in making national movement a mass movement.
- Substantiate.
-Inspired by the call of Gandhiji, people in various parts of the country started to produce salt on their own,
violating the British regulations.
-Payyannur in Kerala, Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu, Bombay in Maharashtra, Noakhali in Bengal and North West
Frontier Province were some of the centres of this protest.
-As part of the protest, volunteers made salt and distributed it to the public.
-Hoisted national flag and chanted anti-British slogans.
-The British police severely tortured a team of volunteers led by Sarojini Naidu who had set out to Dharasana salt
field in Gujarat.
-Gandhiji was arrested and the movement was suppressed callously.

The British Quit India

-This was the call of Gandhiji in the conference of the National Congress held in Bombay in 1942.
-The Quit India movement was the last popular protest organized by the Indian National Congress under the
leadership of Gandhiji.
-Quit India was yet another popular movement like the Civil Disobedience Movement.
-It was a mass movement based on the ideology of non-violence(Ahimsa) meant to force the British to leave the
country offering complete freedom to Indians.

What were the factors that caused Quit India Movement?

-Reluctance of the British to implement constitutional reforms in India
-Public disgust with price hike and famine
-The assumption that the British would be defeated in the Second World War.

What were the instructions given to the people by the Gandhi as a part of Quit India Movement?
-Princely states shall recognise the sovereignty of their people.
-Farmers shall not pay land tax.
-Government officials shall disclose their loyalty to Indian National Congress without resigning their positions.
-Without quitting their positions in the army, soldiers shall disobey orders to shoot and kill Indians.
-If possible, students shall boycott education till attaining freedom.

What were the activities of the Quit India Struggles?

-The British government suppressed the movement very severely.
-Arrested leaders including Mahatma Gandhi.
-In protest, the uncontrolled mob demolished government offices, electric lines and transportation facilities.
-At the end of 1942, India was under the fire of popular unrest.

India after Independence SSI-7

Integration of Princely States

Explain the situation where the integration of the princely states in independent India became difficult.
-There were around six hundred princely states in pre-independent India, in addition to the territories directly ruled
by the British.
-Britain gave these princely states the options to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.
-That is why it is very difficult to integrate the princely states into the Indian Union.

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How is the integration of princely states possible in independent India?
-The integration was really a herculean task and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this
mission.
-He appointed V.P.Menon, a Keralite, as Secretary of the Department of States.
-Patel and V. P. Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession, which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer
their control over defence, external affairs, and information and communication to the Government of India.
-Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, majority of the princely states signed the
Instrument of Accession and joined Indian Union.
-But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh resented.
-Finally they were also integrated into the Indian Union through conciliation talks and military interventions.

Space Research in India

Describe the progress that post-independence India achieved in space.
-In 1962, Nehru, with the technical advice of Vikram Sarabhai, formed the Indian National Committee for Space
Research (INCOSPAR) .
-In 1969, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established to lead space research.
-The first rocket-launching station in India was established in Thumba, near Trivandrum.
-First satellite Aryabhatta was successfully launched in 1975.
-In addition to satellites, space vehicles and rocket launchers were also developed.
-It was because of the far sightedness of Jawaharlal Nehru that India became the first developing nation to make
and launch satellites.

Which are the agencies that develop satellites in India now?

-National Remote Sensing Agency,
-Physical Research Laboratory.

What the missiles developed by India?

-Agni
-Prithwi

Who led the nuclear experiments in India?

Dr. Raja Ramanna
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

What was India's first lunar mission?

-Chandrayan which began in 2008 is India's first lunar mission.
-With this, India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after America,
Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.

Which is the India's First Mars Exploration Mission

-Mangalyan.
-Mangalyan the space mission of India to Mars is the Indian-made space shuttle that covered the longest distance in
space.

Foreign Policy
Main principles of India's foreign policy
-Resistance to colonialism and imperialism
-Hostility to racism
-Trust in the United Nations Organization
-Peaceful co-existence
-Panchsheel principles
-Emphasis on the necessity of foreign assistance
-Policy of Non - alignment

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Panchsheel Principles
The Panchsheel Principles are the agreement signed by India and China in 1954.
-This agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Chou En-lai the then Prime Minister of China.
-Eventhough Panchsheel agreement was signed with China, India's approach to all other nations was also based on
these principles.

Main Principles in Panchsheel

-Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
-Mutual non-aggression
-Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
-Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit
-Peaceful co-existence.

Kerala Towards Modernity SS1-8

Early Resistances against the British

Early resistance against the British in Kerala including the regions where they broke out and their reasons.

Resistance Regions Reasons

Pazhassi Revolts Malabar Incorrect land tax policy

Uncontrolled intervention of the British in the internal affairs of
Paliathachan Kochi
Kochi
Uncontrolled intervention of the British in the internal affairs of
Veluthampi Travancore
Travancore

Pazhassi Revolts, causes & result

-Keralavarma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam royal family led the resistance against the British in Malabar.
-The British promised Pazhassi the right to collect tax from Kottayam region as a reward for helping them in the
wars against Mysore.
-The British refused to keep their promise after the triumph in the battle.
-Moreover, the British claimed their dominance over Wayanad.
-Pazhassi Raja organised the people and fought against the British.
-He unleashed guerilla war against the British with the help of Chempan Pokker, Kaitheri Ambu Nair, Edachena
Kunkan Nair and Thalakkal Chandu, the leader of the Kurichias in
-In the fight against the British he was assulted his life on 30 November 1805.

Reform Movements and Social Changes

The events that contributed to the social change in Kerala

Channar revolt
-The Channar women of Southern Travancore fought for the right to cover their upper body.
-As a result, Uthram Thirunal Maharaja was forced to permit the Channar women to wear jackets in 1859.

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Sri Narayana Guru and the consecration of the idol of lord Shiva at Aruvippuram
-The consecration of the idol of lord Shiva at Aruvippuram by Sri Narayana Guru in 1888 caused the rise of new
insights in the social sphere.
-Consequently, the lower caste people gained right to perform the poojas and temple rituals.
-In front of the Aruvippuram temple, Sri Narayana Guru inscribed : " It is a model place where people live without
caste disparity or religious aversion, but with fraternity".
-Guru gave importance to education and started
schools and libraries along with temples
-He wished to "enlighten through education and strengthen by union".
-Calling for 'not to argue and win but to know and
inform', he convened an all religion conference in Aluva.

Vaikom Satyagraha (1924)

-Major struggles that took place in Kerala for claiming the right to travel.
-Led by T. K. Madhavan.
-Expressing solidarity with the Satyagraha, Mannath Padmanabhan organised the Savarna Jatha.
-Following this struggle the lower castes secured permission to travel through the roads around the Vaikom Temple.

Guruvayur Satygraha(1931)
-Guruvayur agitation was launched demanding entry for all castes of Hindus into the Guruvayur temple (1931).
-Led by K.Kelappan.
-A.K.Gopalan was the volunteer captain of this struggle.
-P.Krishna Pillai was callously attacked during this Satygraha.
-Following these popular protests, the Temple Entry Proclamation was announced on 12 November 1936 in
Travancore.
-Following this, Temple Entry Proclamations were issued in Madras and Kochi and all sections of the society were
offered the right to worship in temples.

National Movement and Women

List of National struggles leaded by women in Kerala
-Boycotting foreign goods,
-Picketing liquor shops,
-Eradicating of untouchability, and
-Popularising Khadi.
-AV Kutimalu Amma led the national struggle in Malabar.
-Ankamcheriyan and Animescreen led national struggles in Travancore.

The State and political science SS1-9

Functions of a State
'The goal of state is the maximum happiness of maximum number' Whose words are this?
Jeremy Bentham

Functions of a State
-Welfare of the people is the function of all states.
-Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle considered the primary duty of a state is to provide better life to its
citizens.
-Along with the emergence of the concept of 'welfare state', functions have also increased accordingly.

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How is the functions of the country classified?
-Obligatory functions
-Discretionary functions

Critically analyze and discuss the obligatory and discretionary functions of state.

Obligatory functions
-Functions which have to be implemented by the state at all times at any cost are said to be obligatory functions.
-State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions.
-The life and property of the people cannot be protected if the obligatory functions are not performed.
-Protection of boundary, Maintain internal peace, Protection of rights, Implementation of justice are the main
obligatory functions of the state

Discretionary functions
-Discretionary functions are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the state.
-Implementation of functions like education, health care etc. will provide better living conditions for the people.
-The state which implements such progressive measures is called a welfare state.
-It is not possible to set a limit to the discretionary powers of a state.
-The growth of technology and the increase in human wants are making this area vast.

Theories on the origin of state

-Divine Right Theory,
-Evolutionary Theory(most acceptable),
-Social Contract Theory,
-Power Theory.

Divine Right Theory

-State is the creation of God.
-King is the representative of God.
-King is answerable only to God.

Evolutionary theory
-State is the product of history.
-It was formed by social evolution.
-The most acceptable is the theory of evolution of state .
-This theory tells us that state was formed as a result of several social circumstances and it reached its present form
through the process of evolution.
-State started as tribe and tribal administration and later developed as city state, empire state and feudal state.
-Today states are commonly known as Nation States.
-Because they are formed on the basis of a feeling of nationalism.

Social contract theory

-State came into existence as a result of a contract by the people.
-State was constituted for the fulfilment of human needs.
Power theory
-State came into existence as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.

Citizenship
What is Citizenship - according to Aristotle
A person who ha the right to participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of low is called the
citizen of that state.

What is Citizenship ?
-Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a nation.
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What are the characteristics of citizenship?
-Citizenship enables a person to experience political and civil rights.
-It is clear that while state ensures certain rights, citizens have certain duties to perform.

What are the characteristics of citizenship?

-Citizenship enables a person to experience political and civil rights.
-It is clear that while state ensures certain rights, citizens have certain duties to perform.
-The concept of citizenship gained importance when democracy came into existence.
-In the execution of administration, democracy ensures the participation of the citizens through political rights.
-Only the citizens can enjoy the political rights of a nation.

Explain about the two types of citizenship.

Natural citizenship
-Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship.
Acquired citizenship
-When a person acquires citizenship on the basis of the legal procedure of a nation is known as acquired citizenship.

Which are the rights available in India exclusively to its citizen

-Right to contest election
-Right to form political party.
-Right to propagate politics.
-Right to vote in the elections.
-Right to criticize government.

Civic Consciousness SS1-10

How can we foster civic consciousness?
Factors determining civic consciousness
-Family
-Associations
-Education
-Political system
-Social system

Explain the role of the family in the promotion of civic consciousness.

-We learn to respect the elders and to engage in social service from the primary social institution of family.
-Family has an important role in fostering and maintaining sense of responsibility among its members.
-Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic Consciousness.
-The concept that each individual is for the family and the family is for the society should be developed in the
family atmosphere.

Explain the role of the Education in the promotion of civic consciousness.

-The primary aim of education is to equip the individual to effectively utilize the knowledge gained through the
learning of different subjects for the betterment of society.
-Education will help to develop value consciousness, tolerance, leadership qualities, scientific temper, etc.
-Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society.
-Through value- oriented educational approach we can in still civic consciousness among the people.
-Government formulates educational policies with this aim.

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Role of the Associations in the promotion of civic consciousness.
-There are several political, social, economic and cultural associations in our society.
-Such associations many a time equip the individuals to work voluntarily with a service mind.
-Several voluntary associations are working in the fields of protection of environment, protection of human rights,
charity, etc.
-These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Role of the Media in the promotion of civic consciousness.

-Media plays an important role in the formulation of civic consciousness.
-Print and electronic media influences the society
trenedously.
-News and information reach the masses through the media.
-Judicious and objective information lead to the formulation of creative ideas.
-Media should be independent and impartial. -The information from the media should be evaluated critically.

Challenge faced by civic consciousness

What are the main challenge faced by civic consciousness
-The main challenge faced by civic consciousness is the mindset to do anything for the sake of one's own personal
interest, by negating public interest.

How can we overcome the challenges faced by civic consciousness

-Each one should evaluate his activities critically.
-Should work for one's interest without going against public interest.
-Be the change which you expect from others.
-Equal weight should be given to both rights and duties.
-Individuals should act democratically and tolerably.

Sociology : What? Why? SS1-11

The early social science thinkers
By what name is the 19th century known in history?
'Age of Revolutions'.

What were the 3 revolutions that led to the emergence of sociology?

-Renaissance or scientific revolution.
-French Revolution.
-Industrial Revolution.

Where did sociology originate?

-Western Europe.

Who is the father of sociology?

-Auguste Comte the French thinker is regarded as the father of sociology.

22
Who utilized the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin for the study of the society.
-Herbert Spencer
-He clarified that just as biological evolution, the society had passed through various stages and reached the present
stage.

Who are the thinkers have made important contributions to the development of sociology.
-Karl Marx,
-Emile Durkheim,
-Max Weber.

Methods of study in sociology

-Social survey
-Interview
-Observation
-Case study

Social survey
-Survey is the most suitable method for the study of sociology.
-It helps to formulate a comprehensive point of view of the topic, based on the data collected from a group of
selected people.
-Survey method is used when data is to be collected from a larger population.

What are the features of census?

-Census is a type of survey which collects details about the total population of a nation.
-But census is not practical in sociological studies, because usually data is not collected from all the people under
study but only from a selected group of people.
-Such studies are called sample survey.

Sample survey.
-Sample survey is a method of conducting a study of the entire community by gathering information only from
selected individuals.

What are the different means used to collect data during a survey
-Social media
-Telephone
-Questionnaires are commonly used in social surveys.

What is a Questionnaire?
-A questionnaire is a set of questions that researchers use to collect data.
-Questionnaires are given to the respondents from whom data is collected.
-The group under study is called respondents.
-Study is carried out using the respondents' responses in the questionnaire.

Interview
-This is a method by which information is collected orally.
-Interview is the talk between the interviewer and the interviewee.
-As a method of study interview helps to know and analyse the attitudes, views, beliefs, habits, etc. of the
individuals.

What are the things to consider when interviewing?

-Identifying the apt persons.
-Formulating an idea of the information to be collected.
-Preparing of suitable questions
-Effective communication.
-Management of time
-Proper organisation of the information collected and preparing the report.
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What is the difference between interview and questionnaire?
Interview Questionnaire
Interview is a conversation between the researcher
Researchers use questionnaire for data collection
and the respondents.
Information is collected orally Information is given in writing
Researcher records the information The respondent provides information

Observation
-Observation is a method by which whatever is seen, heard and experienced is recorded truthfully.
-It is more relevant where methods like interview are not practically feasible.
-Such data collected directly helps in accurate assessment.

There are two types of observation.

1. Participant observation.
2. Non participant observation.

Participant observation
-When the researcher himself/herself collects information directly from the area under study it is called participant
observation.
-The sociologist stays with the population under study and understands their life directly in such observation.
-The researcher learns their language, culture, etc. and becomes a part of their daily life.
-Through this method even the behavier which are not explicit can be studied.
-This method is also known as field work .
-The participant observation method is mostly employed by anthropologists to study early human societies .

Non participant observation

-In non participant observation, the researcher does not stay with the group under study.
-They are observed from outside.
-An example of this is the way in which police track down suspected criminals without uniform.

Case study
-Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and problems.
-Such studies will be exact and comprehensive.
-The topic under study using this method is called a case.
-The detailed study of the case is case study.

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