COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the creation and manipulation of design model on a computer to assist the engineer in the design process. CAD is used to design, develop and optimize products, which can be goods used by end consumers or intermediate goods used in other products. CAD is also extensively used in the design of tools and machinery used in the manufacture of components, and in the drafting and design of all types of marine vehicles. CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. CAD has become an especially important technology, within the scope of Computer Aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings. CAD originally meant Computer-Aided Drafting because of its original use as a replacement for traditional drafting. Now, CAD usually means Computer Aided Design to reflect the fact that modern CAD tools do more than just drafting. Related acronyms are CADD, which stands for Computer-Aided Design and Drafting, CAID for Computer-Aided Industrial Design and CASD, for Computer Aided Ship Design. CAM (ComputerAided Manufacturing) is also often used in a similar way, or as a combination (CAD/CAM). The term CAD is generally used for graphical design, whereas non-graphical computer-aided design is usually called Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE). CAD (Computer-Aided Design) : The use of computer programs and systems to design detailed twoor three-dimensional models of physical objects, such as mechanical parts, ships, and offshore structures. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) : The process of using specialized computers to control, monitor, and adjust tools and machinery in manufacturing. CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) : Use of computers to help with all phases of engineering design work. Like computer aided design, but also involving the conceptual and analytical design steps.

1.2. Components of a CAD System

A CAD system can be thought of comprising: hardware : the computer and associated peripheral equipment software : the computer program(s) running on the hardware data : the data structure created and manipulated by the software human knowledge and activities

1.3. Functions of a CAD System

Functions of a typical CAD system in design process could be 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. Model Definition geometric modeling Model Manipulation to edit and modify in the design model Visualization image of design model User Interaction input and output from user to system Database Management files and data management 1.1

COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES 5. 6. Application generation of information for evaluation, analysis or manufacture Utilities modify the operation system

CAD/CAE/CAM System

Hardware

Software

Computing machine

Graphics device

Display processing unit Input/Output device

Figure 1.1. General structure of CAD systems

1.4. Advantages of CAD

In principle, CAD could be applied throughout the design process, especially its impact on the early stages, where very impressive representations such as sketches are used extensively, has been limited. The driving force behind the provision of computer assistance for conventional modeling techniques has been the desire to improve the productivity of the designer by automation of the more repetitive and tedious aspects of design, and also to improve the precision of the design models. CAD have been developed in an attempt to overcome perceived limitations in conventional practice particular in dealing with complexity. Computer aided design enables the designer to tackle a task more quickly and accurately, or in a way that could not be achieved by other means. Productivity - short period of design and lower cost of design work Accuracy - improvements of product quality Consistency - in house standards

1.5. Application of CAD

Basic Level Produce 2D engineering drawing and diagram CAD is only used for Computer Aided Drafting Advanced Level 3D modeling 3D wireframe model as a link with CAM and CAE 3D surface model shading for image 3D solid model CAD is used for Computer Aided Design Animation Walkthrough The capabilities of modern CAD systems include: Wireframe geometry creation 1.2

COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES 3D parametric feature based modeling, Solid modeling Freeform surface modeling Automated design of assemblies, which are collections of parts and/or other assemblies Create Engineering drawings from the solid models Reuse of design components Ease of modification of design of model and the production of multiple versions Automatic generation of standard components of the design Validation/verification of designs against specifications and design rules Simulation of designs without building a physical prototype Output of engineering documentation, such as manufacturing drawings, and Bills of Materials to reflect the BOM required to build the product Import/Export routines to exchange data with other software packages Output of design data directly to manufacturing facilities Output directly to a Rapid Prototyping or Rapid Manufacture Machine for industrial prototypes Maintain libraries of parts and assemblies Calculate mass properties of parts and assemblies Aid visualization with shading, rotating, hidden line removal, etc... Bi-directional parametric association (modification of any feature is reflected in all information relying on that feature; drawings, mass properties, assemblies, etc... and counter wise) Kinematics, interference and clearance checking of assemblies Sheet metal Hose/cable routing Electrical component packaging inclusion of programming code in a model to control and relate desired attributes of the model Programmable design studies and optimization Sophisticated visual analysis routines, for draft, curvature, curvature continuity...

1.6. Historical Development of CAD

Designers have long used computers for their calculations. Initial developments were carried out in the 1960s within the aircraft and automotive industries in the area of 3D surface construction and NC programming. Some of the mathematical description work on curves was developed in the early 1940s. Probably the most important work on polynomial curves and sculptured surface was done by Pierre Bezier (Renault), Paul de Casteljau (Citroen), Steven Anson Coons (MIT, Ford), James Ferguson (Boeing) and Carl de Boor (GM) in the 1960s and W. Gordon (GM) and R. Riesenfeld in the 1970s. As is the case with most of computer graphics, the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) discipline can trace its beginnings to the Sketchpad system developed by Ivan Sutherland at MIT in 1963. The distinctive feature of SKETCHPAD was that it allowed the designer to interact with his computer graphically: the design can be fed into the computer by drawing on a CRT monitor with a light pen. Effectively, it was a prototype of graphical user interface, an indispensable feature of modern CAD. First commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace industries, as well as in electronics. Only large corporations could afford the computers capable of performing the calculations. Notable company projects were at GM with DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computer) 1964 and at Renault (Bezier) UNISURF 1971 car body design and tooling. As computers became more affordable, the application areas have gradually expanded. The development of CAD software for personal desk-top computers was the impetus for almost universal application in all areas of construction. CAD implementations have evolved dramatically since then. Initially, with 2D in the 1970s, it was typically limited to producing drawings similar to hand-drafted drawings. Advances in programming and computer hardware, notably solid modeling in the 1980s, have allowed more versatile applications of computers in design activities. Key CAD products since the 1980s are:

1984 MicroStation developed by Bentley Systems became a worldwide standard for large-scale engineering projects on all platforms.

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COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES 1984 CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application) developed by Dassault Systemes. AutoCAD Version 1.0 was released in December 1982. Initially for mechanical engineers, it has been extended and is very widely used by architects and other design professionals. Its file formats (DWG and its ASCII equivalent, AutoCAD DXF) have become the default standard for CAD packages. Pro/ENGINEER in 1988, which heralded greater usage of feature-based modeling methods and parametric linking of the parameters of features. SolidWorks developed by SolidWorks Corporation in 1995 serves customers in industrial, medical, scientific, consumer educational, technology, and transportation markets. In 1979 Boeing, General Electric and NIST developed a neutral file format as a contract from Air Space called IGES (Initial Graphic Exchange Standard). It became the industry standard format and the most widely accepted format for transferring complex surface information, such as NURBS curves.

Figure 1.2. AutoCAD Release History Timeline Originally software for CAD systems were developed with computer language such as Fortran, but with the advancement of object-oriented programming methods this has radically changed. Typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems are built around a number of key C programming language modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a graphical user interface (GUI) with NURBS geometry and/or boundary representation (B-rep) data via a geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly. Advanced capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of prototyping called digital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time and material costs, digital prototypes allow for design verification and testing on screen, speeding time-to-market and decreasing costs. As technology evolves in this way, CAD has moved beyond a documentation tool (representing designs in graphical format) into a more robust designing tool that assists in the design process. 1960 - 2D drawing system SKETCHES developed at MIT 1967 - CADAM developed by Lockheed 1.4

COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES 1968 - Application Corp introduced AGS 1969 Computer Vision Corp introduced CADDS in 1969 1970s AutoDESK Corp introduced AutoCAD for 2D CAD Single function CAD to integrated CAD/CAE/CAM systems AutoCAD CADkey I-DEAS Pro/Engineer CATIA Unigraph

1.7. Hardware and Operating System Technologies

Today most CAD computer workstations are Windows based PCs; some CAD systems also run on hardware running with one of the Unix operating systems and a few with Linux. Some CAD systems such as QCad or NX provide multiplatform support including Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OSX. Generally no special hardware is required with the exception of a high end OpenGL based Graphics card; however for complex product design, machines with high speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM are recommended. The human-machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a spacemouse/SpaceBall. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing the 3D model.

1.8. CAD Software

There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source programs. 3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views. 3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD and Cadkey 19) are created in a similar fashion to the way he or she would create the real world object. Each object and feature, after creation, is what it is. If the operator wants to change it, he must add "material" to it, subtract "material" from it, or delete the object or feature and start over. Due to this, it doesn't matter how the initial operator creates his components, as long as the final product is represented correctly. If future modifications are to be made, the method used to make the original part will not, in most cases, affect the procedure used to make the new modifications. Draft views can easily be generated from the models. Assemblies generally don't include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components. 3D parametric solid modeling (programs incorporating this technology include Alibre Design, TopSolid, SolidWorks, and Solid Edge) require the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the center of the model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions carefully. What may be simplest today could be worst case tomorrow. Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric geometry without the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of direct modeling functionality. Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits available for these systems are ever increasing, including 3D piping and injection mold designing packages.

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COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic features into designs. Freeform surface modelling is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine. His or her ultimate goal should be to make future work on the current project as simple as possible. This requires a solid understanding of the system being used. A little extra time spent now could mean a great savings later. List of CAD companies and CAD Software CAD Software Caddie MultiSurf SurfaceWorks CADSUPER EASYDRAW DesignFlow AutoCAD 3DS Max AVEVA Plant AVEVA Marine MicroStation CADMAI Nupas-Cadmatic MEDUSA PEPS CAXA EB CAXA Solid DataCAD CATIA SolidWorks PowerSHAPE PowerCADD General CADD Pro TurboCAD DesignCAD IronCAD TopSolid'Design OmniCAD Pro/ENGINEER Pro/DESKTOP Nastran SolidEdge I-DEAS BRAVO DesignCAD Company ACS (Europe) Limited AeroHydro, Inc AeroHydro, Inc ANDOR Co., Ltd ANDOR Co., Ltd ANDOR Co., Ltd Autodesk Autodesk AVEVA AVEVA Bentley Systems CADMAI CADMATIC Oy CAD Schroer GmbH Camtek CAXA CAXA DATACAD LLC Dassault Systemes Dassault Systemes Delcam Engineered Software General CADD Products, Inc. IMSI/Design IMSI/Design Ironcad Missler Software OmniCAD Parametric Technology Corporation Parametric Technology Corporation Siemens PLM Solutions Siemens PLM Solutions Siemens PLM Solutions Siemens PLM Solutions Upperspace

1.9. The Effects of CAD

Starting in the late 1980s, the development of readily affordable CAD programs that could be run on personal computers began a trend of massive downsizing in drafting departments in many small to mid-size companies. As a general rule, one CAD operator could readily replace at least three or five drafters using traditional methods. Additionally, many engineers began to do their own drafting work, further eliminating the need for traditional drafting departments. Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive, small and even mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use their computational edge for competitive purposes. Today, however, hardware and software costs have come down.

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COMPUTER AIDED SHIP DESIGN LECTURE NOTES

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1
Prepare a short report (2-4 pages) about the history, development and basic features of the following CAD software 80020115 80040106 80040117 80040119 80040120 80040121 80050103 80050104 80050105 80050110 80050112 80050132 Doa Paksoy Hseyin Salam Gn Uslu Ouz Erman Dilara Altn Can imek Salih Fidan Itr pek Kksal Necati Yasin Gksal Sami Anl Kalayc Mustafa Kaan Kak Meral Tuna AutoCAD CATIA MicroStation ProEngineer I-DEAS DesignCAD SolidWorks DataCAD MultiSurf 3dSMax AutoCAD CATIA MicroStation ProEngineer I-DEAS 3dSMax CATIA

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