Performing Arts Pt.

2:
Music and Dance
Lesson 8
In this lecture:
1. Music
• Benefits of Playing a Musical Instrument (video)
• Definition and Elements
• Form and Rhythm (watch the videos; individually uploaded on BBL)
• Historical Periods of Western Music
• Historical Periods of Philippine Music
2. Dance
• Definition and Elements
• Brief History of Dance
• History of Dance in the Philippines
Benefits of Playing
Music
• improves intellectual brain
activity.
• enhances self confidence,
social bonding and success
in society
• Playing music helps in
bringing down stress levels
and improves overall
health and well being.

• Watch video on next slide

(How playing an instrument
benefits your brain)
Music Defined
• an art form wherein the
medium is sound
organized in time
• the most universal of the
performing arts and is
found in every society
• Reflects heritage:
Includes rituals, festive
events, or oral traditions
• Political and economic
reflections: recounts
history, transactions, and
social functions
ELEMENTS (BUILDING BLOCKS) OF MUSIC
1. Melody- “tune of the song”; arrangement of notes
2. Harmony- blending of sounds
3. Rhythm- “time” in music; beats and length of sound or silence
4. Form- overall plan or structure/ outline; helps identify genre
5. Dynamics- the relative loudness (or quietness) of music
6. Tone color (timbre)- tone quality; enables listener to distinguish different
instruments
7. Texture- the overall sound created by multiple instruments in music.
Historical
Periods
Western Music
Medieval
Music (1150 –
1400)
• Earlier forms of music before
this period were mostly lost
and undocumented.
• Manuscripts came from the
church; religious subject
• Instruments: the flute, the
recorder, and plucked string
instruments, like the lute, early
version of organ and fiddle
• Gregorian Chant
• Music were mostly
monophonic; polyphonic
genres developed also
Renaissance
Music (1400 –
1600)
• ‘Golden Age of Vocal Music’
• increased amounts of harmony and
polyphony into music (choral)
• Religious music continued to flourish
• music began to adopt secular forms
• Instruments: early brass instruments,
adapted string instruments such as
the guitar, small percussion
instruments, and early woodwind
instruments like the bagpipe
• organization of major and minor scales
 Baroque Music
(1600 – 1750)
• complex pieces and intricate harmonies
• set the groundwork for the next 300 years of
music
• Forms: orchestra, opera, the concerto, sonata,
and cantata
• composers turned to compose instrumental
works for various ensembles
• “Classical” music gradually began to work its
way into society
• Instruments: oboe, bassoon, cello, contrabass,
and fortepiano (an early version of the piano);
violin, viola, and cello; harpsichord; timpani,
snare drum, tambourine, and castanets
• Johann Bach and Antonio Vivaldi
Classical Music
(1750 – 1820)
• Has two meanings:
1. Broad: all Western art music
from the Medieval era to the
2000s
2. Specific: music from the 1750s
to the early 1820s
• expanded upon the Baroque period
• Introduced Sonata
• concerto, symphony, trio, and quartet
• Orchestras increased in size, range,
and power, and instrumentation
overall had a lighter, more evident
texture (less complicated than
Baroque’s)
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and
Ludwig Van Beethoven
Romantic Music
(1820 – 1900)
• took Classical music and added
overwhelming amounts of intensity
and expression
• composers gradually let go of heavily
structured pieces and gravitated
towards drama and emotion
• orchestras growing to higher numbers
than ever before
• Composers experimented
• Public concerts and operas moved
away from the exclusivity of royalty
and riches
• national music schools began to
appear
• Frederic Chopin
20th Century and
21st Century Music
(1900 – Current)

• smaller periods:
1. Impressionist (1890 –
1925)
2. Expressionist (1908 –
1950)
3. Modern (1890 – 1975)
4. Postmodern and
Contemporary (1930
or 1945- present)
• many diverse and opposing
styles
Philippine
Music
Brief Overview
Our Music
• Asian but heavily influenced by the
West owing to 333 years of Spanish
rule and 45 years of American
domination
• Music in the highlands and lowlands
where indigenous cultures continue
to thrive has strong Asian elements.
• IN CONTRAST, Spanish and American
influences are highly evident in the
music of the urban areas.
• 3 Divisions of Philippine Music:
1. Indigenous
2. Religious and Secular (Spanish
and European forms)
3. classical, semi-classical, and
popular music (American and
European inspired)
 The
Indigenous
Traditions
• practiced by about 10% of the
population
• Northern Luzon and the islands of
Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan, and
Mindoro in southern and western
Philippines (8%)
• Muslims from Mindanao and Sulu
(2%)
• Ideas from reports by friars, civil
servants and travelers
• Instruments: bronze, bamboo, or
wood; gongs, drums, flutes, clappers
• Vocals: epics, works songs, rituals,
occasions, mourning, courting, games
• Practiced even today
 The Spanish-
European
Influenced
Traditions

• prevalent during the 17th

to the 19th centuries
• tied up with religious
conversion
• hybrid expression tinged
with Hispanic flavor
• Popular styles: Harana and
Kundiman
 The American
Influenced Traditions
• Philippine music underwent another process of
transformation.
• Music was included in the curriculum at the
elementary and later at the high school levels.
• Music conservatories and colleges were
established at the tertiary level.
• Graduates: first generation of Filipino
composers (classical art music tradition)
• Pinoy Pop
• folk songs, dance tunes, ballads, Broadway
type songs, rock’ n’ roll, disco, jazz, and rap
• “OPM” - Original Pilipino Music/Original
Pinoy Music/Original Philippine Music
• pop ballads made popular in the 1970s
(ex: Basil Valdez and Ka Freddie)
• All music composed by anybody of
Philippine ancestry, no matter where or
when, in any Philippine language
• Most originate in Manila and in Tagalog
Contemporary Pinoy • strong band tradition continues and has
produced outstanding musicians, composers
Music and performers
• actively soaking in influences from Western
genres
Dance
Definition
• German damson (“to stretch” or “to drag”)
• movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and
within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or
emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the
movement itself
• Aristotle: Dance is a rhythmic movement whose purpose is “to
represent men’s characters as well as what they do and suffer”
(the central role that dance played in classical Greek theatre)
• Ballet master John Weaver in 1971: “Dance is an elegant, and
regular movement, harmoniously composed of beautiful
Attitudes, and contrasted graceful Posture of the Body, and
parts thereof.”
• 20th Century dance critic John Martin: Dance is a physical
expression of inner emotion.
• Universal Definition: Dance is an art form or activity that
utilizes the body and the range of movement of which the body
is capable.
• movements are not directly related to work, travel, or survival;
dance involve some extra qualities such as self-expression,
aesthetic pleasure, and entertainment
The Elements of
Dance
• the foundational concepts and
vocabulary that help students develop
movement skills and understand
dance as an artistic practice
• Acronym B.A.S.T.E.
1. Body
2. Action
3. Space
4. Time
5. Energy
1. Body
• is the mobile figure or shape, felt by
the dancer, seen by others
• sometimes still and sometimes
Body and Action
changing
• Body parts emphasized
• the conduit between the inner realm
of Intentions, ideas, emotions and
identity and the outer realm of
expression and communication
2. Action
• any human movement included in
the act of dancing (ex: steps, facial
movements, lifts, gestures, even
walking
• but also to pauses and moments of
relative stillness
• May be choreographed or
improvised.
 Space and Time

3. Space
• Dancer interact with it in many ways
• Stay or travel
• alter the direction, level, size, and pathways of their movements
• determines the interactions among dancers and their expressions
• dances may be created for specific locations
4. Time
• When?
• affects the rhythmic patterns, speed, beat, duration, timing relationships, and tempo
• Organization:
• Clock timing- based on units of seconds, minutes, and/or hours
• Sensed Time- dancers pick up on each other’s timing rather than the music score
5. Energy
• HOW the movement
happens
• ALL dances use the
element of energy
• may be slow, supple,
indirect energy
• punchy, high-speed
energy
• may reveal emotional
states depending on the
intent and situation
History of Dance
1. Prehistoric Dance
• a major form of religious ritual and social
expression
• reinforcing tribal unity and strength
• based on superstition and were infused with
magic
• Shamans as lead dancers
2. Ancient Civilizations Dance
• first people to dance were the Egyptians(?)
• paintings of dancing figures in rock shelters
and caves
• Kings, priests, and virgin slaves led by priests
danced to express religion and magic.
• used to perfect their military training
• for entertainment
• In Greece, Plato gave importance to dance in
education (2 Kinds of Dance)
• noble (fin and honorable) and the ignoble
(imitating what is mean or ugly)
• In Ancient Rome: gave less importance to
dancing; resulting in the condemnation of dance
by early Christians (considered pagan rituals)
Middle Ages and The
Renaissance
• Ballet started in Italy in 1400; popular
in 1500
• gained its popularity when a lady of the
arts, Catherine de Medici, married King
Henry II and threw festivals
• became a professional art with proper form
and institutions
• 15th and 16th centuries
• Vast dance movements (ex: court dances
performed by the nobility)
• Several other dance forms continued to
sprout and spread across several countries.
 Dancing towards
the 21st century
1. 16th and 17th century
• Dance increased as court amusement,
later into professional entertainment
• 1600: Masque dancing
• dancing involved intricate costuming and
stage designing that also incorporated
singing and acting
2. 18th century
• 1795: Persian Dancing (evolved from court
dancing)
• Dance for the Shah
• Music played by a small band
• Tippity Tappy/ Tap Dance was invented
 Dancing towards
the 21st century
• 19th century
• Jazz and Ballroom like cotillion, Waltz, and Polka
• 20th century
• period of ‘Dance Fever’
• not limits to express emotions through dance
• 1950s: contemporary dances (combines jazz,
ballet, and modern dance)
• Often melancholic and intense
• 1970s: hip hop associated with funk and
breakdancing
• Fad dances: YMCA and Macarena
• 21st Century
• More variations of Hip Hop (ex: Gangnam Style)
Philippine Dances
Brief History
Precolonial Dances
• an integral part of Filipino culture before
foreign occupation
• Various tribes have their own unique
traditions and dances; those far from
urban cities managed to resist Spanish
colonization
• handed down through the generations
• expresses this tribe's love of nature and
gratitude to the gods
• Dances of Muslims a.k.a. Moros:
• alluring and colorful
• Female dancers wear costumes studded
with jewels, while male dancers brandish
swords and shields
• Movements imitate the world around them
• Dances punctuated by the haunting sounds
of the kulintang
• also able to resist Spanish rule
 The Spanish-
European
Influenced Dances
• Western culture spread through the
islands (ex: waltz, fandango and polka)
• Filipinos adapted them and
combination with Filipino forms
became Maria Clara style of dance
based on a character in Noli Me
Tangere
• Example form: Cariñosa

TRIVIA: During the Marcos regime, the

Cariñosa was named the national dance of
the Philippines, but the Philippine
government maintains that it is another
dance called Tinikling
American Influenced Dances
• new, frenzy, and cheerful forms (ex: Tap, Cake
Walk, Big Apple, and Boogie Woogie)
• Filipino interest on vaudeville (bodabil) or “stage
show” which is reminiscent of Broadway musicals
• 1980s: Disco
• Ballet became popular; international ballet
dancers came to the country and trained Filipinos
who became the first notable ballet dancers who
had also become choreographers in the country
• continued mixing of elements of folklore and
native themes to new forms
• Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance
Company: lauded for preserving traditional folk
dances through performances
 Philippine Folk Dances
TRIVIA: Did you know that there
are 175 folk dances in the
Philippines?

• dances that incorporate

influences from immigrants
and conquerors while at the
same time maintaining
distinctly Filipino roots
Tinikling, Singkil, at Maglalatik
1. Tinikling
• National Dance of the country
• oldest of the Philippine folk dances
• Two origin stories:
• farm workers who displeased their Spanish
masters
• name and movements from the "tinikling" bird
2. Singkil
• traditionally performed by single women to attract
the attention of potential suitors
• reflects the pre-Islamic Maranao interpretation of
the ancient Hindu Indian epic, the Ramayana
3. Maglalatik or Magbabao
• battle between the Moros and the Christian over the
latik
• During Spanish rule, people of the barrios of Loma
and Zapote in the town of Biñan in the province of
Laguna danced the Maglalatik.
References:
• All around this World.(n.d.) The Philippines- music.
https://www.allaroundthisworld.com/learn/east-and-southeast-asia/the-philippines/the-phili
ppines-music/#.YPEm6egzbIV
• Canave- Dioquino, C. (n.d.). Philippine music, a historical overview. NCAA.
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/p
hilippine-music-a-historical-overview/#:~:text=Although%2C%20geographically%2C%20t
he%20Philippines%20belongs,thrive%20has%20strong%20Asian%20elements
.
• Elements of Dance Org. (2018). The elements of dance. https://www.elementsofdance.org/
• Mackrell, J. (November 19, 2020). Dance, Performing Arts. Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/art/dance
• Music Notes. (n.d.). Musical Periods: The history of Classical Music.
https://www.musicnotes.com/now/news/musical-periods-the-history-of-classical-music/
• Paradero, J. (n.d.). The history of dancing in Philippines. Sutori.
https://www.sutori.com/story/the-history-of-dancing-in-philippines--Hsx9wiCeRSbeZCZ7xp
wcuaWP
Performing Arts Pt. 2:
Music and Dance
Lesson 8