Scanned with CamScannerPreface. CHAPTER 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION Introduction .... The Task of Defining Globalization... Metaphors of Globalization. Solid and Liquid Flows.. \ Globalization Theories .. Dynamics of Local and Global Cultur The Globalization of Religion... Globalization and Regionalization.. Origins and History of Globalization ..... Hardwired... Cycles .... Epoch... Events. Broader, More Recent Changes. Global Demography...... Global Migration... Scanned with CamScannerDEFINING GLOBALIZATION Introduction Much has changed since time immemorial. Human beings have encountered many changes over the last century especially in their social relationships and social structures. Of these changes, one can say that globalization is a very important change, if not, the “most important” (Bauman, 2003). The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the “global age” (Albrow, 1996). The Internet, for example, allows a person from the Philippines to know what is happening to the rest of the world simply by browsing.Google. The mass media also allows for connections among people, communities, and countries all over the globe. So what is globalization? This question is probably an easy one to answer. However, many scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views about the concept. It cannot be contained within a specific time frame, all people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006). Aside from this, globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture, Social structures, therefore, are directly affected by globalization. Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress, development, and integration. On the one hand, some view globalization as a positive phenomenon. For instance, Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization as “the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It Pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world” (p. 9). On the other hand, some see it as occurring through and with regression, colonialism, and destabilization. In the mid-1990s, Martin Khor, the former president of Third World Network (TWN) in Malaysia, once regarded globalization as colonization. In this chapter, different definitions of globalization will be discussed. The task of conceptualizing it ceveals a variety of perspectives. To understand further the concept, different Metaphors will be used. These metaphors will also allow an appreciation of earlier epochs before globalization and the present globalized world. The final lesson in Chapter 1: Defining Globalization E Scanned with CamScanneri The Contemporary ‘World | discussion of globalization theories, general lars have towarg ‘ toa " ths chapter wil be devo atthe dflerent views Ch The following section will highlig! globalization. The Task of Defining Globalization i bster’s Dictionary in 1961, many Since its first appearance in - wel T sotare on the definitions of opinions about globalization have flourished, The erate Sate ca) broad at lization revealed that definitions coul r ase or (2) narrow and exclusive. The one offered by Ohmae in se ead “... globalization means the onset of the borderless world...” (p- 14). bere example of a broad and inclusive type of definition. If one uses such, it can include a variety of issues that deal with overcoming traditional boundaries. However, it does not shed light on the implications of globalization due to its vagueness. Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense that their application adhere to only particular definitions. Robert Cox’s definition suits best in this type: “the characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these Processes, and the internationalizing of the State... making states into agencies of the globalizing world” (as cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council, 2000, p. 14). Other definitions of globalization are shown in chronological or der in the Appendix. Each could fall to either one of the two types of definitions, No matter how one classifies a definition complex and multifaceted as the definitions deal or social dimensions. In fact, Of globalization, the concept is ‘ | with either economic, political, i 2 comprehensive study of 114 definitions by the olicy (GCSP) in 2006, 67 of them refer to economic ‘ r (2003) ut the issue. To him, the debate about what can what it is are similar. This is in relation t. 0 WI some academics have claimed about defining globali hat took ona different argument abo, be done about globalization and ization—it is a useless task. A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015), “globaliza transplanetary process or a set of processes involvin, the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, well as the structures they encounter and create that a tion is a increasing liquidity and Places, and information as Te bartie’s to, or expedite Scanned with CamScannerthose flows ...” (p. 2). Generally, this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both integration andjor fragmentation. Although things flow easily in a global world, hindrances or structural blocks are also present. These blocks could slow down one’s activity in another country or could even limit the places a person can visit. If so, why are We going to spend time studying this concept? How can we appreciate these definitions? How can these help us understand globalization? First, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. The overview of definitions implies that globalization is many things to many different people. In 1996, Arjun Appadurai said, “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies’” (as cited in Chowdhury, 2006, p. 137). Inamore recent study, Al-Rhodan (2006) wrote that definitions suggest the perspective of the author on the origins and the geopolitical implications of globalization. It is a starting point that will guide the rest of any discussions. In effect, one’s definition and perspective could determine concrete steps in addressing the issues of globalization. For example, if one sees globalization as positive, the person can say that it is a unifying force. On the other hand, if it is deemed as creating greater inequalities among nations, globalization is negatively treated. Second, to paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi: Globalization is the debate and the debate is globalization. One became part and parcel of the other. ‘As Poppi (1997) wrote: “The literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last decade beyond any individual’s capability of extracting a workable definition of the concept. Ina sense, the meaning of the concept is self- evident, in another, it is vague and obscure as its reaches are wide and constantly shifting. Perhaps, more than any other concept, globalization is the debate about it” (as cited in Kumar, 2003, p. 95). Third, globalization is a reality. It is changing as human society develops. It has happened before and is still happening today. We should expectit to continue to happen in the future. The future of globalization is more difficult to predict. What we could expect in the coming years is what has happened over the past 50 years and that is the fluidity and complexity of globalization as a concept, which made more debates, discussions, and definitions than agreements on it. Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality, globalization has a shifting nature. It is complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by the people who define it. Moreover, the issues and concerns Chapter 1: Defining Globalization Scanned with CamScanner7 iety, from individual to society, ide range—from the in y are a from the benefits we can gain from “The Globalization of Nothing,” Ritzer involving globalization have small communities to nations and states, it his article, : it to the costs it could carry, In pr (2003) said, “attitudes toward globalization depend, among the task of defining whether one gains or loses from it” (p. 190). Nevertheless important the globalization should stimulate more discussions about it. a erest ct endesiee in fact that we experience globalization should give one the inter’ the study of it. Metaphors of Globalization 'n order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the states of matter—solid and liquid—will be used, 'n addition, other related concepts that are included in the definition such as structures and flows will be elaborated. Solid and Liquid The epochs that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information, and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). The social relationships and objects remained where they were created, Solidity also refers to barriers that preven it Or make manmade solid. This crea; access of Filipino fishers to the South China Sea. Obviously, exist. However, they have the tendency to melt, This should ites limited these examples stil | this process involves how ! erg we can describe is happening in today’s global world, itis becoming increas; Bs Liquid, as a state of matter, takes the shape ofits conta; : are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ea, , people, things, information, and Places in the contemp, of liquidity. First, today’s liquid phenomena cha spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation, Thi and time are crucial elements of globalization.“In Blobay ly and their aspect. is means that spac.” finance, for Mstance a The Contemporary World Scanned with CamScannerchanges in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos uploaded on YouTube or Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The socalled Internet sensations become famous not only in their homeland but also to the entire world. Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things (Cartier, 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015, p. 6) regarded as the most important characteristic of liquid: it “tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids).” The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation-state. Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow and this idea of flow (Appadurai, 1996; Rey and Ritzer, 2010) will be the focus of the next discussion. Also, it should be expected that this concept will appear in the succeeding lessons. The literature on globalization makes use of the concept of flows. Flows The previous section. described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the increase in liquidity. Itis only logical to, discuss the flows of liquid phenomena. Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). Think of the different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos. Aside from local dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi, ramen, hamburger, and French fries—foods introduced to us by foreign cultures. Clearly, foods are being globalized. Another example of flows is global financial crises. As Landler (2008, p. C1) put it: “In global financial system, national borders are porous.” This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring ramifications to other regions of the world. An example of which is the spread of the effects of American financial crisis on Europe in 2008. The following are other kinds of flows that can be observed today: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world (Moses, 2006), the virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as blogs and child pornography, respectively, and immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host countries, A concrete example is the Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the Philippines. Chapter 1: Defining Globalization [5 Scanned with CamScannerGlobalization Theories We have established the many definitions of and issues in defining globalization and the metaphors that we can use to understand easily the concept. We have also looked into its origins and history. This section will give you aglimpse of the important theories on globalization. We will analyze globalization culturally, economically, and politically in this book as reflected in the succeeding chapters. In the meantime, it would be helpful to assert that the theories see globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity. Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given culture influences other cultures. For example, the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, which was brought to us by the Spaniards. Another example is Americanization, which was defined by Kuisel (1993) as “the import by non-Americans of products, images, technologies, practices, and behavior that are closely associated with America/Americans” (p. 96). In terms of the economy, there is recognition of the spread of neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market economy in the world (Antonio, 2007). Global economic crises are also products of homogeneity in economic globalization. Stiglitz (2002), for instance, blamed the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for its “one-size-fits all” approach which treats every country in the world as the same. In the end, rich countries become advantageous in the world economy at the expense of poor countries, which leads to increased inequality among nations. The political realm also suffers homogenization if one takes into account the emerging similar models of governance in the world. Barber (1995) said that “McWorld” is existing. It means only one political orientation is growing in today’s societies. The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism. TV, music, books, and movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the West (Cowen, 2002). Media imperialism undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries, such as the Al Jazeera (Bielsa, 2008) and the Bollywood (Larkin, 2003), as well as the influence of the local and regional media. The Internet can be seen as an arena for alternative media. Cultural imperialism denies the agency of viewers, but people around the world often interpret the same medium (e.g., a movie) in significantly different ways, Global media are dominated by a small number of large corporations. As McChesney (1999) put it, this s being “extended from old media to new Chapter 1: Defining Globalization [77 Scanned with CamScanneri and Apple’s iTunes, media” (p. 11), such as Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, coe Tees vet s As a result; in the long run, the Internet ue end ml ne alter globalization competitive. Independent Media Center, associated with t tion to Bee movement, helps to counter this trend. It re internet Blobal participation of activists. Hacktivists extend activism to tao hacking into computer programs to promote a particular cause (Juris, 2005). Ritzer (2008) claimed that, in general, the contemporary world isundergoing the process of McDonaldization. It is the Process by which Western societies are dominatedby theprinciples of fast foodrestaurants, McDonaldizationinvolves the 8lobal spread of rational systems, such as efficiency, calculability, predictabil y, and control. Ritzer (2008) pointed out that this process is “extended to other and geographic areas” (p. 169). Grobalization, in contrast to Slocalization, is a process wherein nations, corporations, etc. impose themselves On geographic areas in order to gain profits, Power, and so on (Ryan, 2007). Ritzer (2007) also spoused the idea that globalization can also be seen as a flow of “nothing” aS Opposed to “something,” involving the spread of non-places, things, non-people, and Non-services, . businesses, sectors, non- Onthe other! hand, hete Practices, new economies erogeneity pertains to the creation of various cultural Of elements from different ” and Political groups because Of the interaction g The Contemporary World Scanned with CamScannerDynamics of Local and Globa} Culture Global flows of cultur e tend to move more easily around the globe than ver before, especiall e Pecially through non-material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global cultural fi Be convergence. lows. These are differentialism, hybridization, Cultural differential fferentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the Potential for " i lision.” asa ‘catastrophic collision.” Samuel Huntington's theory on the clash of the civilizations proposed in 1996 best exemplifies this approach. According to Hunti Ps _ BR crcinic ciiferences| were ove 8 ntington, after the Cold War, political- one shadowed by new fault lines, which were primarily cultural in nature. Increasing interaction among different “civilizations” (suchas the Sinic, Islamic, Orthodox, and Western) would lead to intense clashes, especially the economic conflict between the Western and Sinic civilizations and bloody political conflict between the Western and Islamic civilizations (Huntington, 2004). This theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons, especially on its portrayal of Muslims as being “prone to violence” (Huntington, 1996). The cultural hybridization approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures (Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997). Globalizationis considered to bea creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the global or the local. A key concept is “glocalization” or the interpenetration of the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas (Giulianotti and Robertson, 2007, p. 133): Another key concept is Arjun Appadurai’s “scapes” in 1996, where global flows involve people, technology, finance, political images, and media and the disjunctures between them, which lead to the creation of cultural hybrids. nce approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture. One important critique of A «ais i inson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of culture. cultural imperialism s John or dificult to tie culture to a specific Deterritorialization means that it's much more alfnc geographic point of origin. The cultural converge! Chapter 1: Defining Globalization Scanned with CamScanner=a 12] The Contemporary World omer ationalist qualities ascribeg f fundamentalist and extremist forms rely antirationalist since many d make moderat On the other hand, it can be said that. the antiré to religion can be the characteristics © of religion. We cannot consider religion as P! and faith an ization’s strict rationalism be incompatible with the norms ang religious people reconcile reason their religions. Nevertheless, global phenomena as liberalism and secularism can the values of certain religions. Globalization is also associated with Westernization and Americanization, The dominance exerted by these two processes, particularly on theless developed countries, makes religion-related cultures and identities take defensive measures to protect themselves. Sometimes, extreme forms of resisting other cultural influence are being done, such as that of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), As Ehteshami (2007) pointed out, “Globalization is not only seen as a rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from Muslim realities. Stressing thenegativeimpact of the loose morals of Western ifeis a daily feature of airwaves in the Middle East” (p. 130). The imperialist aspirations of globalization and its incompatibility with Islam make globalization completely alien to the Muslim bene soemeiins atte construct tits core and its meanings the accepting and promoting lesen clngatia svt iton eae bart of Muslims slike tural values and their dominance” (p. 131). organizations respond to ¢ he states? econo; i @ffects of globalization, th, e states’ attempt ¢, rtNers Over h ™Y. This ig mn i 0 er “Fores egionalsm ig ® luce th est, REE ay Scanned with CamScanner e trends within | manifested in such |ina 2007 survey, the Financial that globalization brings ea aes Tevealed that majority of Europeans consider Meunier, 2010). Many policy eee to their societies (as cited in Jacoby and ieregutated and managed. the 7 and scholars think that globalization must be countered what Jacoby and m eats of an “ungoverned globalization” can ‘ll attempts to make globali leunier called managed globalization; it refers to zation more palatable to citizens” (p.1). It is important, howev: ‘er, to consider the gradual development of inter- fe ceervae ay i Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), asort of “contagion epee a American trade bloc, Mercosur. In fact, jar. Reonazaton in one par of te wend enocoges eosin elsewhere whether by imitation, like the success of the European Single Market, onby’ defensive” reaction, such as Mercosur’s establishment as response to the creation of NAFTA. According to this, regionalization and the development of interregionalism would indeed be global in nature. As Held et al. (2005) claimed, “the new regionalism is nota barrier to political globalization but, on the contrary, entirely compatible with it—if not an indirect encouragement” (p. 77). Hurrell (2007) captured this debate in his “one (global) world/many (regional) worlds relationship” (p. 1). Regional developments in one part of the world have affected and fueled regionalization everywhere else in a sort of contagion or domino effect. This fact, along with increasing developments in interregional cooperation, shows that the regionalization process is global in nature. Therefore, regionalization is intimately linked to globalization since it is part of it and it builds on it. The argument concerning the relationship between regio globalization is perfectly summarized in this claim: nalization and been the age of regionalization, The age of economic globalization has also ism has been devoted to the and much of the analysis of the new regional links between the two tendencies. Thus, regionalism Is seen a5 critical part of the politcal economy of globalization and the strategies that states (and other actors) have adopted in the face of globalization ...The emergence of regionalism needs to be understood within the global restructuring of production, The many worlds are very closely intertwined with power and ! ‘The core driving force is global even if the the character and fate of the one. manifestation is regional. (Hurell, 2007 P- 4) t into the sea” “the increased ” Jacoby to when humans first put a boat understand globalization as and information across borders! Chapter 1: Defining Globalization [73 Globalization “goes back (Sweeney, 2005, p. 203). We <” flows of goods, services, capit@, people, Scanned with CamScannerious discussions, the previo med from 1) Bu as we have 8 definitions of the term. Defining Se a eae: id varying jon, according to re many controversies about ani Nevertheless, region, 2 i there are jonalization is complicated. Ne region and regional , e geographically Milner (1999) is “a group of countries in ae ce ae ie ). Hurrell (2007) defined regionaliz de ee seats me ie undirected process of social and oo ater aE a i ionalization is different from regionalis! ee a foc of egevenment coloration between 0 0 (Ravenhill, 2008, p. 174). in Asi regions The motivations for therecent regionalization inAsia, aswell soe "4 in the world, cannot be isolated from one another. It is a comp! ae factors. One of the reasons behind regionalism is the concern for sec i ac 2 is to ensure peace and stability. Confidence building can be oe Bl Sconomic cooperation within a region. The ASEAN and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) are regional organizations that seek strong security in Asia through cooperation, Huntington (1996), onthe contrary, regionalization. As he put it, « define their interests in civiliz; believed that culture and identity guide “In the post-Cold War world, , states increasingly ational terms” (. 30). For him, culture and identity izations: Western, , Latin American, strong in Asia because st, can be found in the region. ; tic companies may benefit f big enough to allow them Scale economies while stl bei competition. in other ‘Words, regional Organization allow national compan, Protected but big en ™Panies the Market ina Way that they Scanned with CamScannerwith respect to c Biestion, Given ae companies belonging to the regional organization in Bou, aici ns situation, Ravenhill (2008) said that disadvantaged TNCs will Fir clsod governments to sign similar trade agreements in order to end lisadvantaged commercial situation. Process Questions : 1 Are societies it ir Ocieties in the world becoming more similar (homogenous) or more different (heterogeneous)? 2. V i What . you think are the advantages and disadvantages of homogenization of culture? How about heterogenization? 3. Which of the aforementioned views on the history of globalization you find most appealing? Why? In this activity, look for and read three newspaper opinion editorials (op- eds) discussing globalization. You may use local or international op-eds. Write 2 50-word summary for each op-ed. Identify whether they subscribe to a particular “efinition discussed in class or they have a new definition. Also, identify whether they are broad and inclusive or narrow and exclusive. Origins and History of Globalization vious discussions answered the question “Whatis. globalization?” The where did it start?” is not easy to answer as well because there This book generally adheres to the: perspective ¥ globalization started after the Second m to look at the five different The pre next question are different views about this. that the major points of the beginnings 0 World War. Nevertheless, it would mean no hari perspectives regarding the origins of globalization. Hardwired .cause of our basic human need to obalization possible. Therefore, one can trace ur ancestors in Africa who walked out from umey finally led them to all- According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is be make our lives better that made gl the beginning of globalization from o the said continent in the late Ice Age. This long jot known continents today, roughly after 50,000 years. Chapter 1: Defining Globalization ys Scanned with CamScannerand warfa Chanda (2007) mentioned that commerce, religion, bane and var are ag tively connected to tter life. These are respect the “urges” of people toward a bet ' ane of globalization and they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary work, adventures, and conquest. Cycles For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will bea daunting task, What is importantis the cycles that globalization has gone through (Scholte, 2005). Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear. Epoch Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also called “waves” and each has its own origin. Today's globalization is not unique if this is the case, The difference of this view from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning. The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs: 1 Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh centuries) European colonial conquests (late fifteenth century) 3-_Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries) 4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918) 5. Post-World War Il period 6. Post-Cold War period Events Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization. If this is the case, then Several points can be treated as the start of globalization. Gibbon (1998), for example, argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin. In an issue of the magazine the Economist (2006, January 12), it considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century. Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery—Christopher Columbus's discovery of America in 1942, Vasco da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and Ferdinand Magellan’s completed circummnavigation of the globe in 1522, 16] The Contemporary World Scanned with CamScannerith ref bere wi erence to specinc.teey eded a the beginnings af globalization nological advances in transportation and S incl (1956), the first transatlantic ens lude the first transatlantic telephone cable “vision broadcasts (1962), the founding of the modern Internet in 1988, and the torr (2001). Certainly, with this view, manne not just the origins of globalizat communication. Some examp| le 7 ‘acks on the Twin Towers in New York ore a ee and more specific events will characterize but also more of its history. Broader, More Recent Changes Recent changes comprised the fifth vi vi Re uctnaivorine oe iew. These broad changes happened in entieth pe rr Century. Scholars today point to these three notable Slobalization that we know today. They are as follows: 1. The emergence of ‘ ; the Unit Re nited States as the global power (post World 2. Th i 'e emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs) 3, __ The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War Through its dominant military and economic power after WWII, the United states was able to outrun Germany and Japan in terms of industry. Both Axis powers and Allies fall behind economically as compared to the new global power. Because of this, the United States soon began to progress in different aspects like in diplomacy, media, film (as in the Hollywood), and many more. Before MNCs came into being, their roots were from their countries of origin during the eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries. The United States, Germany, and Great Britain had in their homeland great corporations which the world knows today. However, they did not remain there as far as their production and market are concerned. For example, Ford and General Motors originated in the United states but in the twentieth century, they exported more automobiles and opened factories to other countries. of the Soviet Union in 1991. the world for the first time tourism, wed Way -st two would be the fall f the major parts of Many global processes—immigration, ad throughout the planet. This pa fovernment remains More recent than the fir This event led to the opening since the early twentieth century media, di and MNCs—sPre we ied eee! world. China, even though the government : ist, i its way to becoming @ major force in global capitalism (Fis! wma, Bo ae . re rg jis also globalizing in terms of other aspects such as their . Moreover, hosting of the olympics in 2008. Chapter 1: Defining Globalization Wi Scanned with CamScanner{ i 18! The Contemporary World Global Demography Demographic transition is a singular historical period during which Mortality and fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region, The broad outlines of the transition are similar in countries around the world, but the pace and timing of the transition have varied considerably. The transition started in mid: or late 1700s in Europe. During that time, death rates and fertility began to decline. High to low fertility happened 200 | years in France and 100 years in the United States. In other parts of the world, the transition began later. It was only in the twentieth century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the exemption of Japan. According to Maddison (2001), life expectancy in India was only 24 years in the early twentieth century while the same life expectancy occurred in China in 1929 until 1931. Fertility decline in Asia did not begin until the 1950s and so on. In the case of Japan, it was until the 1930s that “total fertility rate did not drop below five births per woman” (Shigeyuki et al., 2002, p. 250). This resulted in rapid population growth after the Second World War, affecting the age structure of Asia and the developing world. Specifically, the baby boom in the developirig world was caused by the decline of infant and child mortality rates. The West, on the other hand, experienced baby boom that resulted from rising birth rates. Aremarkable effect of the demographic transition, as Shigeyuki et al. (2002) stated, is “the enormous gap in life expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on the one hand and the rest of the world on the other” (p. 251). By 1820, the life expectancy at birth of Japan and the West was 12 years greater than that of other countries. It increased by 20 years by 1900. Although there was an improvement in life expectancy all throughout the world in 1900-1950, the gap had reached 22 years. In 1999, the gap declined to 14 years. These differences in time of transition affected the global population. During the nineteenth century, Europe and the West had an increased in share in the world’s population, from 22.0 percent to 33.0 percent, while Asia and Oceania’s contribution dropped from 69.0 percent to 56.7. India and China suffered from economic stagnation and decline during that time. There was a reverse in global population shares during the twentieth century as Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania had high levels of population growth rates. According to Shigeyuki et al. (2002), population growth shows a more remarkable shift: “Between 1820 and 1980, 69:3 percent of the worig’g population growth occurred in Europe and Western offshoots. Between 19. and 2000, however, only 11.7 percent occurred in that region” (p. 252). Scanned with CamScannerah The United Nati _Thet ions proj Africa. It is estimated that raed vet f 2 will be almost 20 percent, relat i percent) and in 1900 (six p sd of two billion if we combin ‘s Population growth will be shifted toward '@ regions’ share to the world population 4 uch greater than its share in 1820 (seven - Also in 2150, there 'e the popu i" be a projected increase lations of Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. he overall trend in Japan and the West was ney ratio was close to 0.5. It only increased, i oom after the Second World War occurred. ae ne increased between 1888 and 1920. Its n Popped tn 1970 and later 1e West between 1920 and the early 1950s. It ince its precipi i 1950s and low fertility rates a fae decline in childbearing during the ; The developing countries like India and the PI ratios than the West in 1900. A great increase ii although temporary, when the bab Japan's dependency ratio, 4 pineshad higher dependency dependency ratio was caused by the decline in infant and child i i pe cect 3 Mortality and high levels of fertility, with its peak : Dependency ratios started to disappear because there is a decline in global birth rate. Furthermore, the gap in fertility between the West and the less developed countries became smaller by the twenty-first century. Over the next 50 years, the cases of dependency ratios of these two areas in the world will be reversed (Shigeyuki et al., 2002), The aging of populations will cause a rise in dependency ratio, starting in the West. Global Migration The nuances of the movements of-people around the world can be seen through the categories of migrants—‘vagabonds” and “tourists” (Bauman, 1998). Vagabonds are on the move “because they have to be” (Ritzer, 2015, p. 179—-they are not faring well in their home countries and are forced to move in the hope that their circumstances will improve. Tourists, on the other hand, are on the move because they want to be and because they can afford it. Refugees are vagabonds forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns (Haddad, 2003). Asylum seekers are refugees who seek to regain inthe 0 which they flee. According to Kritz (2008), those who migrate to find tion. Labor migration is driven by “push” factors (eg, lack of employment opportunities in home countries), as well aot factors (work available elsewhere). Labor migration mainly involves we on less-skilled and unskilled workers 25 well as illegal immigrants who live margins of the host society (Lander, 2007). country t work are involved in labor migrat Chapter 1: Defining Globalization ‘9 Scanned with CamScannerictions. 1y, many restr an, savor npraton 003 MOY global flows I Fan conception 7 westphalia atthe stam unlike other jiscussed tl slated to the of these barriers are Fe (2005) 4 e stimately associated wit It. Sha ¢ rs of patt of the workforc,, ae ni migration because It involves th tent, CONE Ah, seek to control mig” ith local re! je . nflicts * An influx of migrants can lead to cor et popultion flows (Mose, terrorism also affect the desire of the st ser by “push” factors such 25 Politi e and famine in the Frome COUNTY OF by bor shortage, and 2 “pull” immigration policy, 2 1a ' Sea peal sanse es country of destination (Ritzer, 2015) 1 information about the country of 2006). Migration is traditionally governed persecution, economic depression, War similarity of language and culture in tl Global factors, which facilitate easy access t destination, also exert a significant influence. Many countries face issues of illegal migration. The United ete faces a major influx of illegal immigrants from Mexico and other Central American states (Thompson, 2008). A fence is being constructed on the US-Mexico border to control this flow of people (Fletcher and Weisman, 2006). However, its efficacy is questioned and it is thought that it will only lead illegal immigrants to adopt more dangerous methods to gain entry. In addition, tighter borders have also had the effect of “locking in” people who might otherwise have left the country (Fears, 2006). Other countries with similar concerns about illegal immigration include Great Britain, Switzerland, and Greece as well as countries in Asia. co ane tn beemie cn colste against illegal immigrants immigrants constitute a younger iratkoree mae ee aed not perform, and they are consumers who contr a Pet als may remittances back to family members nthe country a ae tenn ose Seng lives of the recipients, redu inercece thich improves the pients, reduces poverty rates, and increases the level of eduesti a5 wellas the foreign reserves ofthe home country (Economist 2007, Noven ne Banks are often unwilling or unable to handle the type (small amount. meee and volume of remittances. As aresult, specialized organizations pla = of money) inthe transmission of remittances. According to Malkin (2007), thy eee one of the leaders when it comes to the flow of remittances ($14.7 vine Pines _ India ($2445 billion) and China (621.1 billion). POON) Next to The term “diaspora” has been increasingly Used to describe .. communities. Of particular interest is Paul Gilroy's (1993) conceptualizag migrant diaspora asa transnational process, which involves dialogue to both imag °! ‘Me real locales. Diasporization and globalization are closely interconnected n° ad the 20) The Contemporary World Scanned with CamScanner