Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IX , ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE
________________________________________________________________________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

(QUARTER 4 – WEEK 1 and 2)

Name: _______________________ Grade: 9 -______________ Score: _________________

Subject: TLE (AGRI-CROP PRODUCTION) Teacher: JAM HAMIL Q. ABLAO Date: __________________

Type of Activity:
Concept Notes Individual Formative Others
Laboratory Pair/Group Summative ___________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson/Topic: Monitor Storage Pest and Diseases

Learning Targets: Factors to consider in crop storage
.Reference: Agricultural Crop Production– Grade 11 Self Learning Module

Seed Storage :: Storage factors

Factors influencing seed storage
1. Biotic
2. A biotic

Biotic factors:
a. Factors related to seed
 Genetic make up of seed
 Initial seed quality
 Provenance
 Seed Moisture content
b. Other biotics
 Insects
 Fungi
 Rodents
 Mishandling during sampling, testing
2. Abiotic factors
 Temperature
 Relative humidity
 Seed store sanitation
 Gaseous atmosphere
 Packaging material

Seed factors : Genetic factors

The storage is influenced by the genetic make up of the seed. Some kinds are naturally short lived (e.g)
onion, soybeans, ground nut etc., Based on the genetic make up seeds are classified into Micro biotic – short lived
Meso biotic- medium lived Macro biotic – long lived

Initial seed quality

Barton (1941) found that the seeds of high initial viability are much more resistant to unfavourable storage
environmental conditions than low viable seed. Once seed start to deteriorate it proceeds rapidly. The seed which
injured mechanically suffered a lot and loses its viability and vigour very quickly. Generally small seeds escape injury
whereas large seeds are more likely to be extensively damaged (e.g) bean, lima-bean and soybean. Spherical seeds
usually give more protection than flat or irregularly shaped seeds
Effect of provenance:
The place where the seed crop was produced greately influences the storability. (e.g.) Red clover seeds grown in
Canada stored for 4 years with 80% germination whereas seeds grown in England and Newzealand stored only for 3
years with 80% germination. This is due to different climatic conditions and soil types prevailing in different places.

Effect of weather
Fluctuating temperature during seed formation and maturity will affect seed storage. Pre-harvest rain may also
affect the viability.

Pre harvest sanitation spray

In pulses, insect infestation comes from field (e.g.) bruchids.

Seed moisture content

Most important factor influence the storability. The amount of moisture in the seeds is the most important
factor influencingseed viability during storage.

Generally if the seed moisture content increases storage life decreases. If seeds are kept at high moisture
content the losses could be very rapid due to mould growth very low moisture content below 4% may also damage
seeds due to extreme desiccation or cause hard seededness in some [Link] the life of a seed largely revolves
around its moisture content it is necessary to dry seeds to safe moisture contents. The sage moisture content
however depends upon storage length, type of storage structure, kind / variety of seed type of packing material
used. For cereals in ordinary storage conditions for 12-18 months, seed drying up to 10% moisture content appears
quite satisfactory. However, for storage in sealed containers, drying upto 5-8 % moisture content depending upon
particular kind may be necessary.

Harringtons thumb rule on seed moisture content :

For every one per cent decrease in seed moisture content the life of seed will be doubled. This is again hold
good between 4- 12 C. Based on the tolerance and susceptibility of seeds towards moisture loss seeds are classified
into
Orthodox – the seeds able to tolerate moisture loss and less seed moisture favours the storage. i.e. decreased
moisture increased storage period. Eg. Rice, sorghum , and most of the cultivated species.
Recalcitrant – just opposite to the orthodox. Seeds not able to tolerate moisture loss. Required high moisture for
viability maintenance.
Microflora, Insects and Mites
The activity of all these organisms can lead to damage resulting in loss of viability. The micro flora activity is
controlled by Relative Humidity temperature and Moisture Content of seed. Treated seeds with fungicides can be
stored for longer periods. Fumigation to control insects will also help in longer period of storage.
Fumigants - (e.g) methyl bromide, hydrogen cyanide, ethyline dichloride, carbon tetra chloride, carbon disulphide
and napthalene and aluminimum phosphine.

Abiotic factors :
Relative humidity
Relative humidity is the amount of H2O present in the air at a given temperature in proportion to its
maximum water holding capacity. Relative Humidity and temperature are the most important factors determining
the storage life of seeds. Seeds attain a specific and characteristic moisture content when subjected to given levels
of atmospheric humidities. This characteristic moisture content called equilibrium moisture content.

Equilibrium moisture content for a particular kind of seed at a given Relative Humidity tends to increase as
temperature decreases. Thus the maintenance of seed moisture content during storage is a function of relative
humidity and to a lesser extent of temperature. At equilibrium moisture content there is no net gain or loss in seed
moisture content.
Temperature
Temperature also plays an important role in life of seed. Insects and moulds increase as temperature
increases. The higher the moisture content of the seeds the more they are adversely affected by temperature.
Decreasing temperature and seed moisture is an effective means of maintaining seed quality in storage. The
following thumb rules by Harrington are useful measures for assessing the effect of moisture and temperature on
seed storage. These rules are as follows.
1. For every decrease of 1% seed moisture content the life of the seed doubles. This rule is applicable
between moisture content of 5-14%.
2. For every decrease of 5oC in storage temperature the life of the seed doubles. This rules applies between
0oC to 50oC.
3. Good seed storage is achieved when the % of relative humidity in storage environment and the storage
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit add upto one hundred but the contribution from temperature should not
exceed 50 oF.

Nomograph
Roberts (1972) developed formulae to describe the relationship between temperature seed m.c. and period
of viability. From these relationships it was possible to construct a seed viability nomograph. These nomograph are
helpful in predicting the retention of seed viability indefined storage environment for a particular period or to
determine combinations of temperature and moisture content which will ensure the retention of a desired level of
seed viability for specific period.

Gas during storage

Increase in O2 pressure decrease the period of viability N2 and CO2 atmosphere will increase the storage
life of seeds.

ACTIVITY I
TRUE OR FALSE Direction: Read the statements carefully. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is
false. Write your answer on the space provided.
_____1. Increase in O2 pressure decrease the period of viability.
_____2. Fumigation to control insects will also help in longer period of stroage.
_____3. For every one per cent decrease in seed moisture content the life of seed will be doubled.
_____4. Generally if the seed moisture content increases storage life decreases.
_____5. The amount of moisture in the seeds is the most important factor influencing seed viability during storage.
_____6. Spherical seeds usually do not give more protection than flat or irregularly shaped seeds.
_____7. The storage is not influenced by the genetic make-up of the seed.
_____8. Fluctuating temperature during seed formation and maturity will not affect seed storage.
____ 9. The activity of all these organisms cannot lead to damage resulting in loss of viability.
____10. Relative Humidity and temperature are not the most important factors.
 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 AND 2

Name: ______________________________ Section: 9 -_______________ Score:________

IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify the term being described in each statement. Write your answer on the space provided.
__________ 1. Is influenced by the genetic makeup of the seed.
__________ 2. Is the amount of H2O present in the air at a given temperature in proportion to its maximum
water holding capacity.
__________ 3 It will increase the storage life of seeds.
__________ 4. Also plays an important role in life of seed.
__________ 5. It predicts the retention of seed viability in defined storage environment.
__________ 6. The seeds able to tolerate moisture loss and less seed moisture favors the increased storage
period.
__________ 7. Seeds not able to tolerate moisture loss.
__________ 8. Seeds with fungicides can be stored for longer periods.
__________ 9. This content for a particular kind of seed at a given Relative Humidity tends to increase as
temperature decreases.
_________ 10. It affects the seed storage during seed formation and maturity.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
DIRECTION: Read the statements carefully. Encircle the letter that best describes the statement.
1. These are abiotic factors EXCEPT?
A. Temperature B. Insects C. Relative Humidity D. Gaseous atmosphere

2. This is/are factors related to seed.

A. Provenance B. Seed Moisture content C. Initial seed quality D. All of the above

3. The storage is influence by genetic make-up of the seed.

A. Genetic factors B. Abiotic factor C. Biotic Factor D. Relative Humidity

4. It is just an opposite to the orthodox.

A. Recalcitrant B. Microflora C. Insects D. Mites

5. This instrument describes the relationship between temperature seed moisture content.
A. Nomograph B. Barometer C. Nanometer D. Wind vane

Prepared by:

JAM HAMIL Q. ABLAO

SST – I / BNHS
 and Livelihood Education (T.L.E) 9 – AGRICROP PRODUCTION
Summative Assessment for Quarter 2 – Week 7 & 8

Name: ______________________________ Section: 9 -_______________ Score:________

MATCHING TYPE. Connect using lines from Column A to Column B and write the combination letter - number
answer on the space provided below. (ex. __A4___1.)

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. is an imaginary line
connecting all points of
equal elevation across a
______1. SQUARE SYSTEM A. slope. In a hilly area, a lot of
depressions, ridges,
furrows, and place surface
are found.

[Link] trees are planted at

the corners of an equilateral
triangle. Six such triangles
B. are joined together to form a
______2. RECTANGULAR SYSTEM hexagon.

[Link] the same as the square

system except for the
addition of a tree in the
_____3. QUINCUNX OR DIAGONAL C. center of each square. In
SYSTEM this system, the number of
trees planted in the same
area is almost double.
 [Link] trees are planted in
the same way as in a
square system except that
_____4. HEXAGONAL SYSTEM D. the distance between rows
will be more than the
distance between plants in
the same row.
[Link] trees are planted in
four corners of a square
keeping the same distance
between rows and from
_____5. CONTOUR SYSTEM E. plant to plant in the same
row.