CE – 415

ULTIMATE STRENGTH
DESIGN (USD)

MODULE 2

Lecturer:

Mark Christian D. Esguerra, MSCE-SE Candidate

What is USD
Ultimate Strength Design (USD) In this method, the behavior of structural elements is evaluated at their
ultimate failure state rather than under service loads. Design loads are factored up to ultimate strength levels
in proportion to the degree of uncertainty in the load, and material strengths are similarly reduced in
proportion to the level of confidence in the material strength, and in proportion to the consequences of failure
in certain modes.

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS FOR FLEXTURE

BASIC DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS (STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD)

Section 422.2.2.1-Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to
0.003 (which is a little conservative for most concrete).

Section 422.2.2.2 –Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural strength calculations.

Section 420.2.2.1 –Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength for grade of reinforcement used
shall be taken as Es times steel strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress in reinforcement
shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy.

Section 420.2.2.2 –Modulus of Elasticity, E, for Nonprestressedbars and wires shall be permitted to be taken
as 200,000 MPa.
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS FOR FLEXTURE

Section422.2.2.4.1 Concrete stress of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the crosssection and a line parallel to the neutral axis located a distance
a from the fiber of maximum compressive strain, as calculated by: α = β1 c

Section422.2.2.4.2–Distance from the fiber of maximum compressive strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be
measured perpendicular to the neutralaxis.

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS FOR FLEXTURE

BASIC DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS -FLEXURE

Three Modes of Design USD

Over-reinforced beam beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater than the combined
compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face). So the “over-
reinforced concrete” beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the tension zone steel
yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous.

Under-reinforced beam An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile
reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel
(under-reinforced at tensile face). When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment,
the tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields
and stretches, an “under-reinforced” concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and
warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the design.

Balanced-reinforced beam A balanced-reinforced beam is one in which both the compressive and tensile zones
reach yielding at the same imposed load on the beam, and the concrete will crush and the tensile steel will yield at
the same time. This design criterion is however as risky as over-reinforced concrete, because failure is sudden as
the concrete crushes at the same time of the tensile steel yields, which gives a very little warning of distress in
tension failure.
Modes of Failure in Beams

Compression-controlled section—cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
reinforcement at nominal strength is less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain limit

Tension-controlled section—a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal to εs + 0.003.
Modes of Failure in Beams

Balanced-section a section in which the stress acting in concrete and that applied in steel section will
attain permissible value simultaneously. This means that the tension produced in the steel reaches their
yield strain value at the same time, when the concrete attains the failure strain value in bending.

d’
Compression

AS
Tension

bw
Modes of Failure in Beams
Balance Condition
𝜀 = 0.003
d’
c
d
d-c

AS
𝜀 = ≈ 0.002
bw

Compression Controlled
𝜀 = 0.003
d’
c

d
d-c
AS
𝑓
𝜀 <
𝐸
bw
Modes of Failure in Beams
NSCP 2015 – Limitation Minimum Allowable Strain
𝜀 = 0.003
d’ 409.3.3 Reinforcement Strain Limit in
c
Non- Prestressed Beams
d
d-c 409.3. 3.1 For non -prestressed beams with
Pu < 0.10 f’c Ag , εt shall be at least 0.004.
AS
𝜀 =0.004
bw

Tension Controlled
𝜀 = 0.003
d’
c

d
d-c
AS
𝜀 ≥ 0.005
bw
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam (NSCP-2015)

𝜀 = 0.003 0.85 f’c
d’ C C = 0.85 f’c a b
c a
a = β1c
d M
d-c

AS Ts Ts =As fs
𝜀
bw

𝑀 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − 𝑎 2 1. 17MPa ≤ 𝑓′ ≤ 28MPa 𝛽 = 0.85 if 𝑓 ′,. if > 28MPa use Eq. 2

𝑀 = 𝐴 𝑓 𝑑−𝑎 2
.
2. 28MPa < 𝑓′ < 55MPa., 𝛽 = 0.85 −

𝑀 = 𝜙𝑀 3. ≥ 55MPa., 𝛽 = 0.65
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

Ø Strength reduction factor value

• if then Ø = 0.65
• If but
.
• If Ø = 0.90
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

( Actual steel ratio )

409.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement As,min shall be provided at every section where
tension reinforcement is required by analysis.

409.6.1.2 As,min shall be the greater of ( a) and ( b), except as provided in Section 409.6.1.3. For a
statically determinate beam with a flange in tension , the value of bw shall be the lesser of bf and 2bw .

𝑓 1.4
𝜌 = 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑏
4𝑓 𝑓 dt
d
. .
𝜌 = 𝛽, or 𝜌 = 𝛽,

. .
𝜌 = 𝛽, or 𝜌 = 𝛽,
STEPS IN ANALYSIS OF SRRB BY USD

Given: As bw d fc’ fy

1. Solve for and 𝒎𝒂𝒙

2. Check if > 𝒎𝒂𝒙 if Yes then, DRRB if No Proceed to 3.

3. Equate C = T Solve for a

4. Check if Steel Yields ( 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇 - Steel Yields ) , ( 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇 - Steel does not Yields calculate for the
correct value of c )

5. Solve for Reduction Factor ( Compression Control, Transition, Tension Control )

• 𝒔 then Ø = 0.65
𝜺𝒔 𝜺𝒚
• 𝒔 but 𝒔
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝜺𝒚
• 𝒔 Ø = 0.90
6. Solve for Moment Capacity using
𝒂 𝒂
𝒖 𝒏 𝒏 𝒔 𝒔 𝟐 𝒄 𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEM IN SRRB BY USD NO.1

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. it is reinforced with a total steel
area of 1875 sq. mm placed at an effective depth of 375 mm. fc’ = 27.6 MPa. fy = 414.7 MPa.

• Calculate the compression block

• Determine the moment capacity reduction factor
• Determine the factored moment capacity of the beam
SAMPLE PROBLEM IN SRRB BY USD NO. 2

A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 437.50 mm. It is reinforced with 4-
28 mm ø Grade 60 RSB. f’c = 41.47 MPa, fy = 414.70 MPa,

• Calculate the tension reinforcement index.

• Compute the Ultimate Moment Capacity.
SAMPLE PROBLEM IN SRRB BY USD NO.3

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and a total depth of 500 mm. it has an effective
depth of 437.5 mm.
f’c = 27.6 MPa,
fy = 414.70 MPa,
As = 2500 𝑚𝑚

• Calculate the location of the centroid from the top of the beam.
• Calculate the minimum steel ratio.
• Compute the factored Moment Capacity of the beam.
SAMPLE PROBLEM IN SRRB BY USD NO.4

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and a total depth of 500 mm. it has an effective depth of 410
mm. The beam is reinforced with a steel area of As = 3690 𝑚𝑚

f’c = 27.1 MPa,

fy = 414.70 MPa,

• Compute the actual tensile stress of the reinforcing bars.

• Compute the compressive force acting on the section.
• Compute the factored Moment Capacity of the beam.
STEPS IN DESIGN OF SRRB BY USD

Given: Mu bw d fc’ fy
𝑴𝒏
1. Solve for 𝒏 𝒏 𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏 𝜷𝟏 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝟑
2. Solve for 𝛒 = 𝒇𝒚
𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇 & 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝒇𝒚 𝟖
𝒄

3. Check if > 𝒎𝒂𝒙 if Yes then, DRRB if No Proceed to 3.

4. Solve for 𝑨𝒔

5. Equate C = T Solve for a and c

6. Check if Transition or Tension Control Proceed to step 8.

7. If Compression Control , DRRB

8. Solve for the (n) Number of Bars

SAMPLE PROBLEM IN SRRB BY USD NO.5

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 595 mm. the beam has a simple span
of 6 meters. it carries the following moments:

DL - 100 kN-m
LL - 140 kN-m
EQ – 189 kN-m

fc' = 27.6 MPa. fy = 414.7 MPa.

• Calculate the value of maximum steel ratio

• Calculate the coefficient of Resistance Rn
• Calculate the number of 28mm bars needed for the reinforcement