CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 1

NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 1

QUESTION TAGS

A question tag is an interrogation that we make at the end of a sentence when we want to confirm
something or ask for an opinion about what was said before.

If the first part of the sentence is in the affirmative, the question tag will be in the negative.
If the first part of the sentence is in the negative, the question tag will be in the affirmative.

Study these examples:

Bob is a very good student, ISN’T HE?

Peter and Janet study at CABS, DON’T THEY?
Chris works at a bank, DOESN’T SHE?
Peter went out last night, DIDN’T HE?
Cathy is doing her homework right now, ISN’T SHE?
Bob would like to go to the movies tonight, WOULDN’T HE?
Tom can play the violin, CAN’T HE?

Bob isn’t a very good student, IS HE?

Peter and Janet don’t study at CABS, DO THEY?
Chris doesn’t work at a bank, DOES HE?
Peter didn’t go out last night, DID HE?
Cathy is not doing her homework right now, IS SHE?
Bob wouldn’t like to go to the movies tonight, WOULD HE?
Tom can’t play the violin, CAN HE?

Note: 1. Always use a subject pronoun. Never use a name in the question tag.
2. PAY ATTENTION TO THESE EXECEPTIONS:

I am a student, AM I NOT or AREN’T I?

Let’s go to the movies tonight, SHALL WE?

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 2
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

The Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense describes an action that happened before another action in the past.

Study these examples:

Janet had already finished her homework when her mother called her.

In this example, there are two actions in the past. However, one action finished before the other. The first
action that finished was the one that states that Janet finished her homework and because of that this action
is in the Past Perfect Tense. Then the second action that happened was the one that states that her mother
called her and because of that the action is in the Simple Past.

Peter had already taken the garbage out when his father got home from work.

Analyze the time of the actions:

1. What was the first action that was completed?

2. What was the second action?

The first action that was completed was the one that states that Peter took the garbage out. There fore, this
action is in the Past Perfect Tense. Then, the second action happened: his father got home. The second
action is in the Simple Past Tense.

Structure:

to have ( in the past ) + past participle

More examples:

1. Janet had bought that new bag, before she found those shoes to match.

2. The teacher had finished the class, before the bell rang.

3. David had worked at that company for ten years before it closed down.

4. Barbara had already done all the dishes when her mother got home.

5. Leo had already sold that old car before he bought this new one.

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

1. Read the conversation. Answer the questions.

Nicole: Hi, I’m Nicole Best. Nice to meet you.

Todd: Nice to meet you, too. I’m Todd Vernon. Do people usually call you Nicole, or do you prefer
Nikki?
Nicole: At work I prefer Nicole, but all my friends call me Nikki.
Todd: You use first names in your office? That’s great. My office is so formal. Everyone uses a
title and their last name.
Nicole: I know what you mean. At my last job, everyone called me Miss Best, and that seemed
really strange.

a) Are the people in Nicole’s office on a first-name basis? _________________________

b) What do Todd’s colleagues call him? _________________________
c) What would Todd prefer to be called? _________________________
d) Is Nicole married? _________________________

2) Match the correct response to each question. Write the letter on the line.

1) He didn’t know about that custom, did he? _____ A) Yes, he will.
2) It’s a great day to go to the beach, isn’t it? _____ B) Yes, it is.
3) You learned Japanese in school, didn’t you? _____ C) No, I’m not.
4) Mike will be here later, won’t he? _____ D) No, he didn’t.
5) You’re not from Turkey, are you? _____ E) No, it wasn’t.
6) The program in Bali wasn’t very successful, was it? _____ F) Yes, I did.

3) Read the situation and complete the tag question.

A) You think your friend got a good grade on her science test.
“She got a good grade on her science test, didn’t she ?”
B) You see two people talking, but you don’t think that they know each other.
“They don’t Know each other, do they ?”
C) You’re talking to your friend. You think he’ll be late to the party tonight.
“You ____________________ late to the party tonight, ____________________ ?”
D) When you get to class, you think your friend Diane hasn’t gotten there yet.
“Diane ____________________ here yet, ____________________?”
E) You heard that your friend Bill was in a car accident yesterday, but you don’t think that’s true.
“Bill ____________________ in a car accident yesterday, ____________________ ?”
F) You think that Dr. Jenkins doesn’t like to be called by her first name.
“Dr. Jenkins ____________________ to be called Kate, ____________________ ?”

4- Read each sentence. Circle the letter of the sentence that has the same or similar meaning.

1) “You were in the class last term, weren’t you?”

A) I don’t think you were in the class last term.
B) I think you were in the class before.

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2) “You look familiar.”

A) I think I know you.
B) I’ve never met you before.
3) “I hadn’t arrived here yet when the class began.”
A) I arrived here before the class began.
B) I arrived here after the class began.

5- Look at the facts about some famous people. Complete the sentences with the words in
parentheses. Use the correct form of the past perfect and already or not yet.

• Known around the world simply as Michelangelo, the artist was a legend at age 30.
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his first symphony before he was 5 years old. He wrote a
number of sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works, and operas before he was 13.
• When gymnast Nadia Comaneci was 14 years old, she arrived at the 1976 Olympic Games
without hope of winning a medal. Then she amazed the world by receiving the first score
recorded in Olympic competition.
• Tiger Woods won his first golf tournament at age 2 – in the category of children ages 10 and
under! He won his first international tournament at age 8.
• Steven Spielberg made his first amateur film at age 12.
• Joan of Arc was only 17 years old when she to led the French army to a great victory over the
English.

A) Michelangelo __had already become__ (become) a legend by the age of 30.

B) Mozart _________________________________ (compose) a symphony by age 5.
C) By age 13, he ______________________________ (write) a large number of pieces.
D) Nadia Comaneci _________________________ (receive) a perfect score when she arrived at the 1976
Olympic.
E) Before he was 3, Tiger Woods ______________________ (win) his first tournament.
F) But when he was 7, he______________________ (win) an international tournament.
G) Before he was 13, Steven Spielberg ________________________ (make) a movie.
H) When she was 15 years old, Joan of Arc ___________________________ (lead) the French army to a
victory.

6- Look at the Klein’s weekly planner again. Complete the statement, using the past perfect and already or
not yet.

A) By the time he flew to Brussels, Ken ___had already had___ the meeting with Computech, but he
__hadn’t yet had__ the meeting with TechServe.
B) At 7:00 on Wednesday, he ______________________the presentation to the clients, but he
________________________the clients to dinner.
C) Ken _______________________the TechServe report when he had the meeting with TechServe.
D) Ken _______________________the meeting with Nelson Company when he had the meeting with
TechServe.
E) By Saturday evening, Ken _______________________at the gym.

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

F) At 6:30 on Saturday, Ken _______________________to the movies with Tania.

7– Correct the verbs in the following sentences:

A. Sheila was studying in London when she was meeting her boyfriend.
__________________________________________________________________________________
B. My family was going to Cairo last summer. It was a great trip.
__________________________________________________________________________________
C. They have know her since 2003.
__________________________________________________________________________________
D. He didn’t used to work there, but now he does.
__________________________________________________________________________________
E. I watched a movie when he called, but I didn’t mind the interruption.
__________________________________________________________________________________
F. I already seen that movie.
__________________________________________________________________________________
G. We have been travelling to Mexico three times.
__________________________________________________________________________________

8- Write the synonym, opposite or a definition:

A. annual = _________________________________________________________________
B. affiliates = _______________________________________________________________
C. etiquette = _______________________________________________________________
D. guidelines = ______________________________________________________________
E. smoothly = _______________________________________________________________
F. promptly = _______________________________________________________________
G. casual = _________________________________________________________________
H. required = _______________________________________________________________
I. denim = __________________________________________________________________
J. slacks = __________________________________________________________________
K. FYI = ___________________________________________________________________
L. to allow = ________________________________________________________________
M. customary = _____________________________________________________________
N. CEO = __________________________________________________________________
O. placement test = ___________________________________________________________
P. to get back = ______________________________________________________________
Q. impolite =________________________________________________________________
R. taboo = __________________________________________________________________
S. discourteous = ____________________________________________________________
T. to set = __________________________________________________________________
U. unavoidable = ____________________________________________________________
V. in order to = ______________________________________________________________
W. to rise from a chair = ______________________________________________________
X. to keep = ________________________________________________________________
Y. briefly = _________________________________________________________________
Z. to remain = _______________________________________________________________
1. the entire = _______________________________________________________________
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 6
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2. quickly = _________________________________________________________________
3. salary = __________________________________________________________________
4. to keep in touch = __________________________________________________________
5. to show someone around = ___________________________________________________
6. to enroll = ________________________________________________________________
7. famous = _________________________________________________________________
8. kind = ___________________________________________________________________
9. customs = ________________________________________________________________
10. to get off = ______________________________________________________________
11. to check = _______________________________________________________________
12. worthless = ______________________________________________________________
13. to find out = _____________________________________________________________
14. gift = ___________________________________________________________________

9. Make up questions to suit these answers:

A. _______________________________________________________________________?
Janet was talking on the cell phone when the accident happened.
B. ________________________________________________________________________?
Yes, I have already been to many different countries.
C. ________________________________________________________________________?
Davie has been living in this city since she was born.
D. _______________________________________________________________________?
I closed the door when my father came in.
E. ________________________________________________________________________?
She wakes up at 7, has her breakfast and then goes to work.
F. ________________________________________________________________________?
They can speak two foreign languages because their mother is American and their father is
Chinese.
G. _______________________________________________________________________?
No thanks. I am a vegetarian.
H. _______________________________________________________________________?
I would love to go out with you but I have an important meeting tonight.

10- Complete the following tag questions.

A) We’ve met before, _______________we?

B) That movie wasn’t very good _______________ it?
C) You __________going to the party tonight, are you?
D) I’m going the right way to get downtown, _______________ I?
E) Jane hasn’t talked to Brian about the problem, ______________she?
F) The students call the teacher Mrs. Newton, ______________they?

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 7
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

11- Complete each sentence in the e-mail with the present perfect or the present perfect continuous.

Dear Sydney,
Hi! How are you? So far, I’ve been having__(1. Have )a great time in Mexico. The sun
_____________(2. shine) the whole time! I started my trip in Cancun, and spent a few
days there. Now I’m in San Cristobal. I ____________________(3. be) here already,
so it’s nice to be back. I _____________________(4. Meet ) some other travelers. They
________________ (5. travel) for a long time, so they have a lot of great tips. We’re all
going to Oaxaca next. For the past three days, we __________________ (6. ask) people
about what we should see there. I can’t wait!

Talk to you soon!

Chris

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 8
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

Unit 2
TOP NOTCH 3
The Past Perfect - Review
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:

• Sarah arrived at the party. (simple past)

Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect:

• When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

The past perfect is had + past participle (gone / seen / finished etc...)

Some more examples:

• When we got home last night, we found out that somebody had broken into the flat .

• Karen didn’t want to come to the movies with us because she had already seen the movie.

The Past Perfect Continuous

Study this example situation:

Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining but the ground was very
wet. It had been raining.

It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining before.
That’s why the ground was wet.

Had been + verb ING is the past perfect continuous.

Some more examples:

• When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had
a black eye. They had been fighting.
• Our game of tennis was interrupted. We’d been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain
very heavily.

P.S. Some verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses:

like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose

mean understand believe remember belong contain consist depend seem
see hear smell taste have (When indicating possession)
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Eg: Ann doesn’t seem very happy today. (Not “isn’t seeming”)
We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (Not “had been knowing”)
I don’t understand what you want. (not “am not understanding what you are wanting”)

1- Complete each sentence by circling the correct word or words.

A- We (were/had been) very tired because we (didn’t sleep/hadn’t slept) at all the night before.
B- As soon as I (saw / had seen) Julian, I (knew/had know) that I (met/ had met) him before.
C- We left at 6 p.m. By the time we (got / had gotten) home, the children (cleaned/had cleaned) the house
and (cooked / had cooked) a wonderful meal.
D- Jack (didn’t go/ hadn’t gone) to the movie with us because he (saw / had seen) it before.
E- Aaron (didn’t like/hadn’t liked) the trip. He (wasn’t /hadn’t been) on an airplane before, so he (was/had
been) scared.
F- I (knew / had known) that you (passed/had passed) the exam because Beth (told/had told) me already.
G- They couldn’t believe their eyes when they (saw/had seen) New York City. They
(never saw/had never seen) anything like it before.
H- When I (got/had gotten) back to the house, I (realized/had realized) that someone
(tried/had tried) to break in.
I- They (laughed/had laughed) at him because he (put/had put) his shirt on inside out.

2- Complete these sentences with the Simple Past or the Past Progressive.

A- My wife and I_____________ down the street when we _______________my old girlfriend.
(walk) (to run into)
B- When I noticed her, she________________ in front of the movie theater with her arm around a very
handsome man. (stand)
C- She and the man______________ about something when they turned and ____________ me. (laugh)
(see)
D- She_____________________ something into the man’s ear when I_____________________.
(whisper)(arrive)
E- I ________________________what to do when she said hello. (not know)
F- I still liked her, but I _________________________ to talk to her. (not want)
G- We _____________________________politely when I realized who the man was. (chat)

3- What does I’d stand for in each of the sentences below? Rewrite the sentences in the full form:

A- I’d like to see you.

_____________________________________________________________
B- I’d rather see you tomorrow.
_____________________________________________________________
C- I’d never seen the man before.
_____________________________________________________________

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

D- They’d sat down to dinner when we got there.

_____________________________________________________________
E- I’d be in trouble.
_____________________________________________________________
F- I’d been in trouble.
_____________________________________________________________
G- They’d all go home if they had a chance.
_____________________________________________________________
H- They’d all gone home by the time I called.
_____________________________________________________________

4- Complete with the tag question:

A- There’s nothing to be done, _________________________________________________?

B- Bring me that box, ________________________________________________________?
C- He’d escaped when you arrived, _____________________________________________?
D- She told you to try again, __________________________________________________?
E- I’m not bothering, ________________________________________________________?
F- He’d rather drink beer, _____________________________________________________?
G- Let’s have some coffee, ____________________________________________________?
H- We want to be alone, ______________________________________________________?
I- He has always been brave, __________________________________________________?
J. Jane always reads books at night, _____________________________________________?
K. I wouldn't like to sleep now, ________________________________________________?
L. They want to go to Europe, _________________________________________________?
M. Bob and John can drive very well, ___________________________________________?
N. She loves to watch horror movies, ____________________________________________?
O. We don't really like English, ________________________________________________?
P. She is a very beautiful girl, __________________________________________________?
Q. Let's go to the movies, _____________________________________________________?
R. Mary is writing a letter now, ________________________________________________?
S. It is snowing very much, ___________________________________________________?
T. She would like a glass of wine, ______________________________________________?
U. Bob and Wendy went to the movies last night, __________________________________?
V. You don't mind washing the dishes, __________________________________________?
W. The day is beautiful today, _________________________________________________?
X. She often visits her relatives, ________________________________________________?
Y. Tom is always very busy, __________________________________________________?
Z. Peter read the newspaper, ___________________________________________________?
1. You didn't see Jane with her boyfriend, ________________________________________?
2. Let's walk home, __________________________________________________________?
3. They didn't study for the exam, ______________________________________________?
4. Paul and Mike would like to marry Elizabeth, ___________________________________?
5. They swam across the swimming pool three times, _______________________________?
6. Jane runs in Washington Square Park, _________________________________________?
7. The D.J. said the name of the song, ___________________________________________?

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

5- Complete these conversations with the Second Conditional:

Example: A: Are you busy next Sunday?

B: Yes, I am. It’s my aunt’s birthday.
A: Oh. If you (not be) busy, I (invite) you to go on a picnic.
Oh. If you weren’t busy, I’d invite you to go on a picnic.

A) A: Did I tell you I have a date on Saturday?

B: No, you didn’t. I thought we ____________ (go) to the park if you _______________
(not have) anything to do.
A: Sorry, I can’t. I’m going to a movie with Tony.

B- A: Are you sure you don’t want anything else?

B: No, thank you. I’ve had too much already. If I______________________ (eat ) like this every day, I
______________(get) fat.
A: Ok, but I wouldn’t want you to get hungry later.

C- A: I can’t do this exercise.

B: Why don’t you ask for help? I’m sure the teacher ______________________(do) it if you
_______________________ (ask) her.
A: You’re probably right.

D- A: Let’s go to the beach.

B: Oh, I don’t know. I think my teacher ______________________________ (be)
upset if I ___________________________ (miss) a day of class.
A: Oh, come on. You can call one of your classmates for the homework assignment.

E- A: ___________________ you _____________________ (go) to the beach with me if I

_________________________ (tell) you how much I loved you?
B: Well, if you put it that way...
A: Great. I knew you______________________ (change) your mind if I _________________
(try) hard enough.

F- A: You know, you _____________________(make) your parents very happy if you

________________________(call) them once in a while.
B: Do you think so?
A: I know so. You haven’t called them in over a month, and they’re worried about you.

6- Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable tense verb:

A- British people ______________________________________ more wine, apparently.

B- ______________he ______________ last week? (dream). Probably he ____________ a nightmare
(have). He always _____________ (eat) too much when he __________ (go) to bed.
C- Everyone __________________________ an idea on how to fix dinner to the president.
(must/give)
D- It’s a long time since I ___________ (see) your brother Paul. What _____________ he
______________________ lately? (do)
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E- Bill ________________________ (get) that new job, but he __________________________

(complain) about it ever since.
F- ___________she ______________________those letters now? (type)
Yes. She ___________________________ them for two hours. (type)
G- I had a great time on Greek Islands.
I _________________ (own) a small boat and ___________________(go) fishing every day.
H- What’s the matter? ______________________ you __________________ your ankle? (hurt)
J- That’s definitely the last time that I ____________________________ (lend) you any money.
K- I can’t find the car keys. What ________________ you ______________ with them? (do)
L- If you _______________ (feel) hungry later, room service_______________________ (bring) you
whatever you ____________________________ (want).
M- Every year I ___________________________ (visit) Britain to improve my English.
N- I _________________________________ (would/accept) the job, but I didn’t want to move
house.
O- If you _________________________ (fall), you ______________________ (hurt) yourself.

7. Write the synonym, opposite or a definition:

A. What if … ? = ____________________________________________________________
B. overseas = _______________________________________________________________
C. sugarless = _______________________________________________________________
D. to rinse = ________________________________________________________________
E. moist = __________________________________________________________________
F. loose = __________________________________________________________________
G. crunchy = ________________________________________________________________
H. to wonder = ______________________________________________________________
I. to bother = ________________________________________________________________
J. wide = ___________________________________________________________________
K. narrow = ________________________________________________________________
L. weak = __________________________________________________________________
M. to call sick = _____________________________________________________________
O. couple = _________________________________________________________________
P. BCE = ___________________________________________________________________
Q. ancient = ________________________________________________________________
R. over = ___________________________________________________________________
S. to relieve = _______________________________________________________________
T. to avoid = ________________________________________________________________
U. furthermore = _____________________________________________________________
V. murder = ________________________________________________________________
W. towards = _______________________________________________________________
X. likely = __________________________________________________________________
Y. to debate = _______________________________________________________________
1. former = _________________________________________________________________
2. thriller = _________________________________________________________________
3. hilarious = ________________________________________________________________
4. out-of-work = _____________________________________________________________
5. a new release = ____________________________________________________________
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6. It’s my treat! = ____________________________________________________________

7. to tolerate = _______________________________________________________________
8. goal = ___________________________________________________________________
9. a novel = _________________________________________________________________
10. a soap opera = ____________________________________________________________
11. blockbuster = ____________________________________________________________
12. wealthy = _______________________________________________________________
13. fate = ___________________________________________________________________
14. ill-fated = _______________________________________________________________
15. stunningly = _____________________________________________________________

8- Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:

A. Janet doesn’t like to depend ________ her husband. That’s why she works.
B. You are __________ good shape. Do you work out every day?
C. I have to go to the doctor. I am _________ pain.
D. What time do you wake up ________ the morning ?
E. Based _________ scientific studies, meditation helps people with cancer.
F. There has been a lot of progress _________ technology.
G. _______ acupuncture, needles are inserted ________ certain points ______ the body.
H. Do you usually call people ________ a first-name basis?
I. I have to register ________ the math class ________ 7 ________ Mondays.
J. The teacher has been trying to explain the exercise _______ me _______ 30 minutes.
K. Hey! Why are you running! Are you ________ a hurry?
L. Do you read your messages ________ Facebook every day?
M. Peter was late because he got stuck ________ traffic.
O. I knew how to play the guitar _______ the age of 4.
P. Today I am not _______ the mood _______ talking _______ people. I just want to be quiet.
Q. Protect yourself ________ STD ______ wearing a condom.
R. At Chernobyl, a lot of people died because they were exposed _______ radiation.
S. The boys are sitting _______ the right and the girls are ________ the left.
T. Take ________ your clothes. You are totally wet! Were you walking _____ the rain?
U. All the products _______ that store are _______ sale. We have to go there.
V. What would you like to eat _______ dinner today?
W. I never take the bus to go _______ school. I go _______ foot.
X. Stop listening _________ music and study.

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 3

LET / MAKE / HAVE / GET

1. LET

Structure:

let + person + base form of the verb

Use

This construction means “ to allow someone to do something.”

Study these examples:

1. John let me drive his car.

2. Will your parents let you go to the party?
3. I don’t know if my boss will let me take the day off.

2. MAKE

Structure:

make + person +base form of the verb

Use

This construction means “to force someone to do something.”

Study these examples:

1. My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.

2. Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
3. She made her children clean the house.

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

3. HAVE

Structure:

have + person + base form of the verb

Use

This construction means “to give someone the responsibility to do something.”

Study these examples:

1. Dr. Brown had his nurse take the patient’s temperature.

2. Please have the secretary fax me the information.
3. I had the mechanic fix my car.

4. GET

Structure:

get + person + infinitive form of the verb

This construction usually means “ to convince to do something” or “to trick someone into doing
something.”

Study these examples:

1. Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
2. How can parents get their children to read more?
3. The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.

GET vs. HAVE

Sometimes “get someone to do something” is interchangeable with “have someone do something” but
these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.

Study these examples:

1. I got the mechanic to check my brakes. ( At first the mechanic didn’t think it was necessary, but I
convinced him to check the brakes. )
2. I had the mechanic check my brakes. ( I asked the mechanic to check my brakes. )

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 16
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

1- Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect, Past Continuous, the Simple Past or Present Progressive of
the verbs in parentheses:

A- He _________________________football since he was a little boy. (to play)

B- Charlie ___________________ a bicycle yesterday. (to buy)
C- Santos Dumont is known as “the Father of Flight.” He______________________ (to fly) with a
heavier-than-air machine in 1906. Airplanes ______________________ a lot since then. (to change).
D- Bob and Kate ____________________each other since childhood (to know).
E- “What ________________you ________________all this time?” (to do)
“I ___________________________________________to fix the car.” (to try)
F- The poor secretary _________________________________since 8 o’clock. (to type)
G- Henry ____________________________from earache since the weekend (to suffer). He
____________________________(to be) to the doctor twice, but he’s still in pain.
H- I can’t find my pen. I _____________________it since the class __________________ (to look for/to
begin).
I- “Why _____________________ you _________________________at me?!” (to laugh)
J- Mary ________________________her husband while she ______________________ in the States.
(to meet) (to work) .
K- While you ______________________around the world, I ______________________ sixteen hours a
day for my exams! (to travel) (to study)

2- Rewrite the sentences. Use MAY or MIGHT (possibility) SHOULD (advice or suggestion) or MUST
(obligation):

A- Peter has the permission to smoke in his office.

He may smoke in his office.

B- It is advisable for you to see a dentist.

___________________________________________________________________________
C- Perhaps it’ll rain tomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________________
D- You are obliged to be here at 8:00.
___________________________________________________________________________
E- If you have a headache, it is advisable to take some aspirin.
___________________________________________________________________________
F- We intend to go to the movies tonight, but we’re not sure.
___________________________________________________________________________
G- Perhaps he doesn’t know how to get there .
___________________________________________________________________________

3- Complete the sentences with question tags:

A- I’m stronger than you, ________________________?

B- Let’s not quarrel, ____________________________?
C- Turn down that radio, _________________________?
D- Mary’s uncle never comes late, ________________________?
E- Help me carry these packages, _________________________?
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 17
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

F- I’m bothering you, ___________________________________?

G- We haven’t exterminated one single insect species, ______________________________?
H- There are fish farms in Japan, _________________________________?
I- He would like to be an actor, ____________________________________?
J- She has to find another job, ______________________________________?

4- Rewrite the sentences in the PASSIVE VOICE:

A- Brazil produces one quarter of the world’s coffee.

___________________________________________________________________________
B- They drink 380 million cups of coffee per day in the U.S.A.
___________________________________________________________________________
C- Members of the public shouldn’t visit the area.
___________________________________________________________________________
D- The police won’t allow people into the area.
___________________________________________________________________________
E- The sulfur gas would kill you if you went there.
___________________________________________________________________________
F- You can’t buy this product in stores.
___________________________________________________________________________

5- Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses:

A- We must wait here until he ______________________. (to come)

B- They won’t behave unless you ___________________ at them. (to shout)
C- I ___________________________the role of women in society for a long time.(to study )
D- Look! That boy _______________________ from the tree! (to fall)
E- Our country _________________________ inflation since the oil crisis. (to fight)
F- The energy crisis _________________________ changes in our everyday life. (to cause)
G- Thomas _____________________________ that movie yet. (to see)
H- ___________________ the scientist ________________ his theory last year? (to prove)
I- Women __________________ for their rights during the last decades. (to fight)
J- Solar energy __________________ an alternative in the future. (might/to be)
K- The teacher made us ___________________ the exercise again. (to do)
L- Karen’s father won’t let her __________________________ to the party (to go)
M- If I ________________________ something about mechanics, I ____________________ the car. (to
know/to try/to fix)
N- We might be able to hear you if you ______________________ a little louder. (to speak)
O- A lion _____________________ from the circus! (just/to escape)
P- “Avoid ______________________ heavy things and ____________________ this medicine every 4
hours”, said the doctor. (to lift/to take)
Q- Joanne ___________________________ with her fiancé after he ___________________ her he did
not intend __________________________ any children. (to decide/to break up)
(to tell) (to have) .
R- I’ve suggested _____________________ to New York, but my friends would rather
____________________ to Paris. (to go) .

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 18
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

S- Frank would prefer ______________________ in a cozy hotel in Penedo to ______________ abroad.

(to stay) (to travel) .
T- Stop ____________________ and help me ___________________ the cleaning! (to gossip) (to do)

6- Complete with the simple past tense or the past perfect of the indicated verbs. (Some of the verbs are in
the passive voice .)

In 1936, the famous jockey Ralph Neves was taken 1.(take)to the hospital because he had fallen
2.(fall) off a horse in a race. The emergency room doctor quickly _______________________ 3.
(examine) him and __________________________ 4.(declare) that he was dead. Neves
___________________________ 5.(bring) to the mortuary, where his boots ______________
6. (take ) off and a name tag ___________________7. (attach) to his toe.

Earlier that day, Neves _______________________8.(arrange) to meet a doctor friend after the
race. When the doctor _______________________9.(arrive) at the race, he ____________________ 10.
(tell ) that Neves _____________________ 11.(be) in an accident and that he
___________________________ 12. ( take)to the hospital. When the doctor ___________________ 13.
(get) to the hospital, he_________________ 14.(learn) that Neves_________________________ 15.(be)in
the mortuary. When he _______________________ 16.(arrive) at the mortuary, he
____________________ 17.(give) Neves a shot adrenaline. The adrenaline ____________________
18.(revive) the jockey, who ____________________ (to run)out of the mortuary as fast as he could.

7- Complete each sentence with the passive causative.

A) We _will have the sign enlarged__ tomorrow because the printer is closed today.
have/the sign/enlarge
B) Don’t ____________________________ there. They’ve lost my film twice!
have/ your film/ process
C) Can you please ______________________________ before this afternoon’s meeting?
get/these pages/copy
D) Last week I ______________________________, and now it looks like new.
have/my blouse/dry-clean
E) Mr. Sutton needs to ____________________________to the Cairo office by Tuesday.
have/this package/deliver
F) If you ______________________________, the quality might not be very good.
get/the photo/enlarge
G) Bill’s pants were too long, but then yesterday he ________________________________.
have/them/shorten
H) Sometime next week she _________________________________ .
get/her shoes/repair

8- Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

A) According _________ the weather broadcast, it is going to rain _________ the weekend.
B) Vaccines protect you _________illnesses.
C) If you leave ________a long trip, don’t forget to leave a key with a neighbor _______ case something
happens while you are ___________.
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 19
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

D) You look sick! Would you like me to make an appointment __________ you?
E) The doctor was very busy but he found a way to fit me _________.
I was __________ a lot of pain and I really need to see him.
F) There was a great technology development ___________ the last century.
G) Based __________researchers, diabetes is hereditary.
H) Acupuncture is very effective __________ reducing pain.
I) The doctor told me I should take a tablet _________ the mouth every day.
J) I can’t talk to you right now. I am ___________ a hurry!
K) I have to ask a tailor to put buttons _________ this coat.
L) Do you think you’ll have that work done __________ Monday?
M) He did the service ___________ no time at all.
N) Bob is excellent ___________ Math.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 20
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 4

Embedded Questions

An embedded question is also known as a ‘false question.’ It is a question that appears as a declarative
statement and by being so should generally follow statement and NOT question order.

Study these examples:

1. What time is it?

I know what time it is.

2. Where did she go?

I don’t know where she went.

3. Who is she?
Can you tell me who she is?

4. Can Peter come here tomorrow?

Do you know if Peter can come here tomorrow?

5. Did John buy that house in the country?

I wonder if John bought that house in the country.
Do you know if John bought that house in the country?

Embedded questions are always introduced either by a Wh-question ( Where, Why, When, Who, How
etc ) or an IF clause.

Study more examples:

1. Did he like the play he went to yesterday?

I wonder IF he liked the play he went to yesterday.

2. Would you like to go out tonight?

I wonder IF you would like to go out tonight.

When the question begins with an auxiliary verb or modal, when we transform a question into an
embedded one, we will always have to use IF to introduce the embedded question.

1. Where has she gone?

I wonder where she has gone.

2. Why did he kill his wife?

Do you know why he killed his wife?

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 21
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

When the question begins with a Wh-question, when we transform a question into an embedded one, we
will always use the Wh-question to introduce the embedded question.

More examples:

1. When does he come?

Do you know when he comes?

2. Why she is sad?

I wonder why she is sad.

3. Where are they going?

Could you tell me where they are going?

4. Have you finished reading that book?

Could you tell me if you have finished reading that book?

5. Can I borrow your pen?

Tell me if I can borrow your pen.

6. Did he like concert?

I’d like to know if he liked the concert.

1- Complete the conversation with the sentences and phrases from the box. You will not use all of the
sentences and phrases.

it’s a real page-turner thanks for the tip

Are you just browsing, too? Are you looking for anything specific?
I’ll pick it up for you it didn’t really turn me on
thanks for the book What are you up to?
I’ll lend it to you

Amy: Hi, Jake. ______________________________________________

1
Jake: Oh, I’m just browsing. How about you? _____________________________________
2
Amy: Yeah, I’m looking for Wild Frontier by Ashley Blot.
Jake: Don’t bother. I’m reading it, and ________________________________. Go west by
3
Brandon King is much better. I’m just about done, and _____________________________.
4
Amy: Well, _______________________________. I’ll go look for it now.
5
Jake: Actually, don’t buy it. _________________________________ when I’m done.
6
Amy: Great. I appreciate it!

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 22
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2 - Read each pair of embedded questions. Circle the letter of the correct sentence in each pair.

1) A) I don’t know if it’s trash or not.

B) I don’t know if is it trash or not.

2) A) Would you mind asking Angie whether I could see her book?
B) Would you mind asking Angie that I could see her book?

3) A) Do you know why Helen Keller wrote about her life?

B) Do you know why did Helen Keller write about her life?

4) A) I wonder who is Anne’s new friend.

B) I wonder who Anne’s new friend is.

5) A) Tell me when did you get this.

B) Tell me when you got this.

6) A) Could you tell me where the children’s books are?

B) Could you tell me where are the children’s books?

3- Complete each conversation with logical response. Use so or not:

1) A) Does this magazine cost less than this book?

B) I think ___________.
2) A) I’m glad the interview went well. Do you think they’ll offer you a job?
B) I hope ___________. I really like the company.
3) Is Scot going to meet us tonight?
B) Well, he’s already an hour late, so I guess___________.
4) A) Is it going to rain for our picnic tomorrow?
B) I hope ____________.
5) A) Do the stores close at 4:00 in the afternoon?
B) I don’t believe ____________.

4- Complete the paragraph with the phrases from the box.

Collected clippings curled up with did puzzles

listened to a book on tape read aloud skimmed through

Yesterday, Madison Jeffries and her mom started the day by looking at the paper. They didn’t have
plans for the weekend, so they quickly _______________________________ the
1.
entertainment section of the of the newspaper to see what events were going on around town. Then they
looked at the travel section because their family is planning a vacation and they’re not sure where to go. So
they ____________________________ of articles about places that
2.
they thought were interesting.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 23
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

Later that day, Madison went with her mom for a car ride. Since it was a long trip and they didn’t want to
get bored, they ______________________________in the car. When they got
3.
home, they ______________________together. Her mom helped her figure out the items she
4.
couldn’t answer.
At the end of the day, Madison got ready for bed, and her mother ______________________
5.
to her. After Madison fell asleep, her mother ________________________ a romance novel.
6.

5- Check the correct sentences and correct the error(s) in the incorrect sentences in each pair:

A) ( ) Let’s ask how much does it costs.

( X ) She asked how much it costs.
B) ( ) We’re wondering if the baby is a boy or a girl.
( ) We’re wondering whether is it going to rain.
C) ( ) Can you explain what is the time?
( ) Could you explain what the problem is?
D) ( ) Do you know where they’re going?
( ) Did they tell you when are they eating dinner?
E) ( ) I’m not sure when did they arrive.
( ) I want to know when their plane left.
F) ( ) Can you tell me the book is a page-turner?
( ) Can you tell me if the book is based on a true story?

6- Choose the most suitable words:

A- I don’t think you could / should tell anyone yet.

___________________________________________________________________________
B- I couldn’t / shouldn’t possibly leave without paying.
___________________________________________________________________________
C- That mustn’t / can’t be the hotel Jane told us about.
___________________________________________________________________________
D- There are times when the traffic here can/ could be really heavy.
___________________________________________________________________________
E- We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could / must be better.
___________________________________________________________________________
F- You had better / may be older than me, but that doesn’t mean you’re more clever.
___________________________________________________________________________
G- No member of the association must / would remove official documents from these premises without
permission.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

7 – Put the verb into the correct form using the second conditional.

1- They would be rather offended if I didn’t go to see them. (not/ go)

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 24
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2- If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)

3- If I were offered the job, I think I _______________________________it. ( take)
4- I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she___________________(refuse)

5- If I sold my car, I _______________________ much money for it. (not/ get).

6- A lot of people would be out of work if the factory ______________________________(close down)
7- What would happen if I _____________________ that red button? (press)
8- Liz gave me this ring. She _____________________________ very upset if I lost it. (be)
9- Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we _________________ (not/come)
10- Would Tim mind if I ____________________________(borrow) his bicycle without asking him?
11- If somebody __________________________(walk) in here with a gun , I’d be very frightened.
12- I’m sure Sue ____________________________________________ (understand).if you explained the
situation to her.

8- Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:

A. Peter enjoys ____________________ ( to ride )bikes, ____________________ (to watch )

TV, ________________________ ( to read ) books, and _______________ ( sleep ) a lot.
B. Marion and Charles ________________________ ( to date ) for two years when they
___________________ ( to decide ) __________________ ( to break up ). Now, they
___________________ ( to be ) single again.
C. What ____________ you ___________________? ( to look for )
I _____________________ ( to look for ) my wallet. I ____________ ( to have ) no idea
where I ________________ ( to put ) it.
D. The book ________________________ ( to write ) by that famous guy who ______________
( to write ) many best sellers.
E. What _________ you _________ ( to do ) when the lights _________________(to go out)?
I _____________________ ( to take ) a shower.
F. What _________ you _________ ( to like ) for dessert Sir?
I _________________ ( to love ) ______________ ( to have ) the German chocolate pie.
G. Janet ____________________ ( to study ) more. Her grades ______________ ( to be ) too
low and I ________________ ( to think ) she ________________ (not/ to pass ) the exams.
H. __________ ( to be ) quiet! The teacher _____________________ ( to explain ) the project.
I. What __________ she ____________ ( to do ) in the mornings?
Nothing. She just ___________________ ( to sleep )
J. Karl suggested _____________________ ( to go ) to the movies but I ___________________
( to prefer ) __________________ ( to stay ) home and _____________. ( to rest )
K. Peter and Barbara __________________________ ( to live ) in San Diego since 2005. They
_____________________ ( to love ) it there.
L. What _________ you __________ ( to do ) if a doctor ______________ ( t tell ) you, you only
________________ ( to have ) one year to live?
M. The house ____________________ ( to paint ), the rooms _________________________
( to renovate ) and new furniture ______________________ ( to buy )
N. ___________ you ______________ ( to play ) any musical instrument?
Sure. I __________________ ( to play ) the piano. I _______________________ (to play) it since I
was 5.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 25
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

9. Complete the sentences using words from the box:

curl up cotton browsing guilty called in sick

masterpiece wool faith acupuncture non-meat options

told a lie filling measures silk procrastinator

on my plate painkiller rights wheezing first-name basis

ancient discourteous catering service linen things off

sold out amazing comics overseas

1.’Hey! What are you going?’

‘Oh! I am just ______________________ through these magazines to check if they are good.
2. The Mona Liza is a _______________________ by Leonardo da Vince.
3. Helen Keller was an ______________________ woman who inspired millions.
4. Every time Pinoquio ______________________, his nose grew.
5. Martin Luther King fought for the African Americans _________________________.
6. Damn! I wanted to go to the U2 concert but it is ______________________________.
7. In the Winter, I love to _____________________ with a good book while drinking a
mug of hot chocolate.
8. When I was a kid I used to read a lot of ____________________. My favorite was
Captain America.
9. The murderer was found _____________________ of the crime.
10. My daughter is getting married and so far, I haven’t chosen a ____________________.
Do you know any good one you could recommend?
11. When you order a custom-made garment, the first thing the tailor does is to take your
_____________________________ .
12. Some examples of fabrics are: ____________________, _______________________,
___________________ and ______________________ .
13. You are a real _________________________! You always leave things to be done later.
Stop putting ___________________________.
14. I am nervous because I have a lot __________________________ today. Can you give me a hand?
15. I have a horrible headache! Do you have any __________________ in you r bag?
16. In__________________ needles are inserted at certain points on the body to relieve pain.
17. In __________________ times it was common for men to have more than one wife.
18. Do you have _______________ in God?
19. A horrible sound is coming from my chest. I am __________________. I sound like a cat.
20. Peter said he is not coming to work today. He ____________________ a few minutes ago.
21. I don’t like to travel _______________________ by plane because I am afraid of flying.
22. Janet has to go to the dentist. She lost a _____________ and now she is in pain.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 26
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

23. The waiter was extremely ____________________ and because of that we didn’t leave him a tip and
complained to the manager.
24. If the meeting is not formal you can call people on a ___________________________.
25. I am a vegetarian. Thank God there are ______________________ on the menu of this
restaurant.

10. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:

A. I had a car accident _________ the beginning of last week.

B. I am going to the toilet. Could you keep an eye _________ my baggage?
C. That thriller was so good that it kept me ________ the edge of my seat for two hours.
D. We live _________ Earth!
E. That book was written __________ Dan Brown.
F. I dream _________ a beautiful house on the top of a mountain.
G. Have you seen Bob anywhere? I have been looking ________ him ______ hours.
H. Bob was criticized __________ his project. ________ the other hand his friend Mark
got an A+.

11. Write the synonym, opposite or a definition:

A. to forget = _______________________________________________________________
B. gift = ___________________________________________________________________
C. right away = ______________________________________________________________
D. to pick something up = _____________________________________________________
E. to put things off = __________________________________________________________
F. lifesaver = ________________________________________________________________
G. customer = _______________________________________________________________
H. to realize = _______________________________________________________________
I. No sweat! = _______________________________________________________________
J. To have a lot on your plate! = _________________________________________________
K. maybe = _________________________________________________________________
L. to lengthen = _____________________________________________________________
M. a reasonable price = _______________________________________________________
N. reliable = ________________________________________________________________
O. custom-made = ___________________________________________________________
P. willing = _________________________________________________________________
Q. range = __________________________________________________________________
R. arcades = ________________________________________________________________
S. exquisite = _______________________________________________________________
T. to reread = _______________________________________________________________
U. contemporary = ___________________________________________________________
V. a thriller = _______________________________________________________________
W. strange = ________________________________________________________________
X. masterpiece = _____________________________________________________________
Y. true = ___________________________________________________________________
Z. amazing = ________________________________________________________________
1. unforgettable = ____________________________________________________________
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 27
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2. a must-read = _____________________________________________________________
3. to run into someone = _______________________________________________________
4. to browse = _______________________________________________________________
5. a big reader = _____________________________________________________________
6. issue = ___________________________________________________________________
7. source = _________________________________________________________________
8. to wonder = _______________________________________________________________
9. to account for = ___________________________________________________________
10. to regard = ______________________________________________________________
11. guilty = _________________________________________________________________
12. a vending machine = ______________________________________________________
13. to let someone down = _____________________________________________________
14. arrival = ________________________________________________________________
15. concierge = ______________________________________________________________
16. to give someone a hand = ___________________________________________________
17. to ring up = ______________________________________________________________
18. quiet = __________________________________________________________________
19. to reduce = ______________________________________________________________
20. hard = __________________________________________________________________
21. to keep = ________________________________________________________________
22. to let = __________________________________________________________________
23. blind spots = _____________________________________________________________
24. to be aware of = __________________________________________________________
25. to turn on = ______________________________________________________________
26. to replace = ______________________________________________________________
27. major = _________________________________________________________________
28 safe = ___________________________________________________________________
29. multitasking = ____________________________________________________________
30. enough = ________________________________________________________________

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 28
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 5
REPORTED SPEECH

Use → To report the speech of another person.

Study the examples below. Notice the punctuation in the first sentence of each pair.

1- A man said, “There’s a fire”. (quoted speech)

(introductory verb)
A man said there was a fire. (Reported speech)

2- He said, “I called the fire department”.

He said he had called the fire department.

3- She said, “I’ll die here!”

She said she would die there.

4- Mary said to Sue, “Where did you see him?”

Mary asked Sue where she had seen him.

5- Ronald said to Dona, “I’m sorry!! I’ve smashed your car!”

Ronald apologized to Dona for smashing her car.

6- I said to my teacher, “Please explain this word.”

I asked my teacher to explain that word.

7- Melanie said to Andrea, “Don’t go away now!”

Melanie ordered Andrea not to go away then . Or
Melanie told Andrea not to go away then.

8- Mr. Hunter said to Jane, “Would you like a pizza?”

Mr. Hunter asked Jane if she would like a pizza. Or
Mr. Hunter offered Jane a pizza.

9- The teacher said, “You must study!”

The teacher said I had to study.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 29
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

In general, the present form in quoted speech changes to the past form in reported speech.
Check the chart below:

EXACT VERB REPORTED VERB

am / is / are was/ were
do / work did/ worked
did / worked had done / had worked (*did/worked)
was / were had been
can could
could could
will live would live
would live would live
should study should study
may / might pass might pass
must work had to work
am / is / are going was / were going
will have bought would have bought
sit! to sit
Have been working had been working
have worked had worked

* In informal English, we often use the simple past instead of the PAST PERFECT.

But, it is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you report something
that is still true, you do not need to change the verb for the past.

EG: Tom said, “ New York is more lively than London.”

Tom said (that) New York is more lively than London.

EG: Ann said, “I want to go to New York next year.”

Ann said (that) she wants to go to New York next year.

• Note that it is also correct to change the verb into the past, depending on the situation .

P.S. → Depending on the meaning of the sentence, the introductory verb can be changed into
verbs like:

apologize / complain / order / command / ask / request / warn / offer / recommend / suggest /
invite etc...

EG: They said, “Let’s go to the movies tomorrow”

They suggested going to the movies the next day.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 30
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

EG: He said to me, “Don’t touch that button! It is dangerous”

He warned me against / of / about the danger of touching that button . Or
He warned me against touching that button . Or
He warned me not to touch that button.

→ We can also use: and / but / because / and added to connect two sentences.

EG: “We have moved into our new apartment. We don’t like it so much as our last one”, said
my aunt.
My aunt said they had moved into their new apartment and added they didn’t like it so
much as their last one.

• Some words must also be changed in the reported speech. Check the list below:

QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

next week the following week
here There
now then, immediately
this - these that - those
tomorrow the following day or the
next day
yesterday the previous day or
the day before
last week the week before or
the previous week
today that day
ago Before

SAY / TELL

• If you say WHO you are talking to, use TELL:

EG: Sonia told me that you were ill. (not “said me”)
What did you tell the police? (not “say the police”)

But you can SAY something TO somebody:

EG: Ann said goodbye To me and left.

What did you say To the police?

When the introductory verb is in the present, future, or present perfect, no changes in the
verb are necessary.
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 31
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

EG:
• She says to her son: “You are not going out tonight.”

She tells her son he is not going out that night .

• John will say to Mary: “I never smoke at work:”

John will tell Mary he never smokes at work.

• Jennifer has said. “I have never seen such a strange movie.”

Jennifer has said she has never seen such a strange movie.

Indirect speech questions

When we report a question in indirect speech, we express the original question in statement
form.

Study these examples:

Direct: John asked, “ Where does Mary live?”

Indirect: John asked where Mary lived.

If the question is not introduced by some question word like why, where, or when, we
must introduce it in indirect speech by whether or if.

Study these examples:

John asked, “ Does Mary live near here?”

John asked whether Mary lived there.
John asked if Mary lived there.

1- Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Here are some of the things Charlie said to
you:

1- I’m living in London now. 7- I haven’t seen Diane recently.

2- My father isn’t very well. 8- I’m not enjoying my job very much.
3- Sharon and Paul are getting 9- You can come and stay at my flat if
married next month. you are ever in London.
4- Margaret has had a baby. 10- My car was stolen a few weeks ago.
5- I don’t know what Fred is doing. 11- I want to go on holiday but I can’t
afford it.

6- I saw Helen at a party in June 12- I’ll tell Ann I saw you.
and she seemed fine.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 32
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2- Write questions using second conditional.

1- What would you do if someone gave you a diamond necklace?

I’d probably give it to my mother.
2- ______________________________________________________________________?
I’d share it with my friends.
3- ______________________________________________________________________?
I’d call the police.
4- ______________________________________________________________________?
We’d get out as fast as we could.
5- ______________________________________________________________________?
I’d ask my teacher’s advice about it.
6- ______________________________________________________________________?
He’d be extremely angry.
7- ______________________________________________________________________?
She’d probably fall over.
8- ______________________________________________________________________?
I’d be late for class.
9- ______________________________________________________________________?
We’d sail around the world .
10- ______________________________________________________________________?
They’d never make any money .
11- ______________________________________________________________________?
There’d be no more wars.

3- Turn into the passive.

1- Jules Verne wrote “From the Earth to the moon” in 1865.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2- Apollo II made the trip in four days and six hours.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3- One man creates a fantasy.
__________________________________________________________________________
4- Another man can turn that fantasy into reality.
_________________________________________________________________________
5- They have predicted terrorism.
__________________________________________________________________________

4- Complete the following sentences with the correct question tag.

A- She likes ice-cream, ______________________________________________________?

B- There is nothing to be done, ________________________________________________?
C- You really are very absent - minded, _________________________________________?
D- Your brother went to the horse race last night, _________________________________?
E- She is your sister, ________________________________________________________?
F- Susan can’t ride very well, _________________________________________________?

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

5- Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1- He said, “I will be here at noon.”

(He said that he would be there at noon.)
2- Mary said, “The train will probably arrive on time.”
__________________________________________________________________________
3- He said, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.”
__________________________________________________________________________
4- The doctor said, “Mr. Smith will improve quickly.”
__________________________________________________________________________
5- William said* to me, “I am leaving in the morning.”
__________________________________________________________________________
6- The teacher said, “Everyone has to write a composition.”
__________________________________________________________________________
7- John said, “I saw that movie on Wednesday.”
__________________________________________________________________________
8- Helen said, “I have read that book.”
__________________________________________________________________________
9- Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movie with you.”
__________________________________________________________________________
10- John said, “I have finished studying my lesson.”
__________________________________________________________________________
11- Mary remarked, “John speaks English well.”
__________________________________________________________________________
12- William said to me, “I will not see Mr. Jones until Tuesday.”
__________________________________________________________________________
13- Mr. Smith said, “I will refuse their offer.”
__________________________________________________________________________
14- John said, “I certainly hope it won’t rain tomorrow.”
__________________________________________________________________________
15- Henry said, “I can meet them later.”
__________________________________________________________________________
16- The boy said, “I am only eight years old.”
__________________________________________________________________________
17- She said to me, “The lights have gone out.”
__________________________________________________________________________
18- The man said, “The telephone is out of order.”
__________________________________________________________________________
19 - He said, “I will never speak to her again.”
__________________________________________________________________________
20- I said to the clerk clearly, “I have already paid that bill.”
__________________________________________________________________________

6. Circle the word that correctly completes each embedded question:

A. I wonder if / who John Steinbeck wrote this.

B. I’d like to know if/ that anyone recommends reading this book.
C. Do you know who/when you bought it?
D. Tell me what / if this book is about.
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 34
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

E. I don’t know what / if the book is available online or not.

7. Rewrite the sentences using an infinitive:

A. I don’t know what I can do for you.

__________________________________________________________________________
B. She can’t decide what she should have for dinner.
__________________________________________________________________________
C. They are not sure if they should stay or leave.
__________________________________________________________________________
D. I wonder when I could call her.
__________________________________________________________________________
E. Let me know if I should invite Jane.
__________________________________________________________________________
F. Mark can’t decide where he should buy a new car.
__________________________________________________________________________

8. Match the words with the correct synonym, opposite or definition. Write ( = ) in case it is a
synonym, ( ≠ ) in case it is an opposite and ( D ) in case it is a definition:

A. influenza ( ) ( ) things
B. worldwide ( ) ( ) that one cannot count
C. blizzards ( ) ( ) deaths
D. to dump ( ) ( ) hit
E. power outages ( ) ( ) to reduce / to diminish
F. What is going on? ( ) ( ) to remove people from a dangerous area
G. huge ( ) ( ) a time without electricity
H. casualties ( ) ( ) number of people who died
I. so far ( ) ( ) all over the world
J. death toll ( ) ( ) updated news
K. to wonder ( ) ( ) until now
L. to turn on ( ) ( ) a very bad cold
M. breaking news ( ) ( ) very afraid / frightened
N. stuff ( ) ( ) severe snowstorm
O. struck ( ) ( ) north
P. scared ( ) ( ) because of
Q. south ( ) ( ) What is happening?
R. earthquakes ( ) ( ) to vary
S. countless ( ) ( ) to imagine., to suppose
T. homeless ( ) ( ) quakes
U. to range ( ) ( ) with no place to live
V. to lessen ( ) ( ) outdoors
W. due to ( ) ( ) enormous
X. indoors ( ) ( ) to turn off
Z. to evacuate ( ) ( ) to put something somewhere

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 6

1- Complete each sentence with was going to or were going to.

a) We __________________________(not) visit Robert, but then we changed our minds.

b) Everyone _________________________find out the truth, sooner or later.
c) They _________________________(not) see that movie, but it was the only one at 9:00.
d) ______________she__________________move to an apartment in the city?
e) Who _________________________watch the children this evening?
f) Mr. Nan __________________________make the announcement at today’s meeting.
g) __________________(not)Charlie and Kim _____________________get married last
month?
h) You _____________________talk to your boss about getting a raise, weren’t you?
i) I thought I ______________________(not) like the book, but I really enjoyed it.
j) People ________________________start complaining of something that wasn’t done
soon.

2- Circle the letter of the answer that correctly completes each sentences.

1) Did you think you _________ feel this way about the news?
a) would b) were going c) weren’t going

2) I thought we ________ to eat dinner inside since it’s getting cold.

a) aren’t going b) wouldn’t c) were going

3) No one knew that the product ___________such a success.

a) would b) was going to be c) wasn’t going to

4) Bob and Glenn _________going to wait for us, were they?

a) were b) would c) weren’t

5) They always thought they _________move someplace warmer, but they didn’t.
a) wouldn’t b) weren’t going to c) would

3- Match the sentences with similar meanings. Draw a line

1) I changed my mind. A) I don’t like the same things anymore.

2) My tastes changed. B) I convinced her not to do it.
3) I talked her out of it. C) I decided do to something else.
4) It’s hard to make a living. D) I didn’t meet the requirements.
5) I didn’t pass the exam. E) I can’t make a lot of money.

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

4- Read each sentences and questions. Then check the parentheses that answers the questions

1) “Someone might have heard us talking on the phone.”

Did someone hear them talking?
( ) Yes ( )No ( X ) Maybe
2) “Jen, you could have gone with Steve.”
Did Jen go with Steve?
( ) Yes ( )No ( ) Maybe
3) “We should have invited Rita to come to dinner with us.”
Did they invite Rita?
( ) Yes ( )No ( ) Maybe
4) “I must have left my keys at home.”
Did they leave her keys at home?
( ) Yes ( )No ( ) Probably
5) “The kids shouldn’t have watched that scary movie.”
Did the kids watch a scary movie?
( ) Yes ( )No ( ) Maybe
6) “Peter might not have talked to Jill yet.”
Did Peter talk to Jill yet?
( ) Yes ( )No ( ) Maybe

5- Complete the sentences with a perfect modal and the verb in parentheses. In some cases,
more than one answer is possible.

A) I _shouldn’t have left_(leave) before I finished my work, but I did.

B) James _____________________(take) the job offer, but he didn’t.
C) Bethany _______________(talk) to Dave. I haven’t talked to her yet, but she’ll tell us
tonight.
D) Kelly _______________(get) stuck in traffic. I can’t think of another reason for her to be
late.
E) You_______________________(sell) your car, but unfortunately, you did.
F) Harry_______________________(get) home already, but I doubt it.
G) We _________________________(do) anything differently, could we?

6- Rewrite each sentence expressing regret about the past. Use the word(s) in parentheses.

A) I didn’t go to college, and I regret that decision. (wish)

_ I wish I had gone to college._________________________________________________
B) I ordered steak, but now I’m sorry that I did. (should)
__________________________________________________________________________
C) Steve only borrowed two books from the library, but a few more would have been better.
(should)
__________________________________________________________________________
D) The couple went skiing for their honeymoon, but it was a bad choice. (wish)
__________________________________________________________________________
E) Katie ate so many cookies that now she feels sick. (should)
__________________________________________________________________________

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

7- Change each person’s words to indirect speech, changing the verb tense in the indirect
speech statement. Use the verbs in parentheses.

A) Nick to Joshua (said): “There is a flood in the valley.”

__Nick said (that) there was a flood in the valley._______________________________
B) Brenda to Aaron (told): “Bad weather was coming our way.”
__Brenda told Aaron (that) bad weather had been coming their way._______________
C) Ryan to Debbie (told): “There’s a problem with the car.”
_______________________________________________________________________
D) Valerie to Daniel (said): “They called me late.”
________________________________________________________________________
E) Kathy to Colleen (told): “I’m ready to go any time.”
________________________________________________________________________
F) Paul to Doug (said): “Everyone got sick.”
________________________________________________________________________

8. Change the sentences using passive voice:

A. John wrote that letter.

__________________________________________________________________________
B. Fire destroyed that house.
__________________________________________________________________________
C. The audience enjoyed the concert very much.
__________________________________________________________________________
D. Mary has finished the report.
__________________________________________________________________________
E. Mr. Smith will leave the tickets at the box office.
__________________________________________________________________________
F. The messenger has just left a box of flowers for you.
__________________________________________________________________________
G. Mr. Jones manages the export division.
__________________________________________________________________________
H. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.
__________________________________________________________________________
I. An economic crises followed the war.
__________________________________________________________________________
J. We must finish those letters by 5.
__________________________________________________________________________
K. The mailman is delivering the mail now.
__________________________________________________________________________
L. They couldn’t sell the house at that price.
__________________________________________________________________________

9. Complete with the correct question tag:

A. She has never gotten in touch with you, ____________________ ?

B. Today is Wednesday, ___________________________________?
C. You live in Rio, _______________________________________?
D. You were absent yesterday, ______________________________?
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 38
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

E. Both men look very much alike, __________________________?

F. This street runs north and south, __________________________?
G. She can speak French well, ______________________________?
H. I am your friend, ______________________________________?
I. Let’s eat sushi, ________________________________________?

10. Change to the causative form with have:

1. I cut my hair once a month.

__________________________________________________________________________
2. We must paint our house soon.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. I should shine my shoes.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. I expet to repair my radio soon.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. I mailed those letters yesterday.
__________________________________________________________________________
6. My wife cleaned my shoes.
__________________________________________________________________________

11. Fill in the blanks with the correct conditional.

1. If I knew her well, I _____________________ ( to speak ) to her.

2. If I _____________________ ( to own ) a car, I would take a trip to New York.
3. If I _____________________ ( to find ) the book, I will give it to him.
4. If the weather _____________________ ( to be ) warm, we will go to the park tomorrow.
5. If I _____________________ ( to be ) you, I would kiss her.

12. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:

A. Focus _______ your work.! Stop daydreaming!

B. According _______ the news, the quake caused a lot of casualties.
C. You should give some advice _______ your daughter. She’s been going out with a bad
guy.
D. Karl is a scientist and he loves to work _________ new experiments.
E. Are you interested ________ Geography?
F. Doctors care ______ the sick people.
G. The quake was over 7.5 ________ the Ritcher scale.
H. Little Red Hood met the big bad wolf _______ her way to grandmother’s house.
I. Susan cannot talk ______ you right now. She is _______ the phone.

13. Write the synonym, opposite or a definition:

A. eager = __________________________________________________________________
B. assignments = ____________________________________________________________
C. CEO = __________________________________________________________________
F. skills = __________________________________________________________________
G. the head of a company = ____________________________________________________
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 39
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

H. to accomplish = ___________________________________________________________
I. to get ahead = _____________________________________________________________
J. complainer = ______________________________________________________________
K. at first glance = ___________________________________________________________
L. in actual = _______________________________________________________________
M. to counsel = _____________________________________________________________
N. goals = __________________________________________________________________
O. to make a living = _________________________________________________________
P. hard = ___________________________________________________________________
Q. to talk someone out of something = ___________________________________________
R. to repair = _______________________________________________________________
S. sick = ___________________________________________________________________
T. antique = ________________________________________________________________
U. blind = __________________________________________________________________

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 40
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 7

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Who / that / which

A relative clause is a part of a sentence that tells us which person or thing the speaker means.
We use the relative pronouns WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHOSE, WHERE, ETC... in relative
clauses.

WHO

We use WHO in a relative clause when we are talking about people.

• The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

• We know a lot of people who live in London.

Sometimes we can also use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’.

• The man that lives next door is very friendly.

THAT OR WHICH

We use “that or which’ in a relative clause to talk about things.

• Where is the cheese (that / which) was in the fridge?

• I don’t like stories that have unhappy endings.

• Are these the keys which you were looking for?

WHOSE

We use whose in relative clauses instead of his / her / their.

• We saw some people.Their car had broken down.

• We saw some people whose car had broken down.
• A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.

Compare who and whose:

• I met a man who knows you. (he knows you.)

• I met a man whose sister knows you (his sister knows you)

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

WHOM:

Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.

• The woman whom I wanted to see was away on vacation . (I wanted to see her)

You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom etc...

• The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks.

Notice that on the first example WHOM is followed by a Personal Pronoun Subject case
( I, you, he, she it… ) and in the second example, WHOM is preceded by a
PREPOSITION.

WHERE

You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.

• The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean

• I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine.

THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

The reflexive pronouns are:

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

1. We use the reflexive pronouns when the subject of the action suffers the consequences of
it.

Study these examples:

I cut myself with a knife.

The man shot himself.

2. We also use the reflexive pronoun to give emphasis to some person or thing mentioned in
the sentence.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 42
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

Study these examples:

1. I myself will paint the house. ( Nobody will help me. )

2. She herself cooked dinner. ( Nobody helped her. )

3. Also use a reflexive pronoun when you want to say that you did something alone, without
the help of anybody. In this case, the preposition BY will be used.

Study these examples:

1. She went to France by herself.

2. He was by himself at home when the burglar broke into his house.

1- Make one sentence from two. Use who / that / which.

A- A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital .

B- A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
C- A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
D- A building was destroyed in the fire.
It has now been rebuilt.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
E- Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
F- A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2- Complete each sentence using who / whom / whose / where.

A- What’s the name of the man ___________________ car you borrowed?

B- A cemetery is a place _________________________ people are buried.
C- A pacifist is a person ________________________ believes that all wars are wrong.
D- An orphan is a child ________________________ parents are dead.
E- The place ______________________ we spent the holiday was really beautiful.
F- I don’t know the name of the woman to __________________I spoke on the phone.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 43
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

3- Complete the conversation. Use the words from the box.

get together mobbed spectacular takes place

A: Wow, the airport is _______________________. Why are there so many people here?
B: It’s because it’s almost Thanksgiving. It’s an important holiday here in the U.S.
A: Really? What’s the holiday for?
B: It started as a harvest celebration. It _____________________ every year on the fourth
Thursday of November.
A: How do you celebrate it?

4- Match each word with the correct definition. Use the words from the box.

a card a costume the dead fireworks a gift a parade a picnic

A) __________________: something that you give someone, especially to thank them or on

a special occasion.
B) __________________: a public celebration when musical bands, brightly decorated
vehicles, etc., move down the street.
C) __________________: clothes worn by someone to make them look like a different
person, an animal, etc.
D) __________________: colorful explosives that people burn when celebrating a special
day.
E) __________________: people who have died.
F) __________________: a meal that is prepared at home and then taken outside to be eaten
G) __________________: a written greeting, often with a picture on the front, that you send
to people on special occasion.

5- Read each sentence. If the relative pronoun can be omitted, cross it out. If it can’t be
omitted, circle it.

A) The dress that I wore to the party is in my closet.

B) Anyone who travels on that holiday should plan for delays.
C) The woman that you were talking with is a professional party planner.
D) The couple who we saw at the movies last night used to live in our building.
E) Ella is someone who always makes people feel good about themselves.
F) On Valentine’s Day, I think about the people that I love.
G) It’s great to meet someone who goes out of their way to help you.
H) What should a person who’s invited to dinner take?

6- Complete each sentence with the correct word(s). Use the words from the box.

bride ceremony engagement got engaged groom

honeymoon newlyweds reception wedding

Neil and Carrie dated for three years before they ____________________(1). They
were both excited and announced their ___________________(2) immediately. They wanted
to know they were going to get married!

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 44
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

Today is the ________________(3), which will have two parts. First is the
________________(4), which is the formal service which will make them legally married.
Then comes the real celebration: At the ___________________(5), everyone eats and dances
for hours.
Right now Carrie, the ______________________(6), is putting on her dress. She is so
excited! Neil, the _________________(7), is pretty, too, but he’s also really nervous.

Tomorrow morning the ______________________________(8) are going to Tahiti for a

seven-day ______________(9). After all the stress and excitement of the wedding, they’ll
need a vacation.

7. Supply the necessary reflexive pronoun:

A. The little girl hurt _____________________ when she fell.

B. We protect ___________________ from the rain with an umbrella.
C. The girl taught ________________ how to sew.
D. Both boys taught _____________________ how to swim.
E. We all enjoyed _______________________ at the concert last night.
F. The children amuse ___________________ with the kitten.
G. The policeman shot ___________________ by accident.
H. Did you enjoy _______________________ at the party last night?
I. You will cut _________________________ with that knife if you are not careful.
J. I once cut ___________________________ badly with the same knife.
K. John _______________________________ will make all the preparations for the trip.
L. I __________________________________ will have little to do.
M. Helen said that she ____________________ saw the man enter the office.
N. The policeman _______________________ shot the thief.
O. We _________________________________ made the first offer to buy the business.
P. The President _________________________ will give the speech.
Q. I ___________________________________ refused to take part in the problem.

8- Complete each sentence with a phrase from the box.

by herself by himself by himself by ourselves

by themselves by yourself each other
one another

A) Nobody went with Brian to the movies. He decided to go ___________________.

B) You can’t dance the tango ___________________. You need a partner.
C) Young children often want to do things ___________________, even if it’s difficult for
them.
D) The players wished ___________________ good luck before the game.
E) Mrs. Jackson often works very late so her husband eats dinner ___________________.
F) We decided to do the work ___________________ instead of paying someone to help us.
G) Mrs. Kane and her daughter talk to ___________________on the phone at least four
times a week.
H) Sarah prefers to be ___________________when she does her homework.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 45
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

9 – Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech:

A. He said, “I will be here at noon.”

__________________________________________________________________________
B. Mary said, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.”
__________________________________________________________________________
C. Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movies with you.”
__________________________________________________________________________
D. Mark said, “John speaks English well.”
__________________________________________________________________________
E. The boy said, “I am only 18 years old.”
__________________________________________________________________________
F. She said to me, “The lights have gone out.”
__________________________________________________________________________
G. John said to me, “Wait five minutes for me.”
__________________________________________________________________________
H. The teacher said to us, “Don’t make so much noise.”
__________________________________________________________________________
I. He asked me, “Where does that girl live?”
__________________________________________________________________________
J. He asked me, “How old are you?”
__________________________________________________________________________
K. He asked me, “What time is it?”
__________________________________________________________________________

10 – Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:

A. Smith always ___________________ ( to come ) to class on time.

B. Mr. Jones ___________________ ( to teach ) us at present. He ___________________
( to replace ) Mr. Reese, who is our regular teacher.
C. I ___________________ ( to work ) in my garden when you ___________________
( to call ) me last night.
D. We ___________________ ( to have ) an examination next week.
E. I ___________________ ( to come ) to work by bus this morning.
F. As I ___________________ ( to come ) to work this morning, I ___________________
( to meet ) a beggar who ___________________ ( to ask ) me for money.
G. I ___________________ ( to be ) to the USA several times.
H. Listen! I think the phone ___________________ ( to ring ).
I. John said that he ___________________ (to see ) that movie before.
J. I ___________________ ( read ) that novel three or four times.
K. When I was younger I ___________________ ( to be ) a Doctor. Then I
___________________ ( to decide ) to study Chemistry.
L. If you ___________________ ( to see ) Mary with another boy, what
___________________ you __________________? ( to do )

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 46
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 8
INDIRECT SPEECH (Questions)- REVIEW

When we report a question in indirect speech, we express the original question in statement
form.
Direct : John asked, “Where did you go last night?
Indirect: John asked where I had gone the previous night.

If the question is not introduced by some question word like why, where or when, we must
introduce it in indirect speech by whether or if.

John asked, “Does Mary work at CABS?

John asked whether Mary worked at CABS.
John asked if Mary worked at CABS.

The Conditionals – Review TN 2

The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations, they are sometimes called if-
clauses. Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional describes unreal,
imaginary situations.

For example: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

There are four basic conditionals that we use in English.

Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional

Today we are going to study the Zero, First and Second Conditionals.

The Zero Conditional – Used for things that are always true.

Structure:

if + present + present

Examples:

1.If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

2. If I drink coffee, I get a headache.
3. If you study, you get good grades.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 47
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

The First Conditional – Used for future actions dependent on the result of another action in
the future or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action
being satisfied.

Structure:

if + present + future

Examples:

1. If I win the lottery, I will buy a very expensive car.

condition : in the present ( If I win…. )

consequence / result : in the future ( I will buy … )

2. If you study very hard, You will get good grades at school.

condition: in the present ( If you study …. )

consequence / result : in the future ( You will get … )

Note: It is also possible to use modal verbs in the result part of the sentence.

Study these examples:

1. If he gets good grades, he may go to an excellent University.

2. If she gets good grades, she should go to an excellent University.
3. If he gets good grades, he can go to an excellent University.
4. If she gets good grades, she could go to an excellent University.
5. If he gets good grades, he may/might go to an excellent University.

The Second Conditional – Used to talk about imaginary present situations. It can also be
used to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen.

Structure:

If + past + conditional ( would + base form )

Examples:

1. If I had more time, I would learn Italian.

condition: Simple Past ( If I had …. )

consequence / result: Conditional ( I would learn ….)
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 48
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

2. If I won the lottery, I would travel to Japan.

condition: Simple Past ( If I won… )

consequence / result: I would travel… )

Note: We can use modal verbs in the past tense in the consequence/ result part of the
sentences.

Study these examples:

1. If I had more time, I might learn Italian.

2. If I had more time, I could learn Japanese.

Very IMPORTANT notes:

1. When using the second conditional with the verb to be, use WERE for all persons.

Study these examples:

1. If I were you, I would study more.

2. If today were Saturday, I would go to the beach.
3. If she were here, I would give her a kiss.

2. All Conditional sentences can be inverted without affecting the meaning.

Study these examples:

1. If you go to Rio, you will love the beaches.

You will love the beaches if you go to Rio.

2. If I had much money, I would travel a lot.

I would travel a lot if I had much money.

The Third Conditional - Often referred to as the ‘past’ conditional because it concerns only
past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given
situation.

Structure:

Past Perfect Tense + Conditional Perfect

Examples:

1. If I had studied more, I would have passed the exams. (Unfortunately I didn’t study.
Therefore I didn’t pass. )
2. If I had married Lucy, I would have been very happy. ( I didn’t marry her. Therefore I am
sad. )
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 49
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

1. If she had gone to the party, she would have met her old boyfriend Peter.
( She didn’t go to the party. AS a consequence, she didn’t meet him. )

1) Change the following sentences to indirect speech.

1- I asked the clerk, “How much does this cost?”

_________________________________________________________________________
2- Mr. Smith asked me, “Where are you going?”
_________________________________________________________________________
3- Mary asked, “Are you going to eat in the cafeteria?”
_________________________________________________________________________
4- John asked, “Did you mail that letter for me?”
_________________________________________________________________________
5- Mr. Smith asked me, “Where are you going on your vacation?”
_________________________________________________________________________
6- I asked her, “Do you like my new hat?”
_________________________________________________________________________
7- He asked her, “How are you today?”
_________________________________________________________________________
8- I asked the storekeeper, “What is the price of this tie?”
_________________________________________________________________________
9- He asked her, “When will you get back from your trip?”
_________________________________________________________________________
10- He asked her, “What time is it?”
_________________________________________________________________________
11- He asked her, “How long does it take to get to Chicago?”
_________________________________________________________________________
12- Then he asked, “Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?”
_________________________________________________________________________

2- Complete the sentences according to the meaning of the first sentence:

A- My dog ate all the cat’s food yesterday. (to feed)

You should ______________________________________________________________
B- The party is really exciting! (to enjoy )
You had better ___________________________________________________________
C- I surely prefer to travel by bus.
I’d rather ________________________________________________________________
D- She has to work hard every day to support her family.
She must________________________________________________________________
E- Yesterday was my birthday and my best friend didn’t call me. (to forget )
He must ________________________________________________________________
F- “I saw a cool blouse in that store.” (to buy)
“You should ____________________________________________________________”.
G- I haven’t been to Japan. (to be )
I have never _____________________________________________________________.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 50
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

3- Use gerund or infinitive:

A- ______________________is always necessary. (to eat)

B- I intend ______________________next weekend. (to travel)
C- ________________________television is my favorite hobby (to watch)
D- She is afraid of __________________ (to stay) at home alone.
E- He is capable of ______________________ (to do) this work.
F- He sat there without ______________________ (to say) anything .
G- After ____________________ (to look) at his watch, he went to the station.
H- He wants ____________________some pizza. (to eat )
I- Before _________________________(to leave ) the room, he turned off the radio.
J- I’m too tired. I need __________________________ a vacation. (to take )
K- I am not interested in _________________________(to work ) with you.
L- He bought a pair of boots instead of _______________________ a pair of shoes (to buy)

4- Write the sentences below in the past.

A- You should help your friend with his homework.

__________________________________________________________________________
B- We should invite the whole class to the party.
__________________________________________________________________________
C- They should not work so hard.
__________________________________________________________________________
D- I think you should see that movie. It’s so interesting!
__________________________________________________________________________
E- We must speak English in class.
__________________________________________________________________________
F- The students must write their essays in ink.
__________________________________________________________________________
G- You must return the bottles to the supermarket.
__________________________________________________________________________

5- Study the verbs:

TO BORROW / TO LEND

• To borrow / borrowed / borrowed

→ to get something for a short time.

EG: John always borrows money from his friends.

• To lend / lent / lent

→ to give something for a short time.

EG: John’s friends always lend him some money.

Now, complete:
A- Banks ______________________________money.
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 51
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

B- I never ___________________________books or CDs to anybody.

The person who ______________________them, seldom returns them .
C- It’s raining now. Will you _______________________ me your umbrella?
D- I _____________________________my father’s suit for the party, but it was too large. It
didn’t fit me.

6- Put the verb into the correct form, present simple, past, active or passive.

1- It’s a big factory. Five hundred people are employed (employ) there.
2- Water ______________________ (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.
3- Most of the Earth’s surface ________________________ (cover) by water.
4- The park gates _________________________ (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
5- The letter _________________________ (post) a week ago and it _______________
(arrive) yesterday.
6- The boat ______________________ (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody
__________________________ (rescue).
7- Ron’s parents________________ (die) when he was very young. He and his sister
_________________________ (bring) up by their grandparents.
8- I was born in London but I _____________________ (grow) up in the north of England.
9- While I was on holiday, my camera __________________ (steal) from my hotel room.
10- While I was on holiday, my camera _________________________ (disappear) from my
hotel room.
11- Why ____________________________ (Sue/ resign ) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it?
12- Why ___________________________ (Bill/fire) from his job? What did he do wrong?
13- The company is not independent. It ___________________________ (own) by a much
larger company.
14- I saw an accident last night. Somebody _____________________________ (call) an
ambulance but nobody ____________________________ (injure) so the ambulance
________________________________ (not / need).
15- Where ___________________________________________ (these photographs / take)?
In London? ________________________________ (you / take) them?

7- Put the verb into the most suitable form: past continuous ( I was doing), past perfect ( I
had done ) or past perfect continuous ( I had been doing ).

1- It was very noisy next door. Our neighbors were having (have) a party.
2- We were good friends. We had known (Know) each other for a long time.
3- John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he
_______________ (walk) so fast.
4- Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She ________________________
(run) .
5- When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They
__________________________ (eat).
6- When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were
empty but their stomachs were full. They _____________________________________ (eat)
7- Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He __________________________(look)
for
his contact lens.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 52
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

8- When I arrived, Kate _____________________ (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed
with me because I was late and she _____________________________(wait) for a very long
time.
9- I was sad when I sold my car. I _____________________________(have) it for a very
long time.
10- We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ___________________________
(travel) for more than 24 hours.

9) Rewrite the following sentences. Change the verbs in parentheses to the correct form. Use
the past unreal conditional.

1- If we (have) more money, we (buy) that house.

If we’d had more money, we would have bought that house.
2- If she (not, forget), she (be) on time.
__________________________________________________________________________
3- I (not, study) medicine if my father (not, be) a doctor.
__________________________________________________________________________
4- If she (listen) to me, she (not, lose) that contract.
__________________________________________________________________________
5- The plants (not, die) if you (water) them.
__________________________________________________________________________
6- If I (know) about the party, I (go).
__________________________________________________________________________

10 - Fill in the blanks with who, whom or which:

A. The boy _____________ is with him is his son.

B. The chairs ___________ arrived are not the right ones.
C. Is this the book ___________ you need?
D. The book __________ I read last night was very interesting.
E. She is the girl _________ I saw at the party last night.
F. This is the kind of exercise __________ I like best.
G. Both trips ___________ we took to Mexico were interesting.
H. The girls _______ are in my English class are all good students.
I. The teacher _________ I like best is Miss Smith.
J. Our teacher, _________ is American, naturally speaks English perfectly.
K. It was George ___________ telephone you last night.
L. The movie ____________ we saw last night was not good.

11. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:

A. According ________ the instructions, you have to install the program using a CD.
B. Until the sixth century, books were written ________ hand.
C. Yesterday, I read a very interesting article ________ the newspaper.
D. The driver was fined _________ speeding.
E. If you go _______ to the country side don’t forget to take some repellent to put _____
your body.
F. Campos do Jordão, is a famous city _________ the mountains.
G. People who fast, abstain ________ eating food.
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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

H. Brazil got its independence ________ Portugal in 1822.

I. During many different kinds _________of seasonal festivals all over the world, people
dance _______ the streets.
J. Rio de Janeiro is a city ________ the coast of Brazil.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 54
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 9
1- Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:

a) What party is ____________ power nowadays in Brazil?

b) Who are you going to vote ____________ ______________ the next election?
c) Bob retired ___________ teaching last month.
d) Are you_________ favor or_____________ the death warrant?
e) Janet is a very bad student. ________ the other hand her brother Robert is excellent.
f) A long time ago books were written ____________hand.
g) We have to take the other elevator because this one is __________ of service.
h) Everything __________that shop is ___________ sale. All the prices are really low.
i) What is the brand of that beautiful watch you were wearing ________ the wrist
yesterday?
j) There is a very good report __________ all these natural disasters that have been
happening lately __________ the “Daily News.”
k) The “DaVinci Code” was written ___________ Dan Brown.
l) The book is so good I can’t put it _____________.
m) Pablo Neruda was the winner of the Nobel Prize ____________literature.
n) I can’t talk ___________ you right now. I am ____________ the line with Susan and she
doesn’t stop talking.
o) I met Bob __________ my way home after work.
p) That quake was 8.6 ___________the Richter Scale.
q) During that celebration lots of people dance ____________ the streets.
r) __________September 7th, we celebrate our independence _________ Portugal.

2- Complete the sentences. Use the phrases from the box. You will not use all of the phrases.

Had been wouldn’t have eaten had made hadn’t talked to

Would have been would have had had eaten would have chosen

a) If I ________________________ a mistake, I would have accepted responsibility.

b) Tom wouldn’t have heard the news yet if he _____________________________ Eddie
last night.
c) If there had been another opinion, we _______________________________ it.
d) They ___________________________ more time for their children if they hadn’t
worked so much.
e) If I’d known what was in it, I ___________________________ that dessert.

3- Complete the past unreal conditional sentences with the passive voice or continuous verb
forms.

a) Mark is a great student who was chosen to represent the school. If he weren’t such a good
student, he __wouldn’t have been chosen.___
b) The house wasn’t damaged by the hurricane, so we didn’t get any insurance money. But
if the house _______________________________, we would have gotten some money.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 55
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

c) The guests aren’t dancing because the DJ left. If the DJ hadn’t left, the guests
_________________________________.
d) People aren’t looking for the treasure anymore because it’s already been discovered. If it
hadn’t yet been discovered, people _________________________________ it.
e) They’re still thinking of a name for the baby, because she hasn’t been given one yet. If
the baby ____________________________________ a name, they wouldn’t be thinking of
one.
f) Marcia isn’t working for Hunter Corporation because she moved out of the country. If
she hadn’t moved out of the country, she __________________________________ for
Hunter Corporation.

4- Circle the word or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.

a) Sandra Jensen wanted to work in the government to make sure that justice are / justice is
served.
b) People who want to be lawyers study laws / law in school.
c) I got my hairs / hair cut at a new salon last week.
d) You shouldn’t eat too much sugar / many sugars if you’re trying to loose weight.
e) The United Nations works for peaces / peace in countries all over the world.
f) Over time, the light / lights from the sun can change the color of fabrics.
g) Medicine is / Medicines are a very interesting but difficult field.
h) In some parts of the world, coffee is / coffees are more popular than tea / teas.
i) More than 300 different cheese is / chesses are made in France.

5- Rewrite each conversation. Use indirect speech to report what each person said. Use the
correct forms of say or tell. Change pronouns and verbs tenses if necessary.

a) Linda: Terri and I are going to the mall later.

Stacy: I want to go with you!
_Linda told Stacy that she and Terri were going to the mall later.________________
_Stacy said that she wanted to go with them. ________________________________

b) Chris: I just got back from Machu Picchu in Peru.

Theresa: Show me the pictures!
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
c) Little girls: Tell me the story about the princess.
Father: You’ve already heard that story a thousand times!
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
d) Joey: I got the fruits and vegetables at a farmer’s market.
Brooke: They’re very fresh and delicious.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
e) Janet: Don’t tell anyone my news yet!
Brandon: I’m not going to say anything to anyone.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 56
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

f) Customer: I’m looking for a brown leather belt for my husband.

Salesperson: We have several great styles available.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

6- Put each verb in parentheses into a suitable verb tense:

A- I realized that someone ______________________________ (steal) my wallet when I

______________________________ (feel) a hand in my jacket pocket .
B- When I ____________________________________ (phone) Helen last night she
_____________________________________(wash) her hair.
C- I can’t believe it, inspector. You mean that Smith __________________________ (steal)
money from the company all this time?!
D- You three boys look very guilty! What _____________________ you
______________________ (to do ) since I_________________________(leave ) the room?
E- Recent research _____________________________ (show) that Columbus
_____________________ (not / discover) America.
F- I think that people ________________________ (become) tired of the poor quality of
television programmers, though they ______________________________ ( improve ) lately.
G- If it __________________ (not/be) for you, I ________________ ( still / be) in prison
today!
H- I am hungry. I _______________________ anything since breakfast. (not / eat) .
I- __________________ you ___________________ to the movies last night? (To go)
Yes, but it ______________________ (be) a mistake. The movie____________________
(be) awful.
J- What __________________________ ( you/ do ) this time yesterday? I was sleeping.
K- You look tired. _________________________ you ______________________ ( work )
hard?
L- Where’s my bike? It __________________ outside the house. It ___________________.
(be/ disappear ) .
M- Karen _________________________the same date I __________________________.
We ______________________ friends since we were 9. (To be born) (to be ) (to be)

7 - Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

a) He said, “I will be here at noon.”

__He said that he would bet here at noon.___________________________________
b) Mary said, “The train will probably arrive on time.
____________________________________________________________________
c) He said, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.”
____________________________________________________________________
d) The doctor said, “Mr. Smith will improve quickly.”
____________________________________________________________________
e) William said* to me, “I am leaving in the morning.”
_____________________________________________________________________
f) The teacher said, “Everyone has to write a composition.”
_____________________________________________________________________
g) John said, “I saw that movie on Wednesday.”
_____________________________________________________________________
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 57
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

h) Helen said, “I have read that book.”

_____________________________________________________________________
i) Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movie with you.”
_____________________________________________________________________
j) John said, “I have finished studying my lesson.”
_____________________________________________________________________

8. Write the synonym, opposite or a definition:

A. gorgeous = _______________________________________________________________
B. to take place = ____________________________________________________________
C. mobbed = ________________________________________________________________
D. to remind = ______________________________________________________________
E. customs = ________________________________________________________________
F. inexpensive = _____________________________________________________________
G. appropriate = _____________________________________________________________
H. mess = __________________________________________________________________
I. dawn = __________________________________________________________________
J. to fast = __________________________________________________________________
K. to worship = _____________________________________________________________
L. poor = __________________________________________________________________
M. to last = _________________________________________________________________
N. wealth = _________________________________________________________________
O. longevity = ______________________________________________________________
P. loud = ___________________________________________________________________
Q. nightmare = ______________________________________________________________
R. to bite the bullet = _________________________________________________________
S. to bother = _______________________________________________________________
T. bundle = _________________________________________________________________
U. to upload = ______________________________________________________________
V. to save = ________________________________________________________________
W. kind = __________________________________________________________________
X. to treat yourself = _________________________________________________________
Y. to fine = _________________________________________________________________
Z. ashamed = _______________________________________________________________
1. GPS = ___________________________________________________________________
2. to blame = _______________________________________________________________
3. wacky = _________________________________________________________________
4. to pour = _________________________________________________________________
5. to alter = _________________________________________________________________
6. data = ___________________________________________________________________
7. a set = ___________________________________________________________________
8. party = __________________________________________________________________
9. to be ruled = ______________________________________________________________
10. rude = __________________________________________________________________
11. to bring a subject up = _____________________________________________________
12. to be opinionated = _______________________________________________________
13. to make up your mind = ____________________________________________________
14. issue = _________________________________________________________________
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 58
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

15. to avoid = _______________________________________________________________

16. poverty = _______________________________________________________________
17. to disagree = _____________________________________________________________
18. policy = ________________________________________________________________
19. capital punishment = ______________________________________________________
20. to be in favor = ___________________________________________________________
21. to take a life = ___________________________________________________________
22. to persuade = ____________________________________________________________
23. to encourage = ___________________________________________________________
24. survey = ________________________________________________________________
25. current = ________________________________________________________________
26. unavoidable = ____________________________________________________________
27. to lack = ________________________________________________________________
28. aid = ___________________________________________________________________
29. on the rise = _____________________________________________________________
30. to wipe out = ____________________________________________________________
31. in office = _______________________________________________________________
32. on the eye = _____________________________________________________________
33. on the ear = _____________________________________________________________
34. all of a sudden = __________________________________________________________
35. hints = _________________________________________________________________
36. predictable = ____________________________________________________________
37. to cope = ________________________________________________________________
38. ordinary = _______________________________________________________________
39. soft = __________________________________________________________________
40. to wonder = _____________________________________________________________
41. huge = _________________________________________________________________
42. to cut back = _____________________________________________________________
43. to each his own = _________________________________________________________
44. to dye = ________________________________________________________________
45. role = __________________________________________________________________
46. skills = _________________________________________________________________

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 59
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

TOP NOTCH 3
Unit 10
1- Complete the sing with the correct words. Use the words from the box. You will not use
all of the words.

cave cliff dangerous dark exhausting

path slippery foggy

Attention All Hikers: Hiking is great exercise, and it can be a lot of fun. But hiking can also
be _dangerous__. Follow these rules to stay safe.

• Take plenty of food and water. This is a long hike, and it can be
_________________. You’ll need food to give you energy.
• Don’t ever go into a _______________________. Animals might be living there, and
they’ll fight to protect their territory.
• Be careful if you hike early in the morning. Sometimes it’s ____________________,
and it can be difficult to see.
• If you hike in the evening, take a flashlight. If you’re not back before it gets
____________________, you’ll need it to find your way back.
• Be careful in the winter. The paths can get icy, and then they’re really
_____________________.

2- Match each word to the correct definition or description.

1) arid ______
2) a canyon _______
3) flat _______
4) a forest ________
5) an island ________
6) a jungle _______
7) lush _______
8) a valley _______
9) spectacular _______

a) an area of lower land between two mountains or hills.

b) a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water.
c) very dry, receiving very little rain.
d) a thick forest with many large plants and tall trees growing very close together, usually
in an area that receives a lot of rain.
e) having a lot of healthy plants.
f) smooth and level, without higher or lower areas.
g) very impressive.
h) a deep valley with very steep sides of rock that usually has a river running through it.
i) a large area of land that is covered with trees.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 60
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

3- Circle the correct preposition of place.

a) Bangkok is on/ in/ of the country of Thailand.

b) Honolulu is on/ in/ of the island of Oahu on/ in/ of the state of Hawaii.
c) Which country is north on/ in/ of Namibia?
d) The book Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors is about survivors of a plane crash on/
in/ of the Andes Mountains.
e) The Philippines are islands on/ in/ of the Pacific Ocean, to the north on/ in/ of Malaysia.
f) Senegal is on/ in/ of the west coast of Africa.
g) Finland is east on/ in/ of Sweden and Norway.

4- Complete the sentences. Write the if it’s necessary, or X if it isn’t.

a) Several international organizations, such as _the World Health Organization, and _the_
International Committee of the Red Cross have their headquarters in _X_ Geneva. This city is
in the western part of _X_ Switzerland _X_ Lake Geneva.
b) _____Roman Empire reached its most powerful point in the year 116. At this time, much
of ______ Europe, _____ Asia and parts of ______ Africa were under Rome’s control.
c) The Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world. It is a saltwater lake that is surrounded
by ______ Kazakhstan, ______ Turkmenistan, _______ Iran, ______ Azerbaijan, and
______Russia. The largest freshwater lake is ______ Lake Superior, which is located on the
border between ______ Canada, and ______ United States.
d) The explorer Marco Polo often credited with introducing pasta from______ China to his
native country, _____ Italy. Although this fact is debatable, it is known that Marco Polo did
travel to ______ Far East and is responsible for some the first introducing of eastern culture
to ______ West.
e) Can you name the tallest mountain in the world? You’ve probably learned that it’s _____
Mount Everest (8,850 meters tall) in _____ Himalaya Mountains. The top of this mountain is
the highest point on earth. But did you know that there is another mountain that is actually
taller? Its name is _______ Mauna kea, and it’s located in _____ Pacific Ocean. This
mountain is 9,750 meters tall from its bottom to its top. But since the bottom of this mountain
is on the ocean floor, it doesn’t reach as high as ______ Mount Everest.
f) ______ Gulf of Aqaba is in ______ Middle East. It separates ______ Sinai Peninsula,
which is part of ______ Egypt, from _____ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

5- Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech:

a) John said to me, “Wait five minutes for me.”

_______________________________________________________________________
b) The teacher said to us, “Don’t make so much noise.”
_______________________________________________________________________
c) He told me, “Try to come on time.”
_______________________________________________________________________
d) He begged us, “Please send me some money at once.”
_______________________________________________________________________
e) He asked us, “Please sit down for a few minutes.”
_______________________________________________________________________
f) She said to me, “Don’t forget what I have told you.”
_______________________________________________________________________
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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

g) The teacher asked us, “Please be more careful when you write your compositions.”
_______________________________________________________________________
h) He said to me angrily, “Don’t make the same mistake again.”
_______________________________________________________________________
i) The doctor said, “Come back again tomorrow.”
_______________________________________________________________________
j) I said to him, “Don’t call me again at this late hour.”
_______________________________________________________________________
k) He begged me, “Please don’t mention this to Helen.”
_______________________________________________________________________
l) I said to the boy, “Put the package inside the door.”
_______________________________________________________________________
m) The teacher said to us, “Write your compositions in ink.”
_______________________________________________________________________
n) I said to him, “Don’t ever try that same trick again.”
_______________________________________________________________________

6 - Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronoun who, whom, or which:

A. He is the salesman __________ sold me the broken radio.

B. The movie __________ we saw last night was very good.
C. Is this the book _________ you lost?
D. The teacher with _________ I studied English last year, went o the USA.
E. The car __________ John used belongs to his uncle George.

7- Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice:

A. The mad dog bit the little dog.

__________________________________________________________________________
B. They may deliver the flowers while we are out.
__________________________________________________________________________
C. We must pay the bill before the first of the month.
__________________________________________________________________________
D. They are sending Mr. Smith to Europe on a special mission.
__________________________________________________________________________
E. You should insure the package.
__________________________________________________________________________

8. Change the sentences into indirect speech:

A. He said, ‘The students need more practice in speaking.’

__________________________________________________________________________
B. He said to me, ‘I don’t feel well.’
__________________________________________________________________________
C. He said to her, ‘Don’t make so much noise.’
__________________________________________________________________________
D. She said to Peter, ‘Nobody can do that work as well as Charles.’
__________________________________________________________________________

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NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

E. He asked me, ‘Where are you going?’

__________________________________________________________________________
F. She asked me, ‘How long have you been studying English?’
__________________________________________________________________________
G. I said to him, ‘Wait outside.’
__________________________________________________________________________
H. She said to Bob, ‘Don’t go by bus.’
__________________________________________________________________________

9. Rewrite the sentences using the embedded form:

A. I don’t know, ‘Where does she live?’

__________________________________________________________________________
B. I don’t know, ‘What time is it?’
__________________________________________________________________________
C. I don’t know, ‘Where did John go?’
__________________________________________________________________________
D. I don’t know, ‘Does Helen speak English well?’
__________________________________________________________________________
E. I don’t know, ‘How long has she been studying English?’
__________________________________________________________________________
F. I don’t know, ‘What is her first name?’
__________________________________________________________________________

10. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:

A. Your telegram _______________ ( to come ) just as I ___________________ ( to leave )

B. The sun _______________ ( to shine ) brightly when I got up this morning.
C. Our class ______________ ( to begin ) every morning at 8:30 and __________________
(to end ) at 10 o’clock.
D. We occasionally ___________________ ( to go ) to the movies on Saturday.
E. Listen! Someone is _________________ ( to knock ) on the door.
F. Up to now, nothing _________________ ( to hear ) from the lost aviators.
G. John, who is now studying in the forth grade, __________________ ( to study ) English
for three years.
H. Mary _________________ ( to study ) French for a few months last year.
I. My brother __________________ ( to come ) to visit me next week.
J. At seven, when you called me, I ___________________ ( to study ).
K. While we ___________________ ( to drive ) to Chicago, we ______________ ( to have )
two flat tires.
L. John _________________ (to jump ) from his seat the minute the bell ________________
(to ring )
M. When we got home, we discovered that Mr. Smith ___________________ ( to come )
and ________________ ( to leave )
N. Mr. Brown _________________ ( to fall ) as he ___________________ ( to cross ) the
street.
O. I saw that we __________________ ( to take ) the wrong road.
P. If she had bought that new car, ________________________ ( not / to have ) so many
problems.
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 63
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

SOME PREPOSITIONS

to refrain + from to depend + on

on + first-name basis in + shape ( to be in good shape )
on + vibrate mode to be + in + pain
to register + for ( something ) to call + in + sick ( to call in sick )
to explain something + to + someone to be based + on + something
on + parts of the body at + the beginning
to have a lot + on + plate ( I have a on + the other hand
lot on my plate. ) to be compared + to
to keep an eye + on + something or on + scale ( On the Richter scale. )
something in + modern times
on + planets to work + on + something
to dream + about something to be interested + in
to look + for + someone or to have an interest + in
something to decide + on + something
to be criticized + for + something to keep something + in + mind ( to
to be criticized + by + someone keep something in mind)
on + coast to give advice + to + someone
according + to to be dressed + in + something
independence + from + country to be + in + favor + of ( to be in
to abstain + from + something favor of something or someone )
in + mountains ( Campos do Jordão to complain + about + something
is a city in the mountains. ) to die + of + something
on + calendar to vote + for + someone
to lie + about + something to be + in + office ( to be in office )
to be written + by + someone to plan + on + doing something
to be ruled + by + someone to cut back + on + something
to be recycled + from + something
to lead + to + something

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CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 64
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY
WRITING

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 65
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 1

1. Match the emoticon and the abbreviation with the phrase that has the same meaning.

A. ____________ ☺ 1. ‘Let me know.’

B. ____________ LOL 2. ‘I am smiling.’
C. ____________ IMHO 3. ‘Laughing out loud.’
D. ____________ GR8 2 C U 4. ‘By the way.’
E. _____________BTW 5. ‘In my humble opinion.’
F. _____________ LMK 6. ‘See you later.’
G. _____________ C U L8R 7. ‘Greta to see you.’
H. _____________ R U OK? 8. ‘Are you okay?’

2. Complete the chart. Write the letter of the things you should do and the things you should
not do in formal e-mail etiquette.

A. Use a title, last name, and colon to address someone you don’t know well.

B. Write in complete sentences.

C. Use correct spelling.

D. Use emoticons.

E. Use all lower-case letters.

F. Punctuate carefully.

G. Date the e-mail.

H. End with your name.

I. Close the e-mail as a formal letter, for example, Thank you so much.

J. Include abbreviations.

K. Use a first name and comma to address someone you know.

Do’s:
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Don’ts:
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 66
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

Unit 1 – ESSAY

1. Write two e-mail messages – one formal and the other one informal – telling someone
about the cultural traditions in Brazil.

@ For the formal e-mail, imagine you are writing to a business man who is coming to
Brazil on a business trip.

@ For the informal e-mail, imagine you are writing to a friend from another country
who is coming to Brazil as a tourist.

Formal e-mail:

To
Subject

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 67
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

Informal e-mail:

To
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 68
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 2

1. Circle the word that correctly completes the sentences:

A. A very painful ankle may require and X-ray. A painful tooth may require one,
___________.
( a ) too ( b ) similarly

B. __________ acupuncture and spiritual healing are considered holistic medicine, not
conventional medicine.
( a ) Whereas ( b ) Both

C. Doctors that prescribe conventional medications must have a medical degree.

___________,
Doctors that prescribe natural medications don’t have to have one.
( a ) On the other hand ( b ) Likewise

D. ____________ a slight headache, a severe headache might need a painkiller.

( a ) Whereas ( b ) Unlike

E. You need a prescription to buy antibiotics. ____________, you don’t need a prescription
to buy vitamins or some painkillers.
( a ) However ( b ) Similarly

Paragraph writing.

A. Look at the chart comparing Chinese health massage and acupuncture. Write a short
paragraph comparing the two. Use these ideas or your own ideas.

Chinese health massage Acupuncture

has been used for a very long time has been used for thousands of years
increases energy flow in the body increases energy flow throughout the body
helps the body’s immune or defense system improves the body’s immune or defense
system

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 69
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B. Look at the chart contrasting the Japanese and American healthcare systems. Write a short
paragraph contrasting the two. Use these ideas or your own.

Japanese health system American health system

universal healthcare system ( available to all not universal
citizens )
Japanese employees pay more for healthcare American employees do not pay more if they
if the are overweight. are overweight.
Healthcare companies are not allowed to Healthcare companies can make profit.
make profit.
Employers are encouraged to check the Employers cannot check the weight of
weight of employees. Higher weight tends to employees. It is against the law.
indicate a less healthy employee.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 70
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 71
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 2

Compare two types of medical treatment. Use the Reading on page 20 and your own
experiences and ideas. Consider the following questions:

1. How are the two medical treatments similar or different?

2. Which treatment do you think is more effective?
3. Why might people chose each treatment?
4. Which treatments do you – or people you know – use? Why?
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 72
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 3

1. Complete the sentences using a personal example:

A. I am a very organized person. For example, _____________________________________

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B. Some people are good at making a budget, but I am not one of them. Whenever
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C. I feel great every time ______________________________________________________

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D. There are a lot of times I have to run late for an appointment. For instance, ____________
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E. I used to be a terrible procrastinator. When I was _________________________________

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F. The people where I live are so nice, and they always help me in a lot of ways, such as
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 73
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 3

Do you think being a procrastinator is a serious problem? Explain your views by giving
examples from personal experience.

Some possible examples:

1. getting things repaired

2. having things cleaned
3. paying bills
4. making plans for a vacation
5. keeping in touch with people

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 74
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 4

1. Read the sentences and check true or false.

True False

A. A summary of a long reading provides a lot of

details about the topic. ( ) ( )

B. When you write a good summary, focus on the main

details. ( ) ( )

C. The mains ideas of a reading do not give enough ( ) ( )

information to tell the story.

D. For a short reading, step number one of writing

a summary is to identify the details. ( ) ( )

E. You should use your own words in the summary. ( ) ( )

F. It helps to answer basic information questions about

the reading before writing the summary. ( ) ( )

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 75
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 4

Is reading important? Explain your reasons!

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 76
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 5

ESSAY 5 - A

1. Write about how to prepare for an emergency. Chose an emergency and include
information on what to do, what supplies to have, and what preparations to make. Look
at the list of supplies and resources. Number them in order of their importance for the
emergency you chose. Write notes about why each one is important. Use your notes to
help you write about how to prepare for your emergency.

Type of emergency: _________________________________________________________

Supplies and resources Notes

non-perishable food
bottled water
batteries
cell phones
smart phones
GPS devices
medications
phone numbers

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 77
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 5 - B

The climate of world has been changing? Why’s that? What can be done to prevent
these changes?

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 78
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 6

1. Read the following short biography of the famous female aviator, Amelia Earhart. Choose
the correct headings and write them to divide the paragraphs into sections. You will NOT use
all the headings.

Headings:

Amelia’s Education Amelia’s Marriage

Amelia’s Mysterious Disappearance Amelia’s Flying records
Amelia’s Family Life Amelia’s Love of Flying
Amelia’s Childhood Years

Amelia Earhart

Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. At three years old she
went to live with her grandparents who lived fifty miles away. Amelia was a tomboy, and
loved snow sledding and climbing trees. She lived with her grandparents until she was ten.
At ten she moved back with her parents and her youngest sister, Muriel.

Amelia saw her first airplane at the 1908 Iowa State Fair. At this fair, there was a stunt-flying
exhibition, and it fascinated Amelia. It was here, as she watched these planes twirling and
swooshing, that Amelia fell in love with the idea of flying. Amelia actually had to wait
thirteen years to take her first ride in a plane, and just six months after that, she bought her
first plane. It was bright yellow and she called it Canary.

Amelia was very competitive, and entered many flying contests over the next several years.
She continually broke the records of other aviators. To mention just a few:
In June of 1928, she became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic.
In May of 1932, she became the second person to fly solo across the Atlantic.
From August 24 to 25, 1032, she flew a solo nonstop flight from the west coast of the United
States, to the east coast, making her the first woman to do that.
From April 24 to 25, 1935, she was the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 79
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At the age of 40, in 1937, Amelia Earhart wanted to be the first woman to fly around the
world. She and her navigator took off from Oakland, California, and flew to Miami, then
through the Caribbean to Brazil and through Africa to India. After India, they flew to
Bangkok, Indonesia, Australia, and then Papua New Guinea. From Papua Nee Guinea, they
flew toward Howard Island, 2,200 miles away. They never arrived, and despite extensive
searches, they were never found.
No one knows for sure what happened to Amelia and her navigator, but the world knows that
Amelia is one of the most important and influential aviators in history.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 80
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

E SS A Y 6 - A

Write your own biography. Divide it in headings ( My birth, My parents, My childhood,

May studies, My family, My achievements, My regrets ) or any other information.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 81
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 6 - B

What are some of the things you should have done in life and some you shouldn’t?

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 82
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 7

ESSAY - 7

Describe the most famous holiday celebrated in Brazil. Include as many details as you
can.

What kind of holiday is it?

When is it celebrated?
How is it celebrated?
What do people eat/ drink / say / wear, etc?
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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 83
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 8

1. Read the article. Write the main idea of each paragraph on the line. Then write your own
summary paragraph at the end of the article.

Global Positioning Systems

If you’ve ever said, “ I wish I knew where I was going” or “ If only there were some way to
find this address” then it may be time to consider buying yourself a Global Positioning
System.

Main idea: _________________________________________________________________

Let’s look at some of the uses of a GPS device. Maybe you travel a lot by car and cannot
look at a paper map to find your way around. There is a GPS for cars that speaks to you and
tell you exactly how to get to your destination. Maybe you are a golfer who has lost his golf
ball and you need to find it on the field. There is a GPS for this. How about you are a runner
and want to track your speed, distance, and the courses you run. Well, there is a GPS fro this
too.

Main idea: _________________________________________________________________

What kind of GPS devices are there? Well, GPS devices come in all kinds of shapes and
sizes, and are available in a variety of prices. Some are small and can for into a pocket, and
others are waterproof. And for some people who don’t like to carry anything extra with them,
GPS systems are also available on smart phones.

Main idea: _________________________________________________________________

Summary paragraph:

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 84
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 8

Summarize a book you have read or a movie you have seen.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 85
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

IMPROVING YOUR WRITING 9

1. Read the issues listed below. Choose one issue and underline it. Then in the chart write
three arguments in favor of ( pros ) and three arguments against ( cons ) the issue.

Issues:

# Prohibiting students to use cell phones in class.

# Banning certain books from school libraries.
# Censorship of violent movies.

Pros Cons

2. Write at least two paragraphs about the issue you chose in the exercise above. Include both
the pros and cons of the issue. Use the expressions for introducing contrasting ideas.

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 86
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

ESSAY 9

Are you in favor or against the death penalty? Write the pros and cons.

Organize your ideas:

Pros Cons

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 CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 87
NAME:_____________________________________________DATE:__/___/___

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CABS- CENTER OF AMERICAN AND BRITSH STUDIES 88
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DVD
CLASSES

88