Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Lecture on

Simple Strain

Md. Robiul Islam

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET)
Rajshahi-6204

1
 Mechanics of Solids

Course Title: Mechanics of Solids

Course No: ME 3155

Reference Book

• Strength of Materials By Andrew Pytel and Ferdinand L. Singer

• Strength of Materials By William A. Nash, Ph.D.

• Strength of Materials Dr. Ahmed

2
 Mechanics of Solids
Course to be lessoned/taught as chapter
1. Chapter-01: Simple Stress

2. Chapter-02: Simple Strain

3. Chapter-03: Torsion

4. Chapter-04: Shear and Moment in Beams

5. Chapter-05: Stresses in Beams

6. Chapter-06: Beam Deflections

7. Chapter-09: Combined Stresses

8. Chapter-11: Columns
5/25/2022 3
 Simple Stress
Engineering Mechanics has three fundamental areas such as
• Statics
• Dynamics
• Strength of Materials
Statics and Dynamics are devoted Primarily to the study of the
external effects of forces on rigid bodies for which the change in
shape (deformation) can be neglected.
In contrast, Strength of Materials deals with the relations between
externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies.
Moreover bodies is no longer assumed to be rigid; deformation
however small are of major interest.
4
 Simple Stress
The Engineer must consider both dimensions and materials
properties to satisfy requirements of strength and rigidity.
Difference Between Rigid Body Mechanics and Strength of
Materials
Rigid Body Mechanics Strength of Materials
It is devoted Primarily to the It deals with the relations
study of the external effects of between externally applied
forces on rigid bodies. loads and their internal effects
on bodies.
Bodies must be rigid only Bodies is no longer assumed to
be rigid
Change in shape (deformation) Change in shape (deformation)
can be neglected are of major interest.
5
 Simple Stress

The primary objective of the Strength of material / Mechanic of

Material is the development of relationships between the loads
applied to a non-rigid body and the internal forces and deformations
induced in the body.
Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that develops
relationships between the external loads applied to a deformable
body and the intensity of internal forces acting within the body. This
subject is also concerned with computing the deformations of the
body, and it provides a study of the body's stability when the body is
subjected to external forces.

6
 Simple Strain
Difference between Stress and strength
Stress is the intensity of force/resistance per unit area at
any condition due to applied force on a body.
On the other hand, Strength is the stress at time of
failure that a structure can withstands.
Stress is a measure of the load applied to a sample
relative to a cross sectional area of the sample. Strength
is a quantification of the samples ability to carry a load.
Stress is the force per unit area, it depends on area of
structure, while Strength is the resistance to maximum stress at the
time of failure, it does not depend on area.
7
 Simple Strain
Strain
Simple Strain
It is also known as unit deformation.
Strain is the ratio of the change in
length caused by the applied force to
Fig: 01
the original length. Now from fig. 01
𝛿
Strain as, 𝜖 =
𝐿

where δ is the deformation and L is

the original length, thus ε is
dimensionless.
8
 Simple Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression
testing machine. As the axial load is gradually increased in
increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at
each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the
specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and
length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be
obtained.
The graph of these quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and
the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram.

9
 Simple Strain
The stress-strain diagram
differs in form for various
materials. The diagram
shown in fig. 02 below is
that for a medium carbon
structural steel.
Metallic engineering
materials are classified as
Fig. 02
either ductile or brittle
materials.

10
 Simple Strain
A ductile material is one having
relatively large tensile strains
up to the point of rupture like
structural steel and aluminum,
whereas brittle materials has a
relatively small strain up to the
point of rupture like cast iron
and concrete. An arbitrary
strain of 0.05 mm/mm is
Fig. 02
frequently taken as the dividing
line between these two classes.
11
 Simple Strain
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)
From the origin O to the point P called proportional limit, the stress-
strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation
and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in
1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the
stress is directly proportional to strain or
𝜎 ∝ 𝜖 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
The constant of proportionality E is called the Modulus of Elasticity or
Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram
from O to P.

12
 Simple Strain
ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer
go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the
maximum stress that may be developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely
removed.
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES
The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to R is called the plastic range.
YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable
elongation or yielding without any increase in load.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate
strength or tensile strength.

13
 Simple Strain
RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also
known as the breaking strength.
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material
as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/𝑚3 . This may be
calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O
to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The
resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without
creating a permanent distortion.
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material
as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/𝑚3 . This may
be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O
to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy
without causing it to break.
14
 Simple Strain
WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY
When designing machine parts, it is desirable to keep the stress lower
than the maximum or ultimate stress at which failure of the material
takes place. This stress is known as the working stress.

The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the
allowable stress.

The factor of safety is the ratio of the maximum stress to the working
stress.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

15
 Simple Strain
AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is
proportional to strain and is given by 𝜎 ∝ 𝜖 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖……….(1)
since σ = P / A and 𝜖 = δ / L,
Putting the value of σ and 𝜖 in equation (1)
then P / A = E δ / L Solving for δ,

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a
uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the
proportional limit.
16
 Simple Strain
AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is
proportional to strain and is given by 𝜎 ∝ 𝜖 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖……….(1)
since σ = P / A and 𝜖 = δ / L,
Putting the value of σ and 𝜖 in equation (1)
then P / A = E δ / L Solving for δ,

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a
uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the
proportional limit.
17
 Simple Strain

Shearing Deformation: Shearing forces cause shearing deformation.

An element subject to shear does not change in length but undergoes
a change in shape from a rectangle to parallelogram as shown in fig-1.

The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element

is called the shear strain and is expressed as
𝜹𝒔
𝜸=
𝑳
18
 Simple Strain

More preciously the sharing strain is defined as the angular change

between two perpendicular faces of a differential element.
Shearing stress is defined as ratio of the shear force per unit of shear
𝑽
area. Now Shearing stress 𝝉 =
𝑨𝒔

The ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear strain γ is called
the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity and is
denoted as G, in Mpa.
𝝉
Now, Modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity, 𝑮 = …..(1)
𝜸

The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied

shearing force is 19
 Simple Strain

The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied

shearing force is found by putting the value of 𝜸 and 𝝉 in equation (1)
𝑽
𝝉 𝑨𝒔 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿
as 𝑮 = = 𝜹𝒔 ⇒𝐺= ⇒ 𝛿𝑠 =
𝜸 𝑳
𝐴𝑠 𝛿𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝐺

where V is the shearing force acting over an area As.

20
 Simple Strain
Problem 209/210
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total
change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably
braced to prevent lateral buckling.

We Know that,

21
 Simple Strain
Problem 211
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as
shown in Fig. P-211. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation
of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in
the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is
suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 GPa, 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70 GPa,
and 𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 GPa.
Solution:
FBD is given bellow:

22
Simple Strain

23
 Simple Strain
Problem 212
A rigid bar ABC shown in fig
is hinged at A and supported
by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P
that can be applied at C if the
stress in the steel rod is
limited to 30 ksi and vertical
movement of end C must not
exceed 0.10 in.
Solution: Free-body is given bellow:

24
Simple Strain

25
 Simple Strain
Problem 213
A rigid bar AB is attached to two
vertical rods as shown in fig is
horizontal before the load P is
applied. Determine the vertical
movement of P if its magnitude is
50 kN
Solution: Free-body is given bellow:

26
 Simple Strain

Problem: 214, 215 From Singer Book

Movement diagram:

27
 Simple Strain
Thermal Stress
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The
amount deformation 𝛿𝑇 , is given by 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the

length in meter, and 𝑇𝑖 and 𝑇𝑓 are the initial and final temperatures,
respectively in °C.
For steel, α = 11.25 × 106 m/m °C.
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or
stress will be induced in the structure. In some cases where
temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal forces are
created. The stress created by these internal forces is termed as
thermal stress.
For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as
shown, the thermal stress is computed as:
28
 Simple Strain
Deformation due to temperature changes 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
Deformation due to equivalent axial stress;

where σ is the thermal stress in MPa and E is the modulus of elasticity

of the rod in MPa.

29
 Simple Strain
If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations
will be made:
𝛿𝑇 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑃
𝜎𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = 𝑥 +
𝐸
where σ represents the thermal stress.
Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will
be in compression, and if the temperature drops below the normal,
the rod is in tension.

30
 Simple Strain

Problem 265: A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of

320 mm2 is placed between two rigid walls as shown in Fig. P-265. At
a temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 2.5 mm. Find the temperature at
which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use α = 18.0
× 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.
Solution:
The wall yields a distance of Δ
So we can write
𝛿𝑇 = Δ + 𝛿𝑃

FBD
31
 Simple Strain

So 𝛼𝐿 Δ𝑇 = 2.5 + 𝜎𝐿 𝐸

⇒ 18 × 10−6 3 Δ𝑇 = 2.5 × 10−3 + 35 × 106 × (3)/(80 × 109 )

⇒ 54 × 10−6 Δ𝑇 = 2.5 × 10−3 + 105/(80 × 103 )
⇒ Δ𝑇 = 70.6∘ 𝐶
⇒ 𝑇 = 70.6 − 20
𝑇 = 50.6∘ 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

32
 Simple Strain

Problem 266: Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of

the compound bar shown in Fig. P-266 if the temperature increases
by 100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is
suitably braced against buckling.
Solution: FBD

33
 Simple Strain

We Know that 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 We know that,

Since 𝛿𝑃 = 𝛿𝑇

34
 Simple Strain

Problem 269: As shown in Fig. P-269, there is a gap between the

aluminum bar and the rigid slab that is supported by two copper
bars. At 10°C, Δ = 0.18 mm. Neglecting the mass of the slab, calculate
the stress in each rod when the temperature in the assembly is
increased to 95°C. For each copper bar, A = 500 mm2, E = 120 GPa,
and α = 16.8 µm/(m·°C). For the aluminum bar, A = 400 mm2, E = 70
GPa, and α = 23.1 µm/(m·°C).

35
 Simple Strain
We Know that 𝛿 𝑎𝑙 𝑇 = 𝛿(𝑎𝑙)𝑃 + 0.18 × 10−3

𝜎𝐿
⇒ 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 𝑎𝑙 𝑇= ( )(𝑎𝑙)𝑃 +0.18 × 10−3
𝐸
𝜎𝑎𝑙 × (0.75 − 0.00018)
⇒ 23.1 × 10−6 × 0.75 − 0.00018 × 95 − 10 = + 0.18 × 10 −3
70 × 109
⇒ 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 120.64 × 106
⇒ 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 120.64 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Answer
Again,
𝛿 𝐶𝑢 𝑇 = 𝛿(𝐶𝑢)𝑃

𝜎𝐿
⇒ 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 𝐶𝑢 𝑇 = ( )
𝐸 (𝐶𝑢)𝑃
𝜎𝐶𝑢 × (0.75)
⇒ 16.8 × 10−6 × 0.75 × 95 − 10 =
120 × 109
⇒ 𝜎𝐶𝑢 = 171.36 × 106
⇒ 𝜎𝐶𝑢 = 171.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Answer 36
 Simple Strain
Problem 271: A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in
Fig. P-271. If W = 80 kN, compute the temperature change that will
cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55 MPa. Assume the coefficients
of linear expansion are 11.7 µm/(m·°C) for steel and 18.9 µm/(m·°C)
for bronze.
Solution: FBD

𝑀𝐴 = 0
Now, 𝑃𝑠𝑡 × 1 + 𝑃𝐵𝑟 × 4 = 80 × 103 × 2.5
⇒ 𝑃𝑠𝑡 +4𝑃𝐵𝑟 = 200 × 103 ………………….(1) 37
 Simple Strain
As free expansion takes place so temperature change will no provide
any stress. Thus stress only due to force.
Pst = σst × Ast = 55 × 106 × 320 × 10−6 = 17600 𝑁
From Equation no (1), we get PBr = 45600 𝑁
From Similarity triangle,

δst δBr
=
1 4
⇒ δBr = 4δst
⇒ δ(Br)W +δ Br T = 4(δ st W +δ st T )
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
⇒ + 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 =4 + 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝑟
𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡
38
 Simple Strain
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
⇒ + 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 =4 + 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝑟
𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡
45600 × 3 −6
⇒ −6 9
+ 18.9 × 10 × 3 × ∆𝑇
1300 × 10 × 83 × 10
17600 × 1.5 −6
=4 −6 9
+ 11.7 × 10 × 1.5 × ∆𝑇
320 × 10 × 200 × 10
⇒ 1.27 × 10−3 + 56.7 × 10−6 × ∆𝑇
= 1.65 × 10−3 + 70.2 × 10−6 × ∆𝑇
⇒ 13. 5 × 10−6 × ∆𝑇 = −0.38 × 10−3
⇒ ∆𝑇 = − 28.14°C
The temperature should be lowered by 28.14°C
Problem 258, 268,272, 273 From Singer Book
39
 Simple Strain

Thanks to All

40