Modeling a Concrete Building Using ETABS-2016

Draw Grid & Define Stories:

Model Initialization:
 Use built-in settings with (Display units (metric SI) -> OK.
New Model Quick Templates:
 Insert number of grids & spacing -> Edit Grid Labels.
 Custom Grid Spacing -> Edit Grid Data -> Display Grid Data as Spacing -> edit spacing.
 Edit Bubble Size -> OK.
Story Dimensions:
 Insert number of stories and heights.
 Custom Story Data -> Edit Story Data -> Story name (first slab on elevation 0, last story is the floor, it is the
floor of each story) – story height (height below the floor) – elevation of raft top – Master Story & Similar
to -> OK.
Add Structural Objects:
 Choose “Grid Only” ->OK.
 Windows, plans, elevations…etc.
 Draw -> Draw Developed Elevation Definition -> name it -> OK -> draw line of elevation needed.

Define Materials & Sections:

Concrete:
 Define -> Material Properties -> name, type (concrete), isotropic, weight per unit volume, modulus of
elasticity [4700*sqrt*(f’c)], U =0.2, A=0.00001.
 Modify Material Property Design Data -> f’c.
Reinforcement:
 Define -> Material Properties -> name (transversal steel), type (rebar), weight per unit volume, modulus
of elasticity, A.
 Modify Material Property Design Data -> Fy,Fu=1.25Fy,Fye=1.1Fy,Fue=1.1*1.25Fy.
 Define horizontal steel similarly.
Beams:
 Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Add New Property -> Concrete Shape -> inset name
(width then depth), material, shape, dimensions, ->Reinforcement -> modify/show Rebar -> design type
M3 (Beam), Rebar Materials, cover (10% of depth) -> OK.
 Define all sections of Beams.
Columns:
 Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Add New Property -> Concrete Shape -> inset name
(width then depth), material, shape, dimensions (depth is the greatest), ->Reinforcement -> modify/show
Rebar -> design type P, M2, M3 (Column), Rebar Materials, Reinforcement and ties, choose “Check” or
”Design”, if we choose “Check” we should insert all data below, cover (25mm) -> OK.
 Define all sections of Columns.
Import Sections: *** (for steel works)
 Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Import New Properties -> choose Code -> choose the list
-> OK
Section Designer: ***
 Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Add New Property -> Special -> Section Designer ->
Name, Material, Design Type (usually Composite), choose “Check” or “Design” ->Section Designer.
 Draw Column section and reinforcement -> right click on section to edit it -> right click on edge and corner
bars and edit it.
 Draw steel angle -> edit its position (using Reshape object and Replicate) and dimensions -> OK.
Non-Prismatic Section: ***
  Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Add New Property -> Define all Sections of Prismatic
shape -> Add New Property – Special -> Non-prismatic Section -> Name-> insert start and end sections,
length type (Proportional), EI33 (bh3/12-cubic), EI22 (bh3/12-Linear) ->OK
 Draw Non-prismatic column -> edit insertion point (select column -> assign -> Frame -> insertion Point -
>change cardinal point as we need).
Auto Select List:***
 Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Add New Property -> Auto Select List -> Name, Type ->
choose List -> import chosen list ->OK.
 Draw Column -> choose type as defined.
General Section: ***
 Define -> Section Properties -> Frame Sections -> Add New Property -> General -> Name, material ->
modify/ Show section properties -> modify all properties as calculated in AutoCAD.
General Notes: ***
 Copy to SD section means to copy a section to “Section Designer”.
 Export to XML file is to make a database of section you can import it later as “Import Sections”.
Slabs:
 Define -> Section Properties -> Slab Sections -> Add New Property -> Name, material, Modeling type
(usually Shell Thin for slabs), Color, Type and details -> OK
Walls:
 Define -> Section Properties -> Wall Sections -> Add New Property -> Name, material, property type
(usually specified), Modeling type (Shell Thin for walls), Color, thickness -> OK

Define of Loads, Combinations, Modal Cases and Mass Source:

Loads:
 Define -> Load Patterns -> insert new notes of load -> Add new load -> OK.
Load Type Multiplier Auto Lateral Load remark
SW Dead 1 - Self weight
SIDL Super dead 0 -
LLR Reducible Live 0 - Only in residence
LL 1, 2, … Live 0 - Non residence
LR Roof Live 0 - We can use only
the largest of LR &
SN Snow 0 -
SN
WP Other 0 - Water pressure
SP Other 0 - Soil pressure
Ex Seismic 0 UBC97
Ey Seismic 0 UBC97
Seismic Loads:
 Define -> Load Patterns -> insert new notes of load -> Add new load -> OK.
Load Type Multiplier Auto Lateral Load Remark
Ex Seismic 0 UBC97
Ey Seismic 0 UBC97
 Select Ex -> Modify Lateral Load -> uncheck “X Dir”, “Y Dir”, “ Y Dir + eccentricity”, “ Y Dir - eccentricity”,
Ct = 0.02, R=5.5, check “User Defined”, Ca = 0.29, Cv = 0.4 -> OK.
 Repeat for Ey.
Wind Loads:
 Define -> Load Patterns -> insert new notes of load -> Add new load -> OK.
Load Type Multiplier Auto Lateral Load Remark
WL Wind 0 UBC97
 Select WL -> Modify Lateral Load -> Insert Wind speed (Mph), Exposure Type- B, Windward Cq = 0.8,
Leeward Cq = 0.5, modify show (similar elevations 0, 90)(different elevations 0 90,180,270)(very different
0,45,90,135,180,225,270,315), check exposure to Diaphragms, Bottom story is GF slab -> OK.
 Load Combinations:
 Define -> Load Combinations -> Add default Design Combos -> Check “Concrete Shear Wall Design” &
“Convert to User Combinations” -. Ok.
 Edit the existing Combinations as the following table:
Combos SW DL LL LS SN W Ex Ey Remark
or or
LC Lr
C1:D 1.4 1.4
C2:D+L+S 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.5
C3:D+S+L 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 1.6
C4:D+L+S+W 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.3
C5:D+L+S-W 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 -1.3
C6:D+S+W 1.2 1.2 1.6 0.8
C7:D+S-W 1.2 1.2 1.6 -0.8
C8:D+W 0.9 0.9 1.3
C9:D-W 0.9 0.9 -1.3
C10:D+L+S+Ex 1.4795 1.4795 0.55 1.1 0.22 1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I)
C11:D+L+S-Ex 1.4795 1.4795 0.55 1.1 0.22 -1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I)
C12:D+L+S+Ey 1.4795 1.4795 0.55 1.1 0.22 1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I)
C13:D+L+S-Ey 1.4795 1.4795 0.55 1.1 0.22 -1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I)
C14:D+Ex 0.8305 0.8305 1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)
C15:D-Ex 0.8305 0.8305 -1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)
C16:D+Ey 0.8305 0.8305 1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)
C17:D-EY 0.8305 0.8305 -1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)
All combinations type is “Linear Add”
Modal Cases:
 Define -> Modal Cases -> Modify -> Modal Case Sub Type “Ritz”, Maximum Number Of Modes “number of
stories * 3”, Add three Load applied -> Load type “Acceleration” for all, Ux,Uy,Uz, Ratio 90% -> OK.
Mass Source:
 Define -> Mass Source -> Modify -> In Mass source, check only “ Specified Load Patterns” and add (SW,1),
(DL,1),(LS,0.25) -> In Mass Options, uncheck only “Include Vertical Mass” -> OK.

Draw:
Walls:
 Select all stories -> Draw all walls with any thickness -> drawing always from down to up and from left to
right -> Use “replicate” & “Move” and never use “Mirror”.
 Select “Pier” for complete walls and “Spandrel” above openings between two walls> for “Spandrel” insert
depth value below or above, and select “yes” in auto spandrel IDs.
 Delete openings in basements and replace it by walls, be careful to select “One Story”.
 Define -> Pier Labels -> Add labels for all piers (P1L, P1R, P2L, P3L1, P3L2, P4LL, P4LR, P4LB …).
 Select All Stories -> Assign -> Shell -> Pier Label -> Select Label and Wall -> Apply -> Do for all labels and
walls.
 Select -> Select -> Object Type -> Walls -> Select.
 Assign -> Shell -> Wall Auto Mesh Options -> check “Auto Rectangular Mesh” -> Advance Modify Auto
Rectangular Mesh -> Mesh Size 1m -> OK -> OK.
 Select One Story -> Show elevation -> Select Bottom Wall -> Save -> Edit -> Edit Shells -> Divide Shells ->
check “Divide Quadrilaterals into Areas” as auto -> Ok (Repeat for All Bottom Walls). (Note: Draw
Developed Elevation Definition to divide Walls not on Axis).
  -> General -> View by colors of “Section Properties” -> Edit colors of each section.
 View -> Set 3d View -> choose plane -> insert 0 for Aperture -> ok.
  Select the three top stories walls -> assign -> shells -> Wall Section -> start with 25 cm first and add 5cm
each three stories downward.
Columns:
 Select all stories -> Draw all Columns with any section -> choose “Pinned” in Moment Releases.
 Hide walls from  -> Select each type of columns -> Right click -> show selected objects only.
 View -> Set 3d View -> choose plane -> insert 0 for Aperture -> ok.
 Select columns and edit it as related to sections (Assign -> Frame -> section property).
 Columns in flat slabs and in voids must be continuous (Select these columns -> assign -> Frame ->
releases/partial fixities -> no release).
Retaining Walls:
 Select One story -> go to the bottom story -> Draw Retaining walls.
 Select -> Select -> Properties -> wall Sections -> retaining walls -> Replicate -> by story.
 Mesh and Divide and Pier Label??!!
Beams:
 Draw all beams as details -> select “continuous” for Moment Releases, (beams must reach the wall
centerline).
 Select beam -> assign -> Frame Loads -> Distributed -> SID load, load value.
Frames:

 New model -> metric units -> This example is in xz-plane, it has 4 x-axis and 1 y-axis and 2 stories -> edit
spacing -> go to elevation.
 Draw Beams with any section.
 Select Joint -> Assign -> Joints -> Restraints.
Joint Translation x Translation y Translation z Rotation x Rotation y Rotation z
A-1      
A-4   
B-4 
C-3     
 For (B-2):Select Joint -> Assign -> Joints -> Springs -> Modify -> Add New Property -> Name, translation z
value -> add.
 Pin is related to Members. We select member -> Assign -> Frame -> Release -> check Torsion, moment 22,
moment 33 (start or end), if a member is released from both ends -> we cannot check both torsion, so we
check only one torsion.
 Loads: Select Beam -> Assign -> Frame Load -> Distributed -> Gravity or Z- project or local axis.
  To add point Load we must draw a joint -> Draw -> Draw Joint Object, Select Joint -> assign -> Joint load ->
force or Ground Displacement.
 To edit inertia, Select Beam -> Assign -> Frame -> Property Modifiers -> we change only moment of inertia
about 3 (because we took at the beginning xz-plane).
 Divide the Beam when there is a point load: Select Beam and Joint -> Edit -> Edit Frames -> Divide Frames
-> check “Break at intersection with selected frames and joints”.
 Select all beams -> Assign -> Frame -> Frame auto mesh options -> check “Auto mesh at Intermediate
joints and intersecting frames/edges” -> select all beams -> assign -> Frame -> output stations -> max
station spacing (500 mm) -> ok.
 Analyze -> set active degree of freedom -> select xz plane.
 Define -> Load Pattern -> set 0 to multiplier of self weight -> modify load.
 Run Analysis.
Slabs:
 Draw Slabs as details.
 Select -> Select -> properties -> Slab sections -> select specific section.
 Assign -> Shell Loads -> Uniform -> insert Loads for slab (or frame load for beams)
 Assign -> shells -> floor auto mesh options ->check “Default” -> advanced modify Auto rectangular mesh
settings -> mesh Size (1 m) -> ok.
 Analyze -> check model -> length tolerance for checks 1mm, check all thing except that to fix -> ok.
 If there are warnings, select -> select -> labels -> the type and the name in the needed story -> select ->
right click -> show selected objects only -> Solve the warnings and errors.
 To replicate slabs and beams, one story -> select everything -> select -> select -> object type -> deselect
everything except floors and beams -> edit -> replicate -> story -> choose the needed story -> edit
sections and loads.
 Ramp, draw line with no section -> edit -> extrude -> extrude frame to shell.
 Columns in flat slabs and in voids must be continuous (Select these columns -> assign -> Frame ->
releases/partial fixities -> no release).
 Beams that are supported on another beam must be pinned.
 In ribbed slabs, slabs must be divided when the rib is on beam -> select all beams and slab -> edit -> edit
shell -> divide shell -> check “ cookie cut floor objects at selected frame objects” & “extend frames to
shell edges”.

Assign:
Supports:
 Select “one story -> go to raft plan -> select all Joints -> Assign -> joints -> Restraints -> check all restraints.
Property Modifiers:
 Select -> select -> objects Type -> columns -> assign -> Frame -> Property Modifiers -> I22=I33=0.7
 Select -> select -> objects Type -> Beams -> assign -> Frame -> Property Modifiers -> I22=I33=0.35,
Torsional constant = 0.2
Stiffness Modifiers:
 Select -> select -> objects Type -> Floors -> assign -> shell -> Stiffness Modifiers ->
f11=f22=f12=m11=m22=m12=0.25
 Select -> select -> objects Type -> walls -> assign -> shell -> Stiffness Modifiers -> f11=f22=f12=0.7,
m11=m22=m12=0.1
 Select -> select -> Labels -> Spandrel Labels -> select all -> Assign -> shell -> Stiffness Modifiers ->
f11=f22=f12=0.35, m11=m22=m12=0.1
End Length Offsets:
 Select -> select -> object Type -> Beams -> Assign -> Frame end length Offsets -> rigid zone factor=0.5,
check “weight based on clear length”. ( 0 rigid means 100% fixed  1 means less fixed) .
Frame Mesh:
 Select -> select -> object Type -> Beams, columns & null lines -> assign -> frame -> auto mesh options ->
check “Auto mesh at Intermediate joints and intersecting frames/edges” -> ok.
  Previous selection -> assign -> Frame -> Frame floor meshing Options -> check “Include selected frame
objects in mesh” ->ok.
 Previous selection -> assign -> frame -> Output stations -> max station spacing = 1 m.
Reducible Live Load:
 Design -> live load reduction factor -> check Tributary area -> select ASCE7-10 –Ok.
Diaphragm:
 Select -> select -> stories -> select all stories except raft and top roof -> select -> assign -> shell ->
diaphragms -> modify -> add new Property -> check “rigid” -> ok.
Relabel:
 Edit -> auto relabel all -> ok.
Check model:
 Analyze -> check model -> length tolerance for checks 1mm, check all thing except that to fix -> ok.

Analysis and Results:

Analysis:
 Analyze -> Set load cases to run ->check “calculate diaphragm centers of rigidity” -> Run now.
Results:
 Deformed shapes: Show deformation and read values (Case, Combo & mode), (Be careful that Mode 1 is
not by Torsion).
 Frames: Go to elevations -> read moment and shear Diagrams for frames after check “frame”.
 Shear Walls: Select shear walls and show it only -> go to elevations -> we can read shell stresses (not
important) or pier stresses (important) but after check “Pier”.
 Spandrels: go to elevations -> we can read shell stresses (not important) or pier stresses (important) but
after check “Spandrel”.
 Slabs: Go to Plan -> Display shell stress (M11-M22-M12,…) for all slabs.
 Original Results: Model explorer -> Tables -> analysis -> Results -> Reactions -> Base Reactions

Calibration:
Eccentricity:
 It is better that ex<0.2 Dx & ey<0.2 Dy (ex and ey are distances from center of mass to the story and the
center of rigidity to the structure, Dx & Dy are the full dimensions of the story).
 Model explorer -> Tables -> analysis -> Results -> Structural Results -> Centers of Mass and Rigidity ->
copy XCM, YCM, XCR & YCR and compare them as above.
Modal Cases:
 Static Equation:

 Dynamic Equation:
  Etabs simple application: 2 x-axis, 1 y-axis & 2 stories
 Define Materials (E), section and modal cases (Eigen).
 Delete self weight from DL in Load Pattern.
 Draw the structure -> select a Joint.
 Assign -> Joint -> Additional mass ->insert mass.
 Define -> mass source -> modify – check only “additional mass”.
 Analyze -> set active degrees of freedom -> uncheck all except “Ux”.
 Analyze -> set load cases to run -> run only modal -> run now.
 Model explorer -> analysis -> tables -> Results -> modal results
-> Modal participating ratio (Sum Ux & Sum Uy must be greater than 90),
if it is less than 90 -> add number of modal cases.
 Period (T) = 0.1 to 0.2 number stories.
 The greatest period must not be for torsion mode.
 Mode of x dir is when Ux is bigger, Mode of y dir is when Uy is bigger, Mode of torsion is when Rz is
bigger.
Structural Irregularities:
 If L/L1 >1.3 (L and L1 are horizontal dimensions of two adjacent stories).
 If shear wall is not above another shear wall (shear wall is on columns and beams).
 If Openings in slab more than half the total area.
 If there is Non rectangular slabs.
 Soft Story: if Ki < 0.7*Ki+1 or Ki <0.8*(Ki+1+Ki+2+Ki+3)/3 , (K is Stiffness)
*Modal explorer -> analysis -> tables -> results -> structure results -> story stiffness -> select
Ex1 the Ey1 and compare stiffness.
 Heavy Story: if Mi >1.5*Mi+1 or Mi > 1.5*Mi-1
*Model explorer -> Tables -> analysis -> Results -> Structural Results -> Centers of Mass and
Rigidity -> compare Mass.
 Weak Story: if Ri < 0.8*Ri+1 (R is Resistance).
 Torsion: max = max(1,2), avg = 0.5*(1+2), if max > 1.2*avg, ( is the value of Torsion
Displacement) -> new eccentricity e = A*0.05*D (Absolute) or e = A*0.05 (relative) where A =(
max 2
) <=3 and D is slab dimension.
1.2∗ avg
 Model explorer -> Tables -> analysis -> Results -> Displacements -> story max/avg displacement -> select
Ex1, Ex2, Ey1 then Ey2 (each alone) -> calculate the new eccentricity if ratio is greater than 1.2.
 To avoid dynamic analysis -> unlock the model -> Define -> Load Patterns -> define Ex1, Ex2, Ey1, Ey2 ->
modify lateral load -> check X-dir, Y-dir + ecc and –ecc (each Alone) -> overwrite eccentricity -> insert the
new eccentricities for each story (only for that needed). (Bad Method)
 To avoid dynamic analysis -> unlock the model -> Define -> Load Patterns -> define Ex1, Ex2, Ey1, Ey2 ->
modify lateral load -> insert the largest relative eccentricity we have. (Good Method)
 In new Etabs there is story max/avg drifts-> =H of story*drift + displacement of the story before.
Displacement and Drift:
 Define -> Load Pattern -> add Ex-dr and Ey-dr similar those above but with Type (seismic (drift)) -> Run.
 Modal explorer -> tables -> model -> loads -> Auto seismic -> auto seismic UBC97 -> read T from Ex-rd and
Ey-rd to compare it in
 Modal explorer -> Tables -> Analysis -> Results ->
Displacement -> Diaphragm center of mass displacement ->
read Displacement -> filter Ex-dr1, Ex-dr2, Ey-dr1 and Ey-dr2.
 Modal explorer -> Tables -> Analysis -> Results -> Displacement -> Diaphragm Drifts -> Read
drifts from Ex-dr1, Ex-dr2, Ey-dr1 and Ey-dr2 and Diaphragm x and y from items.
P-Delta:
 Define -> Load Combinations -> Add new combo -> name it P (vertical load) -> all vertical
loads with factors 1.
  Modal explorer -> tables -> analysis -> results -> structure results -> story forces -> filter and select combo
P and in location Bottom -> Read P -> filter and select Ex1 -> read Vx.
 Modal explorer -> tables -> analysis -> results -> Displacement -> Diaphragm center of mass displacement
-> filter Ex1 -> read Ux (displacement) -> calculate P-delta-x1 = P*(Ux i-Uxi-1)/(Vx*h).
 Repeat that for Ex2, Ey1 and Ey2.
 If P-delta >1 -> unlock model.
 Define -> P-Delta options -> check “Iterative-based on loads” -> add load patterns SW, DL, L and S with
factors as C10 but divided by 1.1 -> ok.

Dynamic Loads:
Define Loads:
 Define -> functions -> Response spectrum -> select the code (Usually UBC-97) -> Delete the existing
function -> Add new function -> Name it -> Function Damping Ratio (0.05) -> insert Ca and Cv -> Linear x-
Linear y -> ok.
 Units -> consistent Units -> Length in meter, Force in KN.
 Define -> Load Cases -> Add new Case -> Name it (SPEC X) -> Load Case type ( Response spectrum) -> Add
-> Select U1, Spectrum function defined, Scale factor (g*I/R), Modal combination method (CQC), Direction
Combination Type (SRSS) -> modify Diaphragm eccentricity -> eccentricity Ratio (0.05) -> ok.
 Define SPEC Y (U2) & SPEC Z (U3, and scale factor 2*g*I/3R).
Define Combinations:
 Define -> Load Combinations:
Combos SW DL LL LS SN W Spec Spec Spec Remark
or x y z
LC
C1:D 1.4 1.4
C2:D+L+S 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.5
C3:D+S+L 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 1.6
C4:D+L+S+W 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.
3
C5:D+L+S-W 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 -
1.
3
C6:D+S+W 1.2 1.2 1.6 0.
8
C7:D+S-W 1.2 1.2 1.6 -
0.
8
C8:D+W 0.9 0.9 1.
3
C9:D-W 0.9 0.9 -
1.
3
C10:D+L+S+Ex 1.4795 1.4795
0.55 1.1 0.22 1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I
)
C11:D+L+S-Ex 1.4795 1.4795
0.55 1.1 0.22 -1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I
)
C12:D+L+S+Ey 1.4795 1.4795
0.55 1.1 0.22 1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I
)
C13:D+L+S-Ey 1.4795 1.4795
0.55 1.1 0.22 -1.1 1.1*(1.2+0.5Ca.I
)
C14:D+Ex 0.8305 0.8305
1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)

C15:D-Ex 0.8305 0.8305

-1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)

C16:D+Ey 0.8305 0.8305

1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)
 C17:D-EY 0.8305 0.8305
-1.1 1.1*(1.2-0.5Ca.I)

CD10:D+L+S+specx+specz 1.32 1.32 0.55 1.1 0.22 1.1 1.1

CD11:D+L+S+specy+specz 1.32 1.32 0.55 1.1 0.22 1.1 1.1
CD12:D+Specx + specz 0.99 0.99 1.1 1.1
Cd13:D+Specy + specz 0.99 0.99 1.1 1.1
All combinations type is “Linear Add”, (C10-> C17) can be deleted
Mass Source:
 Define -> Mass Source -> modify the Mass source -> check “Include Vertical Mass” -> ok.
Scaling:
 Modal explorer -> Tables -> analysis -> Results -> Reactions -> Base reaction -> compare Fx due To
EX1,EX2 and SPEX-X max.
 If Fx (SPEC-X max) < Fx(EX1,EX2) -> Define -> Load Cases -> SPEC-X -> modify -> new scale factor (old scale
factor*Vs/Vd).
 Repeat the same for SPEC-Y and SPEC-Z (New scale factor of SPEC-Z is the greatest of SPEC-X and SPEC-Y)
Eccentricity Calibration:
 Model explorer -> Tables -> analysis -> Results -> Displacements -> story max/avg displacement -> select
Spec-x and spec-y (each alone) -> calculate the new eccentricity if ratio is greater than 1.2.
 Torsion: max = max(1,2), avg = 0.5*(1+2), if max > 1.2*avg, ( is the value of Torsion
Displacement) -> new eccentricity e = A*0.05*D (Absolute) or e = A*0.05 (relative) where A =(
max 2
) <=3 and D is slab dimension.
1.2∗ avg
Displacement and Drift:
 Define -> Load Pattern -> add Ex-dr and Ey-dr similar those above but with Type (seismic (drift)) -> Run.
 Modal explorer -> tables -> model -> loads -> Auto seismic -> auto seismic UBC97 -> read T from Ex-rd and
Ey-rd to compare it in the following equation.
 Modal explorer -> Tables -> Analysis -> Results ->
Displacement -> Diaphragm center of mass displacement ->
read Displacement -> filter Spec-x and Spec-y -> Read displacement.
 Modal explorer -> Tables -> Analysis -> Results -> Displacement -> Diaphragm Drifts -> Read
drifts from Spec-x and Spec-y and Diaphragm x and y from items.
P-Delta:
 Define -> Load Combinations -> Add new combo -> name it P (vertical load) -> all vertical
loads with factors 1.
 Modal explorer -> tables -> analysis -> results -> structure results -> story forces -> filter and select combo
P and in location Bottom -> Read P -> filter and select Ex1 -> read Vx.
 Modal explorer -> tables -> analysis -> results -> Displacement -> Diaphragm center of mass displacement
-> filter Spec-x -> read Ux (displacement) -> calculate P-delta-spec-x = P*(Ux i-Uxi-1)/(Vx*h).
 Repeat that for Spec-y.
 If P-delta>1 -> unlock model.
 Define -> P-Delta options -> check “Iterative-based on loads” -> add load patterns SW, DL, L and S with
factors as CD-10 but divided by 1.1 -> ok.

Design:
Shear Walls Design:
Short Shear Wall Long Shear Wall
10t>L (t: thickness; L: length) 10t<L (t: thickness; L: length)
% wall reinforcement (0.006 -> 0.025) % wall reinforcement (0.0025 -> 0.006)
No embedded columns Embedded column of length from 2t to L/5
% column reinforcement (0.01 -> 0.025)
 Select -> Select -> object type -> Walls -> select.
 Right click -> show selected objects only.
  -> Other assignments -> check “pier labels” & “local axes” -> ok.
  Design -> shear wall design -> View/Revise preferences -> Edge design PT-max and PC-max is 0.025,
Section design IP-max is 0.025 -> ok.
 Design -> shear wall design -> Select Design Combinations -> select all combos (be careful to select static
or dynamic combos).
 Draw an elevation line that shows the walls I need to design -> elevation.
 Select the walls I need to design -> Design -> shear wall design -> Assign Pier Sections -> Uniform
Reinforcing -> choose material, insert cover value and check “Reinforcement to be designed” -> ok.
 Select the walls I need to design -> Design -> shear wall design -> Start Design/check.
 Right click on any wall -> read the sheet (especially reinforcement).
 In short walls -> if % < 0.006 -> reinforce wall by uniform mesh 0.006 %.
-> If 0.006 < % < 0.025 -> reinforce wall by uniform mesh as %.
-> If % > 0.025 -> increase thickness else reinforce wall by uniform mesh as %.
 In Long walls -> if % = 0.0025 -> edge columns (2txt) & 0.01 %, reinforce wall by uniform mesh as %.
-> If 0.0025 < % < 0.006 -> Design -> shear wall design -> Define General Pier Sections -> Add
Pier Section -> insert name and material, check “Add new pier section” or “Start from
existing wall pier” -> section designer -> Draw wall (be careful, axe 2 aligned with length
and axe 3 with thickness) -> right click on wall -> edit dimensions -> Draw rectangular
rebar anywhere -> edit dimension and reinforcement -> move it to the correct position ->
start by 0.0025 % for wall and 0.01 % in (2txt) for columns and check -> select walls ->
assign Pier sections -> General reinforcing -> select the defined section on section designer
-> check “Reinforcement to be checked” -> Start Design/check -> D/C must be less than 1
else increase column % & wall % then column size & Wall thickness then add new walls.
Spandrel Beam Design:
 Select -> select -> labels -> spandrel labels -> Start Design/check -> Read Reinforcement.