UNIT-III

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES, IDEAL

GASES AND STEAM

Ideal gas equation, Properties of Ideal Gases,

Equations of State, Law of Corresponding States,
Properties of Mixtures, compressibility, universal
compressibility chart, Pure Substances, PVT
Surfaces, PV, TV, and PT diagrams of water and
other substances and differences of the same, phase-
change processes, Concept of Vapour Pressure,
Properties of steam, Saturation Temperature and
Pressure, Use of property tables, TS diagrams,
Mollier Chart.

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 Melting

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 Evaporation

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 Condensation

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Phase change process of pure substance (water)

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Change of state

1. Solid to Liquid - Melting or fusion

2. Liquid to solid - Solidification

3. Liquid to gas - Vaporization

4. Gas to liquid - Condensation

5. Solid to Gas - Sublimation

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Saturation Temperature Ts

The temperature at which the liquid reaches into maximum

heat is called saturation temperature.

Saturation Pressure Ps

The pressure at which the liquid reaches into maximum

pressure is called saturation pressure.

Wet steam
The steam in which the water particles are presented is called
wet steam.

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Dry steam
The steam in which no water particles are presented is called dry steam

Dryness fraction (x)

𝑚𝑔
𝑥=
𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔

It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the dry steam actually present to
the mass of the total steam.

Wetness fraction
𝑚𝑔
=
𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
= + 1 − 1 = 1 − [1 − ]
𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔

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 Compressibility

Pv = zRT

Z- compressibility factor

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 P-v-T surface of water

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 Properties Wet steam Dry steam Superheated steam

Enthalpy, h in kJ/kg ℎ𝑤𝑒𝑡 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑔 = ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = ℎ𝑔 + 𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑇𝑠

Specific volume, v in 𝑣𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑣𝑓𝑔 𝑣𝑔 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑣𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑝 =
𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑣𝑔 + 𝑣𝑓 𝑇𝑠

1 1 1
Density, 𝜌 in 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 𝜌𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝜌𝑔 = 𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑝 =
𝑣𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑝

Work done, W in 𝑘𝐽 Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑊𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝑝 𝑣𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑔 = 𝑝 𝑣𝑔 𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑝 𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑝

Internal energy,
𝑈𝑤𝑒𝑡 = ℎ𝑤𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑈𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 − 𝑊𝑔 𝑈𝑠𝑢𝑝 = ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑝
∆𝑈 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐽 Τ𝑘𝑔

Specific entropy, s in 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑓𝑔 𝑠𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑠𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑠𝑔 + 𝐶𝑝𝑠 𝑙𝑛
kJ/kgK 𝑇𝑠

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 For non flow process

Process Work done ,W Heat transfer, Q

Constant volume 0 ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑝2𝑣2 − 𝑝1𝑣1

Constant pressure 𝑝 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ℎ2 − ℎ1

Constant temperature ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ2 − ℎ1

𝑣2 𝑣2
Hyperbolic 𝑝1 𝑣1 ln 𝑝1 𝑣1 ln
𝑣1 𝑣1
−∆𝑢 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2
Isentropic Or 0
ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1 − 𝑝2 𝑣2

𝑛
𝑝1 𝑣1 − 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑝 𝑣 − 𝑝2 𝑣2 + ℎ2 − ℎ1
Polytropic 𝑛−1 1 1
𝑛−1

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Determine the condition of steam at a temperature of 220° 𝐶 and enthalpy
of 2750 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔.

Given data:
𝑇 = 220° 𝐶

ℎ = 2750 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
To find: State of steam
Solution:

From steam table of temperature scale at 220° 𝐶,

ℎ𝑓 = 943.7 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1856.2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑔 = 2799.9 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

Since ℎ < ℎ𝑔 , the steam is in wet condition.

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Note:

ℎ > ℎ𝑔 ⇒ 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

ℎ = ℎ𝑔 ⇒ 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

ℎ < ℎ𝑔 ⇒ 𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

ℎ𝑤𝑒𝑡 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑓𝑔

ℎ𝑤𝑒𝑡 − ℎ𝑓
𝑥=
ℎ𝑓𝑔

2750 − 943.7
=
1856.2

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟑

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A vessel of volume 0.04 𝑚3 contains a mixture of saturated water and
steam at a temperature of 250° 𝐶. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg.
Find the pressure, mass, specific volume, enthalpy, entropy and internal
energy.

Given data:
𝑉 = 0.04 𝑚3
𝑇 = 250° 𝐶
𝑚1 = 9 𝑘𝑔
To find:

𝑝
𝑚
𝑣
ℎ
𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈

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Solution:

From saturated water table of temperature scale, corresponding to 250° 𝐶,

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣1 = 0.001251 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑠 = 0.050037 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑓 = 1085.8 ,
𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1714.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑠𝑓 = 2.794 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 3.277 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑝 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝒃𝒂𝒓 = 𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟕. 𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂

Total volume occupied by the liquid,

𝑉1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 9 × 0.001251 = 0.0113 𝑚3
Total volume of the vessel,

V=Volume of liquid +Volume of steam = 𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑠

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 0.04 = 0.0113 + 𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑠 = 0.0287 𝑚3

𝑉𝑠 0.0287
Mass of steam, 𝑚𝑠 = = = 0.574 𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑠 0.050037

Mass of mixture of liquid and steam,

𝑚 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑠 = 9 + 0.574 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒈

Total specific volume of the mixture,

𝑉 0.04
𝑣= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒌𝒈
𝑚 9.574
We know that
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑣𝑓𝑔

0.00418 = 0.001251 + 𝑥 0.050037 − 0.001251

𝑥 = 0.06

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Enthalpy of mixture, ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑓𝑔

= 1085.8 + 0.06 × 1714.6

= 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

Entropy of mixture, 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑓𝑔

= 2.794 + 0.06 × 3.277

= 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 𝑲
Internal energy, 𝑢 = ℎ − 𝑝 𝑣

= 1188.67 − 3977.6 × 0.00418

= 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈.

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3 kg of steam at 18 bar occupy a volume of 0.2550 𝑚3 . During a
constant volume process, the heat rejected is 1320 kJ. Determine final
internal energy and find initial dryness and work done.
Given:
𝑉1 = 0.255 𝑚3
𝑝1 = 18 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚 = 3 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = −1320 𝑘𝐽

Req data:
𝑥 =?
𝑤 =?
𝑈2 =?
Solution:

from steam table corresponding to 18 bar,

ℎ𝑓 = 884.5 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑓𝑔1 = 1910.3 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑠𝑓 = 2.398 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝑘 𝑠𝑓𝑔1 = 3.977 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝑘
𝑣𝑔 = 0.11033 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔

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 𝑣1 = 𝑥1 × 𝑉𝑔1

𝑉1 0.255
𝑣1 = = = 0.085 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑚 3

𝑥1 = 0.77

from first law of thermodynamics,

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + W
for constant volume process,
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 = 0

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 𝑄 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 [ h=u+pV]

= 𝑚𝑈2 − (ℎ1 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 )

ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓1 + 𝑥1 ℎ𝑓𝑔1 = 2355.43 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑓1 + 𝑥1 𝑠𝑓𝑔1 = 5.46 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑈2 = 2642.43 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
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Ten kg of water of 45° 𝐶 is heated at a constant pressure of 10 bar until
it becomes superheated vapour at 300° 𝐶. find the changes in volume,
enthalpy, internal energy and entropy.
Given data:
𝑚 = 10 𝑘𝑔
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇1 = 45° 𝐶
𝑇2 = 300° 𝐶
To find:
∆𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
∆ℎ = 𝑚 ℎ2 − ℎ1
∆𝑆 = 𝑚 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
∆𝑈 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
Solution:
From steam table, corresponding to 45° 𝐶
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓1 = 0.001010 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑓1 = 0.638 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝑘
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 188.4 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

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from steam table corresponding to 10 bar and 300° 𝐶

ℎ2 = 3052.1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑠2 = 7.125 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝑘

𝑣2 = 0.288 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔

∆𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 2.5699 𝑚3

∆ℎ = 𝑚 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 28637 𝑘𝐽

∆𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 64.87 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘

∆𝑢 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

= 𝑚 ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑝2 𝑣2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1

= 26067.1 𝑘𝐽

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 Rankine cycle

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The main components of steam power plant are

BOILER

TURBINE

CONDENSER

PUMP

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 Simple Rankine cycle

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From graph,

Process1-2 = reversible adiabatic expansion in turbine

(isentropic process)

Process 2-3 = reversible constant pressure (isobaric process)

heat rejection in the condenser

Process 3-4 = reversible adiabatic compression in the pump

(isentropic process)

Process 4-1 = reversible constant pressure (isobaric process)

heat addition

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Boiler :-
Boiler is used to produce steam .
Heat energy produced by coal is used to produce steam. Water is
allowed to heat until it becomes into vapor state. Vapor is sent into
turbine.

TURBINE :-
Turbine produces the work.
Work produced is used to run the generator.
The enthalpies at the enter and exit of the turbine are different.
Then Vapor is sent into the condenser.

CONDENSER :-
The vapor is condensed to water in the condenser and sent into the pump.

PUMP :-
Pump send the water again into the Boiler and the cycle repeats again.

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By considering the devices as steady flow devices and
by applying the energy balance we get
Steam turbine : (1-2)
W turbine = h1 - h2
Condenser :- (2-3)
Q rejected = h2 – h3
Pump :- (3-4)
W pump = h4 – h3
Boiler :- (4-1)
Q added = h1 – h4

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The efficiency of the rankine cycle is given by,

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Ƞ=
𝑄𝑠

𝑊𝑇 −𝑊𝑝
= 𝑄𝑠

ℎ1 −ℎ2 −(ℎ4 −ℎ3 )

= ℎ1 −ℎ4

Pump work is neglected, ℎ4 =ℎ3

𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐
Ƞ= 𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟒

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A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal rankine cycle between
the pressure limit of 3 HPa, 50 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2 . The temperature of the steam at
the turbine inlet is 300° 𝐶 and mass flow rate of steam through the cycle
is 35 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠. show the cycle on T-s diagram. Determine (1) Thermal
efficiency of cycle (2) The net power output of the power plant.
Given:
𝑇1 = 300° 𝐶
Turbine inlet pressure, 𝑃1 = 3 𝐻𝑃𝑎
= 30 𝑏𝑎𝑟
= 3000 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2
Condenser pressure, 𝑃2 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
= 50 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2
𝑚 = 35 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
To find:

Thermal efficiency, net work output

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Solution:

From steam table at 30 bar , 𝑇1 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 1 so steam is superheated.

From superheated steam table, for 30 bar & 300° 𝐶

ℎ1 = 2995.1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑠1 = 6.542 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑘

At 0.5 bar,
ℎ𝑓2 = 340.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑓2 = 1.091 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑘
ℎ𝑓𝑔2 = 2305.4 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑓𝑔2 = 6.504 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝑘

𝑣𝑓2 = 0.001030 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 6.542 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑘

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Here, 𝑠𝑔2 ≥ 𝑠2 , so, the steam is wet

𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓2 6.542 − 1.091

𝑥2 = =
𝑠𝑓𝑠2 6.504

𝑥2 = 0.838

ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2

= 340.6 + 0.838 × 23054

= 2272.75 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓3 because, saturated liquid
ℎ3 = 340.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑓2 𝑝1 − 𝑝2

𝑤𝑝 = 106.35 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

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Also 𝑾𝒑 = 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑
ℎ4 = 𝑤𝑝 + ℎ3
= 340.6 + 𝑣𝑓2 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
= 340.6 + 0.001030(30 − 0.5) × 102
ℎ4 = 343.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝑘

𝑸𝒔 = 𝒎 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒

= 35(299.51 − 343.6)
= 92802 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
= 92802 𝑘𝑊
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒎 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
= 35(2995.1 − 2272.75)
= 25305 𝑘𝑊

𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃 25305 − 106.35
𝜂= =
𝑄𝑆 92802

𝜂 = 27.15 %
Net work output 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃
= 25305 − 106.35

𝑾 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑾
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In a steam generator, compressed water at 10 MPa, 30° 𝐶 enters a 30 mm
diameter tube at the rate 3 litres/s. Steam at 9 MPa and 400° 𝐶 exit the
tube. Find the rate of heat transfer.

Given data:
𝑝1 = 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 10000𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝑤 = 30° 𝐶

𝐷 = 30 𝑚𝑚 = 0.03 𝑚

𝑣1 = 3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 Τ𝑠 = 0.003 𝑚3 Τ𝑠

𝑝2 = 9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 90𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 9000 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑇2 = 400° 𝐶
To find:
Q

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Solution:
From saturated water table of temperature scale, corresponding to 30° 𝐶,
𝑣𝑓1 = 0.001004 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ1 = 125.7 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑣1 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑓1

𝑣1 0.003
Mass flow rate of steam, 𝑚 = = = 2.988 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
𝑣𝑓1 0.001004

𝜋 𝐷2 𝜋 ×0.032
Area of the tube, 𝐴 = = = 7.068 × 10−4 𝑚2
4 4

𝑣1 0.003
Inlet velocity, 𝐶1 = = = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝒎Τ𝒔
𝐴 7.068 ×10−4

From saturated water table of pressure scale, corresponding to 90 bar, 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡

= 303.3° 𝐶.Since 𝑇2 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 , the state would be in the superheated region.

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
From superheated enthalpy and superheated specific volume tables,
corresponding to 90 bar and 400° 𝐶,
𝑣2 = 0.02993 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = 3121.2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑣2 0.02993
Final velocity, 𝐶2 = 𝐶1 × 𝑣 = 4.24 × 0.001004 = 126.4 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑓1
From SFEE,
𝐶1 2 𝑧1 𝑔 𝐶2 2 𝑧2 𝑔
𝑚 ℎ1 + + + 𝑄 = 𝑚 ℎ2 + + +𝑊
2000 1000 2000 1000
For steam generator(boiler), P.E≅ 0 and 𝑊 = 0, then the SFEE reduces
to
𝐶1 2 𝐶2 2
𝑚 ℎ1 + + 𝑄 = 𝑚 ℎ2 +
2000 2000
4.242 126.42
2.988 125.7 + + 𝑄 = 2.988 3121.2 +
2000 2000
𝑸 = 𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝒌𝑾.
SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Steam at 1 MPa and 0.9 dry is throttled to a pressure of 200 kPa. Using
Stem table, find the quality of stem and change in entropy. Check your
answer using Mollier Chat. State whether this process is reversible or
irreversible.

Given data:
𝑝1 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1000𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑥 = 0.9
Throttling process
𝑝2 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟

To find:

(i) Quality of steam, 𝑥2

(ii) Change in entropy, ∆𝑠

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Solution:

During throttling process; enthalpy remains constant, ℎ2 = ℎ1

From saturated water table of pressure scale, corresponding to 10 bar,

ℎ𝑓1 = 762.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑓𝑔1 = 2013.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑠𝑓1 = 2.138 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾 , 𝑠𝑓𝑔1 = 4.445 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓1 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑓𝑔1
= 762.2 + 0.9 × 2013.6 = 2574.44 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑓1 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑓𝑔1
= 2.138 + 0.9 × 4.445 = 6.1385 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
From saturated water table of pressure scale, corresponding to 2 bar,

ℎ𝑓2 = 504.7 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑓𝑔2 = 2201.6 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

𝑠𝑓2 = 1.53 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾, 𝑠𝑓𝑔2 = 5.597 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

For throttling process, ℎ2 = ℎ1 = 2574.44 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔

We know that ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2

2574.44 = 504.7 + 𝑥2 × 2201.6

𝑥2 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒

Quality of steam is wet.

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 𝑠2 = 1.53 + 0.94 × 5.597 = 6.791 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Change in entropy, ∆𝑠 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 6.791 − 6.1385 = 0.653 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Generally, throttling process is an irreversible process.

From Mollier chat, for 𝑥1 = 0.9 at 10 bar line note the entropy of steam,
𝑠1 = 6.1 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Since the throttling process is constant enthalpy process, draw horizontal

line in the Mollier chart up to 2 bar pressure line as shown in Fig. Now,
the entropy of final state of steam is noted.
𝑠2 = 6.76 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾

Change in entropy, 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈𝑲

Since ∆𝑠 is positive, the process is irreversible.

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
2.5 kg of steam is heated at constant pressure of 250 kPa and 100° 𝐶
until the temperature is 250° 𝐶. Using Mollier chart, find the amount of
heat added and change in entropy.

Given data:
𝑚 = 2.5 𝑘𝑔

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑝 = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑇1 = 100° 𝐶

𝑇2 = 250° 𝐶
To find:

𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑆
SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Solution:

From Mollier chart,

At 𝑝 = 2.5 bar and 100° 𝐶

ℎ1 = 2700 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠1 = 7.04 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾

Along 𝑝 = 2.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 250° 𝐶,

ℎ2 = 2950 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑠2 = 7.65 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾

Heat added, 𝑄 = 𝑚 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 2.5 2950 − 2700 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑱

Change in entropy, ∆𝑆 = 𝑚 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 2.5 7.65 − 7.04

= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑱Τ𝑲

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
A steam initially at a pressure of 15 bar and 0.95 dry expands
isentropically to 7.5 bar and is then throttled until it is dry. Determine
per kg of steam:
(i) Change in entropy
(ii) Change in enthalpy and
(iii) Change in internal energy

Given data:
𝑝1 = 15 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1500 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑥1 = 0.95
Process:Isentropic
𝑝2 = 7.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 750 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Then throttled until it is dry ℎ2 = ℎ3

To find:
(i) ∆𝑠 (ii) ∆ℎ and (iii)∆𝑢

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Solution:

From Mollier diagram at pressure 15 bar and dryness fraction 0.95 (point 1),

ℎ1 = 2680 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ,
𝑣1 = 0.1318 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔
𝑠1 = 6.2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾

Since the steam expands isentropically, draw a vertical line from point 1
to 7.5 bar pressure curve as shown in Fig. This is point 2.The steam
properties are noted.

ℎ2 = 2560 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ,

𝑥2 = 0.9
𝑠2 = 𝑠1 = 6.2 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾
SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Then steam is throttled until it is dry. Therefore ,draw a horizontal line from
point 2 until it reaches saturated steam (dry steam) curve and mark this point as
point 3the steam properties at point 3 are noted as follows.

ℎ3 = ℎ2 = 2560 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔, 𝑝3 = 0.055 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 5.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑠3 = 8.33 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔𝐾, 𝑣3 = 32 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔

Change in entropy, ∆𝑠 = 𝑠3 − 𝑠1
= 8.33 − 6.2 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈𝑲

Change in enthalpy, ∆ℎ = ℎ1 − ℎ3
= 2680 − 2560 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈

Change in internal energy, ∆𝑢 = 𝑢3 − 𝑢1

= ℎ3 − ℎ1 − 𝑝3 𝑣3 − 𝑝1 𝑣1
= 2560 − 2680 − 5.5 × 32 − 1500 × 0.1318

= −𝟗𝟖. 𝟑 𝒌𝑱Τ𝒌𝒈

SRI SHAKTHI
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY