Definite Integral & its Application 47

n n
1 (1 0) 1
lim lim
n
r 1 4n 2 r 2 n
r 1 n 1 0
2

4 0 r
n
n
b a b a
Which is of the form lim f a r
n
r 1 n n
1
Here b 1, a 0 and f ( x )
4 x2
1 1
dx 1 x
So, L sin .
0 4 x2 2 0 6

n2 n2 1
Ex.18: Evaluate : lim
n (n 1)3 (n 2)3 64n

n2 n2 1 3n
n2
Soln. L lim lim
n (n 1)3 (n 2)3 64n n
r 1 (n r )3
3 3 3
m 2 /9 m
3 1 dx m
1 15
Put 3n m , we get, L
lim lim .
n
r 1 m
n
r 1m 1
3
m
r
(1 x)3 2(1 x)2 32
r 0 0
3
5. DEFINITE INTEGRALS DEPENDENT ON PARAMETERS
b

Let given integral is I ( ) f ( x, ) dx , a x b

a

Here,
(i) x is variable of integration
(ii) is a parameter independent of x
(iii) a and b are constants
If this integral can not be solved directly then partially differentiating both sides w.r.t.
b
dI
f ( x, ) dx
d a

dI
Now, f ( x, ) is easily integrable g( )
d
I g( ) d ; I h( ) c
c can be found by initial integral.
1
xb 1
Ex.19: Evaluate : , ‘b’ being parameter
0
log e x
1 1
xb 1 dI (b) x b log e x
Soln. Let I (b) dx = dx 0 0 (using modified Leibnitz theorem)
0
log e x db 0
log e x

1 1
xb 1 1
x b dx
0 b 1 0
b 1
 Integral Calculus 48
I (b) log e (b 1) c
b 0 I (0) 0
c 0 I (b) log e (b 1)
1
tan 1 ( ax )
Ex.20: Evaluate : dx , ‘a’ being parameter
0 x 1 x2
1
tan 1 (ax )
Soln. Let I (a ) dx
0 x 1 x2
1 1
dI (a) x 1 dx
2 2
dx
da 0
(1 a x ) x 1 x 2 0 (1 a 2 x 2 ) 1 x 2
Put x sin t dx cos t dt
L.L.: x 0 t 0

U.L.: x 1 t
2
/2 /2
dI ( a) 1 1 dt
2 2
cos t dt
da 0 1 a sin t cos t 0 1 a 2 sin 2 t
/2 /2
sec 2 t dt 1 1 1
tan 1 a 2 tan t
0 1 (1 a 2 ) tan 2 t 1 a 2
0 1 a2 2

I (a ) log e a 1 a2 c
2
But I (0) 0 c 0

I (a) log e a 1 a2 .
2
x
f (t )
Ex.21: If a real valued function f is given by dt 2 x b, x 0 , where a 0 and b are real constants, then
a
t2
f (4) is equal to
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10 [JAM-CA-2010]
x
f (t )
Soln. dt 2 x b
a
t2
Taking derivative on both sides w.r.t. x
f ( x) 1
2
f ( x) x3/2 . So, f (4) 43/2 8.
x x
Hence, correct option is (c).
cos x
2
Ex.22: Let f ( x) e t dt , then f equals
sin x 4

1 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) [JAM-MA-2006]
e e e e
Soln. Applying Leibnitz rule
v ( x)
d dv du
f (t ) dt f (v ( x )) f (u ( x))
dx u( x) dx dx
 Definite Integral & its Application 49
cos x
2
f ( x) e t dt
sin x

cos 2 x sin 2 x
f ( x) e ( sin x) e (cos x)

1/ 2 1 1/2 1 2
f e e .
4 2 2 e
Hence, correct option is (b).
7. BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTION
7.1 BETA FUNCTION
1
Beta function is denoted by B (l , m) and defined as B (l , m) x l 1 (1 x) m 1 dx , where l, m are positive
0
numbers.
7.1.1 Symmetric property of Beta function B (l , m) B (m, l )
1 1 1

Proof : B (l , m) x l 1 (1 x ) m 1 dx (1 x )l 1{1 (1 x )}m 1 dx x m 1 (1 x )l 1 dx B (m, l ).

0 0 0

7.2 GAMMA FUNCTION

Gamma function denoted by n e x x n 1dx , n 0.

0
7.2.1 RELATION BETWEEN BETA FUNCTION AND GAMMA FUNCTION
l m
B (l , m)
(l m)
7.2.2 PROPERTIES OF GAMMA FUNCTION
(i) n ( n 1) ( n 1)
If n is positive integer
n ( n 1)!
(ii) 1 1
(iii) 0
(iv) ( n) where n is positive integer
1
(v)
2
1 1
(vi) 1 , n is a positive integer.
n n sin
n
7.2.3 TRANSFORMATION OF GAMMA FUNCTION
1
(i) Put x log
y
1 n 1
1
n log dy
0 y
(ii) Put x cy

cy n
e y n 1dy n
0 c