Chapter 2

Let's Map It
Can beseparated into
Can be broken down into elements
its components
or
simpler compounds by chemical
processes (e.g. electrolysis) Have similar chemical
properties as the
Have different
properties from the components
elements that form it
Cannot be broken down Are formed with little
Are formed with an
energy change or no energy change
Have a fixed into simpler substances by
composition chemical processes Have variable compositions

general
general general
properties U properties properties

two or more that are

chemically combined
in a fixed ratio

cOMPOUNDS ELEMENTS TURES

have different have the

types of same type of

Atoms

chemically
Combine to form

Metals Non-metals

Molecules

30 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

 Chapter 2

Let's Review
Section A: Multiple-choice Questions 6 When a green solid X is heated, it forms a black solid
What is the total number of atoms present in one unit and a gas.Therefore, X
of chromium(l) suliate, Cr(SO,),? A does not contain a metal.
A B is a compound made up of at least two elements.

B C is a mixture of two elements.

C 15 D must be a mixture because it can be separated into two
D 17 substances.
7 Which ofthe following describesa mixture?
2 Fullerene was discovered in 1985. It is a perfect sphere
with the chemical formula Cgo. From this information, A lts components can be separated by physical processes.
what can you deduce about the structure offullerene? B Its composition is fixed.
A It contains only one element. C The properties of its components are different from that
B It is a compound of 60 elements. of the mixture.
C It is a mixture of 60 atoms D Two or more substances are chemically combined.

D Itis amixture 8 Which list contains an element, a compound, and a

of 60 elements
mixture?
3 A farmer wants to make a fertiliser. It must contain the
A Air, copper, soil
elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Which
B Air, pure water, sodium chloride
compounds can he use?
A (NHJCO, PO, NaC! C Copper, soil, pure water
D lap water, soil, sodium chloride
B (NH),PO, CaSO, NaCl
C KNO, KC 9 Which of the follovwing statements about elements,
D NH,NO, (NH,)}PO%. KNOJ mixtures and compounds is/are incorrect?
1 Apure element melts at a fixed temperature but a
4 Gis a red solid metal oxide. When heated, G breaks
mixture melts over a fange of temperatures
down to give an element and gas S. Gas S is made up
of two identical atoms. What are G and S? 2 Compounds are substances containing two or more
atoms of the same type that are chemically combined
G S
3 The properties of an alloy are the same as the properties
Compound Compound of its constituent metals.

B Compound Element A land 2 0nly

Element Compound B 1and 3 only
D Element Element C 2and 3 only
D 2only
5 Two elements R and S combine to form the compound
RS. Which of the following statements is true?
A An energy change ocCurs when RS, is formed.
B RS will have a colour in between those of R and s
C RS will have the properties of both Rand S.
D The ratio of R:S atormsis2:1.
 Chapter 22

Let'sReview
Section B:
Short-answer and Structured (d) Urea is a mixture of elements. [11
Questions
1 Look at
(e)The molecule contains carbon monoxide. [1
Figure 2.16. f) Urea has the formula CO(NH). [11
4 Three students looking at a colourless substance
are

Bibi said it is a compound, because all colourless liguis

are made up of only one substance
Daksa said it is a mixture because various fuels are
W colourless and they contain a mixture of hydrocarbons,
X
Y Z Rexi said it was impossible to tell simply by looking An
Figure 2.16 experiment is needed to see if the solution could be
Which one of the separated into various componernts.
(a) argon (Ar): [1)
diagrams W, X, Y and Z represents Who is correct? Explain your answer. [2]
(b) steam (H,0); [0 5 Oxygen is an element, carbon diONide is a Compound
(c) a mixture of elements? and air is a mixture.
2
[ (a) State one difference between the compositions of
Look at this list of
substances. oxygen and carbon dioxide. [?]
air (b) State one difference between the compositions of air
carbon dioxide seawater
argon Copper and carbon dioxide. [21
brass sodiumchloride (c) State one difterence between the tornation of air and
mercury water
carbon dioxide. 11
At room
temperature, which of the substances is 6 wo experiments that !!volve iron powder and sultur
(a) a mixture of gases; were carried oiut Iollowing conditions.
(b) a mixture of solids and liquids; 0 Experiment 1: I td sulfur were mixed.
(c) a mixture of solids; 0
(d) an element in the gaseous state;
Experiment2: d sultur were mixed and
1 then heated.
(e) an element in the liquid state; [] Suggest how a student can prove that a mixtule Was
(f) an element in the solid state; [1 formed in experiment I and a compound was lormed
(g) a compound in the gaseous state;0 in experimnent 2. [2]
(h) a compound in the liquid state; 1 7 Table 2.7 shows the appearance of different substance,
(i) a compound in the solid state?[ and the product(s) forned when the substances afe
burnt in oxygen.
3 Figure 2.17 shows a molecule of urea.
Table 2.7

Substance Appearance Products formed when

burnt in oxygen
Colourless gas No new product
Black solid Carton diozide
Yellow solid Sulfur dioxide
U Colourless gas Water and carbon dioxide

Figure 2.17
Which substance, R, S, Tand U, is most lik to be
Determine which statements are true and which are (a) a noble gas: (1
false. Correct the false statements. (b) carbon;01
(a) The molecule contains four elements. [ (c)acompound? [1]
(b) There are eight atoms in the molecule. [1]
(c) One of the elements present in the molecule is sodium. [

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

32
 CHAPTER

3 Atomic Structure

C CHEM WATCH

Scan this page to watch a clip on an atom of

iodine-131.
Discuss.

(?)QUESTIONS
Suggest why there are no auroras on
The picture shows an aurora in Iceland. Auroras are coloured lights seen the Moon.

in the night sky at areas near the North and South poles. Scientists have Why is there more blue light than
green-yellow or red light in the auroras?
discovered that auroras occur due to tiny particles in an atom called
Do you think all electrons in an atom have
electrons! The Sun emits charged particles that contain a large amount of
the same energy level? Explain.
energy. When these particles collide with nitrogen and oxygen gas in the
Earth's atmosphere, they transfer energy to the electrons of the nitrogen
and oxygen atoms. Soon after, the electrons release the absorbed energy
as light. The green-yellow or red light is due to the emission from oxygen,
while the blue light is due to the emission from nitrogen. In which part of
the atom are electrons found?

33
 Chapter 3

3.1 What Are Inside Atoms?

In this
section, you will learn the following:
Describe the structure of atom.
WORD ALERT d i e the relative
an
charges and relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron.
Magnified: made bigger
Subatomic: smaller than matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are so tiny that they need to be magnified millions of times
atoms Order to be seen.
However, atoms are themselves made up of smaller partcies.
Atoms are made
up of protons, neutrons and electrons. We call these smaller
particles subatomic particles
(Figure 3.1).
*ENRICHMENT ((S
ACTIVITY The helium gas that fills
You have learnt the balloon is made
that up
atoms can combine to of helium atoms.
form molecules. Use
the
Internet to search for the
oil drop experiment to
estimate the size of an oil
molecule.
Try out the oil drop
experiment. Compare
your results with your
classmates A helium atom is made up
of subatomic particles

A proton
has a relative charge of +1;
has a relative mass of 1;
Ihe protons and neutrons
is represented by the symbol p.
are tightly packed
together in the centre of
A neutron
CHEM WATCH has a relative charge of 0;
an atom;
together form the
has a relative mass of 1;
Scan this page to watch nucleus of the atorn
is represented by the symbol n.
a clip on on the size of
atoms.
An electron
What can you conclude?
has a relative
charge of -1; Theelectrons move fapidly
Figure 3.1Structure of an has a relative mass of
atom (The relative sizes of around the nucleus.
1840
the particles are not drawn is represented by the symbol e.
to scale.)

HELPFULNOTES
Imagine placing a pea in
the middle of the field in
an empty stadium. The
pea represents the nucleus
of an atom. Ihe stadium
represents the space
where electrons are found.

34 Atomic Structure
 Chapter3
3.2 The Proton Number and Nucleon
Number
In this section, you will learn the following:
Define proton number and atomic number.
Define mass number and nucleon number.
Interpret and use symbols for atoms and ions.
ENRICHMENT
THINK
Figure 32 shows the atomic structures of helium, lithium and beryllium atoms. Use the Internet to
search for Rutherford's
experiment on the
discovery of the proton
Helium (He) Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be) If Rutherford had used
lithium instead of qold,
would he have discovered
the proton

Key:
o electron

neutron

proton

Contains Contains Contains

Atoms of different
2 protonsS 3 protons 4protons elements have different
numbers of protons,
3 electrons 4 electrons
2 electrons
2 neutrons 4 neutrons 5 neutrons

The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons. Therefore,
the negative charges cancel out the positive charges;
an atom is electrically neutral.

Figure 3.2 Helium, ithium and beryllium atoms

Proton number
The proton number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. wORD ALERT

the symbol Z. Since atorns

The proton number is also called the atomic number. It is represented by
are number can also tell us the number of electrons in the atom
electrically neutral, the proton Neutral noeiectica
is 7. This implies that the nitrogen atom has seven charge
For example, the proton number of nitrogen
protons and seven electrons.

Atomic Structure 35
 Chapter 3
numbers
Diferent elements have different proton atoms with this
This means that other no elerment nas
a n elenment has a unique proton number.
proton
numbers (igure 33)
have different
O O n nurmber. For example, carbon and oxygen

Oxygen (0)
Carbon (C)

nucleus
nucleus

neutron

neutron

proton
proton

Carbon has a proton number of 6. Oxygen has a proton number of 8.

All atoms with six protons are All atoms with eight protons are
therefore carbon atoms. therefore oxygen atoms.

Figure 3.3 Each element has a specific proton number.

Some elements can exist in different forms. For instance, graphite and diamonds appear very
different, but they are made up of carbon atoms with the pr:on number 6 (Figure 34).

How are dier

different froir
Findout in CTap

Figure 34 Diamonds and graphite in pencils appear very different, but

they are both made up of carbon atoms with the proton number 6.

Nucleon number
ryeor fatsr The nucleon number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of
an atom.

The nucleon number is represented by the symbol A. The nucleon number is also called the mass
number. This is because the mass of an atom depends on the numbers of protons and neutrons in
the atom's nucleus. The mass of electrons in the atom is said to be
negligible.
Nucleon number (A) number of protons+ number
=
of neutrons

26 Atomic Structure
 Chapter 3

Representing the proton and nucleon numbers

The proton and nucleon numbers can be includedwhen representing an elernent in symbols (Figure 3.5).

nucleon number HELPFUL NOTES

(mass number)
in superscript,
left of symbol X chemical symbol
of the element
An ion (electrically
charged particle) can be
represented in the same
way as an atom.

proton number (atomic number)

in subscript, left of symbol

Figure 3.5 General symbol for an atom, with nucleon and proton numbers

Fr exampie a sodium atom has 12 neutrons and 11 protons.Thus, sodium can be represented by Na.
comvenience, it is sometimes represented using onlythe nucleon number, sodium-23 or Na.

Worked Example3A
Deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of uranium-235 (U).

Solution
Number of protons = proton number (Z) = 92

Number of electrons = number of protons = 92

Nucleon number (A) =235

Number of neutrons (A -Z)= nucleon number- proton number
=235-92

= 143

Let's Practise3.1and 3.2

1 The total number of protons and electrons in an atom of element X is 30. What is the proton
number ofelementX?
2 Compare a neutron and an electron. How are they different?
3 Element Y has a proton number of 7. It also has seven neutrons.

(a) Deduce
(i) the number of electrons in an atom of Y;
(ii) the nucleon number of Y.
the proton and nucleon numbers.
(b) Represent Y by writing the chemical symbol, including
TWB LINK

the concepts that you have learnt in

4 Mind Map Construct your own mind map for Exercises 3A-38
these sections.

Atomic Structure 37
 Chapter 3
ElectronsinAtoms
Arrangement of
5.3 learn the following:
Inthis section, you will numbersI to 20
the electronicconfiquration of
elements with proton
Letermine full outer shel. to VI.
State that Group Vll noble gases haveelectrons
a
is equal to the group
number in GroupsI
outer shell
dte that the number of
number.

occupied electron shells is equal to the period

S t a t e that the number of
very important beCause
n which electrons are arranged around the
of an atom is
nucleus
dy of the aton
the electron arrangement determines the chemical properties
regions known as electron
shells (1gure ao)
n e electrons in an atom move around the nucleus in
WORD ALERT (A
Each electron shell
Specific: particular corresponds to a specific energy leve;
can hold a certain number ofelectrons only.

HELPFUL NOTES
First shell
The layers of an onion is closest to the nucleus;
level;
can be a simple model corresponds to the lowest energy
of how electrons occupy can hold a maximum of
two electrons;

first.
the space surrounding is always filled
the nucleus. Imagine that
electrons exist in layers
around the nucleus. There Second and third shells
are a hixed number of have increasing energy levels (e.g. the third
electrons in each layer shell has higher energy th the second shel);
and each electron can usually hold up to eio ons each;
move only within its layer. are filled in order Lnesecond shell is
fully filled before th shell.

Figure 3.6 Electron shells in an atom with a proton number of 18

The arrangement of electrons in an atom can be represented using electronic configuration

Fic
The arrangement of electrons in a magnesium aton is shown in

electron A magnesium atom (proton number 12)

has
nucleus two electrons in the first shell;
(12p+12n) eight electrons in the second shell;
t w o electrons in the third shell.

ENRICHMENT Thus, its electronic configuration can

ACTIVITY be written as 2, 8, 2.
Use the Internet to search
for animations that can Magnesium atom
help you visualise the 2,8,2
atomic structure.
Figure 3.7 Arrangement of electrons in a magnesiurn atom

38 Atomic Structure
 Chapter 3

What are outer shell electrons?

The outer shell of an atom refers to the shell that is furthest away
from the nucleus of the atom.The electrons in the outer shell of an
tom are known as outer electrons
Mg
Figure 38 shows the outer shell of a magnesium atom.

The arrangement of electrons in the first 20 elements in the

Periodic Table are shown in Figure 3.9. In the Periodic Table,
Figure 3.8 Outer shell ofa
elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number. There
magnesium atom
are seven (horizontal) rows of elements called periods and eight
(vertical) columns of elements called groups.

atomicsymbol
element- Hydrogen (H) |
proton number Period
VIll number
arrangement of electrons
Helium (He)
electronicconfiguration 2
Group
number

V 2

Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be) Boron (B) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (0 Fluorine (F) Neon (Ne)
9 10
6

(
2,1 2, 2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2, 6 2, 7 2,8
Silicon (Si) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (CI) Argon (Ar)
Sodium (Na) Magnesium
12
(Mg) Aluminium
13
(A) 14 15 16 17 18

2, 8, 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2, 8, 8

Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca)

19 20

2,8,8,1 2, 8,8, 2

relative sizes
Figure 3.9 The arrangement ofelectrons in elements with proton numbers 20. (The
I to
of atoms are not drawn to scale.)
LINK

You will learn more

about the Periodic Table
0 or the noble gases. The elements in this in Chapter 13
Group VIllis often referred to as Group
group have a full outer shell. The Group Vill elements are very unreactive.

Atomic Structure 39
 Chapter 3
O T e that elements that have the same number of outer shell electrons are in the same grour
QUICK CHECK e
up.
chemial properties of an element depend on the number of outer shell electrons. Thus,the
An eenis im the same group have similar chemical properties. For example, sodium (2, 8, 1) and
eloment with tha
POsSum ,8,8,) have similar chemical have one outer shell
eletroni niGnation
o has tw
because
properties they each electo
hlls nd
aupid
thre eler
in ioute shell. tions
rue talse?

LINK

How does the nunmber

of outer shell electrons Both sodium and potassium have one outer shell electron.
determine the way Ihey both react explosively with water to produce an alkali.
diferent elements react he number
with one another? Find of occupied shells is equal to the period number. For
example, sodium (2, 8, 1) has three
out in Chaprer 4.
OCcupied shells and is in period 3. Potassium (2,8, 8, 1) has four occupied shells and is in period 4.

Worked Example 3B
17X 9Y, and Z are three elements in the Periodic Ta
HELPFUL NOTES (a) What is the order of these elements in the
Perioc Teason for your answer.
(b) i)Which element is a noble gas?
To find out which period (i) Which element is in period 4? Explainn your answer
and group an element
Deiongs to, write Solution
down the electronic
confguration of the (a) X, Z,Y
element. The number of (b) ) Z
outer shell electrons will Y
tell you the group, while
the number of shells will
tell you the period.

Let's Practise 3.3

1 An atom has an electronicconfiguration of 2, 8,4 and a nucleoumber of 28. How many
protons, neutrons and electrons are there in the atom?
2 The symbol for aluminium is Al. Draw the arrangement of electrons in the alurniniurm
atom. Then, write down its electronic configuration.
3 (a) Draw the arrangement ofelectrons in sodium (proton number i) and lithiurn (proton
number 3).
(b) Compare the arrangement of electrons in sodium and lithium and state one similarity
and one difference between them.
(c) Potassium (proton number 19) is in the same group as lithium and sodiurn.
(i) How many electrons does potassium have in its outer shell?
LINK WB (ii) In which period of the Periodic Table is potassium?
4 Mind Map Construct your own mind map for the concepts that you have learnt in this se to
Exercise 3C

Atomic Structure
40
 Chapter 3

3.4 Isotopes
In this section, you will learn the following:
Define isotopes.
State that isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties and electronic
configuration.
9 Calculate the relative atomic mass ofan element from the relative masses and abundances
of its isotopes.

Look at the models of hvdrogen atoms shown in Figure 3.10.What is the same or different about them?

Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3

ENRICHMENT
INFO
Key:
Uses of Isotopes
Oelectron
Isotopes have many uses:
neutron lodine-131 is used
in the treatrment of
proton thyroid disorder.
Carbon-14 is used to
estimate the age of
things that contain
carbon.
.Uranium-238 is used
to estimate the age of
rocks.
Contains Contains Contains
They have the
same number of
1 proton 1 proton 1 proton
protons.

2 neutrons
They have
O neutron 1 neutron different numbers
of neutrons.
Figure 3.10 Hydrogen atoms AA smoke
detector contains
americium-241,
which emits
radiation. Smoke
These hydrogen atoms are known as isotopes. entering the snoke
detector absorbs this
have the number of protons but
Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that same
radiation. This sets
different numbers of neutrons. off an alarrm in the
element have the same number of protons. Thus, isotopes have the same smoke detector.
Isotopes of the same
numbers.
proton number but different nucleon

Atomic Structure 41
 Chapter 3 chlorine consists of two
example,
naturally as a mixture
of isotopes. For however, do not have isotopes
elements occur
OSt chlorine-37 (Fiqure 3.1).
A few elements,
Sotopes: chlorine-35 and contain five neutrons
and four protons.
rO example, all atoms of beryllium

17e
17e

17p 17p
20n
18n

chlorine-35 (C) chlorine-37 (CI)

Figure 3.11 sotopes of chlorine

As we saw in Figure 3.5 on page 37, we can represent atoms and ions u' ir: ,these
ENRICHMENT isotopes can be represented as l and yCl. Chloride isotope ions ale t and
THINK
Fluoride, the ion of the
element fluorine, is
added to our tap water Properties of isotopes
for dental health. All
fluorine atoms contain
Isotopes have the same chemical properties because they have the same electronic configuration.
ten neutrons. How many
However, they have slightly different physical properties (Figure 3.12).
ISotopes of tiuorine are
there in tap water?

Isotopes

have

the same number of protons and electrons different numbers of neutrons

Chemical reactions involve only the Physical properties are

electrons and not the neutrons. affected by mass.
Therefore, isotopes have similar Isotopes have different
chemical properties. masses and therefore
diferent physical properties.

Example Example
.Both chlorine-35 and chlorine-37
Hydrogen-2 has a slightly
react with sodium to produce
sodium chloride.
higher boiling point and
density than hydrogen- 1.

Figure 3.12 Properties of isotopes

Atomic Structure
42
 Chapter 3
Calculating the relative atomic masses of
QUicK CHECx
an element
boron e\IStS IS [W
Look at the Periodic Table at the front of the book. Did you notice that the relative atomic masses ISutopes A SamOie

(the numbers below the names of the elements) of some elements are not whole numbers? boron ha SOo of

These elements exist as mixtures of isotopes. The relative atomic masses of these elements are and20o
The reltive J t o i Im
calculated basedon the relative
percentages of the isotopes. Of boron1Is l0
For example, chlorine exists as chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. A typical sample of chlorine has 75o ot Iue or fale
chlorine-35 and 25% of chlorine-37 atoms.
o0
Hence, the relative atomic mass =

7535)* 100
of chlorine (100 x35) ( x37

= 2625 +9.25
= 35.5

Worked Example 3C
Bromine has two types of
atoms: Br and Br
(a) What is the difference between the two atoms?
(b) F,7Cl and Br are in the same group of the Periodic Table Using Figure 39 onpage 9
deduce the number of outer shell electrons an atorn ot brornine has ( ENRICHMENT
THINK
Solution look up Dalton's Atornic
(a) They have different numbers of neutrons. Br Theory How did the
atorms have 44 neutrons but Br atorn, have discoveryof subatornic
46 neutrons. Br and Br are two isotopes of bromine
particles and isotopes
(b) Seven affect Dalton's theories?

Let's Practise3.4
1 Complete the table for carbon-12 and carbon-14

Per atom
Isotope

Nucleon number
Atomic number

Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons

Electronic configuration

2 (a) What are the symbols for the three isotopes of magnesium- magnesium-24;
magnesium-25 and magnesium-26?
(b) How are these three isotopes similar?
LINK
3 Bromine exists as two isotopes. A typical sample of bromine contains 50% ofBr and S0
of Br.What is the relative atomic mass of naturally oCCurring bromine? Exercses
Mind Map Construct your own mind map for the concepts that you have learnt in this section
Eerse8eslere

Atomic Structure 43
 Chapter 3

Let's Maplt

ATOMS
consist of consist ot
subatomic subatomic
particles in particles n

Total number of protons

and neutrons in an atom

NUCLEUS is indicated by ELECTRON

used to
SHELLS
contains Nucleon number (A) represent
an eleit

dby

Proton number (Z)

+
number
indicated by

Neutrons (n) Protons (p) Electrons (e)

Relatlve mass: 1 Relative mass: 1
Relative mass: 1840
Relatlve charge: 0 Relative charge:+1 Relative charge: -T

have the same equal numbers

have different| arrangenent
numbers of number of in an atom of electrons is
represented using

Atoms are electrically neutral

Electronic configuration
Isotopes
Outer shell electrons
have
that are found
in Quter shells

are Called
9Same chemlcal propertles
Different physlcal propertles

Atomic Structure
44
Let's Review
Section A: Multiple-choice Questions 8 Which diagram shows the arrangement of
1 His a/an electrons in oxygen (proton number 8)?
A atomn
B molecule
C neutron
D proton
2 Which atom has the largest number of neutrons?
A D
A H
3 He 9 Thallium-204 is used in the manufacturing industry to
C He regulate the thickness of paper. How many protons
D Li neutrons and electrons are there in an atom of
thallium-204?
3 Which statement about X and Y is false?
A They Number of Number of Number of
are isotopes. protons neutronsS electrons
B They are the same element.
31 123 81
C They have the same number of electrons.
B1 204 81
D They have the same number of neutrons.
123 123 123
4 Which atom has more protons than neutrons? 123 204 81
A C
B H
10 Table 31 shows the structures of five atoms.
C He Table 3.1
D $Li
Atom Number of Number of Number of
5 What is the number obtained when the proton number electrons neutrons protons
is subtracted from the nucleon number?
A Number of neutrons in the nucleus 6

B Number of protons and electrons in the atom 6

C Number of protons and neutrons in the atom 7
D Number of protons in the nucleus
6 Figure 3.13 shows the nucleus of an atom of X.
Which two pairs of atoms are isotopes?
Key: First pair Second pair
neutron V and W X and Y
Vand W Xand Z
proton
Wand X Yand Z
Wand Y Xand Z
Figure 3.13

Which symbol correctly represents X? 11 A naturally occurring sample of neon gas has two
A X B X isotopesNe and 7Ne. 90% of the sample is "Ne. What
is the relative atomic mass of naturally ocCurring neon?
C X D X
A 55
7 Which element is not found in the same period in the B 20.0
Periodic Table as the others? C 202
AO B F D 218

C Ne D Na

Atomic Structure 45
Chapter 3

Let's Review
Section B:
Short-answer and Structured (b) Figure 3.15 shows the nucleus from an atom of another
Questions element.
Table 3.2 shows the
atomic and mass numbers of some 8p
elements. 8n
Table 3.2
Figure 3.15
Element Atomic number Mass number
Carbon (i) Complete the diagram to show the electronic
6
12
Fluorine arrangement of this atom. [2
9
19 (ii) Write the electronic contiguration of the element. [|
Chlorine 17
35.5
5 One
Iron
26 s6
ofthe isotopes of nitrogen is N
(a) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there
(a) How many protons are there in an in an atom of N? [1]
atom of fluorine?
(6) How many neutrons are there in an atom of [ (b) What is the electronic c
iron? [0 N [
(c) Which element has the same number of (c) State the symbol of an t'ogen that has
and protons
neutrons in an atom? [ one less neutron tha
(d) Explain why the mass number of chlorine is nota whole
6 (a) Complete the tabie.
number. [2]
Type of atom 09
47 Ag
2 Table 3.3 shows some information on element P Relative percentage pre
Table 3.3
Protons in one atom

Atomic Mass Number of Electrons in one atom

Number Number
protons neutrons electrons Neutrons in one atom

19 R 20 T
(b) What is the narme given to represent these two types of
silver atoms? [1]
(a) ldentify element P. []
7 Two isotopes of lithium are
(b) What are the values of R, S and T? B] Li and ,Li.
An element E has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 8, 2.
(a) State two ways in which these isotopes are similar. |21
3
(b) State one way in which the isotopes differ. [21
It has a nucleon number of 40.
8 Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, is represented in
(a) State the group which E belongs to in the Periodic Table. [1]
Table. [ symbolsas D. Another isotope of hydrogen is tritiun (I)
(b) State the period which E belongs to in the Periodic (a) (i) Tritium has two neutrons. Write the ymtl
How many protons are there in an atom of E? [
(c)) for an atom of tritium, as has teen vrtttr
How many neutrons are there in an atom of E? [11
(ii) deuterium. [1]
an electron, 'n'a neutron and
4 In Figure 3.14, e' represents (ii) Write the formula of the compaund forrm d
p'a proton. between tritium and oxygen. (1
(b) Give the number of
(i) electrons in HD; [1]
(ii) protons in D; [1]
(ii) neutrons in DT. [1]
9 SCopper occurs naturally as two isotopes69.14
Figure 3.14
ofCu and 30.9% of Cu.What is the relative atomi
mass of copper, correct to one decimal place? [2
an atom of helium.
(a) Figure 3.14 shows
is the proton
number of the atom? [1]
(i) What
is its mass number? []
(ii) What

Atomic Structure
46