Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Newton’s Laws of Motion

Prepared by:

GEORGE Q. CABUNTUCAN
Teacher III
Paoay National High School
General Physics 1 - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

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copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte
Office Address: Brgy. 7B Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771- 0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770- 5963/(077) 600- 2605

E-mail Address: [email protected]

12
2
 General Physics 1
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Newton’s Laws of Motion

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Newton’s Laws of Motion.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

3
 This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Note to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Newton’s Laws of Motion.

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts with their corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to competencies you are expected to learn
Know in the module.

This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
What I Know
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correctly, you may decide to
skip this module.

4
 This is a brief drill or review to help you
link the current lesson with the previous
What’s In
one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
What’s New
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
What is It
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to strengthen your
What’s More
understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers in the
exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

This includes questions or open-ended

What I Have statements to be filled in to process what
Learned you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
What I Can Do
knowledge or skill into real life
situations.

This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
Assessment
learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be

Additional given to you to enrich your knowledge or
Activities skill of the lesson learned. This also
develops retention of learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in

the module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

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The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

6
 What I Need to Know

This module was specifically developed and designed to provide you a

fun and meaningful learning experience, with your own time and pace.

The module is divided into four lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Newton’s Laws of Motion
● Lesson 2 – Contact and Non-contact forces (action at a distance
forces)
● Lesson 3 – Inertial Reference Frames, Action-Reaction Pairs & Free-
Body Diagram
● Lesson 4 – Problem Solving using Newton’s Laws of Motion

After going through this module, you are expected to:

● Define inertial frame of reference; STEM_GP12N-Id-28.
● Identify action-reaction pairs; STEM_GP12N-Id-31.
● Draw free-body diagrams; STEM_GP12-Id-32.
● Solve problems using Newton’s Laws of motion in contexts
such as but not limited to ropes and pulleys, the design of
mobile sculptures, transport of loads on conveyor belts, force
needed to move stalled vehicles, determination of safe driving
speeds on banked curved roads; STEM_GP12N-Ie-38.
 What I Know

Directions: Find out how much you already know about the topics in this
module. Encircle the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that
you were not able to answer correctly and find the right answer as you go
through this module.

1. The law of inertia applies to _______________.

A. moving objects C. both moving and nonmoving objects

B. objects that are not moving D. all of the above

2. Friction is a force that always acts _____________________.

A. opposite to the object's natural motion
C. perpendicular to the object's motion
B. in the same direction as the object's motion
D. none of the above

3. Which of the following situations applies the law of inertia?

A. A horse drawing a calesa.
B. A rifle recoils when fired.
C. Rowing a canoe
D. A person moves forward when a driver steps on the break when in
motion.

4. How does the acceleration of an object change in relation to its mass?

A. directly proportional
B. acceleration doesn’t depend on mass at all
C. inversely proportional
D. none of the above

5. What acceleration will a 300 N force give a body with a mass of 90 kg?
A. 3.33 m/s2
B. 33.3 m/s2
C. 0.333 m/s2
D. 0.4 m/s
6. Which of the following states that “for every action force there is an equal
and opposite reaction force.”
A. Law of inertia C. Law of Interaction

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 B. Law of Acceleration D Law of conservation of
momentum

7. Which of the following is an example of contact force?

A. Wind blowing leaves across the yard.
B. The moon orbiting the earth.
C. Your book lying on a table
D. Falling rock

8. You hit a wall with a stick.  The equal but opposite reaction is _____
A. the wall pushes against you
B. the stick pushes against you
C. you push against the stick
D. the wall pushes against the stick

9. A science book with a mass of 2.8 kg is pushed along a table with a net
force of 1 N. What is the book's acceleration?
A. 0.28 m/s2
B. 0.32 m/s2
C. 0.36 m/s2
D. 0.38 m/s2

10. What is the missing force in the figure below?

?
Student

W
A. weight force
B. normal force
C. frictional force
D. tension force

9
Lesson
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1

What’s In

Activity 1. The Magic Coin

Materials needed:

Coin
Glass
Post card or simply card

Procedures:

1. Assemble the materials as in the figure below.

2. If you quickly pull the card horizontally away from the glass, what
do you think will happen to the coin? Write your prediction on the
space provided.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______

Photocredit:https://www.google.com/search?q=first+law+of+motion+glass+and+coin&source

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 What’s New

Photo Credit: https://www.google.com/search?q=pic+of+4x4+sand+dunes+paoay&source

Have you already experience riding 4x4 in Paoay Sand Dunes? Paoay
Sand Dunes, Barangay Suba, Paoay, Ilocos Norte (near Malacanang of the
North) is like to any sand dunes of the world, are not static forms; they
change in shape, sizes and location, depending on the strength and
direction of the prevailing wind.
Imagine you are standing still in a stationary 4x4 then suddenly it
moves forward. What will happen to you?
___________________________________________________________________________
___
If the 4x4 suddenly stop, what will happen to you?
___________________________________________________________________________
___

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 What is It

A. 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

Newton's first law of motion predicts the behavior of objects for which all
existing forces are balanced. The first law - sometimes referred to as the law
of inertia - states that if the forces acting upon an object are balanced, then
the acceleration of that object will be 0 m/s/s. 
OR

An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in
motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

● Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity:

whether in motion or motionless.
● Moving objects have inertia: they want to keep moving; stopped
objects have inertia: they want to stay at rest.
● More mass = more inertia

Inertia and Mass

An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an
object. It is a quantity that only depends on the inertia of an object. This
implies that heavier objects are harder to move or when it is already moving,
it is hard to stop. Simply put, the greater the mass, the greater the amount
of inertia.

B. 2nd Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for

which all existing forces are not balanced. The second law states that the
acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - the net
force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of
an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and
inversely upon the mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is
increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an
object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased.
OR

12
 The acceleration experience by a body is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the unbalanced force acting on it and inversely proportional
to the mass of the object.

Newton's second law of motion can be formally stated as follows:

The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the
net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
This verbal statement can be expressed in equation form as follows:
a = Fnet / m
The above equation is often rearranged to a more familiar form as shown
below. The net force is equated to the product of the mass times the
acceleration.
Fnet = m • a
In this entire discussion, the emphasis has been on the net force.
The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force; the net
force equals mass times acceleration; the acceleration in the
same direction as the net force; an acceleration is produced by
a net force. The NET FORCE. It is important to remember this
distinction. Do not use the value of merely "any 'ole force" in the
above equation. It is the net force that is related to acceleration. 
Let’s look at the first part of the law of acceleration:
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied on an
object.
For instance, the first crate is pushed to the right by a single man which
causes it to accelerate. What will happen if two persons will push the same
crate?

Increasing the amount of force applied on an object also increases the

acceleration of the object. When a quantity is in direct proportion to another
quantity, there is an increase in the first quantity. In this case, the force
applied will result in the increase of the other quantity, the acceleration of
the object.
Now let’s look at the second part of the law of acceleration:
The acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

13
For instance, when the man pushes the crate to the right, it accelerates to
the right. What do you think will happen if the mass of the crate is doubled?

In this case, increasing the mass of the object makes it harder to accelerate.
This is in agreement with the first law of motion. Therefore, in order to
accelerate a heavy object, one must apply a great amount of force. Simply
put, the acceleration of the object will depend on two things: the mass of an
object and the force applied on it.

C. 3rd Law of Motion (Law of Interaction)

 According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other,

they exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair, your body
exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts an upward force
on your body. There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force
on the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are
called action and reaction forces and are the subject of Newton's third law of
motion. Formally stated, Newton's third law is:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
When an object exerts a force on another object, the second object
exerts an equal and opposite force to the first object.
Have you ever wondered why you don’t fall when you lean on a post? When
you lean on a post you are exerting force on the post and in return the post
exerts force on you, preventing you from falling. The amount of force that
the post exerts on you is the same as the amount of force that you exert on
it.

In the interaction of objects, force always comes in pairs. Consider your

movement when you are walking. Your feet are pushing the ground
downward, we can label this as the action force. On the other hand,
the reaction is provided by the second object on which the feet are in
contact with, and it is equal and opposite to the direction of the reaction
force. Thus, the reaction force is the ground that pushes your feet up, which
actually enables you to walk.

Action and reaction do not cancel each other out. Unlike in the first law of
motion where the forces act on an object, these forces are acted on different

14
objects such as the action force acted by your feet to the ground, and the
reaction force acted by the ground to your feet.

What’s More

Activity 1: U rays me up!

Directions: Find the answers for each number in the sun’s rays below.

1. English Scientist and Mathematician famous for his discovery of

the law of gravity also discovered the three laws of Motion.
_________________________
2. It is the property of an object that resist change of motion.
________________________
3. Other term of the Third law of Motion. ________________________
4. It states that every object stays in its equilibrium state unless
acted on by an outside force. _________________________
5. It states that the force is equal to mass times
acceleration._________________________

iSAISAAC
NEWTON
WORD
POOL

15
Activity 2: Let’s Classify!

Directions. Identify the laws of motion that is illustrated by the following

statement. Put check (/) mark if it is Law of Inertia, (//) if it is Law of
Acceleration, (///) if it is Law of Interaction.

1. A rifle recoils when fired.

2. A car still moves for a short period even after the brakes
have been applied.
3. A follow-through is needed when a golfer hits the ball
with a golf club.
4. A rocket lifts off from a space-shuttle system.
5. A cigarette vendor has to move with the bus as he jumps
off the bus.
6. It hurts when you slap a person.
7. You cannot touch without being touch.
8. The tires of a car push against the road while the road
pushes back on the tires.
9. A book on your table does not come towards you unless
you put effort to take it.
10. A rocket or any other propelling object does not take off
unless a force equal to its weight is applied on it.

What I have learned

16
 CHECK POINT

Choose from the following emoticons of what you feel about today’s lesson
and answer the question for each emoticon.

What part of the lesson you like most?

What part of the lesson makes you think twice?

What part of the lesson you want to improve?

__________________________________________________________________________________
___

What I can do

Directions: Do what is asked.

1. Write two situations that you observe around you which demonstrate
each of Newton’s Laws of motion.
Law of Inertia
1. __________________________________________________________________
___
2. __________________________________________________________________
___
Law of Acceleration

17
 1. __________________________________________________________________
___
2. __________________________________________________________________
___
Law of Interaction
1.___________________________________________________________________
___
2.___________________________________________________________________
___
2. Cite technologies that operate based on the three laws of motion ( two for
each law).

Law of Inertia
1. __________________________________________________________________
___
2. __________________________________________________________________
___
Law of Acceleration
1. __________________________________________________________________
___
2. __________________________________________________________________
___
Law of Interaction
1.___________________________________________________________________
___
2.___________________________________________________________________
___

Additional Activity

Direction: Create a jingle/song applying the concepts of the three laws of

motion.

18
 Congratulations for a job well done.

Rubric for Evaluating the Jingle/Song:

19
Your Lesson 1 module ends here.
Keep safe!

20
Lesson
Contact and Non-contact
2 forces (action at a distance
forces)

What’s In

What forces do you see in your everyday life?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______

Which force is most important on Earth? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______

What’s New

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 Photo credit:https://www.activekids.com/soccer/articles/7-tips-for-effective-soccer-shooting

Picture Analysis
Task: Analyze the given picture above and answer the guide questions.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the forces acting on the ball from before it is kicked until it
stops moving?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________
2. Explain each forces.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________

What is It

Contact and non-contact forces

Forces are responsible for all the interactions between particles and objects.
They can be divided into two categories: contact forces and non-contact
forces.

22
Contact forces

Contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are physically

touching each other.

Contact force is a force that is applied by objects in contact with each other.
The contact force acts on a point of direct contact between the two objects.
This force can either be continuous as a continuous force or can be
momentary in the form of an impulse. Contact force is governed by Newton’s
Laws. Contact force is responsible for most of the interactions we experience
in daily life. Pushing a car up the hill, writing your name with a pen, or
picking up a textbook from the table are all examples of contact force, and
they are also examples of continuous force. On the other hand, hammering
a nail, kicking a ball, etc are examples of impulse or momentary force.

Types of contact force:

1. Frictional Force: Friction is a force exerted by a surface against the
motion of a body across its surface. Friction is the reason why your car
comes to a standstill if you don’t press the accelerator. The frictional force is
opposing the rotation of the wheels of your car. Therefore, if you leave the
accelerator, the friction slowly removes all the force from the car and when it
has removed the last bit of force, the car comes to a standstill. Another
example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a
friction force in the opposite direction of its motion causing it to stop sliding
after a finite distance. Friction is a type of contact force only.

2. Applied Force: Force which is applied to an object by another object. A

person pushing a barrel is an example of applied force. When the person
pushes the barrel then there is an applied force acting upon the barrel. The
applied force is the force exerted on the barrel by the person and it is
responsible for the motion of the barrel. Applied force may be contact force
as well as non – contact force.

3. Normal Force: The normal force is also called Support force. The normal
force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with
another fixed or stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a
surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order
to support the weight of the book. The solid ground provides the normal
force for all of us live. The normal force is proportional to the weight of the
body. Larger the body larger the normal force. If a very high weight is kept
on a table and it cannot provide a normal force that large, then it breaks.

4. Weight: The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or
other massively large object attracts another object towards itself. By
definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth experience
a force of gravity that is directed "downward" towards the center of the
earth. The force of gravity on earth is always equal to the weight of the
object as found by the equation:
Fgrav = m * g
23
where g = 9.8 N/kg (on Earth)
and m = mass (in kg)

5. Tension: The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a

string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from
opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the wire and
pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire.

6. Air resistance: The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that
acts upon objects as they travel through the air. The force of air resistance
is often observed to oppose the motion of an object. This force will frequently
be neglected due to its negligible magnitude (and due to the fact that it is
mathematically difficult to predict its value). It is most noticeable for objects
that travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects
with large surface areas.

7. Friction: The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object

moves across it or makes an effort to move across it. There are at least two
types of friction force - sliding and static friction. Though it is not always the
case, the friction force often opposes the motion of an object. For example, if
a book slides across the surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction
force in the opposite direction of its motion. Friction results from the two
surfaces being pressed together closely, causing intermolecular attractive
forces between molecules of different surfaces. As such, friction depends
upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are
pressed together. The maximum amount of friction force that a surface can
exert upon an object can be calculated using the formula below:

Ffrict = µ • Fnorm

Different forces acting on a body

24
 Photo Credit: https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+contact+forces&tbm=isch&source

What’s More

Activity 1: Let’s Match

Direction: Match column A to its corresponding type of forces in column B.
Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

Column A Column
B

______ 1. Force that act between two objects that are a.

Tension
physically touching each other.
______ 2. Force exerted by a surface as an object moves across b. Contact
force

25
 it or makes an effort to move across it
______ 3. It always acts perpendicular to the surfaces and out c.
Friction
of the surface.
______ 4.  Force that is applied through a string, cable, and rope. d. Normal force
______ 5. Force that is always directed "downward" towards e. Applied
force

the center of the earth. f. Weight

Activity 2: Touch Me Not!

Directions. Put check (/) mark on the Non-Contact Forces while double
check (//) mark on the Contact Forces

1. Apple falling down from the tree.

2. Iron pins being attracted when in the
vicinity of a magnet without any physical
contact.
3. A skydiver diving in the sky.

4. The charging of the hair and attraction

of paper bits towards it.
5. Falling of rain drops on earth is also an
example of non-contact force.
6. Free fall of feather towards earth is by
the virtue of gravity.
7. Repulsion force, when two magnets are
close to each other is also an example of
non-contact force.
8. kicking of a football

9. Pushing the door

10. Stretching of the spring of a balance

26
 What I have learned

Directions: Complete the Venn diagram below by comparing contact and

non-contact forces.

27
 Photo Credit: https://www.google.com/search?q=venn+diagram+of+contact+and+noncontact+forces&sa=X&hl=en&tbm=isch&source

What I can do

Directions: Do what is asked.

List 5 examples of contact or non-contact forces or draw pictures of the
different types of contact and non-contact forces. Put your answers in the
clouds below.

1. 2.
28
 3. 4.

5.

Additional Activity

Activity 1: Let’s Go Online

Your Task: Go to the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQQ6_oV6Z3M

Guide Questions:
1. What forces are exerted during the game?

2. Who won the game? Why?

29
 Your Lesson 2 module ends here.
Keep safe!

Lesson Inertial Reference Frames,

Action-Reaction Pairs & Free-
3 Body Diagram

What’s In

Before you proceed with the next lesson, let us recall your previous
knowledge on types of contact forces.

Directions: Group the following situations if they are contact forces (Box A)
or Non-contact forces (Box B).
1. Pushing a cart
2. Touching a rock

3. Falling rock

4. Moon’s attraction to Earth causing tides

30
5. Your hair being attracted to your comb after stroking it with the same
comb.

6. Tissue being attracted to a plastic sheet

7. Kicking a ball
8. Sitting on a chair
9. Your skin hair being attracted to the TV screen when you switch it on
or off.
10. Pulling a cart.

A. Contact Forces B. Non-contact Forces

31
 What’s New

Directions: Try cracking the following code which conceals the definition of
INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE. On the blanks, write the decoded words
with the help of the two words which use the same code.

Y V O L T R X Z O
B E L O G I C A L

INERTIAL FRAME OF _____________ IS A REFERENCE __________ IN WHICH

IVUVIVMXV UIZNV

AN OBJECT __________ EITHER AT ________ OR AT A CONSTANT VELOCITY

HGZBH IVHG

UNLESS ANOTHER ____________ ACTS UPON IT.

ULIXV

32
 What is It

A. Inertial Frame of Reference

An inertial frame of reference is one in which the motion of a particle not

subject to forces is in a straight line at constant speed.
Hence, with respect to an inertial frame, an object or
body accelerates only when a physical force is applied, and
(following Newton's first law of motion), in the absence of a net force, a body
at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will continue to move
uniformly—that is, in a straight line and at constant speed. Newtonian
inertial frames transform among each other according to the Galilean group
of symmetries.
If this rule is interpreted as saying that straight-line motion is an
indication of zero net force, the rule does not identify inertial reference
frames because straight-line motion can be observed in a variety of frames.
If the rule is interpreted as defining an inertial frame, then we have to be
able to determine when zero net force is applied.

B. Identifying Interaction Force Pairs

A single force cannot exist by itself. Forces are always pushes or pulls
between objects. So they always occur in pairs.

“For every action force, there is an

equal and opposite reaction

According to Newton's third law, for every action force there is an

equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction force. Forces always come
in pairs - known as "action-reaction force pairs." Identifying and describing
action-reaction force pairs is a simple matter of identifying the two
interacting objects and making two statements describing who is pushing on
whom and in what direction. For example, consider the interaction between
a baseball bat and a baseball.

33
 The baseball forces the bat to the left; the bat forces the ball to the
right. Together, these two forces exerted upon two different objects form the
action-reaction force pair. Note that in the description of the two forces, the
nouns in the sentence describing the forces simply switch places.
Consider the following three examples. One of the forces in the mutual
interaction is described; describe the other force in the action-reaction force
pair.
Illustrative Examples:

Photo Credit:https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+action+reaction+pairs&source

Photo credit:https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+action+reaction+pairs&source

C. Free-Body Diagram

A free-body diagram is a sketch of an object of interest with all the

surrounding objects stripped away and all of the forces acting on the body
shown. The drawing of a free-body diagram is an important step in the

34
solving of mechanics problems since it helps to visualize all the forces acting
on a single object. The net external force acting on the object must be
obtained in order to apply Newton’s Second Law to the motion of the object.

A free-body diagram or isolated-body diagram is useful in problems

involving the equilibrium of forces.
Free-body diagram is useful for setting up standard mechanics
problems.

Constructing Free-Body Diagrams

Observe the following rules when constructing a free-body diagram:

1. Draw the object under consideration; it does not have to be artistic. At

first, you may want to draw a circle around the object of interest to be
sure you focus on labeling the forces acting on the object. If you are
treating the object as a particle (no size or shape and no rotation),
represent the object as a point. We often place this point at the origin
of an xy-coordinate system.
2. Include all forces that act on the object, representing these forces as
vectors. Consider the types of forces described in Common Forces—
normal force, friction, tension, and spring force—as well as weight and
applied force. Do not include the net force on the object. With the
exception of gravity, all of the forces we have discussed require direct
contact with the object. However, forces that the object exerts on its
environment must not be included. We never include both forces of an
action-reaction pair.
3. Convert the free-body diagram into a more detailed diagram showing
the x- and y-components of a given force (this is often helpful when
solving a problem using Newton’s first or second law). In this case,
place a squiggly line through the original vector to show that it is no
longer in play—it has been replaced by its x- and y-components.
4. If there are two or more objects, or bodies, in the problem, draw a
separate free-body diagram for each object.

Note: If there is acceleration, we do not directly include it in the free-body

diagram; however, it may help to indicate acceleration outside the free-body

35
diagram. You can label it in a different color to indicate that it is separate
from the free-body diagram.

Let’s apply the problem-solving strategy in drawing a free-body diagram for a

sled. In Figure 5.31(a), a sled is pulled by force P at an angle of 30°30°. In
part (b), we show a free-body diagram for this situation, as described by
steps 1 and 2 of the problem-solving strategy. In part (c), we show all forces
in terms of their x- and y-components, in keeping with step 3.

Figure 5.31 (a) A moving sled is shown as (b) a free-body diagram and (c) a

free-body diagram with force components.
Photo credit: https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/5-7-drawing-free-body-diagrams

Illustrative Examples:

1. A book is at rest on a tabletop. A free-body diagram for this situation

looks like this:

 2. A gymnast holding onto a bar, is suspended motionless in mid-air. The

bar is supported by two ropes that attach to the ceiling. Diagram the forces
acting on the combination of gymnast and bar. A free-body diagram for this
situation looks like this:

36
3. An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree. Neglect air resistance. A free-
body diagram for this situation looks like this:
 

 
4. A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps) from a tree to the ground at
constant velocity. Consider air resistance. A free-body diagram for this
situation looks like this:

5. A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk

with a rightward acceleration. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air
resistance. A free-body diagram for this situation looks like this:

What’s More

Activity 1: Action, Reaction!

Direction: Do what is asked.

1. For each stated action force, identify the reaction force.

a.

37
 Action: Bat hits ball
Reaction: _____________________

b.

Action: Man pushes wall

Reaction: ____________________

c.
Action: A car hits a wall
Reaction: ____________________

d.

Action: Foot pushes down and back

Reaction: ______________________
Activity 2: FBD?

Directions: Do what is asked.

1. A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk

at constant velocity. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance.
Diagram the forces acting on the book. 

38
2. A college student rests a backpack upon his shoulder. The pack is
suspended motionless by one strap from one shoulder. Diagram the
vertical forces acting on the backpack.

3. A skydiver is descending with a constant velocity. Consider air

resistance. Diagram the forces acting upon the skydive.

4. A force is applied to the right to drag a sled across loosely packed

snow with a rightward acceleration. Neglect air resistance. Diagram
the forces acting upon the sled.

5. A car is coasting to the right and slowing down. Neglect air

resistance. Diagram the forces acting upon the car. 

39
 What I have learned

Complete the following phrases about the activities presented as well as how
you learned about the topic.

40
 What I can do

Directions: Do what is asked.

Draw a free-body diagram for each block. Be sure to consider Newton’s third
law at the interface where the two blocks touch.

Your Lesson 3 module ends here.

Keep safe!

41
 Lesson
Problem Solving using
4 Newton’s Laws of Motion

What’s In

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. How does the acceleration of two different objects compare if the same
amount of force acts on them?
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

2. If you double the net force of an object and keep the mass constant, how
will its acceleration be affected?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________

3. What will happen to the acceleration if the mass of an object is tippled

but the force is kept the same?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________

42
 What’s New

Directions: Solve the following problems and identify one of the native
delicacies usually serve during Guling Guling festival in Paoay. Choose the
corresponding letters from the box then fill in the blanks below.

Among the many interesting side shows to the

Guling-Guling Festival is the “native delicacies
cook-off held on a piece of farm that sits adjacent
to a small pond near the highway. Known as a
traditional Ilocano rice cake. In order to identify
this native delicacies, solve for the following
problems completely.

1. If a 50 N pulls on a 10 kg object, how much acceleration will

occur?

2. A force of 49 N causes a 7 m/s 2 acceleration. Find the mass of the

object it was pulling.

3. How big a force does it take to give a 50 kg object an acceleration of

40 m/s2?

4. If a person is pushing a cart with a force of 40 N and it takes

accelerates at 0.5 m/s2, what is the mass of the cart?

5. What is the acceleration of a 3 kg rock that is thrown with a force

of 18 N?

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____

1 2 3 4 5

O L D1 U D2
80 6 5 7 2000

43
 What is It

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

The acceleration of a system is directly proportional to and in the same

direction as the net external force acting on the system, and inversely
proportional to its mass. In equation form, Newton’s second law of motion is
a = Fnet/m
This is often written in the more familiar form
Fnet = ma.
When only the magnitude of force and acceleration are considered, this
equation is simply
Fnet = ma.

Problem-Solving Strategy: Applying Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. Identify the physical principles involved by listing the givens and the
quantities to be calculated.
2. Sketch the situation, using arrows to represent all forces.
3. Determine the system of interest. The result is a free-body
diagram that is essential to solving the problem.
4. Apply Newton’s second law to solve the problem. If necessary, apply
appropriate kinematic equations.
5. Check the solution to see whether it is reasonable.

Sample Problem:

1. A body of mass (m) 2 kg is moving along x-axis with the speed of 3 m/s at
the instant represented by the accompany figure.

44
 F = 15N
f = .3 300

a. What is the acceleration of a body?

b. What is the bodies’ velocity after 10 s?
c. What is the displacement after 10s?

Solution:

a) a = ∑F/ m

∑F = f + W + F

W = mg
= 2 kg ( 9.8 m/s2)
W= 19.6 N

∑F = f +W + F

Forces x- component y- component

f -.3 N 0
W 0 -19.6 N
F 12.99N 7.5 N
∑ ∑x = 12.69 N ∑y = -12.1 N

a = ∑Fx/ m

= 12.69 N / 2 kg

a = 6.35 m/s2

b) Vf = Vi + at
= 3 m/s + ( 6.35 m/s2) ( 10 s)
= 66.5 m/s

c) d = Vit + ½ at2
= 3m/s(10s) + ½ (6.35 m/s2) ( 10s)2
= 347.5 m

45
 What’s More

Activity 1: Guess Me.

Direction: Identify the tourist spot being described below. To
answer this, solve the following problems and choose the
corresponding letter to fill up the blanks.

_____________, also known as Lago de

Nanguyudan or dakkel danum, is a mysterious
horseshoe-shaped lake that has a tale of its
own. The lake can be appreciated from the
porch of the Malacañang of the North or from
the lake’s dilapidated viewing deck. It has been
declared as a national park on June 21, 1969.

46
 ___ ___ ____ A ___ ___ A ___ ___
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. A 3.5 kg papaya is pushed across a table. If the acceleration of the

papaya is 2.2 m/s2 to the left, what is the net external force exerted on
the papaya?

2. A 0.050 kg tennis ball approaches a racket at 25 m/s. if it is in

contact with the racket at 25 m/s. If it is in contact with the racket’s
strings for 0,005 s, then rebounds at 25 m/s, what is the average
contact force between ball and racket?

3. A constant net force of 200 N is exerted to accelerate a cart from rest

to a velocity of 40 m/s in 10s. What is the mass of the cart?

4. A worker pushes on a crate, and it experiences a net force of 300 N. If

the crate moves with an acceleration of 0.750 m/s2, what is its mass?

5. A bicycle and a rider together have a mass of 90 kg. If the bicycle

moves at 6 m/s, how much force is needed to bring it to a stop in 5 s?

6. What acceleration does a 93 kg basketball player experience if he is

bumped with an average force of 540 N?

7. What acceleration does a 60 kg basketball player experience if he

bumped with the following forces: 300N (right) and 240N (left)?

Y – 400 P – 7.7 O – 50
A – -500 K – 5.8 E-1 L – -108

Activity 2:

Directions: Solve the problem completely. Show the Free-body diagram

(FBD).

47
Three blocks are connected on a horizontal table and pulled to the rifgt with
a force T3 =65 N. If m1 = 12 kg, m2 = 24 kg, m3 = 31 kg. Calculate a)
acceleration of the system b) The tension T1 and T2?

M1 m1 m2 m2 m3

W1 W2 W3

What I have learned

Directions: Below is an exit ticket. After engaging in problems on Newton’s

Laws of Motion, continue the statements below.

PROBLEMS INVOLVING SIDES AND ANGLES OF POLYGONS

1.
3 things I learned
about problems on
2.
Newton’s Laws of
Motion…
3.

48
 1.
2 things I want to
share to my friends
are… 2.

1 thing I want to
explore more is… 1.

What I can do

Directions: Do what is asked.

Suppose your mother told you to help her move the cabinet with heavy
objects inside the cabinet to the other room. What will you do to make your
work easier?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________

Why would you do such?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

49
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________

Congratulations, you have finished

Module 5, you can pause for a while
then answer posttest.

Assessment ( Posttest)

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided.

___________1. The law of inertia states that an object

a. will continue moving at the same velocity unless an
outside force acts on it.
b. will continue moving in a straight line unless an
outside force acts on it.
c. that is not moving will never move unless a force acts
on it.
d. at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an
outside force.

__________2. Which of the following situations is/are NOT example of the 1 st

Law of Motion?
i) A book on your table does not come towards you unless you
put effort to take it
ii) The Earth and other planets will not revolve around the sun
when there exists no gravitational field.
iii) A rocket or any other propelling object does not take off unless
a force equal to its weight is applied on it.
a. i c. i & iii
b. i & ii d. ii & iii

__________3. Which of the following situations is/are NOT example of the

3rd Law of Motion?

50
 i) If you hit a wall, your fist will get hurt.
ii) If you push an object, it will start moving.
iii) If two vehicles crash each other, kinetic energy is converted into
light, sound and heat energy.
iv) In simple words, the third Newtonian law is same as that of
“KARMA”
a. ii c. i & iii
b. i & iii d. ii & iii

__________4. A and B are two objects with masses 100 kg and 75 kg

respectively, then ________.
a. both will have the same inertia
b. B will have more inertia
c. A will have more inertia
d. both will have less inertia

__________5. According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, if the net force

acting on the object increases while the mass of the object remains
constant, what happens to the acceleration?
a. Acceleration decreases.
b. Acceleration increases.
c. Acceleration remains the same.
d. Acceleration is independent of mass.

3m

F 2m
m

__________6. Three blocks of mass m, 2m, and 3m, are placed adjacent to
each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface as shown above. A constant
force of magnitude F is applied to the right. Which of the following
statements is true?
a. The acceleration of the blocks will vary according to their mass.
b. The acceleration of each blocks will be the same: F/m
c. The net force acting on the block 3m is three times greater
than the net force acting on m.
d. The magnitude of the force on block 3m from 2m is greater
than the magnitude of the force back on 2m from 3m.

__________7. An object weighs 30 N on earth. A second object weighs 30 N

on the moon. Which has greater mass?
a. The one on earth
b. The one on the moon
c. They have the same mass

51
 d. Their masses cannot be determined

__________8. An archer shoots an arrow. Consider the action force to be

the bowstring against the arrow. The reaction to this force is the _____.
a. arrow’s push against the bowstring
b. weight of the arrow
c. air resistance against the bow
d. grip of the archer’s hand on the bow

__________9. A player catches a ball. Consider the action force to be the

impact of the ball against the player’s glove. What is the reaction to this
force?
a. The force the glove exerts on the ball.
b. Friction of the ground against the player’s shoes.
c. The player’s grip on the glove.
d. None of the above.

_________10. Which of these is NOT a contact force?

a. tension c. static friction

b. normal force d. repulsion

52
 Answer Key

References:
Padua, Alicia L., et.al. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics. Quezon
City: Vival Publishing House, Inc.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws/U2L2c.cfm#1

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Types-of-Forces

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-4/Newton-s-Third-Law

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-4/Identifying-Action-and-Reaction-
Force-Pairs

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law

https://www.google.com/search?
q=types+of+contact+forces&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=tPrb5GjgZldgqM%252CBgzKxau9-j-
cSM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kTJD_1J9mFpLhnUZED8VWGH5Ssssw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirqbDnxYbrAhWJHKYKHROHAGAQ_h0w
AHoECAoQBA&biw=1034&bih=620#imgrc=tPrb5GjgZldgqM

53
https://byjus.com/physics/force-contact-force-non-contact-force/
https://www.cpalms.org/Public/PreviewResourceLesson/Preview/128736
https://www.activekids.com/soccer/articles/7-tips-for-effective-soccer-shooting

54
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte – Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management Section (SDOIN CID LRMS)

Office Address: Brgy. 7B Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Telefax: (077) 771- 0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770- 5963/(077) 600- 2605
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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