FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC Facilitator:
James Clyde C. Acedo, LPT
CHEMISTRY Professor of Biochemistry
Cebu Doctors’ University
CHEMICAL BONDS
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS
Atoms form chemical bonds
to achieve stability.
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS
The electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons)
are involved in chemical bonding.
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS
In principle, an atom becomes stable when its valence
shell is already occupied with 8 electrons (Octet rule).
IONIC BOND
• Electrostatic attraction
between “ions” formed
when a metal gives off
electrons for a non-
metal
IONIC BOND
IONIC BOND
• Crystalline with high
melting point
• Dissociates into ions
when dissolved in water
COVALENT BOND
• Attraction formed
when electrons of non-
metals are shared with
one another.
COVALENT BOND
IONIC BOND
• Gases, liquids, or solid
with low melting point
• Mostly pliable, such as
plastics
Then and Now of
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
What can you associate with the word
ORGANIC?
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN THE EARLY DAYS
Early chemists believed in
Vitalism Theory.
Only living things can synthesize
organic compounds with the
intervention of vital force.
THE DEMISE OF VITALISM
In 1828, Friedrich Wohler was able to synthesize
urea, an compound found in human urine, in
his laboratory using ammonium cyanate, an
inorganic substance.
Which of the following contains
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
MOVING FORWARD: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TODAY
Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds,
those that contain carbon, and other few elements
(hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur,
phosphorus, and halogens).
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND
INROGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Composed of carbon and few
Composed of almost all kinds of
other elements (H, O, N, S, P, and
elements
halogens)
Composed entirely of covalent
Mostly ionic bonds
bonds
May be gases, liquids, or solids Usually solids with high melting
with low melting points point
Mostly insoluble in water and Mostly soluble in water and
soluble in non-polar solvents insoluble in non-polar solvents
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND
INROGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
When soluble in water, solutions Aqueous solutions conduct
do not conduct electricity electricity
Combustible and produces Very few are combustible and do
carbon (soot) when burned not form carbon when burned
Chemicals reactions are usually Chemical reactions are often very
very slow fast
When soluble in water, solutions Aqueous solutions conduct
do not conduct electricity electricity
Important Properties of
CARBON
PROPERTIES OF CARBON
1. Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds (tetravalency).
I
– C –
I
PROPERTIES OF CARBON
2. Carbon can form multiple bonds (up until triple bond).
PROPERTIES OF CARBON
3. Carbon can catenate with itself to form long linear
chains, branched chains, and rings.
PROPERTIES OF CARBON
4. A carbon atom in an organic compound can be
classified according to its degree of substitution.
1o
4o
H
2o
Bonding and Structure of
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
DRAWING CORRECT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
DRAWING CORRECT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Is the structure below correct?
DRAWING CORRECT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Is the structure below correct?
FAMILIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
These are common and specific arrangement of atoms that
impart predictable reactivity and properties to a molecule.
Hydrocarbons
ALKANES
-Single bonds from carbon atoms.
-The names for specific compounds have an ”-ane” ending.
ALKENES
-Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond
-The names for specific compounds have an ”-ene” ending.
ALKYNES
-Contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond
-The names for specific compounds have an ”-yne” ending.
ARENES
-A special class of hydrocarbon that contains a special type of ring.
(Benzene ring)
-Compounds containing these rings are called aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenol
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
-Contains other elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
-The group of atoms containing the other element is considered at the functional group.
-H and C that are not part of the functional group at called the alkyl group which is always
denoted as “R”
ALKYL HALIDES
-The halogen replaces a hydrogen.
-It has generic formula of R-X where X=Halogen
ALCOHOLS
-These compounds contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) to a
saturated carbon.
-Generic formula is R-OH
THIOLS
-These compounds contain the functional group sulfhydryl
group (-SH)
-It has the generic formula of R-SH
ETHERS
-Contains an oxygen between an alkyl group or phenyl
ring.
-It has a general formula of R-O-R’
AMINE
-It contains an amino group (–NH)
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
-Both of these has the carbonyl group (-C=O)
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
-Contains the carboxyl group
ESTERS
-Contains the Ester group
AMIDE
-The –OH in the carboxyl group
is replaced with a amino group.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND DRUG DESIGN
-Knowledge of functional groups is very important in research for
drug design.
-Researchers are studying the incorporation or derivation of
different functional groups in a drug to ensure that it is effective.
