ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY) – DAY 5

I. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An arithmetic progression is a series of numbers having a common difference.

Example 1: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Therefore from the above given: a = 2, L = 10, d = 4 – 2 = 2, n = 5

Example 2: 20, 18, 16, 14, 12

Therefore from the above given: a = 20, L = 12, d = 18 – 20 = -2, n = 5

Formulas:
! !
A. 𝐿 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 B. 𝑆 = " [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = " (𝑎 + 𝐿)

Where: L = last term a = first term n = number of terms S = sum of all terms
d = common difference = a2 – a1

Note: d is positive if increasing series of numbers

d is negative if decreasing series of numbers

C. Arithmetic mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of an arithmetic series.
The arithmetic mean of a & b is a + b .
2

II. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

A geometric progression is a series of numbers having a common ratio.

Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256

Therefore from the above given: a = 2, L = 256, r = 4/2 =2, n = 8

Formulas:
B. S = a(1 - r ) = a - rL
n
A. L = arn-1
1- r 1- r

Where: L = last term a = first term S = geometric sum of all terms

n = number of terms r = common ratio = a2/a1

C. Geometric Mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of a geometric series.
The geometric mean of a & b is ab

Sum of Infinite Geometric Series:

If n approaches infinity. S= a Provided r ≠ 1

1- r

Page 1 This file is only for viewing and printing.

Contents are not allowed to be edited.
III. HARMONIC PROGRESSION
A harmonic progression is a series of numbers whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression.

Example: Given in Harmonic Progression ¼, 1/7, 1/10, 1/13 …………

The equivalent Arithmetic Progression is 4, 7, 10, 13, …….

Note: Use the formula of arithmetic progression in getting the nth term and take the reciprocal to obtain the
equivalent Harmonic Progression.

PROBLEMS
1. What is the sum of the following finite sequence of terms? 18, 25, 32, 39, …., 67

2. What is the sum of the following finite sequence of terms? 32, 80, 200,….., 19531.25

3. The second and sixth terms of a geometric progression are 3/10 and 243/160, respectively. What is the first term
of this sequence?

4. A rubber ball was dropped from a height of 36 m, and each time it strikes the ground it rebounds to a height of
2/3 of the distance from which it fell. Find the total distance traveled by the ball before it comes to rest.

5. Find the 10th term of the harmonic progression 6/5, 4/3, 3/2, …….

6. The given sequence 𝑡! = 5!#$ is

A. Arithmetic
B. Geometric
C. Harmonic
D. Neither A nor B

TRIGONOMETRY
I. CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

Acute Angle – angle less than 90 degrees.

Obtuse Angle – angle more than 90o but less than 180o.
Reflex Angle – angle more than 180o but less than 360o.
Complementary Angle – angles whose sum is 90o.
Supplementary Angle – angle whose sum is 180o.

II. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES:

1 degree = 60 min
1 min. = 60 sec
90 deg = 100 grad
p rad = 180 deg
1 rev = 2p rad = 360 deg = 2π rad = 400 grad = 6400 mills

Page 2 This file is only for viewing and printing.

Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 RIGHT TRIANGLE
Six Trigonometric Functions:

! "
sin 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 =
" !

# "
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
" #

! #
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
# !

Pythagorean Theorem: 𝑐 ! = 𝑎! + 𝑏 !

where: a = opposite b = adjacent c = hypotenuse

Perimeter = a + b + c

III. ANGLE OF ELEVATION

Angle of elevation is the angle above the horizontal plane of the

observer.
𝛽 = Angle of Elevation

IV. ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

Angle of depression is the angle below the horizontal plane of the
observer.

х = Angle of Depression

V. LOGARITHMS
A logarithm is a power to which a number (the base) must be raised in order to get some other number.

PROPERTIES AND IDENTITIES OF LOGARITHMS

1. log % 𝑏 = 1 5. log !√𝑥 =

()* + 9. 𝑥 & = 𝑥 % , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏
!

2. log % 1 = 0 + 10. 𝑥 = 𝑒 (, & , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎

6. log ' = log 𝑥 − log 𝑦
3. log % 𝑏! = 𝑛 11. 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 + , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥
7. log(𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑦
4. log & 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ' 12. 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
$
8. log 𝑥 ! = 𝑛 log 𝑥 -./

Page 3 This file is only for viewing and printing.

Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 VI. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
Exponential growth and decay are models that usually take the form of:

𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑒 01
where:
x = amount at any period xo = original amount
k = constant t = time
+"
At half-life: 𝑥 =
"

PROBLEMS

1. If sinα = x, what is secα?

2. Which is true regarding the signs of the natural functions for angles between 90o and 180o?
A. The tangent is positive C. The cosine is negative
B. The cotangent is positive D. The sine is negative

3. The vertical angle to the top of a flagpole from point A on the ground is observed to be 37o11’. The observer
walks 17 m directly away from point A and the flagpole to point B and finds the new angle to be 25o43’. What is
the approximate height of the flagpole?

4. Solve for x: log2 x + log(x – 2) = 3

5. If the log10 of 4 is 0.703x, what is the log10 of ¼?

A. -1.703x B. -0.703x C. 0.297x D. 0.703x

6. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hours. How long does it take for 90% of the radioactivity to be
dissipated?

7. Experimental data show that a body’s temperature declines exponentially in time according to the expression T(t)
= 50e-0.04t (where 50 is a constant expressed in oC, 0.04 is the cooling rate in min-1, and t is the cooling time
expressed in minutes). How long would it take the body to reach 25oC?

OBLIQUE TRIANGLE

VII. SINE LAW

Relates the sine of the angle.

a b c a sin A c sin C c sin C A + B + C = 180O
= = = = =
sin A sin B sin C b sin B b sin B a sin A

Area of Triangle:
1 1 1
A = a b sin C A = b c sin A A = c a sin B
2 2 2

VIII. COSINE LAW

Relates the cosine of the angle.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C b2 = c 2 + a2 - 2ac cos B a2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A

Page 4 This file is only for viewing and printing.

Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 Note:

1. In solving angles in a triangle given 3 sides, do not apply Sine Law, instead Cosine Law
since the sine function cannot give an angle of more than 90 degrees.

2. The maximum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of longest side.

3. The minimum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of the shortest side.

IX. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

! "&# $ 9. sin 𝜃 = cos(90° − 𝜃)

1. sin 𝜃 = 5. cot 𝜃 =
"#" $ #() $

! 6. sin" 𝜃 + cos" 𝜃 = 1
2. cos 𝜃 = 10. cos 𝜃 = sin(90° − 𝜃)
#%" $

!
3. tan 𝜃 = 7. tan" 𝜃 + 1 = sec " 𝜃 11. tan 𝜃 = cot(90° − 𝜃)
"&' $

#() $
4. tan 𝜃 = 8. cot " 𝜃 + 1 = csc " 𝜃 12. cot 𝜃 = tan(90° − 𝜃)
"&# $

Addition and Subtraction Formulas:

Sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± sin y cos x

Cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y ± sin x sin y

Tan (x ± y) = tan x ± tan y

1 ! tan x tan y

Double Angle Formulas:

sin 2x = 2 sin x cosx

cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 2cos2x – 1 = 1 – 2sin2x

tan 2x = 2 tan x
1 - tan 2 x

X. BEARING AND DIRECTIONS

Northwest - 45o between N and W

Northeast - 45o between N and E
Southwest - 45o between S and W
Southeast - 45o between S and E

Example: Find the bearing of the following forces acting as shown.

F1 = N 40o E or 40o E of N F2 = N 60o W or 60o W of N

F3 = S 30o W or 30o W of S F4 = S 50o E or 50o E of S

Page 5 This file is only for viewing and printing.

Contents are not allowed to be edited.
PROBLEMS

1. The expression cscθ cos3θ tanθ is equivalent to which of the following expressions?
A. sinθ B. cosθ C. 1 – sin2θ D. 1 + sin2θ

2. What is the value of θ (less than 2π) that will satisfy the following equation? sin2θ + 4sin θ + 3 = 0
A. π/4 B. π/2 C. π D. 3π/2

3. Given triangle with angle C = 28.7o, side a = 132 units and b = 224 units. Solve for angle B.

4. Two ships leave a dock at the same time. One sails northeast at the rate of 8.5 mph, the other sails north at the
rate of 10 mph. How many miles apart are they at the end of 2 hours?

5. An 8-foot pole and an 18 foot pole are braced by two guy wires, each extending from the bottom of one pole to the
top of the other. How far apart are the poles if the guy wires intersect at right angles?

Page 6 This file is only for viewing and printing.

Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (GEOMETRY AND SOLID MENSURATION) – DAY 6

I. POLYGON
– is a plane closed curve separated by broken lines.

Number of Sides Side Description

3 sides Triangle
4 sides Quadrangle
5 sides Pentagon
6 sides Hexagon
7 sides Heptagon
8 sides Octagon
9 sides Nonagon
10 sides Decagon
11 sides Undecagon
12 sides Dodecagon
13 sides Tridecagon
15 sides Quindecagon
1000 sides Chiliagon

FORMULAS:

1. Sum of the interior angles = (n - 2)180°.= (n – 2) π

2. Interior angle (b) = (n - 2)180° , deg = (n - 2) p , rad

n n

3. Sum of exterior angle = 360o

4. Exterior angle = 360°

n

5. Number of diagonals = n (n - 3)
2

6. Perimeter of polygon = n L

7. Area of polygon = n / 2 ( L x h)

8. q = 360
2 n

x
9. tan θ = sin θ = x/r cosθ = h/r
h

Where: n = number of sides of polygon L = length of side of polygon

P = perimeter of polygon

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 1 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 PROBLEMS

1. What is the value of each interior angle of a regular pentagon?

A. π/5 B. 2π/5 C. π/2 D. 3π/5

2. If the total number of diagonals of an N-gon is 77, then what is N?

3. What is the area of pentagon and circle if the pentagon circumscribed a circle whose sides is 2 inches?

4. A circle that has 20 cm diameter is circumscribe on a regular hexagon. Find the area of the hexagon.

5. Find the ratio of the areas of a nonagon and a hexagon if their perimeters are equal.

6. A circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral with sides 12, 14, 16 and 18 inches. If the four sides of this quadrilateral are
tangent to the circle, calculate the diameter.

7. Find the sum of interior angles of an icosagon in radians

A. 18𝜋 B. 10𝜋 C. 12𝜋 D. 16𝜋

8. Find the exterior angle of a chiliagon in mills

A. 2.3 mills
B. 4.3 mills
C. 6.4 mills
D. 8.4 mills

II. PLANE AREAS

1. Square: 2. Rectangle:
D = L2 + w 2
A = x2
A = Lw
D= 2 x
P = 2L + 2 w
Perimeter = 4 x

3. Triangle

A. Given triangle base and height B. Given three sides of triangle:

1 A = S (S - a) (S - b) (S - c)
A= bh
2
a+b+c
S=
2

C. Two adjacent sides and included angle D. Triangle inscribed a circle.

A = area of triangle ab c
AT =
1 4r
A = a b sin q
2 AC = p r 2
r = radius of circle

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 2 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
E. Triangle circumscribing in circle. F. Right triangle

AT = r S
AC = p r 2 A = 1 / 2 bh

a+b+c
S=
2

G. Equilateral Triangle H. Isosceles triangle

3
h= x 1 2 1 2
2 A= x = x sin q
2 2
1 2 3 2
A= x sin 60° = x
2 4

4. Circle

p 2
A = pr2 = D C = pD = 2pr
4

5. Sector and Length of Arc:

1 2
a. Area of sector, A = r q
2
c. Perimeter, P = 2r + rθ
b. Length of arc, S = rq
where: q = central angle, radians

6. Parallelogram:
Given two diagonals d1 & d2 and an included
angle, q
dd
A = 1 2 sin q
2

1
7. Rhombus A= d1 d2
2

8. Trapezoid: æa+bö
A=ç ÷h
è 2 ø

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 3 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
9. Ellipse:
a 2 2
A = pab Aspect ratio = P = 2 p a +b
b 2

10. Parabolic Segment: 11. Quadrilaterals

2 1
A= LD A= d1d2 sin q
3 2

12. Area of Segment 1 2 1

AS = r q - r 2 sin q
2 2

PROBLEMS
1. If the sides of a triangle are 6, 8 and 10 m, the area of an inscribed circle is______.
A. 12.75 sq. m B. 14.57 sq. m C. 75.54 sq. m D. 78.54 sq. m

2. A sector of circle has arc length 6 cm and area 75 cm2. What is the radius?
A. 50 cm B. 7.5 cm C. 25 cm D. 12.5 cm

3. A circle having an area of 452 sq. m is cut into two segments by a chord which is 6 m from the center. Compute
for the area of the bigger segment.

4. All three sides of a triangle are initially 4 m in length. One of the triangle’s sides is oriented horizontally. The
triangle is scaled down in size without changing any of the angles. What is the new height of the triangle when
the area is exactly half of the original triangle’s area?
A. 1.2 m B. 1.5 m C. 1.7 m D. 2.5 m

5. Two 20 m diameter circles are placed so that the circumference of each just touches the center of the other.
What is the area common to each circle?

A. 61.4 m2 B. 105 m2 C. 123 m2 D. 166 m2

6. A goat is tied to a corner of a 30 ft by 35 ft building. If the rope is 40 ft long and the goat can reach 1 ft farther
than the rope length, what is the maximum area the goat can cover?
A. 4840 ft B. 8004 ft C. 4804 ft D. 4084 ft

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 4 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
III. VOLUMES
1. Cube: 2. Rectangular Solid:
V = x3 V = abc
LSA = 4 x 2 LSA = 2 ac + 2 b c
TSA = 2 a b + 2 b c + 2 c a
TSA = 6 x 2
D= 3x D = a2 + b2 + c 2

Where: V = volume LSA = lateral surface area TSA = total surface area

3. Sphere: 4. Cylinder:
p
4 V = p r2 h = D2 h
V = p R3 4
3 LSA = 2 p r h
TSA = 4 p R2
TSA = 2 p r 2 + 2 p r h

5. Cone: 6. Spherical Segment:

1
V= p r2 h
3
p h2
LSA = p r r 2 + h2 V= (3 R - h)
3
TSA = p r 2 + p r r 2 + h2 Z = area of zone = 2 p R h

7. Pyramid: 8. Frustums:
A. Cone: B. Pyramid:

1
V= Ah
3
ph 2 1
V = (R + R r + r 2 ) V = h ( A1 + A1A 2 + A 2 )
3 3

9. Truncated Prism

General Formula: V = A (mean height)

A. Truncated Triangular Prism B. Truncated Cylinder Prism

æ h + h + h3 ö
V=Aç 1 2 ÷
è 3 ø æh +h ö
V = p r2 ç 1 2 ÷
è 2 ø

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 5 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
PROBLEMS

1. The volume of the right frustum of a right circular cone is 78 cu.cm. The upper base radius is 2 cm and the lower
base radius is 5 cm. Find the altitude in cm.
A. 1.91 B. 2.01 C. 2.11 D. 2.21

2. A cubical container that measures 2 m on a side is tightly packed with eight balls and is filled with water. All
eight balls are in contact with the walls of the container and the adjacent balls. All of the balls are the same size.
What is the volume of water in the container?
A. 0.38 m3 B. 2.5 m3 C. 3.8 m3 D.4.2 m3

3. A cylindrical tank 6 m long and 4 m in diameter is placed horizontally. The tank is less than half full and length of
water surface is 2 m. Find the following:
A. Depth of water in the tank
B. Volume of the water in the tank

4. A pipe lining material of silicon carbide used in the conveyance of pulverized coal to fuel a boiler, has a thickness
of 2 cm and inside diameter of 10 cm. Find the volume of the material for pipe length of 6 cm.

5. If equal spheres are piled in the form of complete pyramid with an equilateral triangle as base, find the total
number of spheres in the pile if each side of the base contain 4 spheres.

6. The diameter of a sphere and the base of a cone are equal. What percentage of that diameter must the cones
height be so that both volumes are equal?
A. 50%
B. 100%
C. 200%
D. 300%

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 6 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (ANALYTIC GEOMETRY) – DAY 7

I. CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

x = abscissa y = ordinate O = origin

Example: Plot the following points:

a. P(3, 5) b. P(-4, 4)
c. P(-5, -2) d. P(6, -3)

Mid-point, Slope and Distance between two points.

a. Mid-Point: y = y 1 + y 2 x = x1 + x 2
2 2

b. Distance Between Two Points

D = ( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 - y1 ) 2

y 2 - y1
c. Slope of line, m m=
x 2 - x1

d. Area of triangle by connecting the given 3 points: P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2), P3(x3, y3)
𝑥! 𝑦! 1
!
𝐴 = " #𝑥" 𝑦" 1#
𝑥# 𝑦# 1

e. Area of connecting the given 4 points of square, rectangle and parallelogram.

P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2), P3(x3, y3), P4(x4, y4)
To solve the area, just take only 3 out of 4 points. (points1, 2, 3 or 2, 3, 4 or 3, 4, 1)
𝑥! 𝑦! 1
𝐴 = #𝑥" 𝑦" 1#
𝑥# 𝑦# 1

II. STRAIGHT LINE

A line is a locus of a moving point so that it is always equidistant to two fixed points.

General Equation: Ax + By + C = 0

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 1 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 Standard Equations:

1. Point-slope form 2. Two - point slope form

Given: P1 (x1, y1) and slope “m” slope. given: Two points P1 (x1, y1)) and P2(x2, y2):

y 2 - y1
y - y1 = m ( x - x 1 ) y - y1 = ( x - x1 )
x 2 - x1

Where: m = slope b = y- intercept a = x-intercept

3. Slope Intercept Form 4. Intercept Form

x y
y = mx + b + =1
a b

III. PROPERTIES OF LINES

1. Distance Between Point and a Line 2. Distance between two parallel lines

Given: Line: Ax + By + C = 0 Given: Line 1: Ax + By + C1 = 0

Point: P1 (x1, y1) Line 2: Ax + By + C2 = 0

Ax1 + By1 + C C2 - C1
d= d=
2 2
A +B A 2 + B2

3. Angle between two lines 4. Parallel lines

If two lines are parallel, their slope are equal.
m - m1
tan q = 2 m2 = m1
1 + m1 m2

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 2 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
5. Perpendicular Lines
If two lines are perpendicular, the slope of one line is equal to the negative reciprocal of the other.

1
m2 = -
m1

PROBLEMS

CARTESSIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

1. Given two points: P1 (1, 2) and P2 (5, 6). Compute the following:
A. Mid-point B. Slope C. Distance between two points

2. Find the area of the triangle with vertices P(1, 2), Q(3, 6) and R(6, 1).
A. 22 B. 11 C. 32 D. 35

LINE EQUATION and PROPERTIES

1. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (0,0) and (2, -2).
A. y = x B. y = -2x + 2 C. y = -2x D. y = -x

2. Find the equation of a line with slope = 2 and y-intercept = -3.

A. y = -3x + 2 B. y = 2x – 3 C. y = 2/3 x + 1 D. y = 2x + 3

3. What is the general form of the equation for a line whose x-intercept is 4 and y-intercept is -6?
A. 2x – 3y – 18 = 0 C. 3x – 2y – 12 = 0
B. 2x + 3y + 18 = 0 D. 3x + 2y + 12 = 0

4. What is the length of the line with slope 4/3, from the point (6, 4) to the y-axis?
A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75

5. A line goes through the point (4, -6) and is perpendicular to the line y = 4x + 10. What is the equation of the line?
A. y = mx – 20 B. y = -1/4 x – 5 C. y = 1/5 x + 5 D. y = ¼ x + 5

6. Find the point of intersection of the lines.

2x – 3y = 7 and -2x + 4y = -8

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 3 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
IV. CONIC SECTIONS
A conic section is any one of several curves produced by passing a plane through a cone.

General Equation of Conic: Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

I. CIRCLE

A circle is a locus of points which moves so that it is always equidistant to

a fixed point called center. The constant distance is known as radius.

General Equation: Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Where: A = C

Standard Equations:
1. Equation of circle with center origin

x2 + y2 = r 2

2. Equation of circle with center at (h,k)

where: r = radius of circle

( x - h)2 + ( y - k )2 = r 2
where: r = radius of circle

Properties:
1. Eccentricity = 0

Shortcut Formulas:

ℎ and 𝑘 coordinates
−𝐷
ℎ=
2𝐴
−𝐸
𝑘=
2𝐴

𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝐷! + 𝐸! − 4𝐴𝐹
𝑟! =
4𝐴!

PROBLEMS

1. What is the center and radius of the circle defined by x2 + y2 – 4x + 8y = 7?

2. Find the center and radius of 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = −4𝑥

3. Which of the following equations describes a circle with center at (2, 3) and passing through the point (-3, -4)?
A. (x + 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 85 C. (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 74
B. (x + 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 74 D. (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 74

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 4 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
4. A circle of radius 3 has its center in the first quadrant and is tangent to the y-axis at (0,2). Find its equation.
A. (𝑥 + 3)! + (𝑦 − 2)! = 3!
B. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 2)! = 3!
C. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 + 2)! = 3!
D. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 2)! = 4!

5. Find the equation of circle with center on line x + 3 = 0 and tangent to y-axis at (0,-1)
A. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 1)! = 9
B. (𝑥 + 3)! + (𝑦 − 1)! = 9
C. (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 + 1)! = 9
D. (𝑥 + 3)! + (𝑦 + 1)! = 9

II. PARABOLA
A parabola is a locus of a points which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called focus and a fixed
line called directrix.

General equations:

Ax 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations:

1. Standard equations, vertex at origin

Opening left: y 2 = -4ax Opening right: y 2 = 4ax

Opening upward: x 2 = 4ay Opening downward : x 2 = -4ay

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 5 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
2. Standard equations with vertex at (h, k)

Opening upward: ( x - h)2 = 4a ( y - k )

Opening downward: ( x - h)2 = -4a ( y - k )

Opening right: ( y - k )2 = 4a ( x - h)

Opening left: ( y - k )2 = -4a( x - h)

Properties of Parabola
a. The eccentricity, e = 1.0 or unity

b. Length of latus rectum = 4a

c. Distance from vertex to focus = a

d. Distance from vertex to directrix = a

e. Distance from focus to ends of latus rectum = 2a

f. Axis of symmetry or parabolic axis equation.

A. For horizontal axis: y = k
B. For vertical axis: x = h

g. Ratio and Proportion of parabola:

A. For horizontal axis:
𝑦" ! 𝑥"
=
𝑦! ! 𝑥!

B. For vertical axis:

𝑥" ! 𝑦"
=
𝑥! ! 𝑦!

h. Alcorcon’s Formula in solving the area bounded by latus rectum and parabola:

8
𝐴 = 𝑎"
3
i. h and k coordinates
A. For horizontal axis:
𝐸! − 4𝐶𝐹
ℎ=
4𝐶𝐷

B. For vertical axis:

−𝐸
𝑘=
2𝐶

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 6 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
PROBLEMS

1. For a given parabola, x2 – 4x – 16y – 12 = 0, find:

A. the vertex
B. the length latus rectum

2. For the given parabola 𝑦 ! + 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 1 = 0, Find:

A. Focus
B. Directrix
C. Opening

3. What is the equation of a parabola with a vertex at (4, 8) and directrix at y = 5?

A. (x – 8)2 = 12 (y – 4) C. (x – 4)2 = 6 (y – 8)
B. (x – 4)2 = 12 (y – 8) D. (y – 8)2 = 12 (x – 4)

4. Find the area bounded by the parabola and its latus rectum 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0
A. 2/3
B. 1/8
C. 1/3
D. 3/4

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 7 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (GEOMETRY) – DAY 8

I. ELLIPSE
An ellipse is a locus of points which moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points called foci is
equal to the length of major axis 2a.

General Equation: Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Where: A ≠ C

Standard Equations:

1. Standard Equation with center at origin

With major axis horizontal: x2 y2

+ =1
2
a b2

With major axis vertical: x2 y2

+ =1
b2 a2

a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis

2. Standard Equation with center at (h ,k)

Horizontal axis: ( x - h)2 ( y - k )2

+ =1
2
a b2

Vertical axis: ( x - h)2 ( y - k )2

+ =1
2
b a2

Properties of Ellipse
c
a. a is always greater than b b. The eccentricity, e = , (e < 1)
a
a
c. Distance from center to focus = c = a e d. Distance from center to directrix =
e
2 b2
e. a = c 2 + b2 f. Length of latus rectum =
a
g. Major axis = 2a h. Minor axis = 2b

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 1 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 i. Distance between foci = 2c j. Distance between vertex = 2a

Shortcut formula in solving the Center (h, k) and a & b of ellipse: Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

-D E
h = k = -
2A 2C

For C > A
a = C b = A

For A > C
a= A b= C

PROBLEMS
1. For the given equation of an ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 -16x + 18y – 11 = 0. Find:
A. Center
B. Eccentricity

2. What is the equation of the ellipse with center at (0, 0) that passes through the points (2, 0), (0, 3), and (-2, 0)?
A. x2/9 – y2/4 = 1 C. x2/9 + y2/4 = 1
2 2
B. x /4 – y /9 = 1 D. x2/4 + y2/9 = 1

3. Find the major axis of ellipse

𝑥 ! + 9𝑦 ! + 6𝑥 − 18𝑦 + 9 = 0

4. Find the equation of ellipse with vertices at (±8,0) and foci at (±5,0)

5. Find the eccentricity of ellipse 4𝑥 ! + 3𝑦 ! = 48

II. HYPERBOLA

A hyperbola is a locus of points which moves so that the difference of its distances from two fixed point called the foci
is equal to the length of transverse axis 2a.

General Equations: Ax 2 - Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Cy 2 - Ax 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 2 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
Standard Equations:

A. Standard equation with center at origin

Axis Horizontal: x2 y2
2
- =1
a b2

Axis Vertical: y2 x2
- =1
2
a b2

B. Standard Equations with center (h,k)

Horizontal axis: ( x - h)2 ( y - k )2

- =1
2
a b2

Vertical axis: ( y - k )2 ( x - h)2

- =1
a2 b2

Properties of Hyperbola

a. a is not always greater than b

b. a2 is always the denominator of the positive term

c
c. Eccentricity, e = , (e > 1.0)
a
d. Distance from center to focus = c = a e = a2 + b2

e. Distance from center to directrix =

a
f. Length of latus rectum =
2 b2
e a

g. Equation of asymptotes y - k = b/a (x - h)h. Transverse axis = 2ª

i. Conjugate axis = 2b

j. Distance between foci = 2c

k. Distance between vertex = 2a

Shortcut formula in solving the Center (h, k) and a & b

-D E
h = k = -
2A 2C

For horizontal axis

a = -C b = A

For vertical axis

a= -A b= C

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 3 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 PROBLEMS

1. For the given equation of a hyperbola x2 – 4y2 + 4x + 24y – 28 = 0

Find: A. Center B. eccentricity
2. Find the center of a hyperbola
𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0

3. Find the length of the latus rectum of the equation

9𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! − 18𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 9 = 0

4. A hyperbola has its center at the origin and the transverse axis on the x-axis. If latus rectum is 18 and a = 4. Find
the equation of the hyperbola.

5. A hyperbola has an equation of 9𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! + 81 = 0. Find the eccentricity

III. INCLINED AXIS

General Equation of inclined axis: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Testing of equations using DISCRIMINANT:

1. B2 - 4AC = 0, then the equation is PARABOLA.
2. B2 - 4AC = negative, then the equation is ELLIPSE.
3. B2 - 4AC = positive, then the equation is HYPERBOLA.

PROBLEMS

1. The equation 3x2 + 6xy + 2y2 - 4y = 10 represents which conic section?

2. What conic section is described by the following equation? 4𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! + 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 15

IV. POLAR COORDINATES

A polar coordinate is a representation of a particular point in a coordinate system, where the first value r represents
the length from the point of origin to the particular point, and where the second value 𝜃 represents the angle made by
the line connecting the particular point and the point of origin, and an arbitrary line (usually the x-axis).

x = r cos θ

y = r sin θ

Distance between two points in polar coordinates:

D = r1 + r2 - 2 r1 r2 cos(q2 - q1 )
2 2

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 4 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
 Conversion of Rectangular to Polar coordinates and Vice
Versa.
x
1. r 2 = x 2 + y 2 2. r = x2 + y2 3. cosθ =
r

y y
4. sinθ 5. tan q = 6. x = r cosq
r x

7. y = r sinθ

V. SOLID GEOMETRY

Solid geometry refers to geometry in a three-dimensional Euclidean space.

FORMULAS:

1. Length of vector, V

V= x 2 + y 2 + z2

2. Distance between two points

Given:
P1 = (x1, y1, z1)
P2 = (x2, y2, z2)

d = ( x2 - x1)2 + ( y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2

3. Radius of Sphere, r

Given: P(x, y, z) r = x2 + y2 + z2

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 5 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
4. Angle between Vector V and the axes

Angle between V and x-axis.

x
cos qx =
x + y 2 + z2
2

Angle between V and y-axis.

y
cos q y =
x 2 + y 2 + z2

Angle between V and z-axis.

z
cos q z =
x 2 + y 2 + z2

5. Angle between two vectors

For given two vectors: V1 (x1, y1, z1) and V2 (x2, y2, z2)

x1 x 2 + y1 y 2 + z1 z2
cos q =
( x12 + y12 + z12 x 22 + y 22 + z 22

6. Distance between Point (x, y, z) and Plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

Ax + By + Cz + D
D=
A2 + B 2 + C 2

PROBLEMS
1. Convert x2 + y2 – 8x = 0 into polar form.

2. What is the rectangular form of the following polar equation? r2 = 1- tan2θ

A. –x2 + x4y2 + y2 = 0 C. –x4 + y2 = 0
B. x2 + x2y2 - y2 + y4 = 0 D. x4 - x2 + x2y2 + y2 = 0

3. What are the x and y-coordinates of the focus of the conic section described by the following equation? (Angle α
corresponds to a right triangle with adjacent side x, opposite side y, and hypotenuse r). r sin2α = cosα
A. (-1/2, 0) B. (0, 0) C. (0, ‫ח‬/2) D. (1/4, 0)

4. What is the distance between the points (3, 2, -1) and (4, -5, 0)?
A. 3 3 B. 4 3 C. 7 D. 51

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 6 Contents are not allowed to be edited.
5. Find the polar equation of the circle, if its center is at (4,0) and the radius is 4.
A. r – 8cosu = 0
B. r – 6cosu = 0
C. r – 12cosu = 0
D. r – 4cosu = 0

This file is only for viewing and printing.

Page 7 Contents are not allowed to be edited.