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Practice Enough With These 150 Questions for

the CKAD Exam
Exercises get you ready for the Certified Kubernetes Application
Developer exam

Photo by Tim Foster on Unsplash

Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and

management of containerized applications. The CNCF/Linux Foundation offers this
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 g
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pp /
Practice Enough With These 150 Questions for the CKAD Exam | by Bhargav Bachina | Bachina Labs | Medium

performance-based exam which targets the developer aspectOpen

of kubernetes
in app
skills
Get such
started

as deploying apps, configuring apps, rolling out the application, creating persistent
volumes, etc.

Since this exam is performance-based rather than just multiple choice questions just
knowing the concepts are not enough, we need a lot of practice before the exam. This
article helps you understand, practice and get you ready for the exam.

We are not going to discuss any concepts here, rather, I just want to create a bunch of
practice questions for the CKAD exam based on the curriculum provided here.

Core Concepts (13%)

Multi-Container Pods (10%)

Pod Design (20%)

State Persistence (8%)

Configuration (18%)

Observability (18%)

Services and Networking (13%)

Core Concepts (13%)

Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand Kubernetes API Primitives

Create and Configure Basic Pods

1. List all the namespaces in the cluster

kubectl get namespaces

kubectl get ns

2. List all the pods in all namespaces

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kubectl get po --all-namespaces Open in app Get started

3. List all the pods in the particular namespace

kubectl get po -n <namespace name>

4. List all the services in the particular namespace

kubectl get svc -n <namespace name>

5. List all the pods showing name and namespace with a json path expression

kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath="{.items[*]['metadata.name',

'metadata.namespace']}"

6. Create an nginx pod in a default namespace and verify the pod running

// creating a pod

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never

// List the pod

kubectl get po

7. Create the same nginx pod with a yaml file

// get the yaml file with --dry-run flag

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx-pod.yaml

// cat nginx-pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: Pod

metadata:

creationTimestamp: null

labels:

run: nginx

name: nginx

spec:
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spec:

containers:

- image: nginx
Open in app Get started

name: nginx

resources: {}

dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst

restartPolicy: Never

status: {}

// create a pod

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yaml

8. Output the yaml file of the pod you just created

kubectl get po nginx -o yaml

9. Output the yaml file of the pod you just created without the cluster-specific
information

kubectl get po nginx -o yaml --export

10. Get the complete details of the pod you just created

kubectl describe pod nginx

11. Delete the pod you just created

kubectl delete po nginx

kubectl delete -f nginx-pod.yaml

12. Delete the pod you just created without any delay (force delete)

kubectl delete po nginx --grace-period=0 --force

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13. Create the nginx pod with version 1.17.4 and expose it on port 80
Open in app Get started

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx:1.17.4 --restart=Never --port=80

14. Change the Image version to 1.15-alpine for the pod you just created and verify
the image version is updated

kubectl set image pod/nginx nginx=nginx:1.15-alpine

kubectl describe po nginx

// another way it will open vi editor and change the version

kubeclt edit po nginx

kubectl describe po nginx

15. Change the Image version back to 1.17.1 for the pod you just updated and
observe the changes

kubectl set image pod/nginx nginx=nginx:1.17.1

kubectl describe po nginx

kubectl get po nginx -w # watch it

16. Check the Image version without the describe command

kubectl get po nginx -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[].image}{"\n"}'

17. Create the nginx pod and execute the simple shell on the pod

// creating a pod

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never

// exec into the pod

kubectl exec -it nginx /bin/sh

18. Get the IP Address of the pod you just created

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Open in app Get started

kubectl get po nginx -o wide

19. Create a busybox pod and run command ls while creating it and check the logs

kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -- ls

kubectl logs busybox

20. If pod crashed check the previous logs of the pod

kubectl logs busybox -p

21. Create a busybox pod with command sleep 3600

kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c

"sleep 3600"

22. Check the connection of the nginx pod from the busybox pod

kubectl get po nginx -o wide

// check the connection

kubectl exec -it busybox -- wget -o- <IP Address>

23. Create a busybox pod and echo message ‘How are you’ and delete it manually

kubectl run busybox --image=nginx --restart=Never -it -- echo "How

are you"

kubectl delete po busybox

24 Create a busybox pod and echo message ‘How are you’ and have it deleted
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24. Create a busybox pod and echo message ‘How are you’ and have it deleted
immediately Open in app Get started

// notice the --rm flag

kubectl run busybox --image=nginx --restart=Never -it --rm -- echo

"How are you"

25. Create an nginx pod and list the pod with different levels of verbosity

1.93K 51

// create a pod

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --port=80

// List the pod with different verbosity

kubectl get po nginx --v=7

kubectl get po nginx --v=8

kubectl get po nginx --v=9

26. List the nginx pod with custom columns POD_NAME and POD_STATUS

kubectl get po -o=custom-columns="POD_NAME:.metadata.name,

POD_STATUS:.status.containerStatuses[].state"

27. List all the pods sorted by name

kubectl get pods --sort-by=.metadata.name

28. List all the pods sorted by created timestamp

kubectl get pods--sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp

Multi-Container Pods (10%)

Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand multi-container pod design patterns (eg: ambassador, adaptor, sidecar)

29. Create a Pod with three busy box containers with commands “ls; sleep 3600;”,
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“echo Hello World; sleep 3600;” and “echo this is the third container; sleep 3600”
Open in app Get started

respectively and check the status

// first create single container pod with dry run flag

kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never --dry-run -o

yaml -- bin/sh -c "sleep 3600; ls" > multi-container.yaml

// edit the pod to following yaml and create it

kubectl create -f multi-container.yaml

kubectl get po busybox

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 run: busybox
7 name: busybox
8 spec:
9 containers:
10 - args:
11 - bin/sh
12 - -c
13 - ls; sleep 3600
14 image: busybox
15 name: busybox1
16 resources: {}
17 - args:
18 - bin/sh
19 - -c
20 - echo Hello world; sleep 3600
21 image: busybox
22 name: busybox2
23 resources: {}
24 - args:
25 - bin/sh
26 - -c
27 - echo this is third container; sleep 3600
28 image: busybox
29 name: busybox3
30 resources: {}
31 dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
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32 restartPolicy: Never
Open in app Get started
33 status: {}

❤ i
multi-container pod

30. Check the logs of each container that you just created

kubectl logs busybox -c busybox1

kubectl logs busybox -c busybox2

kubectl logs busybox -c busybox3

31. Check the previous logs of the second container busybox2 if any

kubectl logs busybox -c busybox2 --previous

32. Run command ls in the third container busybox3 of the above pod

kubectl exec busybox -c busybox3 -- ls

33. Show metrics of the above pod containers and puts them into the file.log and
verify

kubectl top pod busybox --containers

// putting them into file

kubectl top pod busybox --containers > file.log

cat file.log

34. Create a Pod with main container busybox and which executes this “while true;
do echo ‘Hi I am from Main container’ >> /var/log/index.html; sleep 5; done” and
with sidecar container with nginx image which exposes on port 80. Use emptyDir
Volume and mount this volume on path /var/log for busybox and on path
/usr/share/nginx/html for nginx container. Verify both containers are running.

// create an initial yaml file with this

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Practice Enough

kubectl run multi-cont-pod --image=busbox --restart=Never --dry-run

-o yaml > multi-container.yaml Open in app Get started

// edit the yml as below and create it

kubectl create -f multi-container.yaml

kubectl get po multi-cont-pod

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 run: multi-cont-pod
7 name: multi-cont-pod
8 spec:
9 volumes:
10 - name: var-logs
11 emptyDir: {}
12 containers:
13 - image: busybox
14 command: ["/bin/sh"]
15 args: ["-c", "while true; do echo 'Hi I am from Main container' >> /var/log/index.h
16 name: main-container
17 resources: {}
18 volumeMounts:
19 - name: var-logs
20 mountPath: /var/log
21 - image: nginx
22 name: sidecar-container
23 resources: {}
24 ports:
25 - containerPort: 80
26 volumeMounts:
27 - name: var-logs
28 mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
29 dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
30 restartPolicy: Never
31 status: {}

i i ❤ i view raw
multi-container.yaml

35. Exec into both containers and verify that main.txt exist and query the main.txt
from sidecar container with curl localhost

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// exec into main container

Open in app Get started

kubectl exec -it multi-cont-pod -c main-container -- sh

cat /var/log/main.txt

// exec into sidecar container

kubectl exec -it multi-cont-pod -c sidecar-container -- sh

cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html

// install curl and get default page

kubectl exec -it multi-cont-pod -c sidecar-container -- sh

# apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl

# curl localhost

Pod Design (20%)

Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand how to use Labels, Selectors and Annotations

Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates

Understand Deployments and how to perform rollbacks

Understand Jobs and CronJobs

36. Get the pods with label information

kubectl get pods --show-labels

37. Create 5 nginx pods in which two of them is labeled env=prod and three of them
is labeled env=dev

kubectl run nginx-dev1 --image=nginx --restart=Never --

labels=env=dev

kubectl run nginx-dev2 --image=nginx --restart=Never --

labels=env=dev

kubectl run nginx-dev3 --image=nginx --restart=Never --

labels=env=dev

kubectl run nginx-prod1 --image=nginx --restart=Never --

labels=env=prod

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kubectl run nginx-prod2 --image=nginx --restart=Never --
labels=env=prod Open in app Get started

38. Verify all the pods are created with correct labels

kubeclt get pods --show-labels

39. Get the pods with label env=dev

kubectl get pods -l env=dev

40. Get the pods with label env=dev and also output the labels

kubectl get pods -l env=dev --show-labels

41. Get the pods with label env=prod

kubectl get pods -l env=prod

42. Get the pods with label env=prod and also output the labels

kubectl get pods -l env=prod --show-labels

43. Get the pods with label env

kubectl get pods -L env

44. Get the pods with labels env=dev and env=prod

kubectl get pods -l 'env in (dev,prod)'

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45. Get the pods with labels env=dev and env=prod and output
Open inthe
app labels
Getas well
started

kubectl get pods -l 'env in (dev,prod)' --show-labels

46. Change the label for one of the pod to env=uat and list all the pods to verify

kubectl label pod/nginx-dev3 env=uat --overwrite

kubectl get pods --show-labels

47. Remove the labels for the pods that we created now and verify all the labels are
removed

kubectl label pod nginx-dev{1..3} env-

kubectl label pod nginx-prod{1..2} env-

kubectl get po --show-labels

48. Let’s add the label app=nginx for all the pods and verify

kubectl label pod nginx-dev{1..3} app=nginx

kubectl label pod nginx-prod{1..2} app=nginx

kubectl get po --show-labels

49. Get all the nodes with labels (if using minikube you would get only master node)

kubectl get nodes --show-labels

50. Label the node (minikube if you are using) nodeName=nginxnode

kubectl label node minikube nodeName=nginxnode

51. Create a Pod that will be deployed on this node with the label
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nodeName=nginxnode
Open in app Get started

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

pod.yaml

// add the nodeSelector like below and create the pod

kubectl create -f pod.yaml

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 run: nginx
7 name: nginx
8 spec:
9 nodeSelector:
10 nodeName: nginxnode
11 containers:
12 - image: nginx
13 name: nginx
14 resources: {}
15 dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
16 restartPolicy: Never
17 status: {}

pod.yaml
hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw
pod.yaml

52. Verify the pod that it is scheduled with the node selector

kubectl describe po nginx | grep Node-Selectors

53. Verify the pod nginx that we just created has this label

kubectl describe po nginx | grep Labels

54. Annotate the pods with name=webapp

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kubectl annotate pod nginx-dev{1..3} name=webapp

Open in app
kubectl annotate pod nginx-prod{1..2} name=webapp Get started

55. Verify the pods that have been annotated correctly

kubectl describe po nginx-dev{1..3} | grep -i annotations

kubectl describe po nginx-prod{1..2} | grep -i annotations

56. Remove the annotations on the pods and verify

kubectl annotate pod nginx-dev{1..3} name-

kubectl annotate pod nginx-prod{1..2} name-

kubectl describe po nginx-dev{1..3} | grep -i annotations

kubectl describe po nginx-prod{1..2} | grep -i annotations

57. Remove all the pods that we created so far

kubectl delete po --all

58. Create a deployment called webapp with image nginx with 5 replicas

kubectl create deploy webapp --image=nginx --dry-run -o yaml >

webapp.yaml

// change the replicas to 5 in the yaml and create it

kubectl create -f webapp.yaml

1 apiVersion: apps/v1
2 kind: Deployment
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 app: webapp
7 name: webapp
8 spec:
9 replicas: 5
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10 selector:
Open in app Get started
11 matchLabels:
12 app: webapp
13 strategy: {}
14 template:
15 metadata:
16 creationTimestamp: null
17 labels:
18 app: webapp
19 spec:
20 containers:
21 - image: nginx
22 name: nginx
23 resources: {}
24 status: {}

webapp yaml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

webapp.yaml

59. Get the deployment you just created with labels

kubectl get deploy webapp --show-labels

60. Output the yaml file of the deployment you just created

kubectl get deploy webapp -o yaml

61. Get the pods of this deployment

// get the label of the deployment

kubectl get deploy --show-labels

// get the pods with that label

kubectl get pods -l app=webapp

62. Scale the deployment from 5 replicas to 20 replicas and verify

kubectl scale deploy webapp --replicas=20

kubectl get po l app=webapp

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kubectl get po -l app=webapp
Open in app Get started

63. Get the deployment rollout status

kubectl rollout status deploy webapp

64. Get the replicaset that created with this deployment

kubectl get rs -l app=webapp

65. Get the yaml of the replicaset and pods of this deployment

kubectl get rs -l app=webapp -o yaml

kubectl get po -l app=webapp -o yaml

66. Delete the deployment you just created and watch all the pods are also being
deleted

kubectl delete deploy webapp

kubectl get po -l app=webapp -w

67. Create a deployment of webapp with image nginx:1.17.1 with container port 80
and verify the image version

kubectl create deploy webapp --image=nginx:1.17.1 --dry-run -o yaml

> webapp.yaml

// add the port section and create the deployment

kubectl create -f webapp.yaml

// verify

kubectl describe deploy webapp | grep Image

1 apiVersion: apps/v1
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1 apiVersion: apps/v1
2 kind: Deployment Get started
Open in app
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 app: webapp
7 name: webapp
8 spec:
9 replicas: 1
10 selector:
11 matchLabels:
12 app: webapp
13 strategy: {}
14 template:
15 metadata:
16 creationTimestamp: null
17 labels:
18 app: webapp
19 spec:
20 containers:
21 - image: nginx:1.17.1
22 name: nginx
23 ports:
24 - containerPort: 80
25 resources: {}
26 status: {}

webapp yaml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

webapp.yaml

68. Update the deployment with the image version 1.17.4 and verify

kubectl set image deploy/webapp nginx=nginx:1.17.4

kubectl describe deploy webapp | grep Image

69. Check the rollout history and make sure everything is ok after the update

kubectl rollout history deploy webapp

kubectl get deploy webapp --show-labels

kubectl get rs -l app=webapp

kubectl get po -l app=webapp

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70. Undo the deployment to the previous version 1.17.1 and verify Image has the
Open in app Get started
previous version

kubectl rollout undo deploy webapp

kubectl describe deploy webapp | grep Image

71. Update the deployment with the image version 1.16.1 and verify the image and
also check the rollout history

kubectl set image deploy/webapp nginx=nginx:1.16.1

kubectl describe deploy webapp | grep Image

kubectl rollout history deploy webapp

72. Update the deployment to the Image 1.17.1 and verify everything is ok

kubectl rollout undo deploy webapp --to-revision=3

kubectl describe deploy webapp | grep Image

kubectl rollout status deploy webapp

73. Update the deployment with the wrong image version 1.100 and verify
something is wrong with the deployment

kubectl set image deploy/webapp nginx=nginx:1.100

kubectl rollout status deploy webapp (still pending state)

kubectl get pods (ImagePullErr)

74. Undo the deployment with the previous version and verify everything is Ok

kubectl rollout undo deploy webapp

kubectl rollout status deploy webapp

k b tl t d
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kubectl get pods
Open in app Get started

75. Check the history of the specific revision of that deployment

kubectl rollout history deploy webapp --revision=7

76. Pause the rollout of the deployment

kubectl rollout pause deploy webapp

77. Update the deployment with the image version latest and check the history and
verify nothing is going on

kubectl set image deploy/webapp nginx=nginx:latest

kubectl rollout history deploy webapp (No new revision)

78. Resume the rollout of the deployment

kubectl rollout resume deploy webapp

79. Check the rollout history and verify it has the new version

kubectl rollout history deploy webapp

kubectl rollout history deploy webapp --revision=9

80. Apply the autoscaling to this deployment with minimum 10 and maximum 20
replicas and target CPU of 85% and verify hpa is created and replicas are increased
to 10 from 1

kubectl autoscale deploy webapp --min=10 --max=20 --cpu-percent=85

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kubectl get hpa

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kubectl get pod -l app=webapp

81. Clean the cluster by deleting deployment and hpa you just created

kubectl delete deploy webapp

kubectl delete hpa webapp

82. Create a Job with an image node which prints node version and also verifies
there is a pod created for this job

kubectl create job nodeversion --image=node -- node -v

kubectl get job -w

kubectl get pod

83. Get the logs of the job just created

kubectl logs <pod name> // created from the job

84.Output the yaml file for the Job with the image busybox which echos “Hello I am
from job”

kubectl create job hello-job --image=busybox --dry-run -o yaml --

echo "Hello I am from job"

85. Copy the above YAML file to hello-job.yaml file and create the job

kubectl create job hello-job --image=busybox --dry-run -o yaml --

echo "Hello I am from job" > hello-job.yaml

kubectl create -f hello-job.yaml

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Open in app Get started

86. Verify the job and the associated pod is created and check the logs as well

kubectl get job

kubectl get po

kubectl logs hello-job-*

87. Delete the job we just created

kubectl delete job hello-job

88. Create the same job and make it run 10 times one after one

kubectl create job hello-job --image=busybox --dry-run -o yaml --

echo "Hello I am from job" > hello-job.yaml

// edit the yaml file to add completions: 10

kubectl create -f hello-job.yaml

1 apiVersion: batch/v1
2 kind: Job
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 name: hello-job
6 spec:
7 completions: 10
8 template:
9 metadata:
10 creationTimestamp: null
11 spec:
12 containers:
13 - command:
14 - echo
15 - Hello I am from job
16 image: busybox
17 name: hello-job
18 resources: {}
19 restartPolicy: Never
20 status: {}

hello-job yaml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

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hello-job.yaml
Open in app Get started

89. Watch the job that runs 10 times one by one and verify 10 pods are created and
delete those after it’s completed

kubectl get job -w

kubectl get po

kubectl delete job hello-job

90. Create the same job and make it run 10 times parallel

kubectl create job hello-job --image=busybox --dry-run -o yaml --

echo "Hello I am from job" > hello-job.yaml

// edit the yaml file to add parallelism: 10

kubectl create -f hello-job.yaml

1 apiVersion: batch/v1
2 kind: Job
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 name: hello-job
6 spec:
7 parallelism: 10
8 template:
9 metadata:
10 creationTimestamp: null
11 spec:
12 containers:
13 - command:
14 - echo
15 - Hello I am from job
16 image: busybox
17 name: hello-job
18 resources: {}
19 restartPolicy: Never
20 status: {}

hello-job yaml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

hello-job.yaml

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91. Watch the job that runs 10 times parallelly and verify 10 pods are created and
Open in app Get started
delete those after it’s completed

kubectl get job -w

kubectl get po

kubectl delete job hello-job

92. Create a Cronjob with busybox image that prints date and hello from kubernetes
cluster message for every minute

kubectl create cronjob date-job --image=busybox --schedule="*/1 * *

* *" -- bin/sh -c "date; echo Hello from kubernetes cluster"

93. Output the YAML file of the above cronjob

kubectl get cj date-job -o yaml

94. Verify that CronJob creating a separate job and pods for every minute to run
and verify the logs of the pod

kubectl get job

kubectl get po

kubectl logs date-job-<jobid>-<pod>

95. Delete the CronJob and verify all the associated jobs and pods are also deleted.

kubectl delete cj date-job

// verify pods and jobs

kubectl get po

kubectl get job

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State Persistence (8%) Open in app Get started

Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand PersistentVolumeClaims for Storage

96. List Persistent Volumes in the cluster

kubectl get pv

97. Create a hostPath PersistentVolume named task-pv-volume with storage 10Gi,

access modes ReadWriteOnce, storageClassName manual, and volume at /mnt/data
and verify

kubectl create -f task-pv-volume.yaml

kubectl get pv

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: PersistentVolume
3 metadata:
4 name: task-pv-volume
5 labels:
6 type: local
7 spec:
8 storageClassName: manual
9 capacity:
10 storage: 10Gi
11 accessModes:
12 - ReadWriteOnce
13 hostPath:
14 path: "/mnt/data"

task-pv-volume.yaml
hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw
task-pv-volume.yaml

98. Create a PersistentVolumeClaim of at least 3Gi storage and access mode

ReadWriteOnce and verify status is Bound

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kubectl create -f task-pv-claim.yaml

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kubectl get pvc

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
3 metadata:
4 name: task-pv-claim
5 spec:
6 storageClassName: manual
7 accessModes:
8 - ReadWriteOnce
9 resources:
10 requests:
11 storage: 3Gi

task-pv-claim.yaml
hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw
task-pv-claim.yaml

99. Delete persistent volume and PersistentVolumeClaim we just created

kubectl delete pvc task-pv-claim

kubectl delete pv task-pv-volume

100. Create a Pod with an image Redis and configure a volume that lasts for the
lifetime of the Pod

// emptyDir is the volume that lasts for the life of the pod

kubectl create -f redis-storage.yaml

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 name: redis
5 spec:
6 containers:
7 - name: redis
8 image: redis
9 volumeMounts:
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10 - name: redis-storage
11 mountPath: /data/redis Open in app Get started

12 volumes:
13 - name: redis-storage
14 emptyDir: {}

redis-storage.yaml
hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

101. Exec into the above pod and create a file named file.txt with the text ‘This is
called the file’ in the path /data/redis and open another tab and exec again with the
same pod and verifies file exist in the same path.

// first terminal

kubectl exec -it redis-storage /bin/sh

cd /data/redis

echo 'This is called the file' > file.txt

//open another tab

kubectl exec -it redis-storage /bin/sh

cat /data/redis/file.txt

102. Delete the above pod and create again from the same yaml file and verifies
there is no file.txt in the path /data/redis

kubectl delete pod redis

kubectl create -f redis-storage.yaml

kubectl exec -it redis-storage /bin/sh

cat /data/redis/file.txt // file doesn't exist

103. Create PersistentVolume named task-pv-volume with storage 10Gi, access

modes ReadWriteOnce, storageClassName manual, and volume at /mnt/data and
Create a PersistentVolumeClaim of at least 3Gi storage and access mode
ReadWriteOnce and verify status is Bound

kubectl create -f task-pv-volume.yaml

kubectl create -f task-pv-claim.yaml

kubectl get pv

kubectl get pvc

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104. Create an nginx pod with containerPort 80 and with a PersistentVolumeClaim

task-pv-claim and has a mouth path "/usr/share/nginx/html"

kubectl create -f task-pv-pod.yaml

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 name: task-pv-pod
5 spec:
6 volumes:
7 - name: task-pv-storage
8 persistentVolumeClaim:
9 claimName: task-pv-claim
10 containers:
11 - name: task-pv-container
12 image: nginx
13 ports:
14 - containerPort: 80
15 name: "http-server"
16 volumeMounts:
17 - mountPath: "/usr/share/nginx/html"
18 name: task-pv-storage

task-pv-pod.yaml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

task-pv-pod.yaml

Configuration (18%)
Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand ConfigMaps

Understand SecurityContexts

Define an application’s resource requirements

Create & Consume Secrets

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Understand ServiceAccounts
Open in app Get started

105. List all the configmaps in the cluster

kubectl get cm

or

kubectl get configmap

106. Create a configmap called myconfigmap with literal value appname=myapp

kubectl create cm myconfigmap --from-literal=appname=myapp

107. Verify the configmap we just created has this data

// you will see under data

kubectl get cm -o yaml

or

kubectl describe cm

108. delete the configmap myconfigmap we just created

kubectl delete cm myconfigmap

109. Create a file called config.txt with two values key1=value1 and key2=value2
and verify the file

cat >> config.txt << EOF

key1=value1

key2=value2

EOF

cat config.txt

110. Create a configmap named keyvalcfgmap and read data from the file
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config.txt and verify that configmap is created correctly

Open in app Get started

kubectl create cm keyvalcfgmap --from-file=config.txt

kubectl get cm keyvalcfgmap -o yaml

111. Create an nginx pod and load environment values from the above configmap
keyvalcfgmap and exec into the pod and verify the environment variables and delete
the pod

// first run this command to save the pod yml

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx-pod.yml

// edit the yml to below file and create

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yml

// verify

kubectl exec -it nginx -- env

kubectl delete po nginx

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 run: nginx
7 name: nginx
8 spec:
9 containers:
10 - image: nginx
11 name: nginx
12 resources: {}
13 envFrom:
14 - configMapRef:
15 name: keyvalcfgmap
16 dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
17 restartPolicy: Never
18 status: {}

nginx-pod.yml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

nginx-pod.yml
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112. Create an env file file.env with var1=val1 and create a configmap envcfgmap
from this env file and verify the configmap

echo var1=val1 > file.env

cat file.env

kubectl create cm envcfgmap --from-env-file=file.env

kubectl get cm envcfgmap -o yaml --export

113. Create an nginx pod and load environment values from the above configmap
envcfgmap and exec into the pod and verify the environment variables and delete
the pod

// first run this command to save the pod yml

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx-pod.yml

// edit the yml to below file and create

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yml

// verify

kubectl exec -it nginx -- env

kubectl delete po nginx

1 apiVersion: v1
2 kind: Pod
3 metadata:
4 creationTimestamp: null
5 labels:
6 run: nginx
7 name: nginx
8 spec:
9 containers:
10 - image: nginx
11 name: nginx
12 resources: {}
13 env:
14 - name: ENVIRONMENT
15 valueFrom:

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16 configMapKeyRef:
17 name: envcfgmap Open in app Get started
18 key: var1
19 dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
20 restartPolicy: Never
21 status: {}

nginx-pod yaml hosted with ❤ by GitHub view raw

nginx-pod.yaml

114. Create a configmap called cfgvolume with values var1=val1, var2=val2 and
create an nginx pod with volume nginx-volume which reads data from this
configmap cfgvolume and put it on the path /etc/cfg

// first create a configmap cfgvolume

kubectl create cm cfgvolume --from-literal=var1=val1 --from-

literal=var2=val2

// verify the configmap

kubectl describe cm cfgvolume

// create the config map

kubectl create -f nginx-volume.yml

// exec into the pod

kubectl exec -it nginx -- /bin/sh

// check the path

cd /etc/cfg

ls

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Open in app Get started

nginx-volume.yml

115. Create a pod called secbusybox with the image busybox which executes
command sleep 3600 and makes sure any Containers in the Pod, all processes run
with user ID 1000 and with group id 2000 and verify.

// create yml file with dry-run

kubectl run secbusybox --image=busybox --restart=Never --dry-run -o

yaml -- /bin/sh -c "sleep 3600;" > busybox.yml

// edit the pod like below and create

kubectl create -f busybox.yml

// verify

kubectl exec -it secbusybox -- sh

id // it will show the id and group

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busybox.yml

116. Create the same pod as above this time set the securityContext for the container
as well and verify that the securityContext of container overrides the Pod level
securityContext.

// create yml file with dry-run

kubectl run secbusybox --image=busybox --restart=Never --dry-run -o

yaml -- /bin/sh -c "sleep 3600;" > busybox.yml

// edit the pod like below and create

kubectl create -f busybox.yml

// verify

kubectl exec -it secbusybox -- sh

id // you can see container securityContext overides the Pod level

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busybox.yml

117. Create pod with an nginx image and configure the pod with capabilities
NET_ADMIN and SYS_TIME verify the capabilities

// create the yaml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// edit as below and create pod

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

// exec and verify

kubectl exec -it nginx -- sh

cd /proc/1

cat status

// you should see these values

CapPrm: 00000000aa0435fb

CapEff: 00000000aa0435fb

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nginx.yml

118. Create a Pod nginx and specify a memory request and a memory limit of 100Mi
and 200Mi respectively.

// create a yml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// add the resources section and create

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

// verify

kubectl top pod

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nginx.yml

119. Create a Pod nginx and specify a CPU request and a CPU limit of 0.5 and 1
respectively.

// create a yml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// add the resources section and create

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

// verify

kubectl top pod

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nginx.yml

120. Create a Pod nginx and specify both CPU, memory requests and limits together
and verify.

// create a yml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// add the resources section and create

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

// verify

kubectl top pod

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nginx.yml

121. Create a Pod nginx and specify a memory request and a memory limit of 100Gi
and 200Gi respectively which is too big for the nodes and verify pod fails to start
because of insufficient memory

// create a yml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// add the resources section and create

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

// verify

kubectl describe po nginx // you can see pending state

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nginx.yml

122. Create a secret mysecret with values user=myuser and password=mypassword

kubectl create secret generic my-secret --from-literal=username=user

--from-literal=password=mypassword

123. List the secrets in all namespaces

kubectl get secret --all-namespaces

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124. Output the yaml of the secret created above

kubectl get secret my-secret -o yaml

125. Create an nginx pod which reads username as the environment variable

// create a yml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// add env section below and create

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

//verify

kubectl exec -it nginx -- env

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nginx.yml

126. Create an nginx pod which loads the secret as environment variables

// create a yml file

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --dry-run -o yaml >

nginx.yml

// add env section below and create

kubectl create -f nginx.yml

//verify

kubectl exec -it nginx -- env

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nginx.yml

127. List all the service accounts in the default namespace

kubectl get sa

128. List all the service accounts in all namespaces

kubectl get sa --all-namespaces

129. Create a service account called admin

kubectl create sa admin

130. Output the YAML file for the service account we just created

kubectl get sa admin -o yaml

131. Create a busybox pod which executes this command sleep 3600 with the service
account admin and verify

kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never --dry-run -o

yaml -- /bin/sh -c "sleep 3600" > busybox.yml

kubectl create -f busybox.yml

// verify

kubectl describe po busybox

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busybox.yml

Observability (18%)
Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand LivenessProbes and ReadinessProbes

Understand Container Logging

Understand how to monitor applications in kubernetes

Understand Debugging in Kubernetes

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132. Create an nginx pod with containerPort 80 and it should only receive traffic
only it checks the endpoint / on port 80 and verify and delete the pod.

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --port=80 --dry-run

-o yaml > nginx-pod.yaml

// add the readinessProbe section and create

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yaml

// verify

kubectl describe pod nginx | grep -i readiness

kubectl delete po nginx

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nginx-pod.yaml

133. Create an nginx pod with containerPort 80 and it should check the pod
running at endpoint / healthz on port 80 and verify and delete the pod.

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --port=80 --dry-run

-o yaml > nginx-pod.yaml

// add the livenessProbe section and create

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yaml

// verify

kubectl describe pod nginx | grep -i readiness

kubectl delete po nginx

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nginx-pod.yaml

134. Create an nginx pod with containerPort 80 and it should check the pod
running at endpoint /healthz on port 80 and it should only receive traffic only it
checks the endpoint / on port 80. verify the pod.

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --port=80 --dry-run

-o yaml > nginx-pod.yaml

// add the livenessProbe and readiness section and create

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yaml

// verify

kubectl describe pod nginx | grep -i readiness

kubectl describe pod nginx | grep -i liveness

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nginx-pod.yaml

135. Check what all are the options that we can configure with readiness and
liveness probes

kubectl explain Pod.spec.containers.livenessProbe

kubectl explain Pod.spec.containers.readinessProbe

136. Create the pod nginx with the above liveness and readiness probes so that it
should wait for 20 seconds before it checks liveness and readiness probes and it
should check every 25 seconds.

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yaml

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nginx-pod.yaml

137. Create a busybox pod with this command “echo I am from busybox pod; sleep
3600;” and verify the logs.

kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c

"echo I am from busybox pod; sleep 3600;"

kubectl logs busybox

138. copy the logs of the above pod to the busybox-logs.txt and verify

kubectl logs busybox > busybox-logs.txt

cat busybox-logs.txt

139. List all the events sorted by timestamp and put them into file.log and verify

kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp

// putting them into file.log

kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp > file.log

cat file.log

140. Create a pod with an image alpine which executes this command ”while true;
do echo ‘Hi I am from alpine’; sleep 5; done” and verify and follow the logs of the
pod.

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// create the pod

kubectl run hello --image=alpine --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c

"while true; do echo 'Hi I am from Alpine'; sleep 5;done"

// verify and follow the logs

kubectl logs --follow hello

141. Create the pod with this kubectl create -f

https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bbachi/212168375b39e36e2e2984c097167b0
0/raw/1fd63509c3ae3a3d3da844640fb4cca744543c1c/not-running.yml. The pod
is not in the running state. Debug it.

// create the pod

kubectl create -f
https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bbachi/212168375b39e36e2e2984c097
167b00/raw/1fd63509c3ae3a3d3da844640fb4cca744543c1c/not-running.yml

// get the pod

kubectl get pod not-running

kubectl describe po not-running

// it clearly says ImagePullBackOff something wrong with image

kubectl edit pod not-running // it will open vim editor

or

kubectl set image pod/not-running not-running=nginx

142. This following yaml creates 4 namespaces and 4 pods. One of the pod in one of
the namespaces are not in the running state. Debug and fix it.
https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bbachi/1f001f10337234d46806929d1224539
7/raw/84b7295fb077f15de979fec5b3f7a13fc69c6d83/problem-pod.yaml.

kubectl create -f
https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bbachi/1f001f10337234d46806929d12
245397/raw/84b7295fb077f15de979fec5b3f7a13fc69c6d83/problem-pod.yaml

// get all the pods in all namespaces

kubectl get po --all-namespaces

// find out which pod is not running

kubectl get po -n namespace2

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// update the image

Open in app
kubectl set image pod/pod2 pod2=nginx -n namespace2 Get started

// verify again

kubectl get po -n namespace2

143. Get the memory and CPU usage of all the pods and find out top 3 pods which
have the highest usage and put them into the cpu-usage.txt file

// get the top 3 hungry pods

kubectl top pod --all-namespaces | sort --reverse --key 3 --numeric

| head -3

// putting into file

kubectl top pod --all-namespaces | sort --reverse --key 3 --numeric

| head -3 > cpu-usage.txt

// verify

cat cpu-usage.txt

Services and Networking (13%)

Practice questions based on these concepts

Understand Services

Demonstrate a basic understanding of NetworkPolicies

144. Create an nginx pod with a yaml file with label my-nginx and expose the port
80

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --port=80 --dry-run

-o yaml > nginx.yaml

// edit the label app: my-nginx and create the pod

kubectl create -f nginx.yaml

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nginx.yaml

145. Create the service for this nginx pod with the pod selector app: my-nginx

// create the below service

kubectl create -f nginx-svc.yaml

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nginx-svc.yaml

146. Find out the label of the pod and verify the service has the same label

// get the pod with labels

kubectl get po nginx --show-labels

// get the service and chekc the selector column

kubectl get svc my-service -o wide

147. Delete the service and create the service with kubectl expose command and
verify the label

// delete the service

kubectl delete svc my-service

// create the service again

kubectl expose po nginx --port=80 --target-port=9376

// verify the label

kubectl get svc -l app=my-nginx

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148. Delete the service and create the service again with type NodePort
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// delete the service

kubectl delete svc nginx

// create service with expose command

kubectl expose po nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort

149. Create the temporary busybox pod and hit the service. Verify the service that it
should return the nginx page index.html.

// get the clusterIP from this command

kubectl get svc nginx -o wide

// create temporary busybox to check the nodeport

kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -it --rm -- wget

-o- <Cluster IP>:80

150. Create a NetworkPolicy which denies all ingress traffic

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1

kind: NetworkPolicy

metadata:

name: default-deny

spec:

podSelector: {}

policyTypes:

- Ingress

Conclusion
CKAD is a performance-based exam and it’s all about completing 19 questions within 2
hours. We need a lot of practice for it. These 150 questions give you enough practice for
the exam. The more you practice the more comfortable you feel during the exam.
Practice. Practice. Practice.

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