Dr.B.B.
Gosai
Professor in Anatomy
Ojvensha e-learning resources
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lecture student should be
able to:
Describe the process of Neurulation-Neural
Tube & Neural Crest and derivatives of
them.
Mention derivatives of Ectoderm
Mention derivatives of Endoderm
Mention derivatives of Mesoderm
References:
Langman’s Medical Embryology by T.W.Sadler
Tenth edition
Other reference text book:
Keith Moore’s Developing Human
Neurulation
Neurulation: It is the process of the
formation of neural tube & neural crest cells
from the ectoderm.
Neural tube: It is tube formed by the fusion
of neural folds developed from
neuroectoderm in the midline.
Neural Crest Cells: These are the cells
forming the margin of the neural folds.
Neurulation
Formation of Neural tube & Crest
Derivatives of Neural Tube
Brain formed by three brain vesicles:
Forebrain Vesicle-Cerebrum & Diencephalon
Midbrain Vesicle-Midbrain
Hindbrain Vesicle-Pons, Medulla Oblongata &
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Derivatives of Neural Crest
Sensory Ganglia-Dorsal root Ganglia
Autonomic ganglia-Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Cells of Adrenal medulla
Schwann Cells
Melonocytes
Glial cells
Odontoblast
C cells of thyroid gland
Some parts of craniofacial skeleton-Connective tissue,
bones of face and skull, Dermis in face & neck
Arachnoid & Pia mater
Derivatives of Ectoderm
Central Nervous system
Peripheral Nervous system
Sensory epithelium of the ear, nose and eye
Epidermis of skin including the hair and nails
Subcutaneous glands, mammary glands, Pituitary
gland
Enamel of teeth
Derivatives of Mesoderm
Mesoderm differentiate from medial to lateral in to
Three parts:
Paraxial Mesoderm forms SOMITES
Intermediate Mesoderm forms NEPHROGENIC
CORD
Lateral Plate Mesoderm which is divided by
Intraembryonic cavity in to:
Somatic/parietal mesoderm related to amniotic cavity.
Splanchnic/Visceral mesoderm related to yolk sac.
Differentiation of Paraxial Mesoderm
Differentiation of Paraxial Mesoderm
Paraxial Mesoderm forms block like strucuture known
as somite which differentiates in to:
Sclerotome: Medial part of somite- surround spinal
cord and forms VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
Myotome: Medial & Lateral part forms the segmental
MUSCLES- Epaxial Musculature (Muscles of Back) &
Hypaxial Musculature (Muscles of Limbs & body wall)
Dermatome: Dorsal part of somite form the DERMIS
of the skin.
Differentiation of Intermediate Mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm forms the
nephrotomes and nephrogenic cord.
It forms the excretory units of
URINARY SYSTEM and GONADS
Differentiation of Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Differentiation of Lateral Plate Mesoderm
It splits into two parts by intraembryonic cavity into:
Somatic/parietal mesoderm related to amniotic cavity.
This layer forms the inner lining of the body wall &
parietal layer of mesothelial membrane/serous
membrane.
Splanchnic/Visceral mesoderm related to yolk sac. This
layer forms the lining over the viscera known as visceral
layer of serous membrane.
Intraembryonic cavity forms the body cavities like
Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity & peritoneal cavity.
Formation of blood cells & blood vessels
The blood vessels & blood cells form initially in
extraembryonic mesoderm of yolk sac. Later on in the
connecting stalk and the intraembryonic mesoderm in
the embryo.
Formation by Vasculogenesis- blood vessel arise from
blood islands
Formation by Angiogensis- arise by sprouting from the
existing blood vessels.
Derivatives of Mesoderm
Vertebral column
Muscles of back, limbs & body wall
Dermis of the skin
Urinary system
Gonads
Mesothelial/Serous membranes
Body cavities
Derivatives of Endoderm
Due to folding of embryo the yolk sac is incorporated
in to the body of embryo & forms the gut tube.
Folding of embryo takes place at cranial end-Head
fold, caudal end-Tail fold and laterally- Lateral fold.
Due to folding the plate like embryo becomes cylinder
like embryo.
The gut tube incorporated is divided in to:
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Head & Tail folds of embryo
Lateral fold of embryo
Derivatives of the Endoderm
Derivatives of Endoderm
Epithelial lining of Gastrointestinal tract
Epithelial lining of Respiratory tract
Parenchyma of thyroid, parathyroids, liver and
pancreas
Reticular stroma of tonsils & thymus
Epithelial lining of urinary bladder & urethra
Epithelial lining of tympanic cavity & auditory tube
Clinical Importance
Birth defects are common due to
exposure to harmful influences as
major organs & organ systems are
formed during this period. Hence this
period is also known as PERIOD OF
ORGANOGENESIS.
Problems to solve:
What is neurulation?
Which are the derivatives of neural tube?
Which are the derivatives of neural crest cells?
Which are the derivatives of ectoderm?
Which are the derivatives of mesoderm?
Which are the derivatives of endoderm?
Why the development of third week is very important?
Why developmental anomalies are common during
third week?
…THANK YOU…
