impedance measurements also require the anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes, 𝛽𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐

and 𝛽𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 .
▪ Surface area is the area of the sample in cm2.
▪ Equivalent weight is the equivalent mass of one mole of the sample material in
g/mol.
▪ Density is the density of the sample material in g/cm3.
▪ 𝛽𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 and 𝛽𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 are the Tafel slope parameters for the sample material, these
can be determined from a linear polarization measurement or from literature.

Linear polarization is typically used to study the corrosion response of metallic

coatings. The following analysis techniques are supported for the estimation of the
corrosion rate based on linear polarization measurements:
▪ Auto Butler-Volmer fit: Fitting the Butler-Volmer model over an automatically
detected range.
▪ Manual Butler-Volmer fit: Fitting the Butler-Volmer model over a manually
selected range.
▪ Manual Tafel slope fit: Fitting Tafel slopes in the linear regions of the anodic and
cathodic slopes.
Note: To achieve an accurate estimation of the corrosion rate it is recommended to use
a measurement with at least one linear Tafel slope that ranges over one decade in
current density. Additionally, the distance between the Tafel slope and the corrosion
potential should at least be 50 mV.
The results of these analysis techniques are presented in the Tafel fit results table.
 ▪ The corrosion potential (E corrosion) is the potential at which the anodic and
cathodic reaction rates are equal. The measured current approaches zero at the
corrosion potential, because all the electrons released by the dissolving of the
metal are consumed by reduction reactions. For the Butler-Volmer techniques
the corrosion potential is determined as the potential where the log the
measured current is the smallest. In the Tafel slope method the corrosion
potential is the potential where the anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes intersect.
▪ The corrosion current (I corrosion) is a measure of the rate of corrosion,
measuring it directly is not possible. The corrosion current can be estimated the
current at which the Tafel slopes intersect or by fitting the Butler-Volmer
equation on a linear polarization measurement.

2.303(𝐸−𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) −2.303(𝐸−𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
( ⁄𝛽 ) ( ⁄𝛽 )
▪ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 −𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 )

▪ 𝛽𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 and 𝛽𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 are the Tafel slopes, these represent the change in Volts per
decade of current in the Tafel plot.

▪ When plotting current over potential a linear slope is equals resistance (i.e.
R=U/I). The slope close to the corrosion potential is approximately linear, this is
referred to as the polarization resistance. The polarization resistance is inversely
proportional to the corrosion current, assuming that the Tafel slopes are
constants (Stern-Geary equation).

𝛽𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 ∙𝛽𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐
▪ 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑅
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛽𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 + 𝛽𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 )

▪ The corrosion rate in mm/year can be calculated according to the standard

practice described in the ASTM Standard G 102. To calculate this an estimation
of corrosion current is needed as well as the following material parameters on
page 189: equivalent weight (EW) in g/mol, the density (d) in grams/cm3, and the
sample area (A) in cm2 of the study sample. Combined with a constant (K)
defined by the ASTM (3272 mm/(amp*cm*year)) this information is used to
determine the corrosion rate in mm/year.
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∙𝐾∙𝐸𝑊
▪ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑑∙𝐴

Selecting a curve for corrosion analysis

On the right-hand side of the screen is a legend which contains all compatible
corrosion measurements. To perform a Butler-Volmer or Tafel slope fit select a Linear
Polarization measurement from the legend. The checkbox in front of the measurements
indicate whether they are also visible in the plot window.
Performing an automatic Butler-Volmer fit

The auto Butler-Volmer fit is automatically applied after selecting a Linear Polarization
curve from the legend and after changing the value of one of the material parameters.
Alternatively, clicking on the Auto Butler-Volmer fit button in the toolstrip above the plot
also applies the fit.

Performing a manual Butler-Volmer fit

By selecting the Manual Butler-Volmer fit from the toolstrip above the plot the range for
the Butler-Volmer can be set manually.

Usage: click two points on the curve to mark start and end point

Marking two points for a logarithmic fit

Performing a Tafel slope fit

To perform a Tafel slope fit click on the Manual Tafel slope fit button in the toolstrip
above the plot. The Tafel slopes (Evan’s diagram) are drawn in the plot, they are either
fit automatically or loaded from the previous fit. The ranges of the slopes can be
adjusted in two ways. The range can be specified by clicking twice on a linear section
of either the anodic or cathodic part of the corrosion measurement.

Usage: mark two points for the anodic slope line and/or two points for the cathodic
slope line. After selecting two points a green line is drawn representing the Tafel slope.
Setting the anodic and cathodic slope lines for Tafel plot analysis.

Alternatively, the ranges of the slopes can be adjusted using the Tafel slope settings.
Either by adjusting the ranges of the slopes using sliders or by entering the potential
ranges in the text boxes.

To confirm the fit of the Tafel slopes click on Confirm in the top left corner of the plot.

Correcting for the potential of the reference electrode

In the corrosion mode it is possible to apply a reference electrode correction to the

measured potential. Click on the downward arrow of the Show E corrected button in
the toolstrip above the plot and select Determine E offsets.

From this menu you can select a correction for the potential of the reference electrode.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to study corrosion and the
effects of a wide range of coatings. For example, anodized coatings (anodized
aluminium), conversion coatings (Chromate conversion coating), or organic coatings
(paint). The corrosion rate and the pitting/disbanding of coatings are studied by fitting
equivalent circuit models on the EIS measurement.

Selecting a curve for corrosion analysis

On the right-hand side of the screen is a legend which contains all compatible
corrosion measurements. To perform an equivalent circuit fit select a EIS measurement
from the legend. The checkbox in front of the other EIS measurements indicate whether
they are also visible in the plot window.
Selecting an equivalent circuit

To change the selected equivalent circuit either click on the Load corrosion model
presets button above the plot window to open the circuit library or click on the
downward arrow of the button to quickly select a circuit.

Corrosion circuit library.

Corrosion circuits quick access.

Loading a circuit from the circuit library or the quick select menu will update the circuit
model settings. A graphical representation of the selected equivalent circuit is
displayed, below the image is a table with circuits corresponding parameters. When
selecting one of the four corrosion rate circuits the corrosion parameters are added to
the table: polarization resistance (R polarization in Ohm (Ω)), corrosion current (I
corrosion in Ampere (A)) and corrosion rate in mm/year.

Note: for the corrosion parameters to be calculated all material parameter values must
be greater than 0. See also section Setting up material parameters on page 189.
Fitting the equivalent circuit

Before fitting a circuit, the frequency range on which to perform the fit can be selected.
By default, a fit is performed over the entire measurement. To select a frequency either
enter the desired range in frequency range text boxes below the plot.

Alternatively, it is possible to specify the frequency range in the plot by selecting the
“Select fit range” mouse pointer button from the toolstrip left to the plot and clicking in
the plot.
Selecting the fit frequency range. Double click on a point in the plot. Then select the
point to where the fit should be performed.

To fit the model on the measurement, click on the “Fit model” button. The result of the
fit is stored in your measurement, but to store the fit result it is necessary to save your
measurement. Simple circuits with few components will often fit directly, but more
complex circuits will require fine tuning of the circuit parameters before a good fit is
obtained. To fine tune the model, you can either use your prior knowledge of the cell or
you can estimate certain parameter values from the Bode and Nyquist plots. For more
information on circuit fitting please refer to the help section on circuit fitting.
There are three ways to export the results from your Tafel or circuit fit:

1. Copying the results to the clipboard.

Left: Copying Tafel fit results to clipboard. Right: Copying circuit fit results to
clipboard.

2. Exporting a Tafel plot or a circuit fit curve to Excel (Bode or Nyquist) by pressing
the export to Excel button on the left-hand side of the plot.

3. Printing/saving a report as a .rtf file by clinking on the print report button or

selecting the save report button in the toolstrip above the plot.

Print and save report buttons.

 Left: Tafel fit report. Right: Circuit fit report.

The program comes with an example file stored in the default PS Data folder:
“My Documents\PSData\Corrosion mode examples\Corrosion.pssession”.
You can load this file in PSTrace using the menu ‘Data → ‘Load data file…’
PSTrace uses a number of different file formats. This chapter describes which file types
are used by PSTrace.

PSTrace creates a number of different files in ASCII format.

The files are default stored in the folder:

My Documents\PSData

The following files are currently supported by PSTrace and Multitrace

Method .psmethod
Raw meaurement data, .pssession
curves and methods
Script .psscript
MultiTrace project file .psproject

Obsolete file formats

The following list of file formats has become obsolete. They can still be loaded in latest
versions of PSTrace, but no longer be saved in the particular format.

Method (old style) .pms (scans) or pmt (vs time)

Curve .pss (scans) or .pst (vs time)
EISdata .pseisdata
Multiple curves .mux
Analysis curves .pds
Info .rtf

Method files

Methods can be saved separately or are automatically saved with a curve.

Curve files (obsolete)

If a curve (.pss, .pst) is saved or multiple curves (.mux, .pds) are saved, a method file
with the same name and corresponding extension is always saved. This method file
also contains the last plot view window used (zoom).

The curve file contains measured data of potential and current or time and current.

EIS data files (obsolete)

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy data is saved in an .pseisdata file. These

files are plain text and contain values for frequency, current range, Z, phase, Idc and
Iac.

RTF files (obsolete)

PSTrace offers the option to save extra information with a method file. This information
is stored in an .rtf file and allows text formatting copy/pasted from Word for example.
The file itself can also be edited in Word or any other word processor supporting the
RTF format.
This feature has been abandoned from PSTrace 5.0.

Session files

Session files can contain all the data available at any time in a PSTrace session.
All available measurements, corresponding curves and method, including the active
method in the method editor can be stored to a single .pssession file format.

PSScript files

The .PSScript files are plain ASCII files containing a script that can be loaded and run in
the Script window of PSTrace. (See section Scripting)

Methods and measurements can be loaded and stored from and to a hard-drive or
other storage solution.
Loading methods
There are three ways to load a method (.psmethod) file:
1. Selecting the load method file button from the toolstrip;

2. Selecting load method from the method menu;

3. Selecting a recently loaded method from the recent methods list;

Saving methods
Methods can be saved as psmethod files by:
1. Selecting the save method file button from the toolstrip;

2. Selecting save method from the method menu;

Loading measurements
Measurements and sessions can be loaded or added to your current session, i.e.
loading a pssession/pss/pst/pseisdata/mux/pds file will replace all other data in your
current session.
There are three ways to load measurements:
1. Selecting the load data button from the toolstrip;

2. Selecting load data file from the data menu;

3. Selecting a recently loaded data file from the recent data list;

Data files can be added to your current session by:

1. Selecting the add curve button from the toolstrip;

2. Selecting load data file from the data menu;

Saving measurements
The measurements in your current session can be saved in a pssession file. In the save
dialog you can specify the measurements and curves that should be stored in the
pssession file. The save dialog can be opened by:
1. Pressing control + s on the keyboard;
 2. Selecting the save data button from the toolstrip;

3. Selecting save data from the data menu;

On the right-hand side of the save dialog you can (un)check the data that you would
like to save, only checked measurements/curves are saved.
Measured data can be exported to different file formats. The export options are
available in the ‘Curve’ menu.

Curve menu showing export options

CSV
The CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a popular format in plain ASCII, supported by many applications
like Excel, OpenOffice Calc and Origin. To change the values exported for EIS data, open the ‘Settings’
window (menu: ‘Tools’ → ‘General settings…’) and click the ‘Plot and data’ tab. Then click the button:

Origin
Origin from OriginLab is scientific graphing and data analysis software widely used at
universities.
See for more information: http://www.originlab.com/

To change the values exported for EIS data, open the ‘Settings’ window (menu: ‘Tools’
→ ‘General settings…’) and click the ‘Plot and data’ tab. Then click the button:

Origin does not need to be installed on the PC to export curves to the Origin format.
Using the scripting functionality in PSTrace a list of commands can be executed
automatically.
In the default data folder (normally ‘My Documents\PSData’) a script file is available as
example.

Start, pause and stop the script

Available commands.
Click to add to the script

Settings of selected command

File where script output is saved in

Script output log

Scripting main window

New
Clears the script.

Load script
Loads a saved script.

Save script
Saves a script to a specific location. All the file references to method or curve files in
the script will be made relative to the location of the script file. For example, if the script
file is in location:
C:\directory A\script.psscript

and the script refers to files in location

C:\directory A\ directory B\

the file references in the script file will be for example

directory B\file1.psmethod
directory B\file2.psmethod
and not
C:\directory A\directory B\file1.psmethod
C:\directory A\directory B\file2.psmethod

So if the directory A including script and sub-directory is copied to another location or

PC, the references will still be intact.

Export all to single folder

Copies all files that are referred to and the actual script file to the folder chosen to save
the new script file into. So if a script file is at location:
C:\directory A\script.psscript

and file references in the script are for example to:

C:\directory B\file1.psmethod
 C:\directory C\file2.psmethod

All files will be copied to a single folder and all file references will be changed to this
folder. This allows you to save all relevant files to a single location for back-up
purposes.

Export all and pack to ZIP

This function does the same as ‘Export all to single folder’ as described above, but
instead of targeting a folder all files are saved to a single ZIP file.

The script contains of a sequence of commands which is run from the top down. Add
commands using the list of available commands shown at the left of the script.
The order of the commands in the script can easily be changed by dragging and
dropping them. Click and hold on the text of a command and drag the command to a
location where you want. The black arrow shows where the command will be dropped:

In the picture below the Wait command is dragged above the Measure command:

The parameters for each command can be changed in the panel at the right side of the
script. This panel shows the settings for the selected command. Click the ? button to
get help for the selected command.
The output file can be specified by typing in the textbox or using the Browse button.

If one of the following commands is used in the script and the output checkbox is
checked, the corresponding results are appended to the text file provided.
- ReadCurrent
- ReadPotential
- FindPeaks
- ReadAnalog
- ReadDigitalIO

The file can be read using any text editor like Notepad, or they can be loaded in Excel.
The columns are separated using tabs.
Clear plot before start measurement
If checked; the plot and legend will be cleared before the measurement is started. In
case a Blank is measured first or afterwards, both the Blank and the actual
measurement curve will be displayed in the plot.

Load method from specified file:

The specified method will be loaded for this measurement. A new method can be
created and saved instantly using the ‘Create new method…’ button. The ‘Edit…’
button allows to make changes in the method file and save (overwrite) these changes
to the specified file.

Subtract Blank
If subtract blank is checked a Blank curve will be subtracted from the measured curve.
This curve can be an existing curve (Load existing Blank curve) or can be measured
(Measure using method).
If Measure Blank first is checked, the method for the blank will be loaded first and used
for measurement, then the actual measurement will be done. As soon as the latter is
finished, the Blank will be subtracted from the measured curve.

Save result
When checked, the measured curve (or curves in case a Blank was used) will be saved
using the prefix, followed by a number. This number automatically increments if
multiple curves are saved with the same prefix. If curves are not saved from within the
Script, all curves in the PSTrace plot can be saved manually to a single session file
(.pssession) using the ‘Data’ menu as well.

Cell on after measurement

In case a method is used with the setting 'Cell on after measurement' together with
'cell off after n seconds', the latter setting is ignored in the script so the cell can be
turned off after a specific period in the script.
To keep the cell on after a measurement for a period, you should use the 'Wait'
command in combination with the ‘Cell’ command.

When a PalmSens or EmStat is idle, it normally sends an idle status package with
voltage, current and auxiliary readings every second. If an instrument receives a
command while measuring the values for the idle status package it will not be able to
process the received command immediately. Setting FastMode on disables the idle
packages being sent every second. This way the response time of the instrument is
always optimal.

Turns the cell on or off.

Example:

Set current sets the connected device in galvanostatic mode and applies a current at
the specified current range. This command is not supported by the EmStat series.
The read current command should be used when the cell is on. It reads the current and
stores the value in the text file specified at the bottom of the script window.

Auto ranging
If the ‘Use auto ranging’ checkbox is used, the current range will be evaluated at each
interval time and changed if necessary. If the correct current range has been found or
the minimum or maximum range is set, the current will be read.
The first current range to evaluate is the highest current range.

If ‘Use auto ranging’ is not used the Read current command will leave the current range
unchanged. The current range can be changed in the script using the ‘Current range’
command. See next section.

Output
If there is no column in the text file yet, it will add the line with columns first and then
the line with values. The same columns are used for potentials.
The values are all separated by a TAB, and can be imported in Excel.

Example output:
Script output 12/07/2012 - 17:42:43:
Time Potential in V Current in uA
12/07/2012 17:42:45 -3.313E-5
12/07/2012 17:42:46 -7.501E-6
12/07/2012 17:42:47 5.250E-5
12/07/2012 17:42:48 -4.250E-5
The set potential command sets the connected device in potentiostatic mode and sets
the potential to the given value. The cell state (on or off) is not changed.

The read potential command outputs the Potential to the output file.

Output
If there is no column in the text file yet, it will add the line with columns first and then
the line with values. The same columns are used for currents.
The values are all separated by a TAB, and can be imported in Excel.

Example output:
Script output 12/07/2012 - 17:45:59:
Time Potential in V Current in uA
12/07/2012 17:46:01 -1.501
12/07/2012 17:46:02 -1.401
12/07/2012 17:46:03 -1.299
12/07/2012 17:46:04 -1.200
12/07/2012 17:46:05 -1.098
The Wait command interrupts the script for a specified period or until an event occurs.

Wait for:
The script continues after the specified amount of seconds.

Resume today at:

The script continues at the specified time of day (this can go on for multiple days)

Wait until user resumes:

The script shows the message in the script result box (see Features) and waits until the
user clicks the active Pause button to resume.

Wait until digital line:

The script waits until the External IO line D0 is set high or low. This feature can be used
to let an external device determine if the script can continue.
Using the repeat command, a set of commands can be repeated. The commands to
repeat should be attached to the Repeat instruction in the list.
Use a value of 0 for infinite repeats.

Example:

The Repeat instruction itself cannot contain any repeats.

The FindPeaks command performs a peak search over the last measured curve
available. This instruction is therefore logically preceded by the Measure command.
The peaks found are written to the output file specified.

All peaks:
All peaks are searched using the parameters as specified in the most recent method file
loaded.

Use window:
The number of peaks has to be specified and for each peak the left and right of the
search window has to be provided.

Manual baseline:
The provided left and right values for each peak are used as left and right of the peak
baseline, therefore forcing the finding of a peak.

Output
If there are no columns set yet in the output file, a line with columns will be added first.
All values are separated by a TAB and can be imported to Excel.

Script output 12/07/2012 - 16:36:02:

Curve Peak# Date Time Potential/V Height/µA Area/µAV Width/V Y Offset/µA Sum/µA/V
Curve 1 12/07/2012 16:36:23 0.0280 -1.2007E-3 -6.6505E-5 0.080 6.5409E-3 1.5656E-1
This command sets the channel of a CH8 or MUX multiplexer.

Sets the CH8 or MUX multiplexer to the next channel. If the maximum available channel
is exceeded, the first channel will be set.

Sets the CH8 or MUX multiplexer one channel lower. If the first channel is exceeded,
the last channel will be set.

Sets the stirrer on or off.

This command sets a potential on the Analog output of the connected device. This is
pin 8 of the miniDIN port in case of a PalmSens. The output range depends on the
connected instrument.
See Auxiliary port pin-outs.

Reads the value for the auxiliary input port of the connected device and appends the
result to the output file. The input range depends on the instrument connected and/or
the auxiliary input type connected.
See for the ranges and location of the auxiliary pins: Auxiliary port pin-outs
See for setting the type of auxiliary input: Configuring PSTrace

Output example for a Pt1000 temperature sensor:

Script output 18/08/2014 - 10:00:32:
18/08/2014 10:00:32 Aux. In: T = 29.276 °C
18/08/2014 10:01:32 Aux. In: T = 30.275 °C
18/08/2014 10:02:32 Aux. In: T = 30.388 °C
18/08/2014 10:03:32 Aux. In: T = 30.497 °C
18/08/2014 10:04:32 Aux. In: T = 30.613 °C

Set the digital IO ports of the connected device. Selected and highlighted buttons
stand for a 1 otherwise 0, so in the example above the digital lines set are: 0101
The digital IO pins are pins 3 to 6 on the PalmSens miniDIN port. See Auxiliary port pin-
outs.

Reads the digital input states of the 3 or 4 digital lines of the connected device and
appends the result to the output file.
Output example:
Script output 12/07/2012 - 18:15:56:
12/07/2012 18:15:56 Digital lines: 0 0 0 0
12/07/2012 18:15:57 Digital lines: 0 0 0 1
12/07/2012 18:15:58 Digital lines: 0 0 1 0

The Override parameter command is always attached to a Measure command. The

value provided can either be 'Fixed' or an ‘Added value'.

Advanced tab

The command can be found under the ‘advanced’ tab. This command is helpful, if you
want to repeat the same methods in one experiment several times with different
parameters each time.

Parameter:
The method parameter to override.

Fixed:
In case the potential is 'Fixed' the parameter of the method used with the Measure
command is overridden with the value given in 'Set potential'.

Added value:
In case 'Added value' is selected, the original parameter value from the method is
added with the value given in ‘New value'. In case the measure command is used
within a Repeat block as shown in the example below, this means that the result of the
previous iteration will be used for each new value.

If the resulting value is not valid, because it exceeds the parameter limits, the script will
continue using the last valid value.

Using the override parameter for Pseudo Polarography

The override parameter can be used to change the deposition potential for each
iteration in a repeat loop. In the example below the deposition potential (E dep) is read
as 1.000 V in the method provided for the Measure command. The Override parameter
command is attached to the Measure command. The Override parameter command
adds 0.1 V with each iteration to the deposition potential. This results in a deposition
potential in the first iteration of 1.100 V, in the second of 1.200 V, etc.

Running PSTrace from the command line provides the following options:

> pstrace.exe ["path to .psscript file"] [-q] [-d#] [-h]

If a script file is specified, PSTrace will do the following automatically at startup:

• Connect to the first known device (PalmSens or EmStat) found.
If -d# is used it will connect to the device on position # as shown in the devicelist
. So -d1 will connect to the first device in the list, -d2 to the second, etc.
(If -h is used in combination if -d#, PSTrace and the script window will remain
invisible to the user.)
• Open the script window.
• Load the specified script file.
• Start the script.
• If -q is provided then PSTrace will be closed when the script has finished.

PLEASE NOTE TO USE QUOTES AROUND THE FILE PATH.

Example

The following two lines could be included in a batch file (.BAT) or run from an external
application to automate a measurement sequence:

cd "C:\Program Files (x86)\PalmSens BV\PSTrace 5.0"

pstrace.exe "C:\Users\John\Documents\PSData\script.psscript" -q
The multiplexer CH8 is used with PalmSens2 if a sensor-array is used. This instrument
is no longer sold since 2012. If you own a MUX8 which is similar to the CH8, please
refer to chapter MUX8 multiplexer.

CH8 is connected to the sensor connector of PalmSens. The miniDIN cable has to be
connected to the connector at the left-hand side of the instrument. This miniDIN cable
is used to power the multiplexer and to control the channel-selection.

The multiplexer can be used in different modes. Each mode is set by a number of
jumpers. On the board of the instrument there are seven jumpers marked by J1 … J7.

Possible sensor configurations are:

1 Sensorarrays with (up to) eight working, reference and counter electrodes
2 Sensorarrays with eight working and eight combined reference/counter
electrodes
3 Sensorarrays with eight working electrodes sharing a reference and a counter
electrode
4 Sensorarrays with eight working electrodes sharing a combined
reference/counter electrode

In all configurations the sensors can be multiplexed, leaving the not-selected sensors at
open circuit.
Sensor configurations 2, 3 and 4 have the possibility to leave not-selected sensors or
cells at open circuit or to apply the same potential to all sensors or cells.

Jumpers:

J1: Is placed when the sensor has a combined reference and counter electrode. This
jumper therefore connects RE to CE.
J2: If the sensor array has more than one working electrode, but one counter and/or
reference electrode, this jumper is placed. CE from PalmSens is connected
directly to pin 1 and pin 19 of the 36-pin connector
J3: If the sensor array has more than one working electrode, but one counter and/or
reference, this jumper is placed. RE from PalmSens is connected directly to pin
7 and pin 25 of the 36-pin connector
J4: This jumper is placed if CE has to be multiplexed. This is the case when each of
the sensors has its own counter electrode.
J5: This jumper is placed if RE has to be multiplexed. This is the case when each of
the sensors has its own reference electrode.
J6: Is placed if all unselected working electrodes or sensors have to remain
polarized at the potential as set by PalmSens. If this jumper is not placed only
the selected channel is polarized.
In case CE and RE are multiplexed as in Conf 1, so when J4 and J5 are placed,
this jumper is not relevant, since only the selected channel’s WE, CE and RE are
polarized.
J7: For future use. Is left open normally.

Possible configurations:

- Conf. 1: Sensor array with up to eight working, eight reference and eight counter
electrodes:
o Jumpers placed are: J4 and J5
The potential is only applied to the selected channel. All channels NOT
selected are at open circuit. (See remark below * )

- Conf. 2a: Sensor array with up to eight working and eight combined
reference/counter electrodes:
o Jumpers placed are: J4, J5 and J1
Note: all leads CE1-8 and RE1-8 are connected together and this combined
lead is connected to all eight combined reference/ counter electrodes.
The potential is only applied to the selected channel. All channels NOT
selected are at open circuit. (See remark below * )

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.

- Conf. 2b: Sensor array with up to eight working and eight combined
reference/counter electrodes:
o Jumpers placed are: J2, J3 and J1
 Note: the combined reference/counter electrodes are connected to the leads
CE Direct and/or RE Direct

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.

- Conf. 3: Sensor array with up to eight working electrodes all sharing one
reference and one counter electrode:
o Jumpers placed are: J2 and J3
Note: the reference and counter electrodes are connected to RE Direct and
CE Direct respectively.

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.

- Conf. 4: Sensor array with up to eight working electrodes all sharing one
combined reference/counter electrode:
o Jumpers placed are: J2, J3 and J1
Note: the reference/counter electrode is connected to RE Direct and/or CE
Direct.

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.
* IMPORTANT REMARK
It is not possible to apply a potential simultaneously to more than one sensor or cell
each with three electrodes. This requires a multipotentiostat, one potentiostat for each
channel. This is however possible with two electrode sensors or cells, so when
combined counter and reference electrodes are applied.

In order to change the configuration, follow the next steps:

- be aware of static electricity and use an anti-static wrist band if possible or

connect yourself to safety ground and work on a anti-static bench mat
- disconnect CH8 from PalmSens
- remove the black caps from the screw holes (if present) using a needle or
something similar (be careful)
- remove the four screws
- remove the two screws of the high density connector (if present)
- remove the upper part of the housing by levering it with a small screwdriver from
the side
- remove the PCB from the housing
- configure the instrument by means of the jumpers
- place the PCB back in the housing
- fasten the screws of the high density connector(if present)
- fasten the four screws of the side panels
Location of the jumpers.
The pins of the high density Centronics connector on the CH8 module are:

Pin 1 CE when J2 is Pin CE when J2 is placed.

placed. 19
Pin 2 CE channel 1 Pin CE channel 2
20
Pin 3 CE channel 3 Pin CE channel 4
21
Pin 4 CE channel 5 Pin CE channel 6
22
Pin 5 CE channel 7 Pin CE channel 8
23
Pin 6 Ground Pin Ground
24
Pin 7 RE when J3 is Pin RE when J3 is placed.
placed. 25
Pin 8 RE channel 1 Pin RE channel 2
26
Pin 9 RE channel 3 Pin RE channel 4
27
Pin 10 RE channel 5 Pin RE channel 6
28
Pin 11 RE channel 7 Pin RE channel 8
29
Pin 12 Ground Pin Ground
30
Pin 13 Ground Pin Ground
31
Pin 14 WE channel 1 Pin WE channel 2
32
Pin 15 WE channel 3 Pin WE channel 4
33
Pin 16 WE channel 5 Pin WE channel 6
34
Pin 17 WE channel 7 Pin WE channel 8
35
Pin 18 Ground Pin Ground
36

Location of the pins:

Pin1 right upper Pin right lower

19
Pin 18 left upper Pin left lower
36
Pin assignment of the CH8 high density plug of the cable:
1 upper left 18 upper right
19 lower left 36 lower right

Brown 1 CE Direct
Brown black 19 CE Direct

Red 2 CE1
Red black 20 CE2

Orange 3 CE3
Orange black 21 CE4

Yellow 4 CE5
yellow black 22 CE6

Green 5 CE7
Green black 23 CE8

Blue 6 GND
Blue black 24 GND

Purple 7 RE Direct
Purple black 25 RE Direct

White 8 RE1
White black 26 RE2

Pink 9 RE3
Pink black 27 RE4

Pink brown 10 RE5

Grey brown 28 RE6

Brown white 11 RE7

Red white 29 RE8

Orange white 12 GND

Yellow white 30 GND
Green white 13 GND
Blue white 31 GND

Grey red 14 WE1

Brown red 32 WE2

Orange brown 15 WE3

Green brown 33 WE4

Red brown 16 WE5

Yellow brown 34 WE6

Blue brown 17 WE7

Purple brown 35 WE8
Purple white 18 GND
Grey white 36 GND

Yellow 1 CE Direct
Yellow black 19 CE Direct

Red 2 CE1
Red black 20 CE2
CE2
Brown 3 CE3
Brown white 21 CE4

Light blue 4 CE5

Light blue black 22 CE6

Blue green 5 CE7

Blue yellow 23 CE8

Green 6 GND
Green black 24 GND

Blue 7 RE Direct
Blue white 25 RE Direct

White 8 RE1
White black 27 RE2
Pink 9 RE3
Pink black 27 RE4

Purple 10 RE5
Purple white 28 RE6

Grey 11 RE7
Grey black 29 RE8

Orange 12 GND
Orange black 30 GND

Pink white 13 GND

Pink yellow 31 GND

Grey green 14 WE1

Grey yellow 32 WE2

White yellow 15 WE3

White green 33 WE4

Green brown 16 WE5

Green blue 34 WE6

Light blue dark

blue 17 WE7
Light blue red 35 WE8

N/a 18 not connected

N/a 36 not connected

Number of channels 8
On resistance WE and RE channels: 85 ohm typical
CE channel 900 ohm typical
Leakage current 10 pA typical at 25 ºC
100 pA typical at 25 ºC
Charge injection -0.5 pC typical
Both EmStat (except EmStat3+) and PalmSens can be used with a MUX8 or MUX16
multiplexer.
MUX 8 and MUX16 are used to switch electrodes to the EmStat or PalmSens
potentiostat.
Please note that a potentiostat with a multiplexer is not a multipotentiostat.

The EmStat with multiplexer come as a combination in one housing. This product is
called EmStatMUX.
For the PalmSens and EmStat Blue the multiplexers come optional in a separate
housing.

The MUX8 multiplexer is used with 2- or 3- electrode sensors or cells up to 8 channels.

- number of channels 2-8
- multiplexer use: - Sensorarrays with up to eight working, reference and
counter electrodes
- Sensorarrays with up to eight working and eight
combined reference/counter electrodes
- Sensorarrays with up to eight working electrodes all
sharing the same reference and the same counter
electrode
- Sensorarrays with eight working electrodes all sharing the
same combined reference/counter electrode
On resistance WE, CE and RE channels: 2 ohm typical (see note)
Leakage current 10 pA typical at 25 ºC (see note)
Charge injection 20 pC typical (see note)
Connections: Shielded flat cable, with stripped end leads or
by means of the MUX8 Terminal Block (in shielded
housing)
- eight WE’s
- eight CE’s
 - eight RE’s
- one CE used when all WE’s share one counter electrode
- one RE used when all WE’s share one reference
electrode
- analog ground for shielding
Dimensions of PCB 76 x 74 mm

The multiplexer can be used in different modes. Each mode is set by a number of
jumpers.

Possible sensor configurations are:

5 Sensorarrays with (up to) eight working, reference and counter electrodes
6 Sensorarrays with eight working and eight combined reference/counter
electrodes
7 Sensorarrays with eight working electrodes sharing a reference and a counter
electrode
8 Sensorarrays with eight working electrodes sharing a combined
reference/counter electrode

In all configurations the sensors can be multiplexed, leaving the not-selected sensors
or cells at open circuit.
Sensor configurations 2, 3 and 4 have the possibility to leave not-selected sensors or
cells at open circuit or to apply the same potential to all sensors or cells.
Jumpers:

J1: RE to CE
Is placed when the sensor has a combined reference and counter electrode. This
jumper therefore connects RE to CE.
J2: CE Direct
If the sensor array has more than one working electrode, but one counter and/or
reference electrode, this jumper is placed. CE from PalmSens is connected
directly to pin 1 and pin 2 of CON1
J3: RE Direct
If the sensor array has more than one working electrode, but one counter and/or
reference, this jumper is placed. RE from PalmSens is connected directly to pin
13 and 14 of CON1
J4: CE Mux
This jumper is placed if CE has to be multiplexed. This is the case when each of
the sensors has its own counter electrode using pin3 to 10.
J5: RE Mux
This jumper is placed if RE has to be multiplexed. This is the case when each of
the sensors has its own reference electrode using pin 15 to 22
J6: Unselected WE to AGND:
Is placed if all unselected working electrodes or sensors have to remain
polarized at the potential as set by PalmSens or EmStat. If this jumper is not
placed only the selected channel is polarized.
In case CE and RE are multiplexed as in Conf 1, so when J4 and J5 are placed,
this jumper is not relevant since only the selected channel’s WE, CE and RE are
polarized.
J7: Unselected WE to standby potential
Is always left open.

Jumper settings for the available configurations:

- Conf. 1: Sensor array with up to eight working, eight reference and eight counter
electrodes:
o Jumpers to be placed are: J4 and J5
The potential is only applied to the selected channel. All channels NOT
selected are at open circuit. (See remark below * )

- Conf. 2a: Sensor array with up to eight working and eight combined
reference/counter electrodes:
o Jumpers to be placed are: J1, J4 and J5
Note: all leads CE1-8 and RE1-8 are connected together and this combined
lead is connected to all eight combined reference/ counter electrodes.
The potential is only applied to the selected channel. All channels NOT
selected are at open circuit. (See remark below * )

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.
 - Conf. 2b: Sensor array with up to eight working and eight combined
reference/counter electrodes:
o Jumpers placed are: J1, J2 and J3
Note: the combined reference/counter electrodes are connected to the leads
CE Direct and/or RE Direct

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.

- Conf. 3: Sensor array with up to eight working electrodes all sharing one
reference and one counter electrode:
o Jumpers placed are: J2 and J3
Note: the reference and counter electrodes are connected to RE Direct and
CE Direct respectively.

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.

- Conf. 4: Sensor array with up to eight working electrodes all sharing one
combined reference/counter electrode:
o Jumpers placed are: J1, J2 and J3
Note: the reference/counter electrode is connected to RE Direct and/or CE
Direct.

When J6 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes

continuously.
* IMPORTANT REMARK
It is not possible to apply a potential simultaneously to more than one sensor or cell
each with three electrodes. This requires a multipotentiostat, one potentiostat for each
channel. This is however possible with two electrode sensors or cells, so when
combined counter and reference electrodes are applied.
The MUX16 multiplexer is used with 2 electrode sensors or cells up to 16 channels. It
can have a shared counter and reference electrode, or each working electrode with
each its own combined reference/counter electrode.

Number of channels 2-16

Multiplexer use: - Sensorarrays with up to 16 working electrodes all
sharing the same counter and same reference electrode
- Sensorarrays with up to 16 eight working and the same
combined reference/counter electrode
- Sensorarrays with up to 16 working electrodes, each with
its own combined reference/counter electrode
On resistance WE channels: 2 ohm typical (see note)
Leakage current 10 pA typical at 25 ºC (see note)
Charge injection 20 pC typical (see note)
Connections: Shielded flat cable, with stripped end leads or
by means of the MUX16 Terminal Block (in shielded
housing)
- 16 WE’s
- CE
- RE
- RE and CE can be connected together
and in this case connected to up to 16 combined CE/RE
electrode
 - analog ground for shielding
Dimensions of PCB 76 x 74 mm

Note: for very low current applications, the PCB can be populated with components
with lower leakage (10 pA typical) and lower charge injection (1 pC) properties. These
components can be used for measurements with currents always below approx. 100
uA.

Possible sensor configurations are:

1 Sensorarrays with up to 16 working and 16 combined reference/counter
electrodes
2 Sensorarrays with up to 16 working electrodes all sharing a reference and a
counter electrode
3 Sensorarrays with up to 16 working electrodes sharing a combined
reference/counter electrode

So the sensor configuration with 16 WE’s all having their own reference and separate
counter electrode is NOT applicable with the MUX16 multiplexer.

In these configurations the sensors or electrodes can be multiplexed, leaving the not-
selected sensors at open circuit when jumper J3 in not placed.
J3 is placed when the potential has to be applied to all working electrodes
simultaneously

Jumpers:
J1: RE to CE
Connects the CE and RE leads when placed. Place J1 when only a combined
CE and RE is applied. An alternative is to leave J1 open and always connect both
the CE and RE leads to your RE/CE electrode
J2: active
Jumper is always placed.
J3: (unselected WE) to AGND
Keeps all WE’s at applied potential when placed. If not placed only the selected
WE has an applied potential leaving not-selected WE’s at open circuit.
J4: (unselected WE) to standby potential
Is always left open

Jumper settings for the available configurations:

- Conf. 1: Sensor array with up to 16 working and 16 combined reference/counter

electrodes:
o Jumpers to be placed: J1 and J2
When J3 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes
continuously.
Use pin 1, 3, 5 …. to 31 to connect all combined RE/CE electrodes.
- Conf. 2: Sensor array with up to 16 working electrodes all sharing one reference
and one counter electrode:
o Jumper to be placed: J2
When J3 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes
continuously.
Use pin 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25 or 29 to connect RE
Use pin 3, 7,11, 15,18, 23, 27 or 31 to connect CE
- Conf. 3: Sensor array with up to 16 working electrodes all sharing one combined
reference/counter electrode:
o Jumpers placed are: J1 and J2
When J3 is also placed, the potential is applied to all working electrodes
continuously.
Use pin 1, 3, 5….. to 31 to connect RE/CE
* IMPORTANT REMARK
It is not possible to apply a potential simultaneously to more than one sensor or cell
each with three electrodes. This requires a multipotentiostat, one potentiostat for each
channel. This is however possible with two electrode sensors or cells, so when
combined counter and reference electrodes are applied.
The MUX8-R2 multiplexer can be used to expand a PalmSens3, PalmSens4 or EmStat
Blue potentiostat. Or the MUX8-R2 can have an integrated EmStat3 or EmStat3+
potentiostat.
The multiplexer allows to increase productivity by automatically switching between
multiple electrochemical cells each with their own WE, RE and CE electrodes.

PalmSens4 connected to MUX8-R2 multiplexer

The MUX8-R2 multiplexer is designed for up to 8 channels with 2- or 3- electrode sensors

or cells.
MUX8 multiplexer
▪ number of channels 8 (up to 128 channels when daisy chained)
▪ multiplexer switches 8 x (WE, S, RE and CE)
▪ on resistance for WE 1.5 ohm typical
▪ charge injection on WE 20 pC typical
▪ leakage current < 20 pA (5 pA typical) at 25 ºC
▪ switching time 2 ms
▪ compliance voltage ±10 V

Limitations for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

▪ max. frequency - 100 kHz when switching WE/S, RE and CE
- 1 MHz when switching WE/S and RE+CE combined
(2 electrodes configuration)

The multiplexer can be used with different electrode or sensor configurations:

1 Eight separate cells or sensors each with a working/sense, reference and
counter electrode
2 Eight separate cells or sensors each with a working/sense and combined
reference and counter electrode
3 Cell or sensor array with eight working/sense electrodes sharing one
reference and one counter electrode
4 Cell or sensor array with eight working/sense electrodes sharing one
combined reference/counter electrode

In all configurations the cells can be multiplexed, leaving the non-selected

working electrodes either at open circuit (individually floating) or at Ground
potential.

In configurations 3 and 4, the unselected channels can be switched to Ground

which means they will maintain their potential when they are not connected
(since the active WE is always at Ground potential).

Another option for configuration 3 and 4 is to have the unselected channels at a

different potential which can be an offset of -1.5 to 1.5 V from the applied
potential on the active WE.
The MUX8-R2 multiplexer settings can be changed in the Multiplexer tab.

Connector Function
Input Y-cable connects to both
potentiostat sensor connector
and (digital) AUX
AUX Can be used to measure
auxiliary input like temperature
or pH, and to switch external
hardware using two digital
control lines that can be set in
PSTrace
Link Connects to Input of next
multiplexer, for daisy-chaining
multiple multiplexers.
USB-C For providing extra power in
case more than 2 multiplexers
are connected to a single
instrument.
Channel 1-4 Connects to sensor cables 1-4
Channel 5-8 Connects to sensor cables 5-8
 (male front view)

Channel 1-4
Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function
1 CE4 11 RE1 21 AGND
2 RE4 12 RE_SHIELD1 22 SENSE2
3 RE_SHIELD4 13 NC 23 WE1
4 CE3 14 WE4 24 AGND
5 RE3 15 AGND 25 SENSE1
6 RE_SHIELD3 16 SENSE4
7 CE2 17 WE3
8 RE2 18 AGND
9 RE_SHIELD2 19 SENSE3
10 CE1 20 WE2

(male front view)

Channel 5-8
Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function
1 CE8 11 RE5 21 AGND
2 RE8 12 RE_SHIELD5 22 SENSE6
3 RE_SHIELD8 13 NC 23 WE5
4 CE7 14 WE8 24 AGND
5 RE7 15 AGND 25 SENSE5
6 RE_SHIELD7 16 SENSE8
7 CE6 17 WE7
8 RE6 18 AGND
9 RE_SHIELD6 19 SENSE7
10 CE5 20 WE6
AUX port:

Ring Lead colour Function

1 Red NC
2 Black D0 (digital I/O)
3 Yellow Analog Input
4 White D1 (digital I/O)
5 Green GND
6 Blue 5V

Each multiplexer has a Link connector which can be used to daisy chain to another
MUX8-R2 multiplexer, expanding the number of channels. A maximum of 16
multiplexers can be connected in a daisy chain, giving a maximum of 128 channels.
The PSTrace software detects automatically how many multiplexers are daisy chained
and shows the available number of channels in the user interface.

The MUX8-R2 has magnetic feet and magnets at the top for easy stacking
The firmware which runs on PalmSens or EmStat might need to be updated when a
new version of PSTrace is installed. PSTrace will prompt a message and take care of
the firmware update if this is necessary.

If a specific version of the firmware should be downloaded the firmware can be

updated using the firmware update window found in PSTrace via the menu ‘Tools’ →
‘Instrument settings’...

Normally this should not be necessary because PSTrace will prompt a message and
take care of the firmware update if this is necessary.

Instrument settings menu

The ‘Update firmware’ button is found at the right top of the window:
Instrument settings window

1. If not already connected; connect the instrument to the PC and in case of a

PalmSens1 or PalmSens2; to the ac-adapter and the PC.

1. Now click the ‘Browse…’ button and select the appropriate HEX file.
2. Now press the ‘Start update firmware’ button.

In case of a PalmSens1 or PalmSens2 only:

3. The window now tells you to press the four keys ‘Enter + Esc + < + > ‘
simultaneously.
DO THIS ONLY ONCE! The updating process will start immediately after
pressing the four keys.

4. If the instrument is in download mode, the status bar of the firmware update is
shown. If this screen does not appear, the program can be closed and started
again.

5. After completing the update, the program will show “UPDATE COMPLETE”.
PalmSens is a hand-held battery powered instrument for use with electrochemical
sensors or electrochemical cells. The instrument contains a microprocessor and a low
noise and low-current potentiostat/galvanostat which controls the potential or current
applied to the sensor and measures the current or potential response.
The PalmSens3 and PalmSens4 can also optionally be equipped with FRA for
impedance spectroscopy.

In general, the PalmSens instruments are used with electrochemical sensors or

electrochemical cells with three electrodes: working electrode, reference electrode and
auxiliary or counter electrode. In the so-called two-electrode configuration the counter
and reference electrodes can be combined to a single electrode. In that case the
counter and reference connectors are tied together.
The instrument can be extended with a bipotentiostat module (BiPot) or with a
multiplexer for use with up to eight or sixteen sensors or electrochemical cells.
PalmSens model 1 and 2

Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)

▪ dc-potential range ± 2.000 V
▪ compliance voltage ± 8.0 V
▪ dc-potential 1 mV
resolution
▪ dc-offset error 2 mV
▪ accuracy ≤ 0.2 %
▪ ac-potential 1 mV to 250 mV
amplitude
▪ current ranges 1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
▪ maximum current ± 10 mA
▪ current resolution 0.1 % of current range
1 pA on lowest current range
▪ accuracy ≤ 0.2 % of current range at 100 nA to 1 mA
≤ 0.5 % at 10 nA and ≤ 1 % at 1 nA
all with additional 0.2 % offset error

Galvanostat (controlled current mode)

▪ current ranges 1 μA to 1 mA
▪ dc-current range -2 to + 2 times selected current range
▪ dc-current 0.1 % of selected current range
resolution
▪ dc-offset error ≤ 0.2 %
▪ current accuracy ≤ 0.4 %
▪ maximum output ± 8V
voltage

General
▪ electrometer > 100 Gohm // 4 pF
amplifier input
▪ rise time approx. 50 μs

▪ Keypad ▲►▼◄ ENTER ESC and Power (7 keys)

▪ Display 4 lines of 16 characters with backlight
 ▪ Dimensions 155 mm x 85 mm x 35 mm
▪ Temperature range 0º C to + 40º C
▪ Weight 0.43 kg
▪ Power 2 AA cells NiMH 2500 mAh for > 8 hours operation.
Battery charger included (6 V- 1500 mA)
▪ Interfacing Serial RS232
Default serial mode: 57600 baud, 8 bits data, no parity, 1
stopbit.
▪ External I/O Analog: 1 input and 1 output channel (0 V - 4.096 V)
Digital: 1 input and 4 output lines

The table below shows the specifications of the optional Bipotentiostat module for
PalmSens1 and PalmSens2.

General
▪ dc-potential range ± 2.000 V
▪ dc-potential
resolution 1 mV
▪ dc-offset error 3 mV
▪ accuracy ≤ 0.3 %
▪ current ranges 1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
▪ maximum measured
current ± 10 mA
▪ current resolution 0.1 % of current range
1 pA on lowest current range
▪ accuracy ≤ 0.3 % of current range at 1 µA to 100 µA
≤ 0.5 % at 100 nA and ≤ 1 % at 10 and 1 nA
all with additional 0.2 % offset error
▪ connection Use requires a cable with additionally a (yellow) connector
for WE2
PalmSens 3

Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)

▪ dc-potential range ± 5.000 V
▪ compliance voltage ± 8.0 V
▪ dc-potential 0.15 mV
resolution
▪ applied potential ≤ 0.2 %
accuracy with max. 2 mV offset error
▪ current ranges 100 pA to 10 mA (9 ranges)
▪ maximum measured ± 30 mA (typical)
current
▪ current resolution 0.01 % of current range
▪ accuracy ≤ 1 % of current range at 1 nA (≤ 5 % at 100 pA)
≤ 0.5 % at 10 nA
≤ 0.2 % at 100 nA to 1 mA
≤ 0.5 % at 10 mA
all with max. 0.2 % offset error
▪ max. acquisition 200 000 data points/s
rate

Galvanostat (controlled current mode)

▪ current ranges 1 μA to 10 mA
▪ dc-current range ± 3.000 times selected current range
▪ dc-current 0.01 % of selected current range
resolution
▪ max. dc-offset error ≤ 0.2 %
▪ current accuracy ≤ 0.4 %
(deviation)
▪ maximum output ±8V
voltage

Impedance measurements
▪ frequency range 100 µHz to 50 kHz
▪ ac- amplitude range 1 mV to 0.25 V (rms)
 General
▪ electrometer > 100 Gohm // 4 pF
amplifier input
▪ rise time programmable from min. 0.5 μs

Other
▪ keypad run, skip, abort, backlight and power
▪ housing aluminium: 155 mm x 85 mm x 35 mm
▪ weight 430 g
▪ temperature range 0º C to + 40º C
▪ power supply USB or internal Li-ion battery
▪ battery time >9 hours idle time with Bluetooth extension
▪ communication USB

Auxiliary port (D-Sub 15)

▪ external I/O analog: 1 input and 1 output channel (0 V - 3 V)
digital: 1 input and 4 output lines (3.3V)

The table below shows the specifications of the optional Bipotentiostat module for
PalmSens3.

General
▪ dc-potential range ± 5.000 V
▪ dc-potential
resolution 0.15 mV
▪ dc-offset error 3 mV
▪ accuracy ≤ 0.3 %
▪ current ranges 1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
▪ maximum measured
current ± 10 mA
▪ current resolution 0.01 % of current range
0.1 pA on lowest current range
▪ accuracy ≤ 0.3 % of current range at 1 µA to 100 µA
≤ 0.5 % at 100 nA and ≤ 1 % at 10 and 1 nA
all with additional 0.2 % offset error
▪ connection Use requires a cable with additionally a (yellow) connector
for WE2
PalmSens4

General
▪ dc-potential range ± 10 V (or ± 5 V)
▪ compliance voltage ± 10 V
▪ maximum current ± 30 mA (typical)
▪ max. acquisition rate 150000 data points/s

Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)

▪ applied dc-potential resolution 75 µV
▪ applied potential accuracy ≤ 0.1% ± 1 mV offset
▪ current ranges 100 pA to 10 mA (9 ranges)
▪ current accuracy ≤ 0.1 % at FSR1
▪ measured current resolution 0.006 % of current range (5 fA on 100 pA
range)

Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)

▪ current ranges 1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
▪ applied dc-current range ± 6 times applied current range
▪ applied dc-current resolution 0.005 % of applied current range
▪ measured dc-potential 75 µV at ± 10 V
resolution 7.5 µV at ± 1 V
0.75 µV at ± 0.1 V

FRA / EIS (impedance measurements)

▪ frequency range 10 µHz to 1 MHz (or 10 µHz to 100 kHz)
▪ ac-amplitude range 1 mV to 0.25 V rms, or 0.6 V p-p

Electrometer
▪ electrometer amplifier input > 1 TΩ // 10 pF
▪ bandwidth 1 MHz

1
FSR = at full scale range
 Other
▪ housing aluminium with rubber sleeve: 15.7 x 9.7 x 3.5
cm3
▪ weight 500 g
▪ temperature range 0 ºC to + 50 ºC
▪ power supply USB or internal LiPo battery
▪ communication USB and Bluetooth
▪ battery time > 16 hours idle time
> 4 hours with cell on at max. current
Extendible by means of power bank
4 GB
▪ internal storage space 4 GB
or +/- 400000 measurements incl. method
info
(assuming 200 data points per measurement)

Auxiliary port (D-Sub 15)

▪ analog input ± 10 V, 18 bit
▪ analog output 0-10 V, 12 bit (1 kOhm output impedance)
▪ 4 digital outputs 0-3.3 V
▪ 1 digital input 0-3.3 V (5 V tolerant)
▪ I-out and E-out raw output of current and potential
E-out ± 10 V (1 kOhm output impedance)
I-out ± 6 V (1 kOhm output impedance)
▪ power 5 V output (max. 150 mA)

EIS contour accuracy plot:

Note
The accuracy contour plot was determined under lab conditions and should be used for reference purposes. Please
note that the true limits of an impedance measurement are influenced by all components in the system, e.g. cables,
the environment, and the cell.
PalmSens2 AUX port pin-out

Front view of female port:

pin 1 Vadapter (6 V- 1.5 A) for serial numbers PS0201 to PS04200 and d3

digital output for PS04201 and higher
pin 2 analog ground
pin 3 d0 digital output (maximum current 5 mA source or sink)
pin 4 d1 digital output (maximum current 5 mA source or sink)
pin 5 d2 digital output (maximum current 5 mA source or sink)
pin 6 d0 digital input
pin 7 auxiliary analog input
pin 8 auxiliary analog output (advised resistive load > 10 kohm)
pin 9 5 V digital power line (maximum current 100 mA)
shield digital ground

Maximum ratings:
Digital input and output lines: -0.3 V to 5.3 V
Analog input and output lines: -0.3 V to 5.3 V
PalmSens3 AUX port pin-out

Front view of female port:

pin 1 d0 digital output (5V)

pin 2 d3 digital output (5V)
pin 3 auxiliary analog input
(>0.5 Mohm input inpedance)
pin 4 Rx (TTL default, or RS232 see pin 12)
pin 5 Tx (TTL default, or RS232 see pin 12)
pin 6 d1 digital output (5V)
pin 7 d0 digital input (5V)
pin 8 I out (V in current range)
pin 9 5 V digital power line
(max. 50mA)
pin 10 digital ground
pin 11 d2 digital output (5V)
pin 12 Connect to pin 10 (DGND) for
RS232 comm on pin 4 and pin 5
pin 13 E out (-5 to +5V)
pin 14 analog ground
pin 15 DAC out (0-3V)
shield digital ground
PalmSens4 AUX port pin-out

Front view of female port:

pin 1 d0 digital output (3.3V)

pin 2 d3 digital output (3.3V)
pin 3 auxiliary analog input -10 to +10 V,
18 bit, >0.5 MOhm input impedance
pin 4 RESERVED
pin 5 RESERVED
pin 6 d1 digital output (3.3V)
pin 7 d0 digital input (3.3V)
pin 8 I out (V in current range)
pin 9 5V digital power line
(max. 300mA)
pin 10 digital ground
pin 11 d2 digital output (3.3V)
pin 12 Connect to pin 10 (DGND) for
TTL 3.3V comm on pin 4 and pin 5
pin 13 E out (-5 to +5V)
pin 14 analog ground
pin 15 analog out (0 to 10 V at 12 bit)
shield digital ground

PalmSens1 and PalmSens2 sensor connector pin-out

Front view of male plug:

5● ● 1
4● ● 2
3●
Solder side of male plug:

1● ● 5
2● ● 4
3●

1. WE: red connector is working electrode

2. AGND: green connector is ground
3. Not connected in default plug or WE2 if BiPot is present
4. CE: black connector or counter electrode
5. RE: blue connector or reference electrode

PalmSens3 sensor connector pin-out

Front view of male plug:

4● ● 1
3● ● 2

Solder side of male plug:

1● ● 4
2● ● 3

1. RE: blue connector or reference electrode

2. CE: black connector or counter electrode
3. Not connected in default plug or WE2 if BiPot is present
4. WE: red connector is working electrode
[shield] AGND: green connector is ground
PalmSens4 sensor connector pin-out

Front view of male plug:

Solder side of male plug:

1. RE: blue connector or reference electrode

2. RE Shield
3. CE: black connector or counter electrode
4. Not connected in default plug or WE2 if BiPot is present
5. WE: red connector is working electrode
[shield] AGND: green connector is ground
In case the battery capacity decreases it is advised to switch on PalmSens and wait
until it switches off automatically. After charging the batteries, their capacity might be
restored again.

Detailed instructions for battery replacement are available from PalmSens BV: send a
message to [email protected]

Note: the batterypack must be obtained from PalmSens BV.

Ordering codes:
▪ PS2BATT (for PalmSens1 or 2, old models)
▪ PS3BATT for PalmSens3
▪ PS4BATT for PalmSens4
The EmStat, EmStat2, EmStat3 and EmStat3+ (embedded potentiostat) are the
smallest, commercially available computer controlled potentiostats. The EmStat3 Blue
and EmStat3+ Blue models allow to connect via Bluetooth, have an integrated battery,
an additional auxiliary port and connector for a wide collection of screen printed
electrodes (SPE).

EmStat1 has six current ranges from 1 nA to 100 uA full scale, with a minimum
resolution of 1 pA. EmStat2 and EmStat3 have additionally two current ranges of 1 mA
and 10 mA. EmStat3+ has current ranges from 1 nA up to 100 mA.
The potentiostat is normally controlled by means of a USB cable.

Multiple channels
The instruments (except EmStat3+) can be delivered with a 8- or 16-channel multiplexer
integrated in a single housing as EmStatMUX. They can also be configured as
MultiEmStat where a single instrument contains 4, 8 or 12 individual EmStat units..
General
▪ dc-potential range ± 2.000 V
▪ compliance voltage ± 4.5 V
▪ maximum output ± 20 mA
current

Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)

▪ dc-potential resolution 1 mV
▪ applied dc-potential ≤ 0.2 %
accuracy
▪ max. dc-offset error 2 mV
▪ current ranges 1 nA to 100 µA (6 ranges)
1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges) for EmStat2
▪ current resolution 0.1 % of current range
1 pA on lowest current range
▪ current accuracy ≤ 0.3 % of current range at 1 µA to 100 µA
≤ 0.5 % at 100 nA and ≤ 1 % at 10 and 1 nA
all with additional 0.2 % offset error

Electrometer
▪ electrometer amplifier > 100 Gohm // 4 pF
input
▪ rise time approx. 200 μs

Other
▪ dimensions EmStat: 6.2 cm x 4.6 cm x (1.7 to 2.8 cm)
EmStat2: 6.2 cm x 4.8 cm x (1.7 to 2.6 cm)
▪ power 5 V / 60 mA from USB connector (or ac-adapter ¹ )
▪ interfacing USB (or RS-232 ¹ )
▪ external I/O options ¹ analog: 1 input and 1 output channel
(both 0 V - 4.096 V)
digital: 4 input and/or output lines
▪ options 8 or 16 channel multiplexer
▪ sensor connection shielded cable with circular connector (PalmSens
compatible)
or specific connector ¹
¹ Means that a modification is required.
Main differences between EmStat and EmStat Blue models

Size (cm) 6.7 x 5.0 x 2.8 10.0 x 6.0 x 3.4

Weight 85 g 250 g

Battery no yes
Communication USB USB + Bluetooth

Auxiliary port no yes

Sensor connector LEMO LEMO + SPE2

▪ dc-potential range ± 3.000 V ± 4.000 V

▪ compliance voltage ±5V ±8V

▪ applied dc-potential 0.1 mV 0.125 mV

resolution
▪ applied potential ≤ 0.2 % ≤ 0.3 %
accuracy with max. 2 mV offset with max. 3 mV offset
error error
▪ current ranges 1 nA to 10 mA (8 1 nA to 100 mA (9
ranges) ranges)

▪ maximum measured ± 20 mA typical and ± 100 mA typical

current ± 15 mA minimum

2
The SPE connector allows for direct insertion of the most popular types of Screen
Printed Electrodes.
EmStat 3 and 3+ Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)
▪ current resolution 0.1 % of current range
1 pA on lowest current range
▪ current accuracy ≤ 1 % of current range at 1 nA
≤ 0.5 % at 10 nA
≤ 0.2 % at 100 nA to 100 uA
≤ 0.5 % at 1 mA, 10 mA and 100 mA
all with additional 0.2 % offset error

Electrometer / other
▪ electrometer amplifier > 100 Gohm // 4 pF
input
▪ rise time approx. 200 μs
▪ sensor connection shielded cable with circular connector for WE, RE, CE
and Sense (100 mA for ES3+ only)

EmStat 3 and 3+ regular model

▪ housing anodized aluminium: 6.7 cm x 5.0 cm x (1.9 to 2.8 cm)
▪ weight 85 g
▪ power supply 5 V, min. 130 mA (ES3) or 500 mA (ES3+) via USB
▪ communication USB
▪ auxiliary port present no

EmStat 3 and 3+ Blue model

▪ housing anodized aluminium: 100 mm x 60 mm x (27 to 34
mm)
▪ weight 85 g
▪ power supply USB or internal Li-Po battery
5 V, min. 130 mA (ES3) or 500 mA (ES3+)

▪ battery time > 8 hours with cell off

> 6 hours with continuous cell on at 1uA current
full charge takes approx. 3 hours

▪ communication USB or Bluetooth

▪ auxiliary port present yes
▪ external I/O options analog: 1 input and 1 output channel
(both 0 V - 4.096 V)
digital: 1 input, 4 output lines
(maximum rating: -0.3 V to 5.3 V)
The EmStat3 and EmStat3+ Blue have an auxiliary port to control external accessories.
The instrument is also available as OEM device for integration in instruments for
specific electrochemical sensors or other applications.

EmStat3 or 3+ Blue

Front view of female port:

D-Sub15 Description EmStat PCB pin

(CON-PIN)
pin 1 d0 digital output (5V) 1-4
pin 2 d3 digital output (5V) 1-1
pin 3 auxiliary analog input 2-9
( 0 – 4.095 V)
pin 4 Rx (TTL comm) 2-2
pin 5 Tx (TTL comm) 2-1
pin 6 d1 digital output (5V) 1-3
pin 7 d0 digital input (5V) 1-4
pin 8 RESERVED -
pin 9 5 V digital power line 2-12
(max. 50mA)
pin 10 digital ground 2-11
pin 11 d2 digital output (5V) 1-2
pin 12 RESERVED -
pin 13 RESERVED -
pin 14 analog ground 1-9
pin 15 DAC out (0-3V) 2-10
shield digital ground -
EmStat1 and EmStat2

Front view of male plug:

υ
5● ● 1
4● ● 2
3●

Solder side of male plug:

υ
1● ● 5
2● ● 4
3●

1. WE: red connector is working electrode

2. AGND: green connector is ground
3. Other (optional) use.
4. CE: black connector or counter electrode
5. RE: blue connector or reference electrode

EmStat3(Blue) and EmStat3+(Blue)

Front view of male plug:

υ
1● ● 4
2● ● 3

Solder side of male plug:

υ
4● ● 1
3● ● 2

1. RE: blue connector or reference electrode

2. CE: black connector or counter electrode
3. S: Sense connector for working electrode on EmStat3+ or other (optional) use
on EmStat3
4. WE: red connector is working electrode

Metal casing AGND: green connector is ground

The EmStat-4WE, MultiEmStat3, MultiEmstat3+ and MultiPalmSens4 are instruments
with multiple potentiostat modules for running multiple measurements in parallel.

The MultiPalmSens4 is a flexible multi-channel potentiostat, galvanostat and

impedance analyser. Each channel consists of a single PalmSens4 potentiostat unit
which can be extended with BiPot- or IR-drop compensation-module.

See PalmSens4 specifications on page 260 for potentiostat and AUX specifications.

MultiPalmSens4 specifications
▪ housing 15 x 25 x 25 cm3
▪ weight +/- 4 kg
▪ temperature range 0 ºC to + 50 ºC
▪ power supply external 12 V AC/DC adapter
▪ communication USB (type A)
▪ internal storage space 8 GB per channel
or +/- 800000 measurements incl. method info
(assuming 200 data points per measurement)

The MultiEmStat is a multi-channel potentiostat with 4, 8 or 12 independent EmStat3 or

EmStat3+ modules, each with its own WE, RE and CE.

See EmSat3 and 3+ specifications on page 271 for potentiostat.

Specifications of MultiEmStat3 / 3+ with 4 channels

▪ housing 115 mm x 85 mm x 35 mm
▪ weight +/- 260 g
▪ temperature range 0 ºC to + 50 ºC
▪ power supply external 5 V AC/DC adapter
▪ communication USB (type A)
 Specifications of MultiEmStat3 / 3+ with 8 or 12 channels
▪ housing 120 mm x 210 mm x 75 mm
▪ weight +/- 2 kg
▪ temperature range 0 ºC to + 50 ºC
▪ power supply external 12 V AC/DC adapter
▪ communication USB (type A)

EmStat4WE is a polypotentiostat with 4 working electrodes, that makes parallel

measuring of multiple electrodes in one electrochemical cell possible. With this
polypotentiostat one electrochemical cell can be equipped with 1, 2, 3 or 4 working
electrodes and all of these will be measured parallel.
The additional WE’s can each individually be used in two different modes:
1. The potential of the additional WE has a constant dc-potential offset with
respect to WE1, i.e. it is following the potential change of WE1.
2. The potential of the additional WE has an independent fixed dc-potential.

Each potentiostat has eight current ranges: 1 nA to 10 mA with a resolution of 1 pA at

the lowest current range and can automatically select the optimal current range.

A cell can be setup with one reference and one counter electrode or one combined
reference and counter electrode.

The EmStat3-4WE consist of a standard EmStat3 potentiostat and additionally three

polypotentiostat (bipotentiostat-like) modules. The instrument is used for
electrochemical systems with 1, 2, 3, or 4 working electrodes (WE1 - 4) all sharing the
same counter (CE) and reference electrodes (RE) or combined CE/RE. The embedded
software of the EmStat3 instruments provides all relevant methods for electrochemical
sensors.
All techniques supported by EmStat3 are available for the EmStat3 4WE.
EmStat3 4WE Main potentiostat Polypotentiostat modules
dc-potential range ± 3.000 V ± 3.000 V
compliance voltage ±5V ±5V
dc-potential resolution 0.1 mV 0.1 mV
max. dc-offset error 2 mV 3 mV
potential accuracy 0.2 % 0.2 %
current ranges 1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges) 1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
maximum current ± 20 mA typical and ± 15 mA minimum for the sum of
WE1, W2, W3 and W4
current resolution 0.1% of current range, 1 pA at lowest current range
electrometer amplifier > 100 GOhm // 4 pF > 100 GOhm // 4 pF
input
rise time approx. 100 μs approx. 100 μs

Housing:
dimensions 12 cm x 8.5 cm x 3.5 cm
weight 250 g
power 5 V external power supply
interfacing USB
In this section solutions to known issues are described.

PalmSens as well EmStat can be tested by using the test sensor supplied with the
instrument.

If PalmSens or EmStat seem to function and PSTrace recognizes the instrument,

perform the tests as described in chapter ‘First measurements’.

It is also possible to test the instrument by means of a fixed resistor with a value of for
instance 1 Mohm. The WE lead is connected to one side and both RE and CE to the
other side of the resistor. Any of the electrochemical techniques can be applied. The
current response obtained with a resistor with value R is equal to the applied potential
or potential pulse divided by the value of R. So if a potential of 0.5 V is applied on a
resistor of 1 Mohm, the obtained current should be 0.5 V/ 1 Mohm = 0. 5 µA.

Contact PalmSens BV if the problems are found: [email protected] and report the
problems as detailed as possible.
 Necessary tools:
• Size 14 spanner
• Phillips or TORX T-10 screwdriver
• Flat screwdriver
• Pointy tool

Step 1
Untighten the bolt very carefully with the spanner, without
scratching the surface of the housing.

Screw it off using your fingers.

Step 2
If present remove the two protective caps using the
pointy tool by sticking it between the cap and housing
and levering it out.

Step 3
Remove the sensor side of the housing.

Step 4
Pull out the battery connector using the tongs.

Replace the battery and connect it to the printed circuit

board.

Step 5 Closing the housing

1. Place the ring back over the sensor connector and screw the sensor side of the
housing back on.
 2. Place the nut back onto the sensor connector and screw it using your fingers as
fixed as you can. Then tighten the nut by turning it one quarter more using the
spanner. Tightening it too much will damage the housing.

3. If available put the protective caps in place.

4. New batteries may be empty, so first connect PalmSens to the ac-adapter and
charge the batteries completely.

Follow these steps to restore your PalmSens3:

1. Open the Update Firmware program from the Start Menu:
Start → All Programs → PalmSens → PSTrace → Update Firmware
2. Make sure the USB cable is connected and PalmSens3 shows in the list next to
the ‘Connect’ button.
3. Click the ‘Connect’ button:

4. The program will say “Could not connect properly.” Ignore this.

5. Click the ‘Browse’ button.

6. Select a .HEX file with the signature PalmSens3_firmware_v##.hex. Where ## is

the version number.
 7. Click the button ‘Start update firmware’.

8. The firmware will be restored:

After the PalmSens3 has been restored it is advised to run the EIS calibration
procedure.
To do this open PSTrace. Then go to menu: Tools→ Instrument settings… and click the
“Calibrate for EIS” button.
Follow the instructions on the screen.
A normal calibration procedure takes about 5 minutes.
 DECLARATION OF COMFORMITY

We: PalmSens BV
Randhoeve 221
3995 GA Houten
The Netherlands

Certify that the products

PalmSens, EmStat, EmStat Blue, MultiEmStat and MultiPalmSens
are in conformity with EC Standard: EN 61326-1:2013
(Electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use),
referring to the following norms:

Emissions:
CISPR 11
Immunity:
IEC 61000-4-2
IEC 61000-4-3
IEC 61000-4-4
IEC 61000-4-5
IEC 61000-4-6
IEC 61000-4-11

Houten, May 2018

C.J. van Velzen, director

PalmSens BV, Houten, The Netherlands, will not accept any liability for damages caused directly or indirectly by connecting this
instrument to devices which do not meet the relevant safety standards. PalmSens is designed as an instrument for use with
electrochemical sensors. PalmSens cannot, under any circumstance, be held responsible for the outcome or interpretation of data
measured with PalmSens instruments.
 Corrosion ..........................................189
Corrosion current ..............................191
Corrosion potential ...........................191
Corrosion rate ...................................191
CSV ........................................... 171, 206
Current Level or Peaks .......................33
current range......................... 29, 97, 175
Curve calculations .................... 151, 156
Curve calculations window ....... 156, 158
Curve operations window .................158
Cycles ..................................... 76, 77, 79
.pssession ................................ 171, 201 Data tab ............................................148
/ 151, 162 decimal separator ...............................12
ac-voltammogram ............................ 102 differintegral ......................................167
Allow AC coupled measurements > 200 Disable use of High Stability mode .....97
Hz ................................................ 97 double layer capacitance ..................125
Amplitude ........................................... 51 Dummy Cell ........................................19
Analog In .......................................... 175 dynamic potential window ..................91
Analog Out ....................................... 175 E ac ...............................................56, 97
Analytical mode ................................ 178 E begin ............ 44, 48, 51, 53, 56, 79, 97
Auto peak search window ................ 178 E cond1 .............................................188
auto ranging ....................................... 29 E cond2 .............................................188
autosave............................................. 31 E dc ............................. 66, 68, 71, 79, 97
Autosave settings window ................. 31 E end ......... 44, 48, 51, 53, 56, 64, 79, 97
Auxiliary port (PalmSens) ................. 262 E equilibration .....................................71
auxiliay input ...................................... 10 E level [n] .......................................76, 79
backlight........................................... 3, 4 E peak ...............................................178
battery .................................................. 3 E pulse ..........................................48, 68
battery (maintanance)....................... 267 E start............................................59, 62
BiPot ............................................ 10, 37 E step .. 44, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59, 62, 79, 97
Blank .................................................. 39 E vertex1 .......................................59, 62
blank curve......................................... 31 E vertex2 .......................................59, 62
Bluetooth............................................ 14 E1(measure) ........................................72
Calibrate ........................................... 175 E2 72
calibration curve ....................... 177, 181 E3 72
capacitor .......................................... 125 Edit Mode .........................................111
CDC circuit editor............................. 112 EIS Plot tab .......................................147
Cell On ............................................. 175 EIS Spectrum Analyzer .....................104
Cell volume ...................................... 178 Enable options for E corrections .........12
chi-squared ...................................... 134 equivalent circuits ..................... 109, 195
Chronopotentiometric Stripping ......... 64 Excel .................................................172
circuit components .......................... 112 Export ...............................................208
circuit editor ..................................... 112 Exporting curves ...............................172
Circuit menu ..................................... 119 Extrapolate baseline .........................151
Clear help lines................................. 150 fast mode ..............................................4
command line................................... 222 fit 109
constant phase element ................... 125 Fit Mode ............................................111
Control E or I .................................... 175 Fixed baseline ...................................151
FRA .................................................. 255 Overlapping peaks ............................167
fractional derivative order................. 169 overload ..............................................25
Free baseline .................................... 151 Override parameter ...........................221
Frequency .............................. 51, 56, 97 Oxidation or Reduction .......................33
Frequency type .................................. 97 peak separation window ...................167
Gerischer element ............................ 125 Peak window.....................................178
grid 150 Peaks ..........................................33, 158
High Speed mode .............................. 91 Plot scaling .......................................150
I applied ....................................... 73, 79 Plot tab .............................................147
I level [n] ............................................. 77 Polarization resistance ......................191
impedance ......................................... 93 Potential or Current ...........................175
inductor ............................................ 125 Pretreat each scan ..............................97
Integration ........................................ 156 printing ..............................................150
ladder ............................................... 134 Pseudo Polarography .......................221
Levels ............................... 33, 76, 77, 79 Readings .............................................25
Linear polarization ............ 187, 191, 195 real E step ...........................................27
Linear regression .............................. 156 Recalculate .......................................183
Linear Sweep Voltammetry ........ 44, 191 requirements .........................................1
low battery ........................................... 3 resistor ..............................................125
PalmSens2 ......................................... 3 Sample volume .................................178
Low Speed mode ............................... 91 Scaling ..............................................150
Mains Frequency................................ 10 Scan rate......... 44, 48, 53, 56, 59, 62, 79
Manual Control ................................. 175 Scan type ............................................97
manual mark peaks .......................... 151 scripting ............................................207
max stability filter ............................... 97 Select point .......................................150
Max. frequency .................................. 97 Sensitivity mode..................................97
Maxwell ............................................ 134 sequence ............................................86
Measure vs OCP ................................ 97 Settings .................................................8
Measurement tab ............................... 97 simulate.............................................109
Measurement time ............................. 64 smart scaling.....................................150
Min. frequency ................................... 97 Smooth Window .................................33
miniDIN ................................................ 3 Solution number................................178
Minimum Peak Height ........................ 33 solution resistance ............................125
Minimum Peak Width ......................... 33 Standard addition ..................... 177, 181
mode .............................................. 9, 68 status ..................................................25
Multiplexer Channel ......................... 175 status bar ............................................25
Multiplexer tab ................................... 34 stirrer ...................................................10
n averaged scans ............................... 62 Stirrer On ..........................................175
n equil. scans ..................................... 62 stirrer speed ......................................175
n frequencies...................................... 97 Stripping chronopotentiometry ...........64
noise level .......................................... 41 Stripping Current ................................64
Non-linear baseline .......................... 151 t [n] 76, 77, 79
Notes ............................................ 27, 97 t cond1 ..............................................188
Number of scans .......................... 59, 62 t cond2 ..............................................188
OCP ................................................. 188 t interval ... 66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79,
Open Circuit Potential ...................... 188 97
Open Circuit Potential (OCP).............. 87 t pulse ..................................... 48, 53, 68
Origin........................................ 106, 172 t run........... 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 97
t. Max equilibration............................. 97
t. Min. sampling .................................. 97
t1 72
t2 72
t3 72
Tafel slopes ...................................... 191
techniques list .................................... 27
TestSensor ......................................... 19
Three points ..................................... 151
underload ........................................... 25
Use battery power only .................... 175
Voigt ................................................. 134
Voltage overload ................................ 25
Voltammetric Analysis ...................... 177
voltammetric measurement................ 86
Warburg element.............................. 125
warning message (method) ................ 27
WE2 Current Range ......................... 175
WE2 Potential................................... 175
ZIP 208