Health Psychology

The Author

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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4

Exploration of how biological and social influences affect people's wellbeing and conduct at
various levels of life.........................................................................................................................5

Relationship between biological and social factors and behaviour in different life stages and
ages..............................................................................................................................................5

Analysis of the effect on fitness, disease and wellbeing of biological and social influences......7

Examination of how current theoretical perspectives in health psychology explain human

behaviours........................................................................................................................................9

The role of different health beliefs in the development of health behaviours.............................9

The effectiveness of theories of health behaviour in informing our understanding of different

behavioural disorders.................................................................................................................10

Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP).....................................................................................10

Figure 2: Theory of Planned Behaviour (Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas, 2017).......10

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM).......................................................................................11

Attribution Theory.................................................................................................................13

Behavioural Learning Theory (BLT).....................................................................................14

Communication Theory.........................................................................................................14

Cognitive Theory...................................................................................................................14

Self-regulatory Theory...........................................................................................................15

The relationship between different theories of health behaviours and healthcare practitioners
understanding of the development of health disorders at different life stages..........................15

Exploration of specific methods of assessment used to evaluate and schedule care for different
health conditions............................................................................................................................16

Review how different forms of assessment are used to identify and support individuals with
specific health conditions..........................................................................................................17

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 Assessment by Observation...................................................................................................17

Clinical Interview..................................................................................................................18

Psychological Test.................................................................................................................18

Behavioural Assessment........................................................................................................18

Neurological Test...................................................................................................................19

The role of health psychology practice in improving outcomes for individuals using healthcare
services..........................................................................................................................................20

The strengths and weaknesses of the legal and ethical obligations of healthcare professionals
...................................................................................................................................................22

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................24

Reference.......................................................................................................................................25

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Introduction
Health psychology explores how genetics, attitudes and social environments impact health and
disease. Health psychologists are known as psychologists who study the effects on health and
disease from physiological, mental and social aspects. Fresh progress in psychological, medical
and physiological studies has led to a new concept of health and illness. This theoretical school,
called the bio-psychosocial paradigm, refers at health and illness as a result of a mixture of
variables that include the biological features (e.g. genetic predisposition), social environment
(population effects, interactions with the family, social welfare) and behaviour. Eco-
psychologists are classified as psychologists who research the effect natural causes, biological
influences, behavioural and emotional causes on wellbeing and disease (Abraham, Conner and
Jones, 2016).

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Exploration of how biological and social influences affect people's
wellbeing and conduct at various levels of life
Health psychologists seek to recognize healthy, disease-causing attitudes and interactions, and to
improve health care quality. We also recommend strategies to improve wellness and
environmental programs. Psychologists also create ways to resolve depression to improve
wellbeing and avoid illness. The association between disease and human characteristics is
studied. Factors that affect health are often of interest to health psychologists, such as physical,
environmental, behavioural, cultural and psychological (Anisman, 2016). Health professionals
aim to improve clinical practices to enhance the health of populations and to assist people in the
treatment of diseases. They try to improve wellness by promoting behavioural reform. They
examine how illness affects an individual's psychological health. Every abused or sick person has
specific functional stressors to contend with. Such stressors can induce depression, lower self-
esteem, and so on. Medical care is also committed to changing the life of terminally ill people.
By helping individuals restore at least a part of their psychological wellbeing, wellbeing-
psychologists help improve their patients' quality of life (Barley, 2016).

Relationship between biological and social factors and behaviour in different

life stages and ages
The stages of human life can be divided into four major stages.

1. Early childhood
2. Adolescence
3. Young adult
4. Elder adults

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 Figure 1: Stages of Human life and biological & social factors in these stages (Abraham,
Conner and Jones, 2016).

Early Childhood: Children are born with a host of inherited approach to social, neurologic and
temperamental disorders. Studies have explored substantial advancements over the last two
decades in finding out about the various biological and neural causes that may play a vital role in
creating antisocial and aggressive behaviour. Studies have repeatedly pointed out that biological
or neurological causes are not separate. Psychosocial and physical climate continuously affects
neurobiological growth during childhood (Forshaw, 2003).

Adolescence: This is the period of human life where people need the most care from his family
and special attention from the society to attain healthy mental health. The absence of physical
touch, conversational enhancement, and social adjustment from family members, relatives and
care providers can significantly change the rate of linguistic, emotive, and personal development
in adolescents is becoming increasingly evident to behaviours researchers (Benyamini, Johnston
and Karademas, 2017). For example, most studies consider mother smoking as another indicator
of environmental effects on psychological and biological growth. In this phase, people attain
their physical maturity and develops their sexual desires. They need to be properly educated and
provided with sufficient knowledge to have a healthy personality and mentality development.
The close association between a adolescents' challenging personality and the emergence of

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chronic socially awkward activity has been extensively highlighted by developmental
researchers. According to the empirical literature, it is believed that (1) the personality is
statutory or evolutionary, (2) at birth and persists during life and (3) psychosocial climate is
affected (Forshaw, 2003).

Young adults: The biological and social factor play a tricky role during this stage of human life.
The safety-constraining practises defined as reducing or avoiding the resulting benefit to public
health include tobacco smoking, overuse of alcohol, another misuse of drugs, malnutrition,
sedentary habits, and no adherence to appropriate drug regimes. A study in 2000 recognised that
all access to health services and acceptance was affected by the action and that the stress of
sickness and disability is directly related to socioeconomic, psychological and comparative
dimensions of the community's way of civilian life and internationally for the adults. This study
was focused on middle-aged patients and voluntary participants from different social groups
(Abraham, Conner and Jones, 2016). For instance, the medical community also believes that low
dopamine levels in the front cortex can be associated with impaired self-regulation and deficient
cognitive control of young people. Serotonin is another neurotransmitter associated with
impaired regulation of the heartbeat and aggressive behaviour. Often people who behave actively
or brutally towards others have an incredibly low serotonin concentration. Both anxiety and
suicide are related to reducing rates of serotonin (Curtis, 2015).

Elder Adults: Mid-life crisis and rehabilitation at the elder ages impact the psycho-social health
of elderly adults. Different social factors like poverty, economic inequality and social
disadvantage have a major effect on wellbeing and premature mortality, and some
socioeconomic groups are strongly impacted by the likelihood of surviving in poverty. Wealth
inequality, even in Europe's strongest economies, is still in existence – the lack of basic material
necessities for life. There is a danger to the poor, to many national groups, to migrant workers,
persons with disabilities, migrants and homeless (Barley, 2016).

Analysis of the effect on fitness, disease and wellbeing of biological and social
influences
The biomedical model is characterised as a method of patient management in which only specific
knowledge on the biological and medical problems of a patient's condition is addressed. The

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paradigm was created by a common belief that the illness agent is centred without focusing on
the patient with the disorder. The personal background and social climate of the patient are not
included in this model. Such factors that are missed may have a significant effect on a patient's
disease risk and disease outcomes.

For example, Rowan was a 7 years old boy living in London. His jobless father and abusive
drunk paternal grandmother lived with him. He was diagnosed with Diabetes in hospital but not
well controlled at home. He had diabetes. His school attendance was low. He was placed in a
diabetic coma and found himself diagnosed at his primary injection site with MRSA (methicillin-
resistant staphylococcus aureus). But he was observed to be relaxed and adapt in his miserable
condition. The sort of issue Rowan does not seem unique and stresses the importance of inter-
professional and inter-institutional research (Curtis, 2015). A few days' hospitalisations will save
his life, but will not help Rowan's long-term health and stability. It could be important for the
potential therapist to make a positive difference to his wellbeing by connecting schools and
families, and helping Rowan and his parents with the psychiatrist, school nurse or psychologist
and social therapist.

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Examination of how current theoretical perspectives in health
psychology explain human behaviours

The role of different health beliefs in the development of health behaviours

Owing to various psychological concepts, understanding of human behaviour and actions has
arisen. Such psychological theories can be seen in situations of people with anxiety, stress and
other psychological issues. The beliefs and attributes held by people that impact their health, for
example by taking a treatment strategy, consuming food or taking prescription medicine, or by
influencing a physiological system, such as the immune or cardiovascular system (Brannon,
Updegraff and Feist, 2018). These are not mutually unique modes of impact. The views and
attributions of healthcare providers can also affect a patient's wellbeing. This can influence
patient outcomes in one way or another: first, by impacting the judgement of the staff on surgical
interventions or medications and, second, by changing the awareness of patients. While
psychologists generally agree that health beliefs and attributes are valuable in the explanation
and forecasting of health behaviour and health outcomes, there are fewer consensuses on what
opinions and attributes are essential and on the variation in the outcome, they anticipate (Hagger,
2010).

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The effectiveness of theories of health behaviour in informing our
understanding of different behavioural disorders

Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP)

Figure 2: Theory of Planned Behaviour (Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas, 2017).

In 1980, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP) began to forecast that a person plans to be
engaged in actions at a certain time and place in a Theory of Reasoned Action. The goal of the
hypothesis was to describe all habits why people are capable of self-control. The core aspect of
this model is behavioural intent; behavioural goals rely on the attitude that the action will
achieve the intended outcomes and subjective consideration of the costs and benefits associated
with the outcome. A variety of healthy habits, including smoking, consumption, the use of health
care, nursing, and alcohol use, were successfully predicted and clarified with the TPB
(Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas, 2017). The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP) stipulates
that conduct depends on motivation (intention) and capability (compartmental control). It

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differentiates between three kinds of convictions – conduct, standard, and influence. The Theory
of Planned Behaviour (TBP) consists of six systems, reflecting the true regulation of a person's
behaviour. The TPB has been more helpful in public health than the Health Belief Paradigm, but
its failure to take environmental and economic factors into account remains restricting. In recent
years, researchers have been using some TPB structures to make it a better-integrated model by
incorporating elements from behavioural theory. This responded to some of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour (TBP)'s shortcomings in coping with issues in public health.

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Figure 3: The Transtheoretical Model (Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas, 2017).

Prochaska and DiClemente created the Transtheoretical Model (also known as the Phases of
Transition Model) in the late 1970s by researching the perspectives of individual smokers who
are left on their own devices for further care, to explain why such individuals would give up. It
has been determined that if they are prepared, people will stop smoking (Benyamini, Johnston
and Karademas, 2017). The Trans-theoretical Model (TTM) thus reflects on the individual's

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decision-making and is a model of a deliberate transition. TTM believes that people can not
easily and decisively change their behaviour. Instead of, a cyclical mechanism constantly transfer
behaviour, particularly habitual behaviour. The TTM is not a theory but a model; various
theories and components of behaviour can be used for different stages of the process where they
are most efficient.

The TTM indicates that individuals are going through six distinct phases: pre-cover, consider,
plan, conduct, maintain and terminate. The termination was not part of the original model and is
less commonly used in health-related behavioural periods of transition. Different intervention
techniques for each level of transition are most successful in transitioning the individual to the
next stage of change and the optimal stage of comportement through the model to maintenance
(Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas, 2017).

The Transtheoretical Model offers recommended public health initiatives methods for engaging
individuals at different points of the decision-making process. This will lead to programs
targeted to a particular target demographic level of awareness and inspiration (i.e. a message or
service aspect has been developed) and successful. The TTM promotes an appraisal and a
reappearance in the decision-making phase of a person.

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Attribution Theory

Figure 4: Attribution Theory (Hagger, 2010).

The philosophy of attribution is about how everyday people explain behavioural causes and
events. The attribution hypothesis explores how social perceiver uses evidence to describe causal
events. It explores what evidence is obtained and how a causal decision is combined. For
example, this theory intends to find out why a smoker is smoking. It investigates to find out
whether he was influenced by anyone or he smokes due to his personal preference or depression.

Dispositional allocation allocates the origin of actions rather than external forces to a certain
inner trait of an individual. Specialists search for lasting inner attributions, such as personality
attributes, when explaining the actions of others. This is pointed to as the primary mistake in
attribution. For eg, they assign a person's actions to his attitude, purpose or convictions.

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The method of allocating causes of behaviour, not individual attributes, to a circumstance or
occurrence beyond the control of a human. Researchers prefer to make external attributions such
as locational and environmental characteristics if we want to justify our behaviour.

Behavioural Learning Theory (BLT)

Many strategies involving BLT components have since been found to be successful in
commitment to long-term treatments. A more recent meta-analysis of commitment to highly
active antiretroviral (ARV) treatment has shown that BLT-derived treatments with adrenal signal
dose and intrinsic reinforcement are as successful as those without (Anisman, 2016). In the
application of electronic recall systems, another randomised controlled trial of ARVs showed a
nugatory effect. More research on the efficacy of these techniques is also required. BLT was also
criticised for not having a tailored strategy and for not doing enough awareness-raising
behaviour, for example, previous actions, patterns or inability to acknowledge a diagnosis. Such
causes include the hypothesis is constrained by its focus of specific behavioural factors (Hagger,
2010).

Communication Theory
Communication is the foundation of a growing partnership between patients and practitioners.
This viewpoint indicates that improved contact between clinicians and consumers can increase
quality and means that this can be done by patient awareness and strong listening skills for health
care staff-an strategy that is focused on the premise that contact has to be transparent and
intuitive to be successful. The pacing of care, guidance and comprehension is also emphasised.
In many enforcement programmes, contact elements were used, but not directly or as a main
factor. These strategies are unlikely to succeed in isolating patients from systemic influences
such as health care costs for diagnosis, to increase long-term adherence to drugs. Contact
approaches are normally tailored to supplier-customer experiences and can often require extra
clinical or financial assistance (Abraham, Conner and Jones, 2016).

Cognitive Theory
The cognitive perspective comprises theories such as the health belief model, the theory of social
and cognitive activity, planned behaviour theories and the theory on protection motivation. These
theories concentrate on the neural factors as evidence of changes in actions and share the view
that behaviours and values are the primary determinants of health-related conduct and aspirations

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for future activities and outcomes. These ideas suggest that people take the behaviour most likely
to lead to successful consequences in the face of many substitutes. However, theories are
particularly weak: mainly, non-voluntary factors can affect the behaviour; it also seems
unprofitable to devote time to consider about repeated choices (Barley, 2016). Secondly, these
ideas do not discuss the interpersonal skills required to ensure conformity sufficiently. Third,
these ideas do not take into account the nature of views and how these values can affect other
behaviours.

Self-regulatory Theory
The main theory in this field is self-regulatory. Crafted to think of the mechanism of adhesion in
a manner that concentrates on the patient, the hypothesis suggests that patients' contextual health
hazard perception must be studied to explain how they are sensitive to these risks (Hagger,
2010). Due to this hypothesis, humans are cognitive visualisation of health risks (and associated
emotional responses) coupled with prior interactions. Such images 'encourage' the collection and
thereby affect the findings of unique approaches for mitigating health risks (Brannon, Updegraff
and Feist, 2018). The philosophy of self-regulation offers no instruction on the design of
therapies and no meta-analysis has been established to check the validity of this philosophy.
While the principle appears intuitively appropriate, other guidelines are required for encouraging
obedience to these procedures.

The relationship between different theories of health behaviours and

healthcare practitioners understanding of the development of health
disorders at different life stages
The problem of adhesion or the field of behaviour modification is not easily solved. Theories of
health habits will reflect light on the mechanisms that underlie behavioural change. Specific
theoretical bases for positive intervention are therefore not necessarily sufficient, and further
analysis is required to assess if theoretical approaches in the area of health care are more efficient
than those lacking specific theoretical bases at various life stages of a human being (Benyamini,
Johnston and Karademas, 2017).

Healthcare practitioners have been observed to be promoting the Transtheoretical model (TTM)
in the development of health disorders in different stages of human life. Among the stage

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prospects, this principle is most relevant. It assumes several qualitative, distinct phases and
processes of change, and why people are going through these phases which usually reappear
before success. This approach provides an integrative view of the nature of the deliberate
transition. Over the years, the TTM provided a great deal of support from clinicians but less
direct support for its effectiveness. The meta-analyses listed for this analysis did not explicitly
support concept; while one observed that individuals use all 10 evolving mechanisms, another
reported that approaches which use the stage perspective are not any more successful than those
which do not use hypothesis (Marks, Murray, Evans and Estacio, 2015).

Combining experiments focused on one hypothesis to carry out a meta-analysis to test their
behavioural prediction performance is challenging due to various methodological challenges in
the original research. However, over time, the number of hypotheses has grown as researchers
studied different behavioural areas and have re-examined current theories of interpretation.
Therefore, the plethora of theories available and the often inconsistent and conflicting data will
confuse scholars, health planning and practitioners.

Exploration of specific methods of assessment used to evaluate and

schedule care for different health conditions
Assessment, diagnosis and recovery preparation are important elements, regardless of the
abstract context, of the therapy method. Evaluation is the method of collecting medical details.
Assessment results were gathered from many informal and systematic methods including
standardised evaluations (i.e. parents, relatives, partners, doctors, employment, legal, media
reports), medical examinations, personality indicators, mental health assessments and
performance assessments. As indicated in this definition, standardised testing is only one way of
collecting evaluation information. Diagnosis is the interpretation inferred from the test results, as
viewed using a classification method for diagnostic purposes (Marks, Murray, Evans and
Estacio, 2015).

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Review how different forms of assessment are used to identify and support
individuals with specific health conditions
Two major psychological health conditions are discussed in this part and different processes are
reviewed to identify and support the patients. They are anxiety disorders and drug abuse.

Anxiety is a natural way of life from time to time. However, people with anxiety disorders are
often anxious and afraid of daily conditions. Angst disorders frequently include repetitive
periods of unexpected sensations of extreme fear and terror that last minutes (Benyamini,
Johnston and Karademas, 2017). These fear and distress feelings intervene with everyday
activity, are difficult to handle, are inappropriate to the real risk and can linger for a long time.
To prevent such feelings, people can avoid places or circumstances. During childhood or
adolescence, symptoms may begin and go into adulthood.

Drug addiction, sometimes called the use of a substance, is a condition that affects the brain and
actions of a person that leads to a loss of influence over the use of a drug or treatment that is
lawful or illegal. Medicines are also considered as substances like tobacco, marijuana and
nicotine. If someone gets hooked, considering the harm that it does, someone will also take the
drug. Drug abuse may begin with using a recreational drug experimentally in social conditions
and for certain people the use of drugs increases (Marks, Murray, Evans and Estacio, 2015).
Drug addiction occurs with others, particularly opioids when you are introduced to prescription
drug goods or receive narcotics from a friend or family who has prescribed the medicine. The
risk of dependence and how easily someone become dependent depends on the prescription.
Some medications are more dangerous and induce withdrawal than others, such as prescription
painkillers.

The following procedures are carried on in the identification of drug abuse and anxiety disorders.

Assessment by Observation
The experimenter is free to use the experimental instruments or videotape to analyse the
specimen at a later period, using two kinds of observations: naturalistic, or examining the child
or adult within the habitat or laboratories or examining the specimen in a more regulated,
artificial setting. They may also use one-way mirrors (Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas,
2017). One drawback of this approach is that the behaviour, called reactivity, is modified by the

17
recording phase. The other thing that is not seen in other cases is that the action that takes place
in one situation, such as a significant other, will only be seen in soccer and not at home. This is
called a cross-sectional validation. This is a validation type. Our values must always be valued
and reported to the same degree or have high reliability between ratings (Anisman, 2016).

Clinical Interview
A clinical interview is a face-to-face interaction of a mental health specialist with an individual
in which the latter looks and receives details about the behaviour, behaviours, medical
circumstances, appearance and experience of life. A clinical interview The interview may be
unorganised in which open-ended questions are asked, organised into a discussion schedule or
semi-structured questions that contain a pre-set list of questions, although clinicians can take care
of certain queries that are of interest. The interviews may also be constructed. The participant is
routinely assessed using the mental state test to coordinate the information gathered during the
interview, using a set of problems evaluating presentation and actions that include hygiene and
body position, cognitive patterns and material that include disorganised expression or reasoning,
and false beliefs, disposition and feeling helpless or annoyed (Abraham, Conner and Jones,
2016).

Psychological Test
Psychological assessments are used to determine the temperament, social capabilities, reasoning
ability, attitudes, and reactions to the actions or desires of the participant and can be carried out
in written or oral form either independently or in classes. Tests include vague stimulation and
can provide an infinite number of answers. These include the Rorschach or Inkblot test and a
Thematic Apperception Test, in which the subject outlines a full storey with every 20 cards
shown, and explains the events, the feelings of the characters and the outcomes (Barley, 2016).

Behavioural Assessment
They think about what they call behavioural evaluation, which is essentially the assessment of
the desired trait, in the field of behaviour management and the study of actions. Whatever
conduct we wish to alter, the goal is to be able to over- or to be minimised or to be improved in a
state of deficits. In conduct evaluation we know the ABCs of behaviours in which experience is
environmental events or triggers which cause behaviour; behaviours are what the individual
does, does, thinks/feels and outcomes are the product of actions that reinforces or dissuades them

18
from occurring again in the future (Anisman, 2016). While we can try to alter the actions of
another person by altering the action, we may also adjust our behaviour, based on self-
modification, and we evaluate and report ABCs ourselves, which is called self-monitoring.
Psychopathological changes in the conduct of phobias, habits reduction disorders and the
removal of ill-adaptive cognition may be useful for treating phobias (Morrison and Bennett,
2016).

Neurological Test
Psychological problems due to brain damage from cancers, diseases or head trauma are also
treated by neurological testing; or changes of brain function. Positron Emissions Tomography or
PET is used to analyse the physiology of the brain which starts by inserting a ring-shaped
instrument into the brain and is then put on a measuring table above the eyes. Photos are created
that offer knowledge about how the brain functions. The MRI uses magnetic fields and
computers to create 3D projections of the brain or other sensory organs. It may locate brain and
spinal cord tumours or abnormalities like multiple sclerosis of the nervous system (Marks,
Murray, Evans and Estacio, 2015). Finally, computed tomography or CT scans involve the
introduction and eventual combination of brain x-rays at various angles and treatment of brain
injury caused by head trauma or brain tumours.

Families and friends encouragement is a vital factor in supporting those with mental illness. This
service offers an emotional and realistic support network. The networks will consist of parents,
infants, siblings, couples, extended family, close friends, collaborators, coaches, teachers and
men of faith. It may be daunting to provide for people dealing with the disease. Here are a couple
of tips to help assist someone who is mentally ill. The pair and family-based approaches are
gradually being suggested by psychotherapists, psychiatrists and other experts in mental health.
Families and acquaintances may play an important part in helping loved ones go through these
complicated early periods of a psychiatric condition. They should help the loved one discover
what is best for them (Marks, Murray, Evans and Estacio, 2015). They also may be key to help
professionals know what is happening and to fill in areas of the scene which might not be good
enough for the sick party to explain alone. This may also help a partner stick to a doctor's
counselling schedule to control anxiety reactions while the doctor is unable to do so.

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The role of health psychology practice in improving outcomes for
individuals using healthcare services
Health psychologists are particularly prepared to assist and support the people who are severely
diseased in psychological and social areas of health and disease. They facilitate healthy habits
and seek ways of improving people's quality of life. Psychologists play critical roles as
behavioural treatment professionals in determining how safety and disease are affected by
environmental, behavioural and social influences (Anisman, 2016). They have experience, skills
and expertise to consider how the body trains for impairment through simple behavioural or
cognitive mechanisms (i.e. perception, desire, inspiration, evolution, and temperament, social
and cultural communication). Children are, on the other hand, qualified to understand how these
cognitive and behavioural processes are affected and how they can improve and how these
conditions are handled and managed (Morrison and Bennett, 2016).

The same ethics and standards of conduct are followed by psychologists and all care
practitioners.

(a) Basic values (such as honesty, fairness, technical and science responsibility, respect for the
freedom and freedoms of men, regard for others' welfare);

(b) Specific ethical criteria concerning their function and experimenting with their patients
(APA, 2015).

To confirm, psychologists in psychological research have been supported by the British

Psychological Society (BPS) and the American Psychological Association (APA) with many
effective principles like Protection from harm, Confidentiality, Right to withdraw, Informed
consent, Debriefing, Deception and so on (APA, 2015).

In 2009 the Health and Care Professions Board of Clinical Psychology became a regulated
discipline. The HCPC manages the registration of people allowed to use the title 'clinical
psychologist,' who must be qualified to conform with the 'level of competence' adopted by
HCPC by members of the registry. After the preparation, trainees may apply to be licensed as a
clinical psychologist with the HCPC based on a recognized class (Anisman, 2016). This ensures

20
the graduates of the program are found to have met the required requirements, and has given
open-ended approval to the UCL Doctorate for Clinical Psychology.

While all registration functionality has been moved from the BPS to the HCPC, the BPS remains
a significant element in the specification of course material. HCPC does not define the technical
training content; in this respect, it will continue to seek guidance from BPS. That is why, through
its training council, BPS will continue to engage in accreditation visits.

To recognize and, where possible, to encourage and support high-quality psychological studies in
the health field, the DHP works to expand the use of technologies for our studies to be shared
both with the members of our organisation and to facilitate our work internationally (Benyamini,
Johnston and Karademas, 2017). They try, by reminding the members of the CPD of new
progress and improvements, by promoting the willingness of members to discuss and improve
their expertise and experiments, by updating and improving resources for CPD, to help the CPD
members at different points of their career and experience.

Psychologists are considered skilled and trained practitioners as specialists on human behaviour.
Because human behaviour understanding is seen as the backbone of management, psychologists
are therefore located in hospitals and other residential care settings in administrative posts.
Clinicians from psychiatry working in the areas of neuropsychology, mental health, addiction
and behavioural safety are appointed as chairs in boards, units, and medical branches
(Benyamini, Johnston and Karademas, 2017). These may be heads of mental health graduate
management schools, clinical centres for graduates, medical service units and emergency
directorates. Besides, they are active members of their departments in assigned committees.
Psychologists are responsible for the administration of budgets, the treatment and advancement
of multidisciplinary personnel and the implementation of organisational strategies and practices.
Eventually, all of the quality control programmes at hospitals and other treatment providers are
involved and leading (Anisman, 2016).

Psychologists may either practise individually or as part of a team in hospitals and other health
care facilities. They are mainly clinical psychologists who typically offer care through mental
health units who psychiatric hospitals. They are mental health providers. Third, they are mental
wellness professionals who work with the interpersonal aspects of physical wellbeing who

21
disease as psychological or professional counsellors. This offers both outpatient and ambulatory
care and wellness services and offers privately working patients and existing patients with a
potential for the appraisal (Abraham, Conner and Jones, 2016).

The strengths and weaknesses of the legal and ethical obligations of healthcare
professionals

Figure 5: Legal and ethical obligations of healthcare professionals (Benyamini, Johnston

and Karademas, 2017).

Health care staff are responsible for the moral and ethical safety of their patients. Patients suffer
if these duties are neglected. In comparison, these habits can be blamed by health professionals.
Ethical action or duty makes the patient the right thing. Many medical providers have codes of
ethics, which are to be practised by practitioners. For example, the Code of Ethics for Nursing is

22
a long document which outlines ethical standards. Fraud and negligence provide several forms of
immoral behaviour.

The medical practitioners are morally and ethically responsible for the provision of patient
healthcare. Health fraud is a big health care concern that has a detrimental effect on patients.
Health fraud means claims for false or needless treatments to gain more money (Anisman, 2016).
For example, a doctor filing charges for a medical test he or she did not conduct with an
insurance provider.

To preclude compromising on voluntary informed consent, the consent of an autonomous person

should not only be secured, but the voluntary nature of participation should also be underlined
(Anisman, 2016). Dependency itself does not, at the same time, mean an unjust consequence.
Often the doctor will be better suited for, for example, a very specialized analysis to provide
information. Nevertheless, the researcher's permission should be informed. Moreover, a
psychologist who engages in informed consent meetings and is mindful of their needs should be
able to be contacted.

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Conclusion
The body’s natural well-being is not separated from a person's mental state. They collaborate for
each other's well-being in two perspectives. Stress levels affect the individual's physical health
by directly connecting with the innate immunity or by manipulating how the person is self-care.
Immunity and the consciousness of a human are directly interrelated. The inherent affiliation is
complicated to comprehend. The psychology of health is about understanding how genetics,
behaviour and social factors influence health and disease. Psychologies are classified as clinical
psychologists to research the effect of biological, behavioural and social influences on health and
disorder. Modern research has contributed to a revolutionary way of thought in social, scientific
and physiological work on wellbeing and illness.

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Reference
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