Practice 670 215 1250

Publication Date 11Oct96

Page 1 of 13

FLUOR DANIEL

PIPE SUPPORTS

PURPOSE
This practice establishes guidelines and recommended procedures for the design of pipe
supports.

SCOPE
This practice includes the following major sections:

GENERAL
DESIGN LOADS
DESIGN OF PIPE SUPPORT COMPONENTS
REFERENCES
ATTACHMENTS

APPLICATION
This practice applies to all structures as described herein as pipe supports.

GENERAL
The term "pipe supports" describes a class of structures ranging from small supports
carrying light utility lines to the main multilevel pipeways loaded with air coolers.
There are 6 basic types of supports, as follows:

Strutted concrete main pipeways

Unstrutted concrete secondary pipeways

Strutted steel main pipeways

Unstrutted steel secondary pipeways

Miscellaneous single column concrete or steel supports as required throughout the

plant

Sleeper supports

Usually, pipe supports, strutted or unstrutted, are designed as rigid frames, bents, in the
transverse direction. In the longitudinal direction, strutted pipe supports may be
designed with the longitudinal struts either acting with the columns transmitting all
longitudinal loads to vertical bracing, or as a continuous rigid frame. The design
approach used will depend on the job criteria. Unstrutted pipe supports are usually
designed as cantilever members in the longitudinal direction. Longitudinal and
transverse directions are defined in the attached figures.

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PIPE SUPPORTS

The spacing of supports is based on the allowable span for piping and electrical cable
tray being supported. Typical support spacings are 20 to 25 feet; however, the bent
spacing can vary from 10 to 40 feet with intermediate beams being supplied when the
support spacing exceeds 20 to 25 feet. Pipe bridges are typically used when the spacing
between support bents exceeds 40 feet, which normally occurs at road crossings.
Clearances over, under, and around pipe supports are an important consideration in their
design. Normally, these clearances are established in the project design criteria. Due
consideration should be given to clearance requirements and existing and proposed
interferences prior to performing pipe support design calculations.

The construction material is generally established by site conditions, fireproofing

requirements, procurement limitations, and client preferences. Usually, if fireproofing is
not required, steel is the most economical and easily erected and modified material.
However, for large pipe supports that require fireproofing, precast concrete may be the
most economical alternative. Shop fireproofing of steel members with connection areas
left open for field fireproofing or connections outside of fireproofing, also can be an
economical alternative. The requirements for fireproofing are defined in the
fireproofing specifications of the project.

Computer programs and spreadsheets are available for the analysis and the design of
pipe supports; their use is greatly encouraged, but should be coordinated through the
project Lead Structural Engineer.

DESIGN LOADS
The design loads discussed below include gravity loads and lateral loads. Also,
combinations of these loads are defined.

Gravity Loads
Gravity loads include piping, electrical, structural, and equipment loads.

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FLUOR DANIEL

PIPE SUPPORTS

Piping
An average pipe deck load of 40 psf (Pounds Per Square Foot) should be used for major
pipe supports. This corresponds to an equivalent load of 8 inch pipes full of water,
spaced at 15 inches c/c, which is considered to be an average operating load condition
for pipe supports. The empty load condition may be taken as 60 percent of the operating
load condition. Preliminary piping and process information should be consulted to
determine if a heavier or possibly a lighter load should be considered. A concentrated
load should be added at pipes which are at least 2 sizes larger than the average on the
support. This concentrated load can be calculated using the tables attached to this
practice with the following formula:

P = s(w - pd)

where

P = Concentrated load
s = Support spacing
w = Weight of pipe per unit length
p = Pipe deck load
d = Pipe diameter.

When analyzing existing pipe supports, the actual piping supported on the pipe supports
should be considered. It is not necessary that the piping be applied to the structure as
individual concentrated loads except as described above. A uniformly distributed load
representative of the existing piping is preferable. A minimum operating load of 25 psf
should be used for piping on any pipe support, new or existing. Also, empty and future
areas on pipe supports should be considered loaded as described above.

For large vapor and flare lines, it should be established whether or not the line will be
hydrotested in place. Also, the normal operating weight of the line should be
established, since it is usually 10 percent to 30 percent of the full of water weight of the
pipe. This is especially important when adding to existing pipe supports.

Electrical
The electrical group should be consulted to determine the approximate weight and
location of electrical trays or conduits. A minimum weight of 20 psf should be used for
single level trays, and 40 psf for double level trays.

Structural
The weight of all structural members, including fireproofing, should be considered in
the design of the support. Usually, the calculation of fireproofing weight is made by
adding 2 inches of concrete cover to the nominal column, or beam flange, width and
depth, with the exception that the top flanges of beams are usually left exposed.

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PIPE SUPPORTS

Equipment
Weights for equipment such as air coolers, including weights of all associated platforms,
ladders, walkways, and headers, should be obtained from suppliers engineering data and
piping layouts. For estimating purposes, typical air cooler loads are given in the
Attachment 03.

Unusual Loads
Special consideration should be given to unusual loads such as large valves, unusual
piping, or electrical configurations.

Occasionally, access platforms are supported on pipe supports. Platforms should be

designed for live loads specified in the project requirements.

Lateral Loads
The lateral loads discussed below include wind and earthquake, friction and anchor
loads. These loads are described as acting in the transverse direction or the longitudinal
direction. Refer to the attached figures for definitions of transverse and longitudinal
directions.

Wind And
Earthquake Loads
Transverse wind loads will be applied to pipe supports as described in Structural
Engineering Practice 670.215.1215: Wind Load Calculation.

Longitudinal wind loads are usually small compared to other longitudinal loads and can
be disregarded unless air coolers or other unusual conditions are present.

Longitudinal and transverse earthquake loads will be applied according to Structural

Engineering Practice 670.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering.

Friction Loads
Friction loads caused by hot lines sliding across the pipe support during startup and
shutdown are assumed to be partially resisted by adjacent cold lines. Therefore, in order
to provide for a nominal unbalance of friction loads acting on a pipe support, a resultant
longitudinal friction load equal to 10 percent of the total pipe weight tributary to that
pipe support is assumed for main pipe supports. At individual supports (transverse
beams), a horizontal longitudinal load will be considered to act as a uniformly
distributed load across the member as follows:

10 percent of the total pipe weight for number of pipes > 7

20 percent of the total pipe weight for number of pipes = 4, 5, or 6
30 percent of the total pipe weight for number of pipes = 1, 2, or 3

For a given support, if considering only larger lines and ignoring smaller lines, resulting
in greater loads, these forces and associated friction coefficients shall be used instead of
considering all the lines.

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FLUOR DANIEL

PIPE SUPPORTS

Anchor Loads
Piping anchors (and guides) cause expansion movement to occur at desired locations in
a piping system. The Pipe Stress Engineer is responsible for locating anchors and
providing anchor loads. For this reason, it is important that the Structural Engineer
communicate with the Pipe Stress Engineer prior to starting and during the design of
any pipe support.

Anchor loads are usually small and adjacent pipes will transfer the load laterally to the
longitudinal beam struts. It is normally preferred to either have the anchors staggered
along the pipeway so that each support has only 1 or 2 anchors, or to anchor all pipes on
1 braced support. Special consideration should be given to pipe supports on which all or
most of the lines are anchored, or on which significant anchor loads are anticipated.

Anchor loads have 2 components, thermal and friction. The friction component is
related to the friction loads defined above. Engineering judgment will be exercised in
determining to what extent the friction and anchor loads are to be combined to design a
pipe support.

Since anchor loads are normally not available until the latter stages of a project, steel
pipe supports may be designed without considering anchor loads. When the anchor
loads become available, supports will be checked individually for the actual anchor load
and reinforced if necessary.

Since modifications to concrete pipe supports after construction are costly and time
consuming, an imaginary anchor load will be considered in the design when actual
anchor loads are not available. This imaginary anchor load will be equal to 2 kips for
beam spans greater than 15 feet, and 1 kip for beam spans less than 15 feet. This load
will be applied at the 1/4 span locations of the beam at each level. Thirty percent of the
imaginary load is to be considered the thermal component, and 70 percent is the friction
component.

Load Combinations
Pipe supports will normally be designed to resist the following combinations of loads:

Gravity loads (empty, operating, and test).

Gravity loads (empty) + transverse wind loads or earthquake loads.

Gravity loads (operating) + transverse wind loads or earthquake loads + thermal

component of anchor loads.

Gravity loads (operating) + friction loads + thermal component of anchor loads.

Gravity loads (operating) + anchor loads (friction and thermal components).

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PIPE SUPPORTS

It is assumed that friction loads, including the friction component of anchor loads, do
not occur at the same time as wind or earthquake loads. Engineering judgment or
project design specifications may dictate otherwise. Also, project requirements
sometimes stipulate that test loads be combined with a reduced wind load.

Design Stresses
Usually, allowable steel stresses may be increased 1/3 for load combinations that include
wind or earthquake loads; however, the allowable stress increases must be specified in
the design specifications of the project.

When applying ultimate strength load factors for concrete design, all gravity loads will
be considered as dead loads. Although platform loads are mostly live loads, it is
acceptable to include them with gravity loads as long as they are small; less than 10
percent of the total gravity load on the member. Platform framing members should be
designed for live loads with live load factors. Friction and anchor loads should be
considered as dead loads for ultimate strength design.

Deflections Of Pipe
Supports
The deflection of structural members in a pipe support is an important consideration in
the design of the piping system. Whether the deflection is that of a transverse beam due
to piping anchors or lateral deflection of the bent due to wind loads, the criteria for the
deflection will be as specified in project requirements. However, where the Pipe Stress
Engineer indicates that the deflection of a particular anchor is critical, where multiple
anchors are located on the same support, or where there is an absence of other lines to
provide restraint, the deflection should be calculated and reviewed with the Pipe Stress
Engineer for concurrence.

DESIGN OF PIPE
SUPPORT
COMPONENTS
The components of pipe supports discussed below include rigid frames (bents),
longitudinal struts, vertical bracing, connections, and foundations. Refer to the attached
figures for reference. Also discussed are the structural elements of pipe bridges and
small supports.

The design of pipe support components is primarily based on stress constraints. At

times, deflections and settlement of pipe supports merit special consideration, thereby
affecting the design of the pipe support components. In such cases, the design of the
pipe support will be coordinated with the Pipe Stress Engineer as mentioned above to
ensure that movement constraints are met.

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FLUOR DANIEL

PIPE SUPPORTS

Rigid Frames (Bents)

Normally, a stiffness analysis of a transverse bent composed of transverse beams and
columns is performed to determine all forces, reactions, and displacements produced by
the loads and load combinations given above.

For analysis of concrete frames, approximate slenderness effects such as moment

magnification or a second order analysis may be performed. Appropriate stiffness values
for the beams and columns should be used according to ACI (American Concrete
Institute) 318 in either type of analysis.

Precast concrete bents will be analyzed for handling stresses induced from being
transported and lifted.

Transverse Beams
The beam must be designed to resist all forces, moments, and shears calculated from the
above analysis.

For the flexural design of steel beams, the unbraced length of the compression flange
should be considered 1/3 of the total span. However, for axial loads, the total span of the
beam should be used for the effective length and modified by the appropriate effective
length factor for each direction. This factor should be equal to 1.0 for the weak direction
of the beam. In the strong axis for moment connected ends, the effective length factor
should be 0.65.

Under normal loading conditions, torsional effects need not be considered since the pipe
supported by the beam limits deflection and rotation of the beam to the extent that
torsional stresses are minimal. However, torsion should be considered on an individual
basis when unusually large loads such as large anchor loads are applied to the beam
flange.

Intermediate transverse beams are sometimes required to reduce the span for smaller
pipe and cable trays. Also, they are required at pipe bridges. Generally, intermediate
transverse beams are supported by struts or the chords of pipe bridge trusses. They are
designed as simply supported beams.

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FLUOR DANIEL

PIPE SUPPORTS

Columns
The columns must be capable of resisting all forces, moments and shears calculated from
the rigid frame analysis. The frame analysis should be made using the following column
base conditions:

Steel pipe supports

Strutted - fixed base in both the transverse and longitudinal directions, or pinned base in
both the transverse and longitudinal directions, with the major axis of the column in the
transverse direction. In general, the fixed base condition results in a smaller
superstructure and a larger foundation with smaller lateral deflections. The pinned base
condition results in a larger superstructure and smaller foundations with larger lateral
deflections.

Unstrutted - fixed bases in both directions, with the major axis of the column in the
longitudinal direction. A common design concept is to provide bracing in the transverse
direction.

Concrete pipe supports

Fixed at the top of the socket (for socket type footings) or the base plate.

The effective length factors for the design of columns will be as follows:

Longitudinal

Strutted - Table C-C2.1, Pages 5 - 135, AISC (American Institute for Steel
Construction) ASD 9th Ed.

Unstrutted - K = 2.0 or lesser value approved by the Project Lead Structural Engineer.

Transverse

Steel - Table C-C2.1, Pages 5 - 135, AISC ASD 9th Edition, or Figure C-C2.2, pages 5 -
137, AISC ASD 9th Edition, or another method approved by the Project Lead Structural
Engineer.

Concrete - Figure R10.12.1, ACI-318-95.

Columns for concrete pipe supports should be 18 inches square minimum.

A design check should be performed for the temporary lifting of precast concrete bents.

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PIPE SUPPORTS

Longitudinal Struts
In areas where gravity loading on struts is anticipated, beam struts should be used.

Beam struts should be designed for the greater of 50 percent of the gravity loading on
the most heavily loaded transverse beam or the actual loading. The 50 percent loading
accounts for the usual electrical conduits and piping takeoffs. This loading should not
be added to the design load for the column or footing, since pipes contributing to the
load on the struts reduces the load on the transverse beams. Prior to issuing any pipe
support drawings as AFC (Approved for Construction), the Design Engineer should
check piping drawings to verify that any struts subjected to unusually large loads have
been given special consideration.

Longitudinal struts will be designed to resist axial forces produced by longitudinal loads.
For normal conditions, longitudinal loads may be assumed to be transmitted to the struts
at each column without reconsidering column bending in combination with the rigid
frame analysis. However, if the vertical dimension between transverse beam and the
strut in question is large (exceeding 3 feet), or large anchor loads occur on the transverse
beam, the column stresses must be reconsidered.

Vertical Bracing
Vertical bracing may be used to transmit longitudinal loads from the struts to the
foundations. K-bracing (inverted chevron bracing) is most often used for this purpose.
Normally, the maximum spacing of braced bays should be limited to 150 feet.
Operating access is an important consideration when locating bracing. The Structural
Engineer will coordinate the placement of bracing with the Piping and Electrical groups.
Slotted strut connections are sometimes used to isolate the longitudinal loads on a run of
pipe support to specific braced bays. The locations of slotted connections should be
reviewed with the Pipe Stress Engineer.

Connections
Connection details described below include moment connections, base plates, and other
connections commonly used in pipe support design.

Moment Connections
Moment connections shall be designed in accordance with Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1209: Bolted End Plate Moment Connections.

Base Plates
Base plates will be designed in accordance with Structural Engineering Practice
670.215.1208: Base Plate Design Criteria, with anchor bolts designed in accordance
with Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria.

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PIPE SUPPORTS

Other Connections
Bracing and framed beam connections will be designed in accordance with the AISC
Manual. These connections will be as specified and detailed in the project standard
drawings; however, where the standard details are not appropriate or adequate, proper
details will be shown on the construction drawings.

Special attention will be given to standard shear connections used in situations with high
tension loads such as struts of large pipe supports, and especially when dealing with
longitudinal air cooler loads. The connection angles should be checked according to the
Hanger Type Connections section of the AISC Manual.

Suggested references for unusual steel connections are Salmon and Johnson, Steel
Structures Design and Behavior and Blodgett, Design of Welded Structures.

For connections between steel struts and concrete columns, which are usually required
when using precast concrete bents, some type of insert will be required. Embedded
plates cast into the concrete member with welded rebar or headed studs for anchorage or
through bolts with sleeves cast in bents may be used. Expansion anchors are not
preferred. In addition, the PCI Design Handbook describes the design of various types
of connections. The selected connection detail should be used uniformly throughout the
project in order to be economical.

Foundations
The type of foundations to be used will be dictated by the site conditions. Foundations
will be designed using the support reactions at the column bases from the rigid frame
analysis and the braced bay. Foundation design parameters are normally stated in the
project design specifications.

The stability ratio shall be checked for the most critical overturning condition. For high
wind areas, the empty load condition generally controls. In high seismic zones, the
heaviest load results in higher overturning forces. When a rigid frame is supported on 2
or more foundations, the stability of the entire system will be considered. Engineering
judgment will be used to determine if the stability of the foundation system or an
individual foundation within the system is more critical.

Pipe Bridges
Prior to making a pipe bridge design, the Design Engineer should verify with the Piping
group where pipes will be supported on the bridge. A pipe bridge should be designed as
individual components including vertical trusses (or girders), horizontal trusses, and
bridge bents. Refer to the Attachments 04 and 5. A computer space frame solution for a
pipe bridge is generally not required or recommended due to the excessive amount of
time required to make the computer model. However, where complex loading or
unusual geometric configurations are present, a space frame solution is desirable.

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PIPE SUPPORTS

Vertical Trusses
The vertical truss of a pipe bridge should be designed as a plane truss supporting gravity
loads only. In many cases, the vertical truss can be fabricated as a single shop welded
unit. The connections of the truss should be designed to accommodate field assembly of
the truss as individual members or as a unit.

Horizontal Trusses
Horizontal trusses should be designed as plane trusses to resist all lateral loads applied
to the truss such as wind or lateral earthquake loads. Also, consideration should be
given to providing lateral support to intermediate transverse beams, especially where
anchors or large diameter pipes are present.

Bridge Bent
The bridge bent is designed similar to a typical pipe support bent with the exception that
truss loads are applied as concentrated loads to the bent. Should the member sizes of the
bridge bent become excessive, transverse vertical bracing should be used with the
approval of the client.

Small Supports
Small supports include T-supports, sleeper supports, and miscellaneous pipe supports
requested by the Piping/Pipe Stress groups. Refer to Attachments 04 and 05. These
supports usually require a minimal amount of structural analysis; however, they often
require a significant amount of design time to ensure that geometric constraints are
satisfied.

T-Supports
T-supports are usually single columns with short cantilevered beams attached to support
piping or electrical conduit/cable trays. The effective length factor, K, of the column in
both the transverse and longitudinal direction, is generally equal to 2.0. Where
engineering judgment is exercised to allow a lower value for K, especially in the
longitudinal direction (in the weak axis of the column), the value and base assumptions
will be approved by the Project Lead Structural Engineer. Guide to Pipe Support Design
by C. V. Char provides more details on effective length factor.

Sleeper Supports
Sleeper supports are used to elevate pipes at low levels above the ground. Their design
is relatively simple; however, close coordination with pipe stress is required to ensure
that anchor loads are properly handled and settlement sensitive areas addressed.

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FLUOR DANIEL

PIPE SUPPORTS

Miscellaneous Pipe
Supports
Most miscellaneous pipe supports such as base ells and hangers are provided by the
Piping group; however, there are cases where the Structural group is required to provide
these supports, especially in the case of hold-downs at compressors. When designing
small individual pipe supports, the usual safety factors applied to larger structures do not
adequately reflect the uncertainty of the loading that the small support will subjected to.
Engineering judgment should be exercised to ensure a safe and economical design.

REFERENCES
ACI (American Concrete Institute) 318-95

AISC (American Institute for Steel Construction) ASD 9th Edition.

PCI (Prestressed Concrete Institute). Precast and Prestressed Concrete. PCI Design
Handbook. Third Edition, Chicago, 1985.

Blodgett, Omer W. Design of Welded Structures. Eighth Printing, The James F.

Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation. Cleveland, Ohio, 1976.

Char, C. V. Hydrocarbon Processing. Guide to Pipe Support Design. Vol. 58, 1979.

Salmon, Charles G. and John E. Johnson. Steel Structures Design and Behavior, 2nd
Edition, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1980.

Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria

Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1208: Base Plate Design Criteria

Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1209: Bolted End Plate Moment Connections

Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1215: Wind Load Calculation

Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1216: Earthquake Engineering

Structural Engineering
Practice 670.215.1231: Drilled Pier Foundations

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PIPE SUPPORTS

ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 01: (11Oct96)
Weights Of Pipe

Attachment 02: (11Oct96)

Weight Of Piping Insulation

Attachment 03: (11Oct96)

Typical Air Cooler Loads

Attachment 04: (11Oct96)

Typical Piperack Configuration

Attachment 05: (11Oct96)

Figure 1. Typical Pipe Bridge
Figure 2. Miscellaneous Pipe Supports

Attachment 06: (11Oct96)

Sample Design 1: Steel Piperack Design

Attachment 07: (11Oct96)

Sample Design 2: Concrete Piperack Design

Attachment 08: (11Oct96)

Sample Design 3: Concrete Piperack Design With Seismic Design

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Attachment 01 Page 1 of 1

FLUOR DANIEL

WEIGHTS OF PIPE

- - ST (Standard Weight) - - - - XS (Heavy Weight) - - - -XX 160 (Xtra Heavy Weight)- -

D OD t We Ww Wf t We Ww Wf t We Ww Wf
(in.) (in.) (in.) (plf) (plf) (plf) (in.) (plf) (plf) (plf) (in.) (plf) (plf) (plf)
1 1.320 0.133 1.7 0.4 2.1 0.179 2.2 0.3 2.5 0.358 3.7 0.1 3.8
1-1/2 1.875 0.145 2.7 0.9 3.5 0.200 3.6 0.7 4.3 0.375 6.0 0.4 6.4
2 2.375 0.154 3.7 1.5 5.1 0.218 5.0 1.3 6.3 0.400 8.4 0.8 9.3
3 3.500 0.215 7.6 3.2 10.8 0.300 10.3 2.9 13.1 0.600 18.6 1.8 20.4
4 4.500 0.237 10.8 5.5 16.3 0.337 15.0 5.0 20.0 0.674 27.6 3.4 30.9
5 5.600 0.258 14.7 8.8 23.5 0.375 20.9 8.0 29.0 0.750 38.9 5.7 44.6
6 6.625 0.280 19.0 12.5 31.5 0.432 28.6 11.3 39.9 0.864 53.2 8.2 61.4
8 8.625 0.322 28.6 21.7 50.3 0.500 43.4 19.8 63.2 0.906 74.8 15.8 90.6
10 10.750 0.365 40.5 34.2 74.7 0.500 54.8 32.4 87.1 1.125 115.8 24.6 140.3
12 12.750 0.375 49.6 49.0 98.6 0.500 65.5 47.0 112.5 1.312 160.4 34.9 195.3
14 14.000 0.375 54.6 59.8 114.4 0.500 72.2 57.5 129.7 1.406 189.3 42.6 231.9
16 16.000 0.375 62.6 79.2 141.8 0.500 82.8 76.6 159.4 1.593 245.3 55.9 301.2
18 18.000 0.375 70.7 101.3 171.9 0.500 93.5 98.4 191.9 1.718 299.0 72.2 371.2
20 20.000 0.375 78.7 126.1 204.8 0.500 104.2 112.9 227.1 1.968 379.4 87.8 467.2
22 22.000 0.375 86.7 153.7 240.4 0.500 114.9 150.1 265.0 *1.000 224.5 136.1 360.6
24 24.000 0.375 94.7 184.0 278.7 0.500 125.6 180.0 305.6 2.343 542.4 127.0 669.4
26 26.000 0.375 102.7 217.0 319.7 0.500 136.3 212.7 349.0 *1.000 267.3 196.0 463.3
28 28.000 0.375 110.7 252.7 363.5 0.500 147.0 248.1 395.1 *1.000 288.6 230.1 518.7
30 30.000 0.375 118.8 291.2 409.9 0.500 157.7 286.2 443.9 *1.000 310.0 266.8 576.8
32 32.000 0.375 126.8 332.4 459.1 0.500 168.4 327.1 495.4 *1.000 331.4 306.3 637.7
34 34.000 0.375 134.8 376.3 511.1 0.500 179.1 370.6 549.7 *1.000 352.8 348.5 701.3
36 36.000 0.375 142.8 422.9 565.7 0.500 189.8 416.9 606.7 *1.000 374.2 393.4 767.6
42 42.000 0.375 166.9 579.1 746.0 0.500 221.8 572.1 793.9 *1.000 438.3 544.5 982.8

D = Nominal Diameter
OD = Outside Diameter
t = Wall Thickness
We = Empty Weight of Pipe
Ww = Weight of Water
WF = Weight of Pipe Full of Water
* = Maximum Stock Size

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 Practice 670 215 1250
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Attachment 02 Page 1 of 1

FLUOR DANIEL

WEIGHT OF PIPING INSULATION

To determine the weight per foot of any piping insulation, use the pipe size and nominal insulation thickness to
find the insulation weight factor, F, in the chart shown below. Then, multiply F by the density of the insulation in
pounds per cubic foot.

Example: For 4 inch pipe with 4 inch nominal thickness insulation, F = 0.77. If the insulation density is 12
pounds per cubic foot, then the insulation weight is 0.77 x 12 = 9.24 lb/ft.

Note!!! Usual insulation density is 12 pcf.

Nominal Nominal Insulation Thickness

Pipe Size
1" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2 " 3" 3-1/2" 4" 4-1/2" 5" 5\1/2" 6"
1 0.057 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.40 --- --- --- --- ---
1-1/2 0.066 0.11 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.48 --- --- --- --- ---
2 0.08 0.14 0.21 0.29 0.37 0.47 0.59 --- --- --- ---
3 0.10 0.17 0.25 0.34 0.44 0.56 0.68 0.81 --- --- ---
4 0.13 0.21 0.30 0.39 0.51 0.63 0.77 0.95 1.10 --- ---
5 0.15 0.24 0.34 0.45 0.58 0.71 0.88 1.04 1.20 --- ---
6 0.17 0.27 0.38 0.51 0.64 0.83 0.97 1.13 1.34 --- ---
8 --- 0.34 0.47 0.66 0.80 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.56 1.75 ---
10 --- 0.43 0.59 0.75 0.93 1.12 1.32 1.54 1.76 1.99 ---
12 --- 0.50 0.68 0.88 1.07 1.28 1.52 1.74 1.99 2.24 2.50
14 --- 0.51 0.70 0.90 1.11 1.34 1.57 1.81 2.07 2.34 2.62
16 --- 0.57 0.78 1.01 1.24 1.49 1.74 2.01 2.29 2.58 2.88
18 --- 0.64 0.87 1.12 1.37 1.64 1.92 2.21 2.51 2.82 3.14
20 --- 0.70 0.96 1.23 1.50 1.79 2.09 2.40 2.73 3.06 3.40
24 --- 0.83 1.13 1.44 1.77 2.10 2.44 2.80 3.16 3.54 3.92

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FLUOR DANIEL

TYPICAL AIR COOLER LOADS

(For estimating only)

(Loads shown on pipe support column)

Span Length, L 20' 25' 30'

Dead Load 35 k/col 42 k/co 50 k/col

Live Load 3.5 k/col 4 k/col 5 k/col

Wind Load:

Transverse Shear 5 k/col 5.5 k/col 6 k/col

Wind Couple, Vertical +/- 4.5 k/col +/- 4.5 k/col +/- 4.5 k/col

Longitudinal Shear
(at braced bay only) 18 k/bay 18 k/bay 18 k/bay

Note!!! Wind loads shown are based on a design wind speed of 110 mph. For other design wind speed,
2 2
V, multiply wind loads above by V /110 .

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FLUOR DANIEL

TYPICAL PIPERACK CONFIGURATION

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FIGURE 1: TYPICAL PIPE BRIDGE

FIGURE 2: MISCELLANEOUS PIPE SUPPORTS

Figure 1

Figure 2

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

9
XXX.215.5210
SHEET 1

4A
XXX.215.5210
SHEET 1

TYP. W/ 3/4"
END PLATE

9
XXX.215.5030

TYP. W / 1 - 1/2"
DIAM. A.B.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

5
XXX.215.5210

12
XXX.215.5170
SHEET 2

14
XXX.215.5170
SHEET2

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

HPPEL =100'

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

GIVEN

References
AISC Manual of Steel Construction, ASD 9th Edition
Piping Drawings

Materials
Steel - ASTM A36 (Allow 1/3 increase in allowable stresses for wind.)
Bolts - ASTM A325N

Design Loads (20' Bay Spacing)

Gravity Loads:

Piping on beams @ TOS EL's 116'-0" & 121'-0" (Operating)

O.L. = 0.04 ksf x 20' = 0.8 K/ft on members 6 & 7 - 0 ≤ x ≤ 18.5'

24" φ Cooling water lines ( @ TOS EL 121'-0" )

O.L. = 20(278.7 - 40 x 2) = 3.97K on member 7 @ x = 20', 22.5'

24" φ Flare line (Assume 20% H2O weight)

O.L. = 20(94.7 + 0.2 x 184.0) = 2.63K @ Joint 4

Note : Flare line will NOT be hydrotested on the piperack.

Transverse Wind:
Wind on Piping and Struts, Joint Loads: 3.4K @ JT.2, 5.6K @ JT.3, 1.3K @ JT.4
Wind on Columns, Member Loads: 0.07KLF on members 1 thru 3, 11, 12.

Note: Wind load calculations not shown for brevity. See practice 670.215.1215 "Wind Load
Calculations" for procedures.

Load Combinations

Basic Load Cases

1. Gravity (Dead load of structure without piping)
2. Piping ( Weight of piping and contents)
3. Wind Load (Transverse direction)
Combinations
4. Empty Condition = Gravity + 60% Piping
5. Operating Condition = Gravity + Piping
6. Empty + Wind = Empty Conditon + Wind Load
7. Empty - Wind = Empty Condition - Wind Load
8. Operating + Wind = Operating Condition + Wind Load
9. Operating - Wind = Operating Condition - Wind Load

Note: Allow 1/3 increase in allowable stresses (0.75 factor in computer run) for combinations with wind.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

REQUIRED

Determine steel member sizes, connections, and the foundations for the given loading conditions.

SOLUTION

Design Model
24" Flare Header

25'-0"

2'-6" 2'-6"

24" Cooling Water

24" Cooling Water

T.O.S. EL. 126'-0"
5'-0"

W12x40 T.O.S. EL 121'-0"

2'-6"
2'-6"

W12x40 T.O.S. EL 116'-0"

15'-0"

Note : STAAD III plane frame used to analyze model.

It is OK to use computer code checking for final calcs.
A 3-D model or additional hand calcs are needed to
check beam weak axis bending.

T.O.S. EL 101'-0"

Fixed @ base.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

Member Design

BOTTOM BEAM: MEMBER 6

Governing Load Combination: 9 (Operating - Wind), Mx = 76.9 Ft - K , P = 15.1K @ Joint #2

Try a W12x40 Beam

KL  = 1.0 (2.5) (12) = 155.4 > C c = 126.1 ⇒ F a = 6.19 KSI

 r y 1.93

fa
f a = 15.1 = 1.28 KSI, = 1.28 = 0.21 > 0.15
11.8 F a 6.19

KL  = 0.65 (25) (12) = 38.0 ⇒ F e x = 103.42 KSI

 r x 5.13

l u = 2.5 = 8.33’, F bx = 24 KSI C mx = 0.85

3

76.9 (12) f bx
f bx = = 17.78 KSI , = 17.78 = 0.74
51.9 F bx 24

fa C mx f bx 0.85 (0.74)
+ = 0.21 + = 0.85 < 1.33 O.K.
Fa  fa  1 − 1.28 
1 − F bx  103.42 
 F ex 

fa f
= bx = 1.28 + 0.74 = 0.80 < 1.33 O.K.
0.6F y F bx 22

Use W12 x 40

TOP BEAM: MEMBER 7

Governing Load Combination: 8 ( Operating + Wind ), Mx = 68.2 Ft - K , P = 19.2 K

@ JT. 7

Since loads are close to those for the bottom beam, Try a W12x40 beam

Check weak axis bending using operating load comb. 5, P = 14.9K + Friction Loads

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

fa
f a = 14.9 = 1.26 KSI, = 1.26 = 0.20 > 0.15
11.8 F a 6.19

35.2(12) f bx
f bx = = 8.14 KSI, = 8.14 = 0.34
51.9 F bx 24

7.6(12) f by
f by = = 8.29 KSI, = 8.29 = 0.31
11.0 F by 27

fa C mx f bx C my f by 0.85 1.0
+ + = 0.20 + (0.34) + (0.31)
Fa  fa   fa  1 − 1.26  1 − 1.26 
1 − F bx 1 − 
F by  103.42   6.19 
 F ex   F ey 
 
= 0.20 + 0.29 + 0.39 = 0.88 < 1.0 O.K.

Use W12 x 40

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

COLUMNS
Ft - K
Member 5, Load Comb. 8 ( Operating + Wind ), Mx = 68.2 , P = 19.2 K @ Joint 7
Try W10x33 Column

KL  = 1.0(17.5)(12) = 108.2 < 126.1

 r y 1.94

KL/r = 108.2 = 0.86

Cc 126.1

F a = C a F y = 0.33 x 36 = 11.88 KSI

fa
f a = 19.2 = 1.98 KSI , = 1.98 = 0.17 > 0.15
9.71 F a 11.88

68.2(12) f bx
f bx = = 23.38 KSI , = 23.38 = 1.06
35.0 F bx 22

From Figure C-C2.2, AISC Manual,

(170/15 + 170/5) (170/5)

G Ax = = 3.66 , G Bx = = 2.74 , K X ≈ 1.85
(310/25) (310/25)

KL  = 1.85(5)(12) = 26.5 , F ex = 229.92 KSI

 r x 4.19

fa C mx f bx 0.85
+ = 0.17 + (1.06) = 1.08 < 1.33 O.K.
Fa  fa  1 − 1.98 
1 − F bx  229.92 
 F ex 

fa f
+ bx = 1.98 + 1.06 = 1.15 < 1.33 O.K. ⇐
0.6F y F bx 22

Use W10x33 Column

BRACED BAY

Friction Force:

Oper. Shear on Trans. Beams = 10.36K

'
.16

16 Bents
20

F = 0.1 x (10.36 + 15.63) x = 13.9 K / Side

3 Braced Bays

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

Strut:
Heaviest Trans Beam Shear = 15.64K w

w = 15.64 x 0.5 = 0.63 KLF

(25/2)

(20)2
M = 0.63 = 31.5 Ft − K
8

From Beam Tables in AISC, p2-173 , Try W10x33 , MAllow = 52Ft - K

From Column Tables, AISC, p3-30, PAllow = 95 K

Σ Fii = 13.9
f
+ 31.5 = 0.15 + 0.61 = 0.76 < 1.0 O.K.
95 52

Use W10x33 Strut

BRACING

PMAX = 14.0K , (KL)y = (KL) X = 20.2'

From Column Tables, Use 2L4 x 4 x 1/4 ( PAllow = 16 K )

KL  20.2(12)
 r  X min = 1.25 = 194 < 200 O.K.

Use 2- L4 x 4 x 1/4 for Bracing

Connections

MOMENT CONNECTION

Note: Moment Connections not shown for brevity. See technical practice 670.215.1209 " Bolted End Plate
Moment Connections" for procedures.

Use 4A XXX.215.5210, Sheet 1 ( 3/4" End PL w/ 5/16" welds )

BASE PLATE

Note: Base Plate design not shown for brevity. See technical practice 670.215.1208 " Base Plate Design
Criteria " for procedures. Also see practice 670.215.1207, Anchor Bolt Design Criteria, for anchor bolt
design procedure.

Use STD. Base PL detail 9 / XXX.215.5030 for W10 column, with 1-1/2 " φ Anchor Bolts

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

BRACING CONNECTIONS

Bolts : A - 325 - N - 3/4" φ

Min Allow = 18.6K , Tables 1-D & 1-E, AISC, p4-5,6

# Bolts REQ'D = 14/18.6 = 1

Use 2 - 3/4" φ A-325-N Bolts

Gusset PL : 3/8" PL per STD.

12 / XXX.215.5170, Sheet 2
FV = 14.4 KSI

LP REQ'D = 13.9 = 2.6”

(0.375)(14.4)

Weld : 1/4" per STD.

LW REQ'D = V = 13.9 K = 1.87”

0.928 D x (2 Sides) 0.928 (4) 2

Use STD. DET. 12 / XXX.215.5170, Sheet 2

Note: Where WT bracing is used w/ flange attached to the gusset PL, it is required that the eccentric
moment due to the offset between the centerline of the column / beam and the centroid of the WT
be considered in the design of the WT section.

Gusset PL : 3/8" PL per STD.

L VP REQ’D = 12.19 = 2.26”

(0.375)(14.4)

L HP REQ’D = 6.95 = 1.29”

(0.375)(14.4)

Weld : 1/4" per STD.

L VW REQ’D = 12.19 = 1.64”

(0.928)(4)2

L HW REQ’D = 6.95 = 0.94”

(0.928)(4)2

14 / XXX.215.5170, Sheet 2

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 1 : STEEL PIPERACK DESIGN

Check STD shear clip angle connection for tension on strut, TMAX = 13.9K
Per AISC Hanger - Type connections, p4-89

For 3/8" x 5-1/2" LG clip angles , b = 2, TAllow = 5.5 x 1.27 = 7.0K < 13.9K N.G.

∴ Clip angles are inadequate

Use STD Shear PL Connection for Struts to Columns

Foundation Design

Note : Foundation design not shown for brevity. See technical practice 670.215.1231 for drilled pile
foundations. See technical practice 670.215.1232 for driven pile supported foundations.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

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SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

TYP.
TYP.

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SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

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SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

4 # 9's

4 # 9's

SECTION "A-A" (SK-2) SECTION "B-B" (SK-2)

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SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

(TYP. TEN. & COMP.)

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SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

GIVEN

References

ACI- 318-95
AISC Steel Manual -ASD 9th ed.
Piping Plans
Air Cooler Vendor Data

Materials

Concrete : fC' = 4000 PSI for P/R Bent, fC' = 3000 PSI for Foundation, γ
C = 150 PCF
Reinforcing Steel : fy = 60 KSI
Steel : fy = 36KSI - Bolts : 3/4" φ A325N
Anchor Bolts : A36
Soil : Allow Net Soil Bearing = 3 KSF @ 5' Below grade. ( Allow 1/3 increase due to wind )
γS = 120 PCF
Water Table Depth = 6' Below Grade

Design Loads

Gravity

Structure : Include weight of Concrete and Steel members

Piping (Operating) : w = 0.04 x 20' = 0.8 KLF @ member 5 - 6' ≤x ≤30’, and member 6.
- 24" φ Cooling Water Lines : P = 20' ( 0.2787 - 2 ( 0.04 ) ) = 3.97 K @ member 5, x = 2' , 4.5'
Air Coolers : Vendor info not available, use air cooler loads from table No. 3 - Apply @ top of steel elev.
127'-1", @ JTS. 5 & 6 with eccentricity from shear applied @ top of steel beams.

Transverse Wind

Note : Wind Calculations not shown for brevity. See technical practice 670.215.1215 for procedures.

Joint Loads:
Fx : 2.9K @ JTS. 3 & 4, 11.2K @ JTS. 5 & 6 .
Mz : -12.5Ft - K @ JTS. 5 & 6

Member Loads: (Wind on Columns) 0.12 KLF on members 1 thru 4.

Load Combinations

Basic Loads ( Note: Since Live Load on air coolers is small; multiply live load by (1.7/1.4) and include
with piping.)
1. Gravity Load without piping & air cooler live loads.
2. Piping ( Wt of piping and contents) & air cooler live loads.
3. Transverse wind loads.

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SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Combinations ( Unfactored comb's 4 thru 9 are the same as the factored comb's w/o load factors. )

- Factored

10. Empty = 1.4(Load 1 + 0.6 x Load 2 )

11. Operating = 1.4 ( Load 1 + Load 2 )
12. Empty + Wind = 0.9 ( Load 1 + 0.6 x Load 2) + 1.3 ( Load 3)
13. Empty - Wind = 0.9 ( Load 1 + 0.6 x Load 2 ) - 1.3 ( Load 3)
14. Oper. + Wind = 0.75 {( Load 11) + 1.7 ( Load 3 )}
15. Oper - Wind = 0.75 {( Load 11 ) - 1.7 ( Load 3 )}

REQUIRED

Design concete members and detail connections for the given loading.

SOLUTION

Computer Model

Y
30'-0"
T.O.C. EL 125'

24" 24"
T.O.C. EL 119'

2'0" 2'6" 20" x 24"

20" SQ.

BB PL
EL 101' 0"

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Member Design

Beams : Try 20" wide x 24" deep beams. ( d = 24 -2-1/2" = 21- 1/2" )

Design Cases:
Member 5, Joint 3, Comb. 15, Mu- = 299'K
Member 5, Joint 4, Comb. 13, Mu+ = 135'K

2 20(21.5)2
F = bd = = 0.770
12000 12000

K −u = M = 299 = 388, a u = 4.20

F 0.77

A-S REQ'D = 299 = 3.31 in2

4.20(21.5)

Try 4 - #9's , A-S PRVD = 4.0 in2

1200(1.125)3.31 
L dh =  4  = 17.7" ≈ ( 20" -2" cover = 18 " )
4000

Use 4 - #9's, Top and Bottom

A+S REQ'D = 135 = 1.50 in2 < 4.0 in2 O.K.

4.20(21.5)

Check Lateral Bending due to Friction & Anchor Loads

- Friction : Member 5, JT. 4, ; Comb. 2, V = 12.7K

V = 0 @ x = 12.7/0.8 = 15.88' , MU = 0.1 ( 12.7 x 15.88 - 0.8 x 15.882 / 2 ) x 1.4 = 14.1 k-ft

- Anchor : MU = 1.4 x 2K x ( 30/4 x 2 ) = 42.0 k-ft

⇐ Governs
k-ft
- Friction + 30% Anchor : MU = 14.1 + 0.3 x 42.0 = 26.7
24(16.5)2
F= = 0.545
12000

K U = 42.0 = 77.1, a U = 4.44 , A s REQ’D = 42.0 = 0.58 in 2

0.545 4.44(16.5)

Note: Since max lateral bending moment occurs @ midspan and max vertical bending moment occurs @
JTS. - Assume 1- #9 top and 1 - #9 bottom bar are available at midspan for lateral bending.
AS PROV'D = 2 x 1.0 = 2.0 in2 > 0.56 in2 O.K.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Beam Shear
Design Case : Member 5 @ JT. 3, Comb. : 15, VU = 41.03K, @ d, VU = 33.29K

φV C = 0.85 (2) 4000 

21.5(20) K K
 1000  = 46.23 > 33.29 ; Use min. shear reinforcement.

SMAX = 21.5/2 = 10.75" , Use 10"

bw s 20(10)
AV REQ'D = 50 = 50 = 0.167 in 2
fy 60, 000

Use #3 Stirrups @ 10" c/c over entire length of beam.

Columns

Design Case : member 2 @ JT.2, Comb. 13, PU = 64.53K , VU = 23.33K , MU = 236.73 k-ft

Check Slenderness

EI c 13333 + 13333
Σ
Lc
ΨB = = 18 6 = 7.7, ϕ n = 1.0 (Fixed End)
EI B x 0.5 11520
Σ 30
LB

1.8(18)12
K = 1.8, KL
r = 0.3(20) = 64.8 > 22 , also 64.8 < 100

Therefore, consider slenderness

βdb = 134.46 = 1.0 (Dead load exceeds loads with wind)

134.46
E c I g / 2.5
EI b = = (3600 (13333) / 2.5) = 9,600,000 K-in2
1 + βd 1+1
π 2
EI π2 (9, 600, 000)
p cb = = = 627K
(KL C )2 (1.8x18x12)2

Cm 1.0
δb = pu = = 1.17
1− 1 − 64.53
φ(p cb ) 0.7(627)

βds = 0 ( No sustained lateral loads )

EIS = 2 x EIb = 2 x 9,600,000 = 19,200,000 K-in2

p cs = 2 x 627 = 1,254K

δs = 1.0 = 1.08
1 − 64.53
0.7(1254)

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

mC = δ
b m b2 + δ
S m 2S = 1.17(10.89) + 1.08( 236.73 - 10.89 ( 0.9 / 1.4 )) = 12.7 + 248.1 = 260.8

γ= 20 − 4 = 0.80
20
pu mc 260.8(12)
= 64.5 = 0.16 , = = 0.39
A g (20)2 h Ag (20)3

From Interaction Charts : ρ REQ'D = 0.020

AS REQ'D = 0.020 x 202 = 8.0 in2

AS PROV'D = 12.0 in2

Use 8 - #9's with #3 ties @ 12" c/c

Air Cooler Support Beam Design

Note : A more detailed analysis is necessary where

equipment support locations & loads are available,
especially the location of beam splice points and
the vertical deflection of beams.

P = 50 (DL) + 5 (LL) + 4.5 (WL) = 59.5K , wb = 0.50 KLF

M = 59.5(20) / 4 + 0.5(20)2 / 8 = 323 k-ft

k-ft
Use W24 x 104 Beam (MAllow = 435 )

Braced Bay
Longitudinal Force
Note : Wind calculations not shown for brevity. See
technical practice 670.215.1215 for procedures.

P1 = 18 + 4.4 = 22.4 K , P2 = 10. 6K , Σ = 33 K

Friction
( Use 10% of beam end shear for piping oper. load+30% anchor)

P2 = (19.23 x 0.1 + 0.3 x ( 3 x 2) / 2) x 7 bays = 19.8K

'

P1 = ( 12 x 0.1 + 0.3 x ( 3 x 2 ) /2) x 7 bays = 14.7K

.03
18

Σ = 19.8 + 14.7 = 34.5K ⇐ Governs

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Strut ( Beam wt = 0.03 KLF )

w = 19.23 x 0.5 + 0.03 = 0.67 KLF

30 
2 

M = 0.67 (20)2 / 8 = 33.5 'K , P = 22.4K

Σ Fi = 22.4/95 +
fi
33.5/52 = 0.88 ≤1.0 O.K.

Use W10x33 Beam, ( PAllow = 95K , MAllow = 52k-ft )

Bracing

PMax = 31.10K , (KL)Y = (KL)X = 18'

Use 2L - 5x3-1/2x5/16 (LLV) ( PAllow = 32K )

Connections

Air Cooler Support Beam ( AISC, ASD Part 4, Connectons )

Splice : VMax = 64.5K , # Bolts REQ'D = 64.5/9.3 = 7 (Bolts are in single shear )

For 1/2" PL , L REQ'D = 64.5 = 9.0" , L PROV'D = 20-1/2" ( For 7 Bolts )

(0.5)14.4

Weld : D REQ'D = 64.5 = 4/16 th's , Use 5/16"

20.5(0.928)

Use PL 1/2" x 6" x 20-1/2" with 7 - 3/4" A325N bolts on one beam
& 5/16" Fillet weld on other beam.

Provide Flange PL to develop 50% of the flange capacity.

12.75(0.75)24
# Bolts REQ'D = = 12 bolts
2(9.8)

Use PL 3/4" x 13" x 21" with 24 bolts., Typ. top and bottom

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Beam Seat Connection

P = 0.5 x 20 + 50 - 4.5 = 55.5K min

= 0.5 x 20 + 50 + 5 + 4.5 = 69.5K max

V = 6 + 3.4 = 9.4K ( 3.4K wind on beam )

- Required bearing length for web yielding :

N = (69.5 - 44.6) / 11.9 = 2.1" - small

- Required bearing length for web crippling:

N = (69.5 -62.5) / 4.24 = 2.1" - small

Beam seat O.K. in all cases.

Anchor Bolt Design 2 3/8" 8" 2 3/8 "

9.4(2)12 55.5
TAC = - = 0.2K
2(8) 4

Note : Anchor bolt design not shown for brevity. See technical practice
670.215.1207 for procedures.

Use 4 - 1" φ Anchor Bolts

Provide 1/2" Stiff PL @ Centerline of Bent to control

shear stresses in web.

Base Plate Design

Note : Base plate design will not be shown for brevity. See technical
practice 670.215.1208 for procedures.

Note : The base plate must be mechanically connected to the reinforcing

steel in the concrete column. The most likely method is to weld
rebar to the base plate as shown in PCI Design Handbook;
however an alternate detail is shown here to avoid welding rebar.

Use PL 1-1/2" x 28" x 28" with 6 - 1-1/2" φanchor bolts.

Steel Beam / Bracing to Concrete Column Connections

Note : For brevity, the design of these connections is omitted. The details shown were designed for the
compression and/or tension force component perpendicular to the face of the column in combination with
the shear force parallel to the face of the column, using headed studs. For these types of connections,
headed studs, rebar, embedded inserts, anchor bolts, or sleeved threaded rods can be used. For design

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

procedures, see PCI Design Handbook. Also manufactures publications provide design procedures,
capacities, and constraints.

Foundation Design
( f'C = 3 KSI )

Pier Design ( Use 3' - 0" Square Pier , Say height is 4' - 6" )

@ Joint 2, load comb. 14, PU = 135.49K, VU = 25.49K , M U = 253.14 k-ft

36(33.5)2
F= = 3.37
12000

KU = 253.14 = 75, aU = 4.42

3.37

AS REQ'D = 253.14 = 1.71 in2 / face ( x 1.33 = 2.27 in2 / face )

4.42(33.5)

AS MIN = 0.0033 x 36 x 33.5 = 3.98 in2 / face

AS MIN COL. = 0.005 x 362 = 6.48 in2 ( Total )

Use 12 - #7's with #3 ties @ 12" c/c

( AS PROV'D = 12 x 0.6 = 7.2 in2 ( Total ))
( AS PROV'D = 4 x 0.6 = 2.4 in2 / face )

Footing Design

Try 10'-6" x 8'-0" x 1'-6" thick footing

Design Cases : Transverse Forces Applied @ top of pier.

Unfactored : 1. Joint 1 , Load 9 , P = 131.62K ,

V = 20.20K, M = 197.80 k-ft
2. Joint 2 , Load 7 , P = 79.16K ,
V = 17.56K , M = 180.20 k-ft

Pier Weight = 3 x 3 x 4.5 x 0.15 = 6.1K

Footing Weight = 10.5 x 8 x 1.5 x 0.15 = 18.9K
Soil Weight = (10.5 x 8 - 32 ) x 3.5 x 0.12 = 31.5K
Σ= 56.5K

P1 = 131.6 + 56.5 = 188K

M1 = 197.8 + 20.2 x 6 = 319 k-ft

e = 319/188 = 1.70' < B/6 = 10.5'/6 = 1.75'

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

SBGROSS = 188 
6(1.70)
1± = 4.41 KSF < 4.6 KSF allowable = (1.33 x 3 + 5 x 0.12 ) O.K.
84  10.5 

P2 = 79.16 + 56.5 = 136K

M2 = 180.2 + 17.56 x 6 = 286 k-ft

e = 286/136 = 2.1' > B/6 = 10.5'/6 = 1.75'

136  4(10.5) 
SBGROSS = = 3.60 KSF < 4.6 KSF O.K.
84 3(10.5 − 2(2.1))

Check Stability for Case 2

PDL fdn wt VDL MDL
MRS = ( 96.04 + 56.5 ) 5 + 1.2 x 6 + 7.77 = 778'K
TWL VWL MWL
MOT = 16.56 x 5 + 18.58 x 6 + 183.10 = 377'K

SR = 778/377 = 2.06 > 1.5 O.K.

Use 10'-6" x 8' -0" x 1'-6" thick footing.

Check Longitudinal Forces

P1 = 114.7 + 56.5 + 30.3 = 201.5K, MRS = 684'K , SR = ∞ , e = 0.52', SBMax = 3.32 KSF
P2 = 108.4 + 56.5 - 30.3 = 134.6K , MRS = 660'K , SR = 2.93, e = 0.77, SBMAx = 2.53 KSF
MOT = 17.3 x 6 ± 30.3 x 4 = 103.8 ± 121.2 = -17.4 k-ft, 225 k-ft O.K.

- Footing Reinforcing Steel

Design Cases
- Factored : 1 Joint 1, Load Comb. 15, PU = 142K , VU = 25.5K , MU = 252 k-ft

PU1 = 147 + 1.4 x 0.75 x 56.5 = 206K

MU1 = 252 + 25.5 x 6 = 405 k-ft
e = 405/206 = 1.97' > B/6

 4(10.5) 
SBGROSS = 206 = 5.23 KSF
84 3(10.5 − 2(1.97))

2(206)
x= = 9.85'
8(5.23)

w = (3.5 x 0.12 + 1.5 x 0.15) x 1.4 x 0.75 = 0.68 KSF

SBF =  9.85 − 3.75  x 5.23 = 3.24 KSF

 9.85 

MU @ face of pier = (3.24 - 0.68)(3.75)2 / 2 +1.99(3.75)2 /3 = 27.3 k-ft

/ ft

d = 18 - 3.5 = 14.5"

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

12(14.5)2
F= = 0.210
12000

KU = 27.3/0.21 = 130, aU = 4.37

AS REQ'D = 27.3 = 0.43 in2 / ft ( x 1.33 = 0.57 in2 / ft )

4.37(14.5)

Use #7's @ 12" c/c EW - T & B

Note: Top steel required for negative bending due to uplift.

- Check Footing Thickness

(7/8 in the following equation is from the #7 Bars in the pier )

Ldh = ( 1200 x (7/8) 3000 ) x 0.7 x 2.27/2.4 = 12.69"

Footing thicknes req'd = 12.69" + 2 x (7/8) + 3 = 17.44" < 18" O.K.

VU @ face of pier = (3.24 - 0.68)3.75 + 1.99 x 3.75/2 = 13.3K

φVC = 0.85 x 2 x 3000 x 12 x 14.5 = 16.2K > 13.3K

O.K.

Punching shear is O.K. by inspection

Use 1'-6" Footing Thickness

Lifting Arrangements / Lugs

Wt. of concrete bent
Wt. Cols. = 1.672 x 24 x 0.15 = 10.04K / each
Wt. Bms. = 1.67 x 2 x 28.33 x 0.15 = 14.19K / each

Total weight = 2 (10.04 + 14.19 ) = 48.46K

Determine C.G.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

X
Item WT X Y WT*X WT*Y
1 10.04 0 12 0 120.48
2 10.04 30 12 301.2 120.48
Y
3 14.19 15 17 212.85 241.23
4 14.19 15 23 212.85 326.37
Σ 48.46 726.9 808.56

Locate Lifting Points

Use air cooler support beam seat connection for lifting points "A".

Use y = 24 - ( 24 - 16.69) x 2 = 9.38' , say 9' 4-1/2" for lifting points "B".

Check Reinforcement for Bending in Horizontal Bent

- Beam : wU = 1.67 x 2 x 0.15 x 1.7 = 0.85 KLF

MU = 0.85 x 302 / 8 = 96 k-ft

96(12)
AS REQ'D = = 1.44 in2 < 2 - #9's ( AS = 2.0 in2 ) O.K.
(0.9)2 (60)16.5

- Column : PU = 12.75K

wU = (1.67)2 x 0.15 x 1.7 = 0.71 KLF

MU2 = 0.71(9.38)2 /2 = 31.23k-ft

(13.62 + 7.62)
R1 = 12.75 x + 0.71 x 14.62/2 - 31.23/14.62 = 21.58K
14.62

R2 = 2 x 12.75 + 0.71 x 24 - 21.58 = 20.96K

V = 0 @ x = 7'-0",

MU Max = 21.58 x 7 - 12.75 x 6 - 0.71 x (7)2 / 2 = 57.2 k-ft

57.2(12)
AS REQ'D = = 0.81 in2 < 3 - #9's ( AS = 3.00 in2 ) O.K.
(0.9) (60)17.5
2

Connections @ lifting PT. "A"

T = 48.46/2 x ( 1 + 25% impact) = 30.3K Use 25% impact per FD construction V1 = 30.3 /2 = 15.2K

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Check Anchor Bolts ( 4 - 1"φ A307 bolts )

(20)2
PC = φ4 f C A C = 0.65(4) 4000 = 65.8K ⇐ Governs
1000

PT = #bolts x Ab x FY = 4 x (0.606) x (36) = 87.3K

PC / T = 65.8 / 30.3 = 2.2 > 1.7 O.K. for direct tension

VC = 65.8 x 0.55 = 36.2K

VU = 1.7 x 15.2 = 25.8K < VC O.K. for shear only

TU = (36.2 - 25.8) / 0.55 = 18.9K

e1 allow = (TU / VU) x 8 = (18.9 / 25.8 ) x 8 = 5.9"

Use e1 = 5 - 1/2"

Base Plate
k-ft
MPL = (30.3 x 8) / 4 = 60.6

6(60.6)
tPL REQ'D = = 1.06"
12(27)

Use 1-1/4" Base Plate

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Lug Plate and Pin
Use 1-1/4" Lug Plate

AN REQ'D = 30.3 = 1.87 in2

16.2

AV REQ'D = 15.2 = 1.06 in2

14.4

Note : Tension is carried by plate on both sides of pin, shear is

carried by one side only.

Total AV REQ'D = 2 x 1.06 = 2.12 in2 ⇐ Governs

Pin Diameter Required, D = 30.3 × 4 = 1.57"

2(10) π

Note : Pin is in double shear, Allowable shear stress for A307

material in bearing conn. is 10 KSI

Use 2"φ pin with min. A307 material.

FP = 0.9 FY = 0.9 x 36 = 32.4 KSI

Bearing Area Required = Dt = 30.3/32.4 = .94 in2

Dt PROV'D = 2 x 1.25 = 2.5 in2 , No hole reinforcement required.

Lug Plate width at centerline of hole = 2.125 + 2.12/1.25 = 3.82"

Use 3" radius to out side of lug plate. ( width = 6", O.K. )

Lug plate to Base plate weld

- For Tension

D REQ’D = 30.3 = 2/16 ths

2(11)0.928

- For Shear (eccentric load on weld )

p = V = 15.2K , L =11", K =0

a = (5.5 - 1.25) / 11 =0.4, C1 =1.0

From table XIX , p4-75, AISC C = 0.939

D REQ'D = 15.2 = 2/16 ths

0.939(1.0)(11)

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 2 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN

Use 5/16" weld (min)

Connection at lifting point "B"

T = 15.2K ( Max)

Lug Plate : Based on calcs above

Use 2"φpin (A307 material) with a

1-1/4" Plate & 5/16" welds

"X" REQ'D = 15.2 = 0.84"

2(2)(5/16)14.4

Use "X" = 6"

Pin through column

D REQ'D = 15.2 4  = 1.11" (Ab = π (1.11)2 = 0.97 in2 )

2(10) π  4

Use 1-1/4" φA307 Bar with 1-1/4" STD WT pipe sleeve.

( Tensile stress area = 0.97 in2 ) O.K.

Side Plates

t REQ'D = 15.2 = 0.19", Use 1/2" PL

2(1.25)32.4

An REQ'D = 15.2 = 0.47 in2

2(16.2)

For 1/2" Plate, width req'd = 1.375 + 0.47/0.5 = 2.32"

Provide minimum edge distances, width = 2-1/4" x 2 = 4-1/2"

Use 1/2" Thick x 6" wide PL

"Y" dimension = 20/2 + 6 = 16" ( See figure this page)

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

GIVEN

Refer to SK-1 through SK -7 of sample design #2. The plan, elevation, sections, & details shown in
sample design #2 are acceptable for this design except as shown below. Note that the base plate detail in
sample design #2 is no longer required since a socket is used for this design.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

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SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Socket Grouting Notes

1. After erection of concrete bents , including plumbing, plug drain pipe and fill socket with water.
Allow water to remain for 3 hours.

2. Unplug drain pipe , pump and blow out the water just prior to grouting. Leave concrete surfaces
moist but not wet. Replug drain pipe.

3. Install temporary grout dams ( made of styrofoam or similar material ) on opposite faces of a
column and pour grout ( sand cement or non-shrink - per job spec ) from side only until grout starts
flowing out on the other side, indicating complete filling of the underside of the column.

4. Remove dams and continue filling spaces with grout.

Design Data

This sample design demonstrates concrete design using ACI - 318 - 89, Ch. 21 in a UBC seismic
zone 4. It also includes the design of a socket foundation.

References and materials from sample design #2 are used for this design.

Design Loads

Use gravity loads from sample design #2.

Use wind loads from sample design #2 as earthquake loads. For calculations of actual earthquake loads,
see technical practice 670.215.1216 for procedures.
Load combinations are the same as sample design #2.

Design Model

Same as sample design #2.

REQUIRED

Detail/ Design concrete members and connections used in sample design #2 for seismic forces.

SOLUTION

Member Design

Beams

The design performed in sample design #2 is valid except for the following requirements.

PU max = 37.0K ≤ Agf'C /10 = ( 20 x 18 x 4)/10 = 144K O.K.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Clear span = 30 - 1.67 = 28.33" ≥ 4d = 4 x (15.5/12) = 5.77' O.K.

b/h = 20/18 = 1.11 ≥ 0.3 O.K.
b = 20" ≥ 10”& ≤ bcol + 2 x 3/4 x hbm = 20 + 2 x 0.75 x 18 = 47" O.K.

- Longitudinal Reinforcement (Code minimum requires 2 bars continuous at top and bottom)

200(20)16
A-S = 4.00 in2 & A+S = 4.00 in2 ≥ (200 bwd / fY) = = 1.07 in2 O.K.
60000
ρ- = 0.0125 & ρ+ = 0.0125 ≤ 0.025 O.K.
A+S = 4.00 in2 > A-S / 2 = 2.00 in2 O.K.

Use 4 - #9's - Top & Bottom (AS PROV'D = 4.0 in2 )

Ld = 0.04 x 1.00 x 60000 2 = 19" > 18" PROV'D , therefore hook bottom bars.
4000 4

- Transverse Reinforcement

Place stirrups starting @ 2" from col. face with 5" spacing over 2 x h = 2 x 24 = 48" , otherwise use 9"
spacing.

- Shear Strength

AgfC' / 20 = (20 x 24 x 4) / 20 = 96K > PU max = 37K , therefore VC = 0

A S (1.25)f Y 4.0(1.25)60
a= = = 4.41”
0.85 f c b 0.85(4)20

Mρr1 = Mρrz = AS x 1.25 fY ( d - a/2) = 4 x 1.25 x 60 x (21.5 - 4.4/2) / 12 = 483'K

M ρr1 + M ρrz 2(483)

VE = ±V U gravity = ±19.24 = 53.3 K
L 28.33
V es 53.3(4)
AV REQ'D = = = 0.17 in2
f Y d 60(21.5)

AV PROV'D = 2 x 0.11 = 0.22 in2 ( #3 stirrup )

Use #3 stirrups placed as described above.

Columns

The design made in sample design #2 is valid except for the following requirements.

PU = 160.58K = Agf'C /10 = (20 x 20 x 4)/10 = 160K

max Flexural strength is O.K.
( 160.58K from member 1, JT.1, Load comb. 11 )
ρ = 0.02 > 0.01 & < 0.06 O.K.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

ASh = 0.3 ( s hC fC' / fgh ) x [ ( Ag /Ach ) - 1 ]

= 0.3 ( 4 x 17.38 x 4/60) x [ ( 400/(17)2 - 1] = 0.53 in2 per ACI

or ASh = 0.09 s hC fC' / fyh = 0.09 x 4 x 17.38 x 4/60 = 0.42 in2 per ACI

or ASh = 0.12 s hC fC' / fyh = 0.12 / 0.09 x 0.42 = 0.56 in2 per UBC ⇐ Governs

For 3 bars , A'Sh REQ'D = 0.56 in2 / 3 = 0.19 in2 / bar

LO = 20" ⇐ Governs at Top of column

or LO = 16.5(12) / 6 = 33" ⇐ Governs at Bottom of column

or LO = 18"

Use #4 ties with #4 cross ties @ 4" c/c within LO region.

Use 6" c/c spacing outside of LO region.

Beam / Column Joints

- Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement

Top and Bottom Steel : 4 -#9's

f Yd b 60000(9/8)
Ldh = = = 16.4" < 18.5" O.K.
65 4000
65 f C

- Transverse Reinforcement

Use #4 ties with #4 cross ties @ 4" spacing on column within joint.

2
- Shear Strength = 12 f C A U = 12 4000 20 = 304 K >> Actual and factored shear across the joint. O.K.
1000

Socket Design

Design Data M

Column Size : 20" x 20"

Column Reinforcement : 12 - #9 verts.
fC' : 3.0 KSI
fY : 60.00 KSI

Grout type : Non-shrink cement based grout

between the socket and the column.

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Design Assumptions

Assume that column shear, V, and moment ,M, are resisted by

the couple , R, acting on the forward and leeward socket walls.

Axial load , P, transfers directly to the top of the footing. Therefore,

socket walls carry no axial load.

Zero adhesion is assumed between the column and the socket walls,
since cement based grout may be used.

Couple, R, is transfered to the end walls through horizontal bending

of forward and leeward walls and through shear friction across
assumed cracks.

Socket Dimensions

Socket wall thickness (t) = 16.00 in.

Provide depth of socket for development of #9

column reinforcing.

For a #9 in tension, top bar, fC' = 4.0 KSI

d = 42.00 in.

A S REQ D
= 12 = 1.0
A S PROV D 12(1.0)

d REQ'D = 42.00 in

Hpp el. @ CL of P/R = 100.00 ft

Less: X-slope to CL of col. = 0.17 ft
T.O. Pvmt el. @ CL of col. = 99.83 ft
Less : Slab Thickness = 0.5 ft.
B.O. Slab el. = 99.33 ft
Less : Expansion joint material = 0.08 ft
T.O. Socket el. = 99.25 ft
Less : d REQ'D = 3.50 ft
B.O. concrete reinforcement el. = 95.75 ft
Less : Concrete cover = 0.17 ft
B.O. concrete col el. = 95.58 ft
Less : Grout and level PL thickness = 0.08 ft
Top of footing el. = 95.50 ft

Socket depth (L) = 3.75 ft

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Design Model

R 2

Total

Determine f1 due to VU :

Transfer VU @ top of socket to CL of socket :

VU L
M=
2
V U 6M V U 6V U L 4V U
f 1V = + = + =
BL BL 2 BL 2BL 2 BL

V U 3V U − 2V U
f 2Y = − =
BL BL BL

Determine f1 due to MU :

6M U
f 1M = f 2M =
BL 2

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SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Column Reactions from STAAD III Analysis

Critical transverse load comb. : File : CONCPR, Joint 2, Load 14

MU @ top of socket = 253.14 ft-kips
VU @ top of socket = 25.49 kips

Critical longitudinal load comb. :14 , Friction

MU @ top of socket = 0.0 ft-kips
VU @ top of socket = 24.22 kips

Socket Design - Transverse Direction

Determine bearing pressure distribution on socket wall.

B = Col diam. + 2" grout = 22.00 in
f1V = 4VU / BL = 102.99 psi
f2V = -2VU / BL = -51.49 psi
f1M = -f2M = 6MU / (BL)2 = 409.12 psi
f1 = f1V + f1M = 512.11 psi
f2 = f2V + f2M = -460.61 psi
φ ( ACI 9.3.2.4 ) = 0.70
fP allow = 0.85 φfC' = 1785.00 psi O.K.

x = f1 / ( f1 - f2 )L = 23.69 in
R1 = 0.5 f1 ( B )x = 133.46 kips

Check shear stress @ assumed crack section ( shear friction )

VU = R1 / 2 = 66.73 kips f sp
φ = (ACI 9.3.2.3 ) = 0.85
d = ( socket wall thk - clr - 0.5db ) = 13.5 in
beff = x + d/2 = 30.44 in
νU = VU / ( φbeff d ) = 191.03 psi
νU allow = 0.20 fC' = 600.00 psi O.K.

Check wall thickness for diagonal tension cracking @ corner

( Ref : ASCE Structural Journal, June 76, pp 1229 - 1254 )
fSP = 6 f C = 328.63 psi
b = beff = 30.44 in
dc = 1.1d = 14.85 in
Callow = (2/3)fsp b dc = 99.04 kips
R = R1 = 133.46 kips
=B= 22.00 in
M1 = R * / 12 = 20.39 ft-kips
F = bd2 /12000 = 0.462
K = MUS / F = 44.10
jU = ( ACI Handbook Flexure 1.1 ) = 0.988
C1 = T1 = M1 / ( jU * d ) = 18.34 kips

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FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

MUS = M1 + (R / 2) * 2.5 / 12 = 34.29 ft-kips

K = M1 / F = 74.17
U S
jU = ( ACI Handbook, Flexure 1.1 ) = 0.983
C2 = T2 = MUS / ( jU * d ) = 31.01 kips 2
2
"

C= c 21 + c 22 = 36.03 kips O.K.

Design Ties

"F" Ties - Design for combined bending ( MUS ) + Tension at joint.

T = T2 + R/2 = 97.74 kips
φ= ( ACI 9.3.2.2 ) = 0.90
A S = T / ( φ fY ) = 1.81 in2
AS / FT = AS / b = 0.71 in2 / ft

Use #6 ties @ 6" c/c

AS PROV'D = 0.88 in2 / ft

dh = ( ACI ) 11.50 in
dh PROV'D = 14.00 in O.K.

"E" Ties - Design for bending ( M1 ) and for shear friction.

φ= ( ACI 9.3.2.2 ) = 0.90
AS1 = T1 / ( φfY ) = 0.34 in2
AS1 / FT = AS / b = 0.13 in2 / ft
φ= ( ACI 9.3.2.3 ) = 0.85
MU = ( ACI 11.7.4.3 ) = 1.4
AVf = VU / ( φfY MU ) = 0.36 in2
AVf / FT = AVf / b = 0.14 in2 / ft

0.5( AS1 / FT + AVf / FT ) = 0.14 in2 / ft

Use #4 ties @ 6" c/c

AS PROV'D = 0.40 in2 /ft

"D" Ties - Design for bending at midspan & for shear friction.
MU = R * / 10 = 24.47 ft-kips
K = MU / F = 52.92
aU = 4.45
AS = MU / ( aU * d) = 0.41 in2
AS / FT = AS / b = 0.16 in2 / ft
A Vf A S1
= A Vf - (( A S PROV’D ”E”) - = 0.09 in2 /ft
FT FT

Structural Engineering
 Practice 670 215 1250
Publication Date 11Oct96
Attachment 08 Page 10 of 11

FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Use #4 ties @ 12" c/c

AS PROV'D = 0.20 in2 /ft O.K.

Design Socket End Walls

VU = R1 / 2 66.73 kips
W = 2 * Socket wall thickness + B = 54.00 in
φ = ( ACI 9.3.2.3 ) = 0.85
d = 0.8 * W = 43.20 in
νU = VU / ( φ* h * d) = 113.58 psi
νC = 2  
f C  = 109.54 psi
Shear reinforcing is required

Horizontal Shear Reinforcing Req'd

Ph = Max of (νU - νC ) / fy or 0.0025 = 0.0025
Max Spc'g = Min of ( W /5 ),3h, or 18" = 10.80 in
Use spacing "s" = 6.00 in
Use #6 "F" tie @ 6" spacing

AV REQ'D = Ph * s * h = 0.24 in2

AV PROV'D = ( #6 tie at 6" ) = 0.44 in2 O.K.

Vertical Shear Reinforcing Req'd

hW = h = 16.00 in
2.5 − h w
Pn = Max of .0025 + (P h − .0025)
2(l w )
or 0.0025 = 0.0025
Max Spc'g = Min of ( w /3), 3h or 18" = 18.00 in
Use "s" = Dowel Spacing = 9.55 in
AV REQ'D = Ph * s * h = 0.38 in2
AV PROV'D = ( 2 - #6 at 9.55" ) = 0.88 in2 O.K.

Check Wall for Flexure

MU = 0.5( MU @ T.O. socket + VU @ T.O. socket * L)
= 174.36 ft-kips
b=h= 16.00 in
d = W - h/2 = 46.00 in
F = bd2 / 12000 = 2.821
K = MU / F = 61.80
aU = 4.44
AS = MU / ( aU * d ) = 0.85 in2
AS PROV'D = ( 4 - #6's @ "s" ) = 1.76 in2 O.K.

Check Shear Transfer @ T.O. Footing

VU = 0.5 * VU @ T.O. socket = 12.745 kips
φ= ( ACI 9.3.2.3 ) = 0.85
µ = ( ACI 11.7.4.3 ) = 1.00
Avf = VU / ( φ* fY * µ ) = 0.25 in2

Structural Engineering
 Practice 670 215 1250
Publication Date 11Oct96
Attachment 08 Page 11 of 11

FLUOR DANIEL

SAMPLE DESIGN 3 : CONCRETE PIPERACK DESIGN WITH SEISMIC DESIGN

Use 6 - #5 Dowels each face.

Avf PROV'D = ( 6 - #6 ) = 2.64 in2

Socket Design - Longitudinal Direction

Determine Bearing Pressure Distribution on Socket Wall

B = (Col Dim.) + (2" Grout) = 22.00 in
f1v = 4VU / (BL) = 97.86 psi
f2v = -2VU / (BL) = -48.93 psi
f1M = -f2M = 6MU /(BL2 ) = 0.00 psi
f1 = f1V + f1M = 97.86 psi
f2 = f2V + f2M = -48.93 psi
φ = (ACI 9.3.2.4) = 0.70
f P allow = 0.85 * φ * fC' = 1785.00 psi
x = f1 * L /( f1 - f2 ) = 30.00 in
R1 = 0.5 * f1 * x * B = 32.29 kips

Compare Transverse condition to Longitudinal condition

TRANS. .LONG. CONTROLS
MU @ Top of Socket 253.14 0.00 ft-kips TRANS.
VU @ Top of Socket 25.49 24.22 kips TRANS.
R1 = 0.5 * f1 * x * B = 133.46 32.29 kips TRANS.
x = f1 * L /( f1 - f2 ) = 23.69 30.00 in LONG.
f1 = f1V + f1M = 512.11 97.86 psi TRANS.

By Comparison :
Use "E" ties same as "F" ties.

Check Shear Transfer @ top of Footing

VU = 0.5 * VU @ socket = 12.11 kips
φ = (ACI 9.3.2.3) = 0.85
µ = ( ACI 11.7.4.3 ) = 1.00
Avf = VU / ( φ* fY * µ ) = 0.24 in2
Avf PROV'D = ( 6 - #6 ) = 2.64 in2

Use same reinforcement as Transverse direction except as noted above.

Leveling Plate Design

Ultimate weight of P.S. column = 41.19 kips

Impact @ 50% of weight = 20.60 kips
PU = Ult wt. + Impact = 61.79 kips
φ = (ACI 9.3.2.4) = 0.70
A1 = 6" square plate = 36 in2
A2 = B2 = 484.00 in2
fP = P U / A 1 = 1.72 ksi
A
FP allow = 0.85φ(f C ) 2 = 6.54 ksi OK
A1

Structural Engineering