yn VOANT- T wut Buon -Qerens x Ligilel qleeos = => A syslin which | handles digttal or discselé information that we called digital systenn. > Disenete information és pestricted 0 a finite nucnber of elements. a 2 tinuoes or disenefe rafornation % > etther Con = Genenalte ox continuous oF iofinile in natare- — & systero which handles analog information that is calle — analog systero- ifect systems ane = Compare Wilh analog systems dig more. | -Plextble because 9b Cited nuaber of element. Prdvantages = as 5 Easier design. —> Infornotion sic > More accenac¢- — Aigikel civeetls Arpplicatians = > Agitel systems are used transactions » traffic: contol , monitoring , Jnlernet ete: > Ke have digital telephones » drgital television , digital cameras, and digital computers ° — In ctigikel syste genenatt diceneté elements are digits: $ _> tome we use two disaneté elements called binang¢ digits + ; tig Uy =A ph has two values & 1. > Aisunete elements of information are represen teal coi groups of pile catlect binary code. C5 tatnis chapler we cao study the concepts - wv _ Dlurnbes Syste, fol in cigiteel compu lexs —> Number systruus aye use _5 the knowledge, of digilal systems is necessary to peurforcn easily understandable cesithette ope dections . — man, aigiter( syslams are veguired wilh various ctigikel codes to handle. fhe cata which ts — $9 the Poven of aumbers ) alphabets and — symbols - e, 1s ensyp less effected noise - are Sn communication , bustnes $ medical treatment , wealKer binary digit caltect abit. various binaryom * XN es “8 aie syste there\is aD ordered seb of syrobols o> theneane two lppes of number systems - - Uy Pocittonal, nurber systerns ww Non Positional oumber systems: —> Tn a positional number sysleny the position of each digit of a number indicates the significance ‘to be attached to Fhat ctigik- non - positional number system » adigit of a nunber significance of ite position. number system is FOMAD nc len evo ts not present. So, Ine does nob tdicate any > Example -for 00- positional numerical syste. tn this sys ie is diffrcalt to use: -= most wicely usec system is positional number system. -> A ouenber is made eup of a collection of aigits and ib has two pants - integer and fraction. Bolh ane sepenated by & radix point ()- -s A positive. qumber N= Aya Una. > ~~ N can be vepresented be - YA, + AYAy ---++ Am. a note of ctgile io fokeger pant ms ney Frattional part. —> Number systerns coush conkato a waclix or base . This defined as He” weight of a digit which clepends on ifs velativ position wttBin the aunber. dix of @ nuenber system 1s the. number of syenbol — Aloo, wa usec in he number system: = posttive. mucnber to the posttional nunber s Sle , ~” with “base b can be vepresented by Np= Ob" 0-2 t - 7 Oe oa 4 Ana BM We Ab Hb + abla a.bi--- were Qn % called He leash Signiftcank + Qin 5? Cry lame wee past ee es ° Recirnal ntusnbes SySIeeO > -In clay to cay tife, , we can use. dectmal numbes system. “Et is ‘a posittonal. number system. : tue. base ox waclix of His s slem’?s 10+ —s The system contafo 10 unique symbols to represest @ a number 2 they ane. 0,1)213, 4, o6 e,8,9 P> All tye. numbers iy the system ave \ asi hese. digits. J are represented © swe can express any clectmal number % unile , ters, hundreds , Hrousands and so on- — Afler seaching- 11 the. decemal nucobes sysken , we fore combinations of decimal digils (ike 10, I) ines > far example a dectmal number 56°72 can be vepsesented b faa ¢ 3-1 3-2 33 a a (on (456-78) = YxIS + SeIO + EXIO + BKIO + AK 1 eee O Omatg Sot b+ 0-9+0°028 ied (78_, wadix pow: Hene omsp ts 4 isp ts & —> Belous fig shows Me aogils ands weights Tepresen~ ted as a power of 10 ; i“ ' ° > lo to fo P10 ot GLE (——yadltx poinr. Bioary Number LYSE ay GE ea nunbes sys 25 enataly used 10 clegital computes and % Aegikel electronics « : _> rh requires only 00 digits tart Ov a | > the base oF radix of the syskem roemrgs positional number system 7 the pasiton of 4 ord, 19 & nucober @ndicates IF weight or value. willis the. aumber - 7 for example. a binax aunber lean be st presented by. lotlo-tlol » te walue, can be. caleu lated by powers ot Qe bey 5-1 S-2 a3 5-4 ss (lono-ior), = 1x2 +Or> + x2 pix D +OKD + 3 ixat tele ie Dt ork le : 0-062S a loros Yt otl + Ort 2ST O 1254+ 62 2 (83-8875 doa J! — --- 22 2S 3 Py DB ---s [TTT LI Octal surnber System CR Ua 7 Te base or radix ok the octal system es etghb- > lal symbols axe 0 to # Howie num 8 GI never appear + “Ate F we will vepresent 10 & I! ancl so on.” > Tn he octal number systero, each number wekght Ps expressed aS a power of B- --- gr gl Pa z Rae eee msp | [ | usp oe toager pare froctiod pash CEH (93:3Dg —7_valicl octal aumbey r i ba toatial ocla! VUMHETY Peles . WA anit tee “cher aro used to UNIxf LINUE fdes Here decimal nore SYSee 6 ite. base or wadix of this sysGm % 16 yt 2134) S16, FB IT A,B, CDE FF wic ounber system because. — Syrobols are so called as alphaaune (Las numbers: > It ® al 4k contains beh all habets as wel > Each auonber ,weaghl fs expressed as a power 00 16 wo ge 1816? 6 iB” oo [| [UL [i Exir BQH of \ADE- pie nucobeo. syslems used %o microprocessors = ais type of an entero contgolle rs: Relating befw2er decimal , binary , octal & tHexadecémal }— I Binary | octet] [Hexadecinal | Recemal ° 0000 O S ' ooo! l t 2 e010 2 z 3 ool 35 3 4 0100 4 4 Ss O1ol s S 6 allo 6 6 * Ott w -m & (ooo 10 8 a 1oo[ tt ¢Obst number sys numbers can be represented as ~e In ang number syste, Any Np = Arab Here nt Ba quobese chosacter(syrobols) @ (bina) oot 3 C erenon) ore G Quinary) ol? 5 0, Ue 34 6 . Or aS e 0 (e131 Sy § 8 (octal) 0, te BME SY VF q 0218 USO HE 10 (dleezeatl) 0 try U7 91 18D 0) 1%) By He Hy 6y BLY HK p11 73) Hy 96, 3 Le(ueraacel ory 6,30 ee Alvebe_ Syslero_ConveSED a Talely wa use binary number S75 > In digital syste wh Ly -- 22+ Mob" bis we base or taclix > Tn our eveayday (ife- vepnesent— quantities « wy thenefore » ‘it fs necessary to convent dectmal number ‘als 4 smoay and —_ ice Wer7rse * ee a pa applications we use oclal & hexadectmalalso. for This 9eason qunbe® sxfstero COMIeRSEONS ABS Necessary . © Brnasy —tencecten! CORRE > Any gtsen broase nuober can be convealad into as decimal equdualear by adding the products ofeach bik and is wetghe- = O pepresentation of a binasd number ts -{ ~ Nio= Ania + Onan 2 me -- 140) 240 24 a d'+ ase ---? SeQuno 40, Bl4---- Amnb™ wwe use decimal number systeNip if o& dectenal oumbet as digit valve Ces thes a n-> number of digits io integer pan m-> aveber of AigilS fo -froxtional pant OX Convent he bincry number abs dae ra@ad 10110 ts dectnal Given bioady- nUMbew 10110428 1 © Covres ponding. eet ghts ane A2AQRA 2 => ateint (2x0) +(x) +C2'x1) + (*40) > [E+0t4t240 =(AVo0 - . . XB convent tre binas numbes 11016 11 ale dectral Given binasy venbes Mole tl ayo el corresponding. woeghts ane LALA? AQ cans 2 (read) Cre) + Cond) + Coee)-+ C1e3') +E) ged otig PEO => (13-F52)t0 ) Binasy- to-_ octal Conyersied — A ——_—oow . OE te Schal number &% 8 and the base fos bioas homber %% Q+ Thus te base for octal avenber &S the thind powers of ttre base -for binary ounber- > for soleger pant divide te binasy? number ‘ole group of to Inver bite starting. Prom the LSD & moving. Then eplace. “each group of 3 bits by th oclal equivalent > fr Psactional pant Gnouping. of 2 bile ‘is made. skart2ag- som the nadlix poink & enowrng. towands nights Ebr 1OllL + [Olo , ae ayaa 2, £Or Convent jue binary aumber 10110 + O! Mle ‘Octal - Given binary nunbey 10 110-01 Grouping eb bits 1 11g + 210 Consent each group inte octal Ons O> lo = (iar) trea!) +(o2t) = 1t2+0 26 @®D tO = Creot}+Core)s 20>? OD ol0= @Exer)+ Cryst) 4 Cox) = Ot 20 =. octal number) = (26°28. ) Binasy - te - Hexadecimal Conweosco0!— arene —“* eeaREe Sa > We base or hexade&mal amber ts 16 & the base tor inaky nonber % Q. The base for hexadecimal numbers is Me founth power of the base or binasy nuonber -—> for ioleger part divide Hie binasy. umbes tints group of four bits stasting from the Lsp § moving -towends msD- quen meplace each group of u biIs by iS hexadecimal sumber« -» for -froctional pan grouper; of abily is made stanting fro he radix point & mowrng tounnds orig bt: Ex- Convent & biaady number 10111100110 + 100 ‘als hexadlecEma| Given binasty number 10111100110 = 1100. Grouping. eb 4biTS for Ilo OLLO + L109 Ser & Conuersio) 86- eachgnoup into hexadecimal 05 oo = (380944 Gla tExo) = 44226 @> ito = ewe (2eds bly) +@xo) = 8tUte= 14 ©> 4 th hexadectenal, equiva bf © D ool = Leng@lrode Vays yrort=s © OD 100 = xe ey +(e!x0) +E = 8+ $= 1 hexaclecemal eguivalent fs @C- =) Hexadecimal aunbey SE6- BC Rectenal = > Binary» Coneemeiey S For me process oh decimal to binasy. conuesswt LIE Use double — dabble method - -—7 Zn this metod, succesive tion by decimal number 2 ts cone or past sespectivel a : guccessive division Yor tear pest > Here we mepeatedty clivide Mme fotegex pam the quotient (Q) &5 zexo. Ls Then Hie Bemaiodenss ane. taker in Hye gewoarse order to -fornn & binasy number - Stan) Rivide bya ° The given nveber, Record BGR division os successive eultiplica- integer oy feactionad t by 2 until woalves in reve’ orcler Flow chank for, iotigen positEX Convert adectmal number a5 tnls binary. Given dectmal nunber QS Use Suceessive. aiviseon by 2 & role B | R Calves. R tf 870 slop fhe process ao & Record R Valves 19 neverse a order feo ! Binary number = (ool), 1 |msp Successive multiplicelive fox fractional peak conversso = -S Heme we use succession mattiplication by 2 for fractional pash convensiod . . > By mattiplying & decimal number (-fractionad pank) ty 2, a product %s “produced. and if has integes poak @ fractional pant. ~7 the sobeqex pant cary) of the pooctuct becomes & bit ig we binaay umber. —> he fracttonat pank %& again outtiplied by 2 & mead corny until — fractional pon becomes eso. Ex'- convent (0656259 Ste base 2. 5 @ Biven decenal aumbes 0- 6562S ~ - use successive. outttplicalieD by 2 & note carry values ordas 0: 65625%% p> O-3128%2 onG2sy2 prDr2SOK> pr OS —_ . 325 0-625 1+250 Be | ° stop. 4 A 4 L Fi 1 ° { ° Binasy nucnben E410 / Sete Coven a decimal number (35° 45)0 & binaay num. Given nvenbes™ (BS*U5) 9+ . Tr consists bole integer pant & fractional panh- Tnteges park Convenstoo~ iokeger peni- = 3S: ose successive etivisi by 2 & note 6, R values TF 60. slop the process F Record R values in nevense order fox infeges pant bina qumber fe 100011froctiona2 park _conuemgen0 Given fractional. pant (8 0-45 use successive multiplication by & & nole carry. valves io order OrUS KH py OIOKD 0-808% 5 0-60K2 > OD O-FO onee (7 1-60 [-20 Ory —>slop Me a 4 v L ‘ process \ I Poactione® pork bin equivalent = (ONO » shen — Biaowy equivalent -for dlecienal nurmbeor (254, = Uoootl + o1110) 6) Rectmal— to cchal Cenyeansia0 * “> For Te convemsien of decimal to octal weuse octal dabble mefhod- ; _> Inthis method we use successive divisioQ or successive roultiplication by 8 for nages pant Gor Fractionad pon ses pect ved : eo convent (!60)\9 ‘ots octal = nucobes* Given avmbee (16010 consists only. tre’ fotagen pant. Use successive oivisioo by 8 g note 6,8 Valves af G=0 slop Me. Process and note R valves th sevense order . msD UED:o = 408 ee conven (10-20) © ints base -& quenbe rm ; Pauen aunbes? =(U0+2010 consiste both infager § foactionas pant Toleget_ pank conuesscoo : Tobeger port walue 10 civen Pag ay by 8 % note GR walrus lo JSR EP @=0 Slop the. process & nofe R 10/8 |i} . valves in. wevens® ovcler- [Ms o\l Inger poo eguivatent “s Cle. fractional pant conuenseo'— Given fractional pant 0.20 Use successive routhplication by B & note carcy values orcler oF oni ae 0:20 x8 p70. 60K8_ 70-8028 0-40 x8 vee 1B ey 0 1? 60 44-80 arin: 3Be20 ¢ v v, v3 step ¥ g fractiona2 pont eget cle Pe eee ceed are Palenieaey Conic).6) Recional— to- Hexadecimal Conveersioo!- r > ~ — a ere eeeet to hex dabble. melhod. Means successiv ativiscen os multiplication by 16 —for Te conwersion oF integen past ox ctional past respectively. _» th Integeev part use successise- divesion by (6 and, necorch co Remoinder waltees fh wevedse- order ive multiplication by 16 and factional post use successt downagch orcler decimal. aunber —7 Bn note cos, watues Bx — Conver (gs00) 0 Dts tHexe ven nvobes -(3s0)0 ucce sive» aaseeo ty 6 ote QR Calves abl. DF B20 > Record Rualues pease over: m AL re Le decimal nvobes = (DBS 7 D ea lon (ES) use S$! ex - Convemk (95S )i0 olo Cw - Sion (95S) Consists bolb integer F Fractiona2 pasb- Tolager pas &s 95° , Dse succecsive, driswo by 16 £ nod 8, Realues: af Q>0 5 Recor pevatues to 7 vevarse oxcler t Egeeiealont ioleger past value= S5FH Kmetional post ts aS guce eSSiUe outtiplica hoo by 16 note carry valves. leak fractional pask valve = 0-8-4 oumbes 4s (5F+8) 4 use O-SKIE_ p> 0-00 slap — eastiva’ 8-0 J” *t ‘ 8 » Oclal— to- Dectmal Cnvessioo'— -» Te consent & octal ovmbex Dlo each octal digit by its positional woetgbt and atid the vest ting peo ducts - _- gra) 8° 3! fi -- > cll posi tionaG woekgh 8 age (itl I Ex Convent (4F#5+AT)g to tte decamal eqeualent- Given octal number C4#s- 958 Posttional wetghts axe a's. gle>. Equivalent Hexadecimal decimal oumber, muttiply(Noo) = (4x8y + Ce B)+Gx 8°) + (2x84) + (Se 8>) 256 + 5645401254 0-078125 = (3I7- 3Q825)i0* \2)_ Octal — to ~ Binary. Conversio'— > TF a nevense pwcess eb bined — Hene each oclal tigi converte bineng. 7 puenbens eS Brbo - — for CONVerSHD) we USE values nevesse osclen- ex change octal number 6S Stole bina Given numbed (658. Each atigit- concen for age B = 1} vfor to 10» then (65) 3 = UIO1ODa- ex Convenk (42-43) Sole binagy. equivalent. Given qucobes: , (72-43) tt contains 4 argils: €ach digit converted ints a binary number Using uspby 2. 51 ati ‘fy 5 O-1 (Dg 2 UID, (A, OO, (100), (3}= (OD, sien = ( Fa-43)8 eguivalent binary au@bes is (I11010- 100011) 1D _Oetat— to - Ht Heeadecienal Conversion } — Ser the Conversiod 9b ‘octal numbes “nts hexadecimal number we can uce two phases: LD Conver octal number to ate binan equivalent - then convent tHe binany. ounbes to itt equiva lent- > We have es mel bey _oclal conversion - TH codlesns & igits - ‘ole BbIF binary. mu \ for digit a | gla—) == o—t for (5)g> WOl)z. hexadecimal thod -or octal- te - heer conversa) convent octal— te - decimal and then decimal~ to —hexadecmal . hs 4h egueicalent 3bit ea LiC-D paocess and nob & be ustag (SDly a.Ee Convent ABD ge Sole hexadectma(. Given octal nuenber IQBY. -Rrst Convent octal — te — binony- number. Tbr This process use Leo ab each cligit and each digi conveatad inte 3 bik biome - ale Q(z a3 ala = = 5 a) min Yip Hp Hp HCO (Qa(O10). PHY, = COD, > (1234) g = (Coolorootiiot).- hen conven binary. -to— hexaclecimal. form @ g of ubits & each group conventid ‘inte hexadecimal avmbex). OOld lool, 1109 OL daald adie ®D ooio — weighls ane LLQA > Con22) ort) HU x2) HORE) #2 © 5 i000 =) (Suter = 448 © 0 w+ Ee = tl a7 > W234)— = 2IVD6 Exr Convent = (88-8 tole Hexaclecemal number @iven oclal nucnbe™ (3ade ask convent — ocal - te — binang. ah spp ale yn oe ; 203) alee n° IW (Bai)p = @1LQO001), . que convent binary. to hexadectmal - eco, 10190 + C019 So er 05 wim = Pa) +ldeD = arg 2 lorA ( @®) ooo, = zr = | ©) oo1o = ant = &: D> (aaie = UA Wo, tlexaclectmal = te —_clectmal Convensiorn '— —> In hexadecimal, cach aigih position Corresponds tb a power of 16+ EE Tee jae e¢ v5 % convenk hexadecimal aumber to decimal, nunbe® 5 muttiply each decimal cheb by it weeght ancl add the. pesuutting. procucl3- Bx Convent (3A-QP)6 to io. Given exadecimal umber BA-AF- as Posttiona2 weoghts ase elle» eé Nig = (axte) +(AK 16) + Qx 16) +(Ex ib) - Here ASI 5 FAIS = UBHIOF O-125+ O- EBRE OSESIZIS > (6B: (B16 io nu) Hexadectmal — te — Binary Convers@ 36 binary to hexaclecimal converstor STP te sevedse process hexadecimal number % conveated ints ate 7 Hese. CUedRe re LUNDEN- equivatenk y-bir blnosgy 9 ex Convent (28D)1% to brary: Given heradecemal nunber (e8D)6. Convent each atigib ints abit biaary casing 6D bY 9 a z Bell 2 p=l3 gn alst pn 2 o-] a (ae { Bg= Ol), \B.UOID, (Dg? WO t Broary avenbes = Cro rolmtol)>- 2) Hexaclectémal - te -_octal conuenste) Doak convent Hexa clacimal number ints binany. number a Ten convert the binavy. number ints IB eguiwalent octal num ben» . 5 tres melo. is to convent hexa to decimal & ten (6 oclal ovenbes> Bx Convent (ABE Bie Given Cae 13) 16° Convent — -Hexa dectmal to binany number using Le Dby Be a ae y wan st ) o-l ‘ote octal ounbes-\Ae Woo = \ B,=GoID, (O,> Lolo), (D7 (0001) (32,= (910), > (ase. 3), = (lalolotrol LO-OOO1OO) s > Ten Braaxy— to — octal converse ve een lace grout ob 3 bis & convent each group ioto octal ~) lol O10 M10, Jlo +200 109 IO, ~~ Se 6 6-9 O ior = coe aeeen = artes 3) Olo= Bey = 2 Blo = (Pun afd eye = Utdeb a 000 = 0 D lo + 6 p = bes ts ® 100 = ays 4 => aa’ S oee. ous) ® io = (ute 6 8 1D Ofer Radix) Base system —lo — Rectal Convensing ~ > Ani base. systim numbes can be conveated ints dectmal system by couttiplying tue. each agth by ite positional wergh ancl adding. the resultiqg produch- EX Convert —=s- ( 23) y ls decimal. Given numben LaDy. Positional weigh y! g ' = SS Aros leaders) = 843211 P(8B,= 1) Hecrmal—to - offer nadix/base systim Convenscon — —» The integen part ofa decimal number Can be Conventid into i equivalent Radix syslrq by successive. diviswin by- rand note xemaincer values in nevense orler > he foactiona port ofa decimal number can be converlad Into its Cgutuvalent madi syslemn by successive muttiplica tion by ry and note ca wales 1 ovelen- oer Convert = @Q+ 1p ints base-3 syskm- Given (8&-Ds0 « Shteger pant 88. divide by 3- note R valves in nevense oreler- 2%) 10 > (a.fractional pask On|. multiplied by 3: @ On1x3 0:3%3, 069%. ODKB On1k3 ee i i a! O38 slop v oP” ° ° y Q oO [ODie = (0.002%) 3- Then (BANig 2 (AU + 0022)3. * Binasy Axtthmetic_Cpenations!— = Aigital systems can hanclle only binary ouenbens «They. do nok poocess Hie. dectmal numbers: . . 7 thesefore IE %s necessary to leagn the binary. asilBmetic cpesrations - They ane Binany. adalition : Sobtattion Mu mutiiplicatton & Binary Additioo'— ee Te 6 & B ane Atwo one bit binas numbens + Then tue vules for addition of ALB one ‘shown belaw: A B wun =| canmy Here. Sum & Ca } ° ° ° ane. nesulte aflar addition 0 | ° when boy inputs ane 4 Meo L we will ger carry + \ j oO | a € -> Df AGB ane morse Tan one bik oumbens hed OF wll follows we retles chown below: suc [Canyout] gp a sun 66 & LSD bite canny. genemate ib ts added tp maxbh sucn 6 ean nexb aQoificaor bit. & this nepresentad as Carsy-10 + ~o-0-0-9/8 ° ! U ° l ° ° I w--8-S80a Ex rd (101029 4 (OOD. Given two numbens ane to iw? Bray addition rrld = UUD, |Ee Add (10-012 and WlOD»: Given numbess 1011-011 vy blot JOool-I] = (l000l-111D,: Bioasy. _Sobtiaction- Sie can pesform sobtracttoo 96 two binary numbers by using tipo methods: They ae Ad, ecttee melho oo Ww Complement method: Ataect sobtaaction- AN Te AGB Be too one Bb binary nucbeds- gobttaction ose given belew peo-form ng the binas § B difference] boreO! phen DEB Than only we will a 6 get borrow - o qhe nules for ° ° | oo TO t I t ( oO Sopect jrolet for si0!0l t T binay! a negative aunbed presen ! i act by extia msp bikas 4: vv op sTroto = (loo ee Sobtrack joal-10 fon Olle. _ Bee yf? f ortt-tt ! 1001+ 10. sim Vo Wo aS 1168-0! zOillo-o! —l aA oan ed o1lo-o1 fom 1010+1! HOlO+tJ to OO +01 O00+10. = (loo+l0) > Complements = to ataital syslems for sinplefyiag the. complements ase used cobtjaction openation - Bor oe c) Wit of complements for each base syste - \ ww wu) complemeal- . . / » xs complement heae ve base| dix ba slimw yEy's cormplement > @® complement of a positive, oumbevw A is defined as wos where T= base N= positive nunbey : > 10 of digihe + Fretional a3 For only woleger part na eee tager an m=0 “ 2 ywils complenent oh N= /p-I-N/. | fe \@ o's complement? . . vs coenplamenF oka positive number N ts obtained just by adding A to (rps complement of N: 0 =) 2 o's compleenent- ob N ~ /[v-v -NI}t! ene 19S added to us. Complement 6b complem eat :— Complement of complement e) original aan ore wos coeplemear of A eLFON: ' I f 9 9) 9 =m NJ Crys complement = vee [et t wns comp leenent of = AK en = N= original numben iD bIFe Complements Cd Binadye quenber sy.stero— > the base! radix of binary qumber system is 2. > too types eb complements ave becomes LW Uryls complement of binary vests = i's complement w vs " Gs “e = a's complement . _ils_ complement _systemo_representation'— =the 1s complement of ang binagy nucaber 4 pevformed by sieply changing all Is ple 0's and ods ilo I's. —7 or here we usc formula -#-F%N 2 aan. ex ts complement of Ole: Given number = JOT) hese n= 4 m=O N= l0U ‘ 3 hs complement = &-A-N = gt 3g 101 = 6-l[-— oll = 15-101) Convent 15 dectmal numbes ints binaky eishog cltvtsie by 2.ae s UD = UNDa. af [3|i\f then “Ss complement = I~ TOU) a PT ruts [ze ae w toll }oo t's Coenplemen ECE 1-8 Sreoplef mlerchagge faso Goad: Gwen toll by sol@rehanging. we will geh t's complement = O100 . As complenent _ sobbia.ctin method — ae Heme instead ob Subleacting- a number » jus add, I's compleme of He nuobev- > Horne we have two cases: casety'- Sobttaction of smaller nuanber Proce pine I's complement eb smaller number. 5 add 1's complement of smaller number to lasges number. 3) Result must be positive w BP cargy genesatect eis called EAC (end around camry) add enc to The zesulé - From lager number: x Sobtiack 1010 From III! sing ils complement method. Az too Aciut peraem B-A GA cased. Perform i's covoplemeat 0 A=1010 => plz O10l. add eB B > tts O1o] (wv epcM 0100. add EAC to result [Ladlel to usd a lit). — I ( = ) O10 > B-A = (010), ex: gupGack 109.1 fom = t1ro+0 USI ils c method. B=1ll0.0 Be 1100+] perform AB A>B case). fad its complement 86 B= 1100+] B=) 001l+0 ( adt @ & A 2 1100-0 Col lo Se EXO DEO!’ O add enc te (SD 4) => [abe fl).Case SobGaction of loxgex aumbes foom Smaliex number @® Psocedure — I ad ts complement of taages nunber add i's complement anal smaller unber \3) added vesutt f$ i Complement form. So isd 1s complemed' of added result and aceign -Ve St90 because 66 resv(F negative - exe Subbsack 1110-01 fom lolo+ It Using 's ¢ meffiod. Ae idio-ll B= 10-0! — peaform A-B A Th takes” veug less time: Awadvaotage'- —> Hardware Ae ficeett a's complement systenn_vepresentation > the als complement of any binary number % determfoed by adding 4 to I's complement of tat oumber. os simply use -forenula [oe a A+! ey as complemenF 66 (loll- lla: ls complement 66 given aumber & @100-00 feoplementaticn a6 I's complement oethod Ps add 4: te Usp a 1 2100401 ee sc ob 10) using formula. Given 101 N23 N=lo] m=0 at aM ye Io! = 8-)-l0] = #—-I0] - Conver \ io tola binaxy using division by2.| Pro = WIDa- ae ( fement = [SS AJ4) = Olo+!l = 010 \ e adsceb lol = Olt s_complement subtraction mettiod fer sobtaactioO 0 2 numbess we have & cases. cased Subtraction 66 smaller nunbes from laggea number Procedure un Find als cocplemen pb smaller aucobes 5 add — tagges® numbers to a's complement ob Pxmula [8-8 N+! Ex find gis complement 0 (42-Dg ds complement is 39-3 wp ae ose Ss adc 4 + sé. Et find — ag complement 56 (8D_ Using -formula. gis complement = [er a At) 7s complement = 92 ¢ Dw n=&® m20 NzaS = gt} (25% = (649-1 -@S) 8 oe Convedt (6W) 9 into cctal number using division by. 8 2 (100), -1- 2X = (00— &6 = BO’ Qe t 2s @ s'scomp = 52 ook add + Sh comp ~ 23 als complement subbaction method! lex nurobex from laxgex nuanbea~ Case Subtraction 9@ smal Procedure i— wAnd $s complement eb smaller nunber bea Toler als complement & lige 200. / . ° rf Pe genesated ignoke. that - CaBkyy- Result is positive. er Sobbact 2 Uitte to AR A De D=1a-2Q Bere A>eb case (U B's complernen eb 6 = 3} scecoplemest = 73 > 3072 als comp femeol+ tcase) = Subtraction " Psocediure - ee eseg oe Toon smaller oumbkex ty Find gis complement 6 (asges aunber 3 add gis complement to senalier ounber 3) adeted sosolt is 10 complement -foren. So, Find 8's complement of added wesvltE assqo ve so ek Sobtrack (4-36), from Ua. #Ve- Re 18.3% B2Q7-36 (A-B) ACB case CO a's complement pb B= 3S Complement +} alscomplemeat = 939% AF+36 add | S04! +1 gis ce B Spe qa add A tQ-9> 63-y1 adeled gesolt is i com lemeat? fore - als complement a ack vosult = esl 3's complement met), 63°! add | G36 Resolh *& -Ve ast 1-B= C1434 )Q. 1% cHHeya decitoal prithmelst Cpesakens'— Bald ition me sum o& two hexadecimal digits &B Me same as ther equivalent decimal suc when it is less than I6 - we BE Mies sud tS greater than oF ogual to 16 , then 16 must be gubtractect from He, SU te cbiato tie hexadecimal sum, and camy 4 ts produced 5 Er Pes form addition eb U2AD6 — BD 6 1 AF 16 12 54% 4 yo NE TO Ta C4F 2 O16. “eh Perfor adcibion ob (456 9B)ig & (UP b)6 456-78 1 B u—76 AY + Ae wt6_ V216 capes te |)”Sebtraction > SHene we use 2 ‘ty s ob ‘ : \o Ainect method pes ob subbmetion methods. They ane. es) complement method. Atnect _sobtraction t~ 5 EF is Slamilas to Hee decimal, subtiaction except that whenever at ts bonowed Sle valve &s 16 and aol lo: Ek aye — ICH foro next digit 7 ER 376-4AH 36-B3H t Be HG UH Aw 3B le (Ce a ve 76- B32 ize Ul 816 2, —$_ . F . Complemenk Sobbactieo @ GS TH) 16 J Heme we ase & types 66 complements to y's complement = iss complement w vs " = és 1 ~ 15's complement = isis complement ofa aumber is obtained by subbractect each ligih feorm FUisdecimal) » formula fa. (°LN] rr (Baw. is's complement isis coop pleenen = Fis Fe Fis wo 3B Ae Bn =. | = c54H: | G26 05F ? 5's complement_subhmetion nethod case Subtraction 86 smaller oumber From larger nunber Pro cedure'— w Find i5's complement 06 smaller auenber w add largess nunber to !5'S complement of sralles aumber. ealted Enc & addit to result 3) BP casey genesaled cay Result is postEtve- foro BB-IH — 4Yo-DH: ext Fea A= BB: B= 40.D D>B (4-8) casetty ists cooplemenr 6 = RF: Fs vw Yo: Ps a add A ae i a 23 wen Te 16 TF cae O eAOS ke +) TRG)casery Subbaction Procedure — ob larges oumbes from Smaller nunbex: uw Find eS complemenF of 2 add cmalier avnber to a) Adlcled wesult tS 1 conmp! a added resol assign larger avenber 15's complement ob (eager oumber lemenk foro. & i cor toe 0, Add is!s complement Exe pe an- FESH p> DEQ Be PEs ACB (A-B) casetv S's complement ob B= PR. F wo FES oO | add A D6 8 5U Tat 0 addled osu(t i (0 compleme : ists complement of added result = E+ Fe wesutt & negative 28 = O-B= —a&3H- oe t a 16S complement — Pe number josh add 4 b genet ~~ Te Finck 165 complement 0. 15's. coaplemenF ob tha _aveobed- 5 use forenutla [is 16 LA+! exe Ler 26 tues complements nose. isis com lament? =. FRSP = i ij sg co = FRR wo_FF a wy ABT aaa 00 “Dogs tes complement = 00+ © # cal acl eS © PaDICaat ies cemplemenF sobtracttro method — case > Cobra ct 0 smaller nv Procedure igs complement of smaller number ny add — laager number ‘to els complemen 6& smaller nueber 3) BR casey geneaalid 1 ignore TRab canry: u) Result 7 posi€tue- Ex = QB3B-5H — IFF> 6H B= QB3°SH B=1PF-BH (68) caseti) A>B- ber from lager number‘ 1s complement 26 B= 15's complement + [ 15!5 cooplement > oF FEE wt ee-B —— ee add 4 B20 ON, ws cob B= BOOTS add A QBS: 5 YroreD 0 BSA A-B= BZ-AH- Caseti)” Gobtraction of (anges aueobe Procedure 19 Find es eb lasger number Yenalies ou@ber a Proce smalless sunber cocoplemen ay ade tS complement to i 3) pdded vesutt Is complement foren- S, Fiod 16s complemeat of added aesult & assigr -ve s(j0- eee pag. 7TH- FBS.EH A= BBQ5S B= eB3-E (e-8) ACB case CO es complement oh B= sls complement + isis complement . PRE es add t ovB:t +! is cobe® * GB-2 add 4 4 BBQ1S Aacled sosvlt tb ; f KS to f a 2 complement eon) + menh > FEF: kB nd 1eS complement ists cocople 6a & ResolF is we a-B= -G&a.8)4 Canes _Binasy NucoPA6 ne P: magnitode (valve) oh > unsigned nucnbeX sepnesent onl nUMbEA - poheseas stjoert quenber” represents sj as well as IKE of a num bee + eegned deeemat avmbed 5 Exh Tf we consicler & +8 > 42, ~“F OF -Q ele: _s Thee ase two ways 06 nepnesenting magni lode seqned binaty numbers.(oO s¢g- magn ilode, foren - 2) SG0- complemenk form. Theseare th a earns ae too complement forse « ab as complemenF form: ) Representa hoo ab stynecl. number using $090 - Mag nilode. fore '— —7 In s@qa- magn itode- for, an additional bi called tie sign-bfk bs placed 1 frook of te. oumber. _> TP Me siqn- bet & a0, the number fs positive . orp ik es @ +, he oumbes *°S negative - Er +18. roagnitude = 1100 syn = 0° {| Then mepresenta bin es fepeiTele]- + ! i gyn 24 [o| ' ign enagm ocle- titi Tete |= -2 Sgn magetoda. ; Dri) Representation ab-_stynect_aumber using $90 1s complement Foren - > TP the qunber S, postbive, rie magnitede ts sepoesented ray the true binary foren anc a igo Biko & placed 1 front of msD- “> Th te number % Ve» he enagattode * sepresenlad in ts complement form & cod io front of MSD. Exi- +1. mognitode, = loo st was POLL Tere] RAS masitede . Aa 12 biaany = 100 » IS complement = OO!! > sign= | sts negni! -a- Prferet ti s Te stqn ds ¢ t+ reo} vy R entation of signet quanber, ostag. S09? 2 ‘omplement form SEP tue oumber is tve te magnitocle is represe nled tn tb tue. piaony form & & sign bik 0% placect. in front of msD- ; > TP ye number is -Ve 1 He om nitude. ts reprcented ini als onplement form & a sgn bir 45 placed 1 Froat of Msd- oe +12=[ 0 ee eonte ‘5 iede = 1100 S9o=0 : nage’ Saga magnified. sei IQ er 1 binary. = 1100 a iS \ fF = 00 ai scomplament = : =e = con = ft aQgn magnitods.‘ Binary Codes © > Genesatl digital -gyslems uke computers , micropsocesiors use binak walues means Dep can’ handle. dala % for of ~ 1s and ds. > Bub data consists numbers, alphabels , and some. Special chasacters- > So, all ese numbers, abhabel= & special chavactews ave to be convestad Yts bfnasy -format. « —> This pwocess of cone Sto ae Enouan as Binasy coden > the combtyations of binak Bits that cepreseat non alphabels & Spectal chasacters are called “ inary cocles”. >for Te representatiooo® a” distinct elements ina binary code — gequines a minimum of n bile —> TP we consider n=, Total combinations ane. 4. Theyaxe 00,9!) 10, Gl. they represent a decimal nunbens farm 0 to @-): Ces, Oo to 3 x ClassrFication of _binasy Codes — Binary codes ane classifiect % diffenent ways. They we. w werghled codes (2) Neon wetghtad codes (3) oeflective Codes \W Geuential codes (3) Alphanume.ove codes & (6) errordetectieg and cornecting codes. \Y weighted ceclest— the mato chasacterestic ofa wetghled code. fs, each binasy bit assigned by a weight and values depends on the position of the binary bit. > TE we, W, Wa ane te wetehts of the binays agile, ond 0, %)) %- are the corresponding bir values , then te deamal number N2 W242 +W,X+o%o Ps vepresented by Dinaky sequence x5 %)%o & ah es called “cocle wood." fer 161 ts a code wald then Ne @xlt Brotdx} = Moty= Fe Ex'- Binasy code , BCD codes @_Neowerghled_odes~ Cunweighted codes). > Here the LIF value does nok clepends wpon thein position means each digit position within the number ts noe assigned fixe walue-Ex Gray codes, Excess-3 code & 5-bit Bcd code. (2) Reflective codes '— ¢ self cornplimenting. code). Spceede % said tobe a veflective code , Hf Hie codeword of 9S complement of AI can be obtained fom the code word of N by interchanging all the Is asds Gosas'ts. Ee sai), 4aal, 2aalets. fos example. consider” BQ code» the code word -for 9 &s the complement ~for Mie. code o- Hene 9 number ds comp 86 number 7 &s i and number J +S Comp becomes ou 9 represent Vidy . Ss comp 0000 —rualue te ON 9, codeword fox q ts rue complement for Be code o. Ww Sequential code '- Th sequential codes, each aeceedin code f one binary number greater than ils preceeding code Ex Binaty codes, Ex-3 codes - © Alphanumeric Cedes'- these codes ase mafoly used repsesent numbers r alphabets §& some special characlexs . > A set consist? 10 decemal digits , a6 © lethews ond numbes of — S| pecial chasactess- . —> Dt contains bekween 36 to 64 elements °F only Carpi lar! letters ade included» and pelween 64 to 128 element 12 bol pres @ lowed case letters are @ncluded- > fr g6to6y elements veguive 6 bit codeword > uu 6yt 28 n ” 7 bik codeword - GY- asc, EBcDIC & HollestIh code. Asctt— Amestcal) Standard code, for information inlerchange. egepic - Extended Binary coded decimal olerchange Code. weerr detecting _conrecting Codesi— then binae information (s tyansmitted rom transmitter to receiver, there fs a chance of getting noise or errors Aue to this error bray o may be chaqgecl as 4 orvice vers. = % avoid of eliminalé this enor we jusk add exbor bit fo binesy dala. these bile al i ; : " low the detection times correction of errors. & ome. GERM Poril7 (for detéctiad) , Hamming. code (for coreckoo). |© suryshy Garyv— HUNWIW 09 UE ae) po hucwwo} p (em)02)2P Bre JUD ) &)ised o> bay Janay 4 Loyraap LOZ | sjedixan Fo Bpto BOP Jo Inset SI oan odious “Seed f poyporqper Ur x PA» Say co | oamagq V GOTPORAYG! psc a 21044. v1aega xa nos¢ Ilehe @poo ie po2 Qk! oO : oydly pequmees a [tT Gexgregys [yz0—idexo a) - ou yd a4 % E-xX2 Wes (8he yvew PP de09-28- /2eupays?d suonaerde YAW) IFO a rg] 290 a@ugsad Oh x ap a2 49-8 opm g- AT ape hao “pa Booey 7“ l STIQPAW HON 2 sxaqvyerjvp sy Qp ppwnrep 0 joosaede wu * ~omqenuddy LZhs tone [the NE9 hs POS s UBa IG Ee [sth Ith? —d08 poo Feoug = Sd 2per panbroct Span Brug Fo amp ypissuyo__ BCD code i BcD — Binary coded dectmal Sn Bed code deckmat adigils 0-9 Ae represenled by thelr foes ene atee our bie, bey Bed &o Y ane ate ode tn which eac! decimal digit fs vepsesented inary code. ok -four bike. or" P Kd aaeae The. mast common BeD code & 8-H-8-l coole - in Ths cole weights ane 8) 41 2,1 from left to ateht. %- Representation ob s} nunberr 14 info BCD. Given — dectenal auenbes = I++ consisls 2 Agils ak represented by -fouh bik binarg. , Each dig ale a o-It [Q=b UDip = (0001 0100) gep a =0f oe xi Convent (48-216).0 ‘albb «BCD. Given decienal numben = 78: Ql6 eobens by using, Zach digit consoled ‘inte 4 bir binaky 0 uccesside ctivise) bY a. I a Q (2 alien ae abd 2a) - #8, 38 t=] =0 & U9 acai apeeq “ait o=1 2 $F g - aA 16 Olt 1000 + 60100001 110 Jacp cD Adlditrsn — ae can pooform Bc addlitiny shen the. addition ob (wo not exceect P- Ligits @ does , ollocing. oveobers (BYES) vseg acp acteibos — Adel the a4 = 1000 0100 LS = .o0ot oot —— w 47 = ool tool i Ade (9910 LZl2B)io USM q 8 = 1001 1000 23 a) ool 2. thisnok a valich co addi ten . Because sur ob adigits greater 126 = [1000000 Han 4. gq BCD adel tir)# ORes 4-bit Be cocles / _> offer u-biF Bcp cocles ane 4221 13321, SAI! , S4Ql yal , 7497 BURT pee , > — Tm 428Q\ code , te wetghts ave 4-Q-2-| means bth AL has te weight 4 , bire % bik 3B have. Re. same weight Q ancl biku has Hie weight 4 Herne 2T one chifferwnt they. vepmesent negative cwong hls. Beane | 4 Bal | 33 [eau suai lean eral \e4eT | 8487 oO 0000 |0000 |eoeo 10000 doco joooo Joooe [0000 ' 0001 jeoel fecal coot}eoot joootjortt otth 2 o oto joote jootl jootojooll cotofottofollo 3 oot jeotl otot foottilo1oo jootl eroatiera: 4 otto oor fottl o10g}o tol joroo ele | eyac o roof fotto|! eco ororfotrrjorol we tout 6 rotofortr joe! otto |io0o Ole : tllLo.0 Q es ree aout oes eee ortr {Loeoproot 8 retolrtropr tol rorrf{roll root f{lltt 1000 1 ee er frraoftreofforept tt ey tt | | Non weighted ¢ Codes!— Excecs-5 Code / Ex-3 / XS3'~ 3 ce 3 a mod ek for Of @ BCD code - othe excess~3 code. canbe obtained, foo te natural B¢ 0 code ch codec sumbes ¢-e add 3 to each decimal by adding 5 to € qumber & (hen convent ots oy bik binaky. _s> Heme no fice upeighTa ave assi'gnkeal « pecimal Bot Oa) aEx'> Find ex-3 && (BEI 10° Given decimal number 36. Addl S to each digit. 433 Convent each digit ints 6 Bae binary. (Bip = (OO LOOM ex-3- EE fad Ge-3 code for Dio Given decimal thumbed FX-1 jade a fe each cligiF $-3-2 -3 E to S612 Convert each digit iol 4 -bir binary: Ex-3eode = 10100101 - 1100 [ vetective cocle. ov isthe €x-3 decimal nunber Note Ex-3 code, fs self complementing -5 Heme 1s complement of an ex-3 code ouambe code -for the as complement of he nespective exy— Consider ceedenal qumben = 4 ox-peode for 4 iS = tS = ts complement of ex-3 Ob UNS femenr 4fov yis = 9-H?S ee-3 code. for GiB> StS =@- (ol ints number system to be conven be convenrlad ald Doctmal and then z= oll = 1000 = Noto foro digiF in any — Ey-3 code, Pash af should to Ex-3 code anct vice verse: Ex Convent (Or tate ee aes Given bia aunbea? = lO,” , ‘ te olectenal number - convert ttS bined number 1) e : wi) = Bt atl= rt Pad Bena rE K totl * = (ows = WDvw- add 3 te each Aig aBe- convent each agit inte 4-bik bina Cx-3 = O100 C100 - Ee Convent ware ints rd cafe ig ; . convent \35)6 inle decimal = 3 Av = (3x16) 2Qoxi6 = YRHO @ cd 3 ty eachelgit 38 =(58) to Govoak each digiints binary, “BN €rx-2 = 1000 1011Poocedune— io Bele the giver binadey numbers Using nules fos binoay addition » Tf an HO cluceS a clecenal ~ ca ¢ pup: ey JmOtP peo 7 wry , add ool! to tuak 3) any group does aot proctuce. adectmal carry cublkact Ooll feo tuak group: : — teed code » FP we add decimal digits vabase sum Ps an Ex-6 number nesulls - } pesdetam get Ex-3-forn we must subtiack 3: exi-_ Peorforro que -followiNG addition operations In Gx-3 Code. 9Q-6 + ISR Ap ta-6 acid 3 te each clit 33 3 se oe 4 convent each digit vals bik binary. Er-3 code for A = 1010 alot + (oo! 2 15+ iW10 ol. 9(@0 cp Ott GOH” Ot ap toie tors = mea case t0'- Fn Ex-3 code 1 TP We adc. decimal aligits whose sum is gear thang, ade © 3 tadue- recat t set Spi cr 48 use Exd patel Ceo) openatioo pe F add 3 f each digiF a = 443210 conueat ib To q bib blaasg- €x-3 code. for 4 = 1010 - 5 add 3 +o each digit ex A = 1010) e - ex-3 B FOlla 2 343 76 2 ait ex-3 code for B= ONO 10000 adel 3 to dhe, nosuth to get €x-3 form 10000 Oo\l © oe tt ToOOl\( 0er Add B&B & 36 using BCD addition - A= QB one 6 i - Ex-3 A= Olof Ill 6- 326 3 3 7 33. -3 B = Ollo 100! exe te - $100 Ol00 Glcimal sume I subtracroou va) Conctel oot Celecienal S009 >t tt 1100 0100 —oott +00ll Otl4 ex-3 added revit = 100! x Grey Code _. me cole which exhibils only a stagle Bit change Prom one nunbes to te next f known as “gaay Code! <> means Zn this cede befcoeen any two successive code words ia only one position « quene will be & change 1 , -5 This also calledas " att dvetance. code! oF Neyclic Cocle'. 5 No specific weight assigned to each Bit posttion> Se, fe is a non weeghted cocle - : : petlected code’ becouse n-bit 7 Gra, code % also called as 7, abletined by baron ae sePlecting The (4) bit code. GUY code fs quirpercore | sbitgeycede | abit fray code. Jd do dx & do db hd Si © o¢ o 0 ° o 000 a) o oO! eo oot 7 o'tott : al o o1°0 \ ° o tto " o tous o tor I eat oO 1\oo © to 2a toe i ieee arom l oo aan tt cn thea I roto I o.4°o foo 4 ipreeOurOne { oa0aro bo Binary Convesrs@O *— Proceduse!— a ww Abenbeor of bite Ma gnay ¢ 2 The ™SB of te binany ovo gory code, 80 walter , . (gy To obtain she oext bina bik, peordorn exclusive og addition Be actelitia coiT neglecting SONY bekveen fue jush written down binatg bik aod que next gray code. bik). wnite clown ode = no. 8b bIIF in binasy code - ber % same as the MmsB of the we copeat THe step § untill all gray code bits cdeyplelect - =a eb 9o4n4-~- - Jide —» gnay code - {‘ ba boy - — -- bibo binady code. Go = be: baa= Go-\ @bn. | bo-8= Qo-2 bor ete = Ey convent role ntl gad cole tate binary copes ine til Grey code, l R . ° Al ) ny Lolels peel? ° Bioasy code 3 0 we_Bioady {gray _Conveaso = Poocedure — number iB same as the SB of the > The MmsB of binary co gray code, So wile i dewn- 2 To obkain the gext gray code bik, peofore eel exclusive ce additian bekween preset ORY code. @ next FRAY cocle bit. voaite iF docon « , @) Repeak the step untill all bingy >! Hese b= go Sn-1> ERG bo’ Qn-2= bo-1® bros TF binany. code. inte grey. code Ex’ Convenr 11001010 Bumyeode 1 L 9 9 fF © a] id ad ld Gray code i " ? bh NN rrr Lh* Bib BCD codes ~ _> Sbik cedes also exist. Sbik BcD codes ane. useful toy evsor detects. They ane SU Coce and shift counter code. These Q five bit BcD cocles ane. nonweighled codes. Decimal Sut | shiftesvoltr | © ©0000 | 00000 t oooot aooo! co oootl ooo! 3 eotll oot 4 oul oll S 1 oooo Ji tits 6 1 1000 t( 110 3 tttoo | tt leo 8 1tttlo U0 q eit) 1000 cj * Alpha numenio Cocles ~ ASCII Code Ascu— Ameciica = Pea widely bit code: 5 Ss eral nucnbern ob diferent bik patteunns ane. Q'= 1Q8- —> Bub most computers manipulate an g-bik ULantil7 as aye siggle usit called a byte: So the. extia biE used for other pumposes depending on the applications: t) Standand code. for Information Talerchange. usec alphanumerté code: This 1s basically. Exr Simple printer recognise @biF Ascii chanachrs wilh the msA sch too. we foot can be titel fo convent both the u PeorCASe » veg ce. Stehandict of alphabel® (26+a6) and numbens and sera syenbols « aye @ =64 5, space = 38; Sha PSA) abet: SDwBL YG Lexwemncase. alphabets = 96+ y pace =434+8= SS cited ‘nts asct C+ bit bina) = olotll.Px a “ae “8 ney Oe eee 3) =1 © 00000 S= 5470 | loy so C=6F21 0000 | 4 cmese hood ant e-69 _ @ scse nee cad oP et = WOOGDDO IONIAN TO TAF! | LOGO oy. 280016 _code- slancand fox Extéadect bi eopepe. Seon to ee ees ect A Bae cRR Hak hinge code > Dh 2 as6 bik patteraep ~~ & Dh isa shandond code for | ; follemtI5_ code — thik layge. computers. ~''°!01 — % Be code essential ; a punched cands- To this each ch ge Usecl with the. seguence 0b 1S & ols. This chonacter cs vepresentad asx eed detecting Coctes'— Ba 1a-bik Code. Posi Cocle'- i — PN AX > Pasily code tse exvor detectio, code. Hene , adding, an exter BIE “called as partly bi wipe woe eto teancstCing ytiene ane wo types oF past (F u Euan parcy . WD Odd panily Sven partly = fas even pasily » tue parity bit ts set te 0 oF 4 L the teansenittey io such away that tue total number o sin the wha including the pot Fags an even oumber. dd parity’ For odd panily, the parity Lppiigwsedls ootS Eb rue toanenittery in such & way thal the Feta! aWembevoF ¢ im te. worl ineludiag, Hue iy bit Gao cold number: odd & een ify we can deéleck t to each in the 84a BcD code adel parity x §oicamaly 1 - A ‘em, O--—99-70--9 —e2-- 9-00 cmaG QEwp-s> when data & receboed , a pari ¢ 1, & pasty Ai CACcee an eno squat if the. eel um isk sme enenales pasity system or odd in an even- parity syslern- een 9 oeet- = thes pail check can always cletecle a single. biternor bub cannot detect tt av more errors wthhin the same word : ; > But ely sed odd parity syslem tan even parily shen because en fe t% does not eteck the en fone atc -seated by a short ecrcde or some oer frale o's ASE cond iGo - eer Tn odet pols sgslem , wobich of the following words conta an error we) 1ornoull &) (00 11010 lo) U0 L0LO Ble ia oui! = terel nom ah is € Leven] i ocd pail syslimo So, this word has 29 error. wy 10010 = stat um of ig et[even] - >, Ts word hos an exvot \ , we Flore * total aumot 18 5 Codd] - So: this wore oes nothave ony enor eee once) parity echeme , which of the following coords contain ener 1a) 1010lalo tay tolorolo = total 2UM 06 tiiporte = tole nom o& 1S Geven. 20 error 6p, the. coord has an errors ow) rrp1allo o tot lool US CUO eect lO SATO by ' © fotrool > to tel avn of 1s sg odd. x Error Correcting Codes \— Coe a er ~F Hamaing code. fs an exrot o> Rash ib cee netect the exr0t and from an erreneods oor + ~ >, Hacoming cocle woe we —y ash we will lsc Us $ abouk proceclune.. Procedame = correcting code. ' the” correct the codeword jue. cumbes 6& paxtly pits sequined From the code Hat % obteinect by calevlattag ‘p’ value which aatisfy He following expression - 2! > tp +l vohere pis 00 #6 panily bits + 29 = number ab hformatioo/a bls pal—> TR frad “p’ Hew we use trarl anfenor melhod @ Ex -Frdout the no o6- tty ba eo ote hamming code ~for rool Y BIS for constocting. tne Sele Considem tral and ewor method ler p23 Pp 1 8 Bim + Parl Givendala toot me4 P23 7 Qe utatl 8>8 (sectts Fred) - . Miatmun oumber of partly bie ane p= 3] @ the k panity checking bits denoléd by. P,, Pr -~-- Pe located atk post ttans ak! trom left ave addecl to foro an gtk) bik code word: x Here 3 panily checking. bile clenoled by P,, Poo Po : localed at positrons L'. 4 Poo lefF ane added ‘to Povey 09 Cmtk)= Cuta)= # bir cocle word - _> the bits checkect for panilg can be noted fom below table - cthis. table (iste due error positions and corresponding values of tre position number for 15-bik, in~bik & Pbib Haraming cocles * Exrot Kpaecbir code free 2-6r code] Fox 4~bil Cocle Posteo Pg- Py Pa Pa Pa Pa Bo PA Py fa Oo o ooo f O° 2 0,0 } a0.” q cS eo at o eof o os = o at oO ° o.uo Oo 10 3 ° o tl ° o tl o tt 4 0 1 oo © 1.00 1 00 s °} rot ° L oe toot 6 } 1 to ° Lt 10 U too + ° cig Oo 1wett rou 3 ' oe 0 : o 9 ° i i oo] t o of aa 1 0108 TO ay too tt t otf 2 l 1 00 13 ' Loo ie tol (oO ? t tooegs@ consider the. table having Bit location, bit desynatinn , information bits , panty bilt Arilocoing. table is an example -for 7-bilk hamming. cocle wilh dala — tool aecnoy| al Galena enn Bikdlesinalico Dz) Pe] OG & |23|& | Be Du D. Di Mes Sogehi stegebit MF) ME) me Ms Pool bits Py Pa.| P, © Then Findout pornlG bit values PR, Po & Py © Feo he table we observe that fer #-bik cocle- . PS to be set to 0 ora | so Mat if establishes even parity i be Da) - bils t)3, Band + Cie) PB Dz De De Pais ate set to Oor | SO Hak iF echablishes even pani ly s é : parity overt bit 213/644 ChE Pa Dg De O#) % ty) be set to Cord SO tua th establishes even pani ly fat Dz)- over bite 45/6, %F CEE Py Ps D6 +) @H theo in Hrs example Tals lé Bit (ocatiod ale fs [4/3 Ia} pit deso ation| OF | eel Ds | Dy Ds [D1 message bils | 6 |S 3 Ponity bits Py Py | Pa P, (even parity) t ° I oO} hao at locations 3,54 P, Coven parity) | | o t lo P,=0 lat localtens 23/67 ye Paceven pail) itloleo|ll Rel lat localions 4% 5767 Requinedt.cocde| | olo | lo fo i) ee Fidallg vepresenk hamming Code Dz De De Dy 03 DD):Probleo Finclece the.Hamnming cocle or the giuen lata ff) Oloupl! [L euen 2 Guuen cata oformatiod “O1dildir *(ebik data) checking bits foo0n the Follow ge & O First fad Pail expresso0 of > Prt here 28 use Iaail ¢ ewor method ter p=3 ads 3484! . arin * lee Pay a> 4484) 6>2 4% gactistied: Minieucn umber ob- panily checking bile ane 4: © Locate panilG checking bits fr k bis Py, Pa-- Pe wilh ak locations - for 4 ponity checkiqg bifs locations one a. Bs ate 21 O a4 1 die ge & & wt. f4 mur #: 8 Pe toaations for 4 pani checking. bits ane. Py PyPy and R. @ Represent message. bile, panity checking. bits usiag ‘table. a T T [eit localien ihr | cw] 9 18 [Fé 514 3 Bit Resignation Dr} Diy | Dio | DF_]>B [P+ [D6] Ds]Dy | Ps Message pile | M2] MU | M% [9 ony |mn |, pasty bits Pg @ Foom the table. ob error positions for bit dala woe obsesue Tha P, Cevenpanity) locations 1931544, ' Pp, Ceuen pasvty) locattors 813) 6) lO, Ps (oat ponitiy) 45) 6,9 py (eed pant) B,F 110) 1 1 a fe D, [Dy 2 s = = FE oy P ° o ° ° ° ° } } t t U t OO FH - ~~ 8090 ~9 QO o-o~aly© Find A Pa Pu L£Pg using even and odd panily Bit locations [i> Ju Tio 1 \8 |z b So 4 |3 [2] I Aossqaatiod Dy}Du |Dio | Dy ]Dg | DF] De | Ps | Dy |D3 |p. | D, meg bits |p| Mu [Mio [M4 m4\m6 |ms m3 foxclg bil Pe Py Po| Py Giuen 3g acevenperl | y ( t] Je} {ofa HBS FFU , (euen parity) 1B; 6, F 10,1) Pig Cocker parity) *ocitions | i [ee | Re | 4) S) 61 FNI Pa Ca@dal parity) locations 8,910, 1 ening code oO ° 9 9 oP ° 3 So ° ° Hanning codl® Mp, My, Mio Mq Pe Me ME Ms Py 7 Pa P, ts Ugitporlgoo Lypanty pate + gdata bik] Problem & Fbik even panilF paca code % 100g: & Rolemmine tue enor detectioo and comect the date - Sol Given Hamming code ts O100011 O-Find numben eb panty checking bifs usiag. expresscon) ge Prem Given Pym=F bile leh p22 ghd F4 42a Xx leh p=3 g snl BEB uv Gatisfied . Auber 66+ partly bis io gtuan hamming coole. ane © © Ppeoity checking bil lecatsons ane. P,, Brand Fy. then message. bits “1 ne Mam ME MFGruen Hammigg cocle, = 73 Ms P4yMZPs Pf 43P>P, is o1oooll- —7 Feo dhe table enor positans coe , (eunn pasy locations W3iSi> Ps (enon panily tocattons 2)31 617 PuCeuen par 4 81 619 5 Arow the table = = + (Bt locations >\6 sla Aergnaliod Dy | D6 | Ds | 4 Hama og. coole- © 1 | o/° | m3 \me | Os} _t Py oO 0 Oo; |[° 1 POR Rent oO ‘i o ' bonoexor o}|1jo|o L> error present > Fron the. obsesvation [.cocmon bit location bekeveed P, and Py checking. tits dhe]. error detected ak laxation 5: —> So, change the 5 ik with comect tnformalon: then MD becomes AC — then correct aad Hamming. code %& OLlooll - fafa 7. o1lo.