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MATH213A – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS AND FAMILY OF CURVES

ENGR. UZZIEL ABIB P. GABIOLA

PROFESSOR
 ▪ Introduction • To discuss the relationship of the
▪ Elimination of Arbitrary DE and its corresponding
Constant function (solution)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To find the DE for an indicated
LESSON OUTLINE

▪ Families of Curves
solution
▪ Solution of Differential
Equations • To obtain the DE for a family of
curves under certain parameter
• To determine which
functions satisfy the
differential equations.
INTRODUCTION
ARBITRARY CONSTANT
An arbitrary constant is a constant whose value could be assumed to be anything,
just so long as it doesn't depend on the other variables in an equation or expression.

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT

Removing the arbitrary constants in an equation.

WHY STUDY THIS SECTION?

This section is important in order to know one of the several methods in arriving at
a differential equation. Here, the function (solution) for the differential equation is given
first, then the goal is to find its corresponding differential equation.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
How to Eliminate the Arbitrary Constants?
The rule for eliminating the arbitrary constants is to differentiate the given function or
relation as many times depending on the number of constants present in the equation.

Examples:
1. y 2 = 4ax
2. y = cx + c
3. x 2 + y 2 = r 2
4. y = ax 2 + bx + c

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
""" " "" °

""
PROBLEM: ""

Eliminate the arbitrary constant of the given equation: "

A. C- y :X
.

:* "
y2 = 4ax .

[ tgyy ]
'

' '
? 4a✗ '
4 ×
y y
:

" "
"" 9d×=2✗dy

µ
'
' ✗
' : 49 y
:
2×4
ayy
4-
&
y=2y'× ydx -2×04=0
'
'

2×4
:{
:
a yy y

y=2×M_µ
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
PROBLEM: MIX 4) dxt N( ay )dy=o ,

Eliminate the arbitrary constant of the given equation: "

y=✗ " "

"
y2 = 4ax dx

q
' n ✗

4.ci#id*i.Ifyi=41;y Ya)ydxr-2xdy x=2XY'

y
-

2
: ? Yax
y y

"(%÷?
-

ay

4¥
'

-21,4 ydx -2×04--0

:
'

4=2 ✗ y

a- _

tgyy
'
4=2×44
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
 ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
PROBLEM:

|
Eliminate the arbitrary constants of the given equation: ① y :c

^ " " } " °

y = ax 2 + bx + c "
②
- -
-

"
×
"=2a g-
y=ax2+b✗tC y
"
" ' _.n×ⁿ"d✗
""
"" " + ° y
"" ' " +
"

" ' "

'
29×+6
① y
:

"

9¥
a) to
"
2a( 1) ✗
y :
:O
,
"

② Y : 2A

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
?⃝
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
PROBLEM:
° ""

/
Eliminate the arbitrary constants of the given equation:
'd✗
"
' nx

E
y
-

−x + c e−2x + x
① y = c1 e 2
② :e
"

① y

[
" - "
" + ✗
✗
" "
"
"ᵗ
Ge
-

" " +
" y
-
- Ge
"
" " "
2Czé" I
Cali / (2) a)
" +
4) ✗
c. (E) f- 1)
+
yi.ae
-

'
+ +
:
y

②① y
'
: -
c. e-
✗
_
2Ge -2×1-1
y-ty.lt/-F
1) C- 1)
"
/ C- 2) +0

② &③
"
:-c , ( e- -24 ( e-
y
"
" " I
⑧4
" ✗
'

+
:
c. e- +4 ↳ e- yl =
-
Cee _
zcze
substitution ✗ Yczé
"

By ya e-
g.
:c , +

Elimination
+

By
ÉÉÉ+⑤
<

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
PROBLEM:
Eliminate the arbitrary constants of the given equation:

y = c1 e−x + c2 e−2x + x

g;"""""
⑤ )
" '
+

1-24=2×+5
'
"

3y
"
2cal
y' +
y
:
y t

'
-2452×+2×+2
241-24
=

"
e-
Y' ty
" 2C ,
=

y "t3y't2y : 2×1-3

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
FAMILIES OF CURVES
When an equation involves a parameter, it represents a family of curves.
Family of curves are set of curves whose equations are of the same form, but
which have different values assigned to one or more parameters in the
equations.
mxtb 6=0
;
Some Illustrations: y
-_

1. Straight lines through the origin

0
General Equation: y = mx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
FAMILIES OF CURVES
Some Illustrations:
2. Straight lines through the fixed point (h,k); h and k not to be eliminated.
General Equation: y − k = m(x − h) ly -

y , ) = m( ✗ - × , )
↳nt slope - form

Pfhik )
✗
, > 41

( y -

y ,
) = m / ×
-
h
)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
FAMILIES OF CURVES
Some Illustrations: 2
v2
(✗ -
h )2t fy -

f) =

(
3. Circles with centers at the origin ( 0,0 )
General Equation: x 2 +y 2 = r 2 hic

-072 Cy
-0 ) ? r2
) (✗ +

2
2
2
= r
✗ +
y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
EXAMPLES: FAMILIES OF CURVES
Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles having their center on
the x-axis.
-

|y=u✓
) C Chio )
•
)
' 2
; c ( h k =

ly k = ✓ , '
+
y yt-mit.in
-

2-2×41-42 ] +42

[
= r

7 [ ✗

' '

] 242
-

' :O

(2×2-41) 2467×1 a) to 1- y
-

< i

" " + my
.
.
_ ◦ ① '

in '=y

/
n=y
]
' -0
-
' "

/ h tyy 4
'
2 ✗ -
v
-
-
y ;
✓ =

)2=r2
'
0
h
=
✗
tyy
(y
-0+[45%+54441]=0
' -

( )
h t o
-

X -

(1)
(g) 21-1=0
"
- '
)
, +

1×-4 g.
"
yy
'
+ It (y :O ;
yy
= , +

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
EXAMPLES:FAMILIES OF CURVES
Obtain the differential equation of the family of lines passing through (-1,1).
Form :
Point -

slope ✗

¥
^
n

)
(y ) :m( ✗ × ) PC -1,1 '
1¥
-

.
; :
y
Y
-

r
,
7 >

iy-n-mki-D.int?fohf---Yj+p-u
✗
in

=m( × -1-17 ) ;
ly 1) -

n' to = m + °
(✗ + ,)dy
:( 9- 1) DX
'
m
y ( ✗ tidy
-

:O
-

ly Ddt
"¥÷
-

"
÷:
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
 ( ✗ try )2= ✗
21-2-14 +
42
EXAMPLES:FAMILIES OF CURVES
Obtain the differential equation having the solution as the equation

1×-42+14-141=12-0
representing all circles of radius 1 and centers on the line y=x. F

y)
7

.fi
+F,Rs#T_ •

;c( hik )
" •

G- hp +
Cy -
K ) =
I h -

- k
router -
•
•

Inner

b) 2--1
.
last
( ✗ - nitty -

• -

hthyj.fi?-:-Y. i#2x-2ht2y l-2hy- 0n:: Yi-

"-

( x ?2✗hth2 )
+
(y
'
-244+44=1 > ✗
+44

-24µg , ,

② ×
- 2h to ) + fsyyi

hy :O
'
'

htyy
-

✗ -

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
EXAMPLES:FAMILIES OF CURVES
Obtain the differential equation having the solution as the equation
representing all circles of radius 1 and centers on the line y=x.

T.fi/x?2xhth2)t(y2-2yhthY--
↳

✗
2-2×147,4-1 14-11-12
+ + y
'

-241T¥ ] +14,7%-12=0
.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
SOLUTIONS OF DEs
A solution of differential equation in the unknown function y and
the independent variable x on the interval I is a function y(x) that
satisfies the differential equation identically for all x in I.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
EXAMPLE: SOLUTIONS OF DEs
Show that 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 0.

y=cÑ
-

' 0
y
=
y
-

'
:( (E) G)
y ' ✗
= 0
Ce -

ce

y 0=5

solution for the

YG) is a
i.
'
-0
y
'

D- E.
-

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
EXAMPLE: SOLUTIONS OF DEs
Show that 𝑦 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 is a solution of 𝑦′ = sin 𝑥.

TE TE

/
room
sinxdx
'

y
: -

cost + c
y :
-

sinxli) ] to
y
'
=
-

if -

'
: sins solution
y ) the
YG
is
i.
"
'
-

sin
Y
_

DE D. E
'

Y the
-

for
_

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
EXAMPLE: SOLUTIONS OF DEs

:*
Find the solution to the initial-value problem 𝑦′′ + 4𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦′ (0) = 1, if the general solution to
the differential equation is known to be 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥
'

✗ °
,
=

y
=

→
/ 07=1
'

wÑ!2Gsin④%
Y

2×14,1
(x ) C sin 2X + [ 20052 ✗
y ,
←

C. sin 1--29
"
GOSH G) + ↳
4 =

' = 2C , cos 2x
-
2cg sin 2x
1=24 I
9--1-1
y
( o) -0 → ✗= 0,4--0
y
" ""
"
"
'
"

-4C sink - 4 c2WJ2✗ v.

csin%Fc.ws#o7
4(d°ˢᵗ°
"

y
,

C2=O_
=

"
ya (g) sinn -

= -4 "
→ sin 27
y
=

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | ENGR. UAP GABIOLA Source: Ymas Jr. , S E., Differential Equation Book
 ( )
-1%1=71×-1-7
Pi I l

ly ai
- ,

h
-

Pa [

i_#"
4- 11--1%-11×-17
1) ( x
1)
:&
-

)
-

( g- c) ( h
-
i

k ✗ 1- I
Kx
-

h +1 :

yh y
-
-

h
/
'
'
✗ I
hy y
-

-
=

"
" = I
y
hy
-

"
/ h -
1) = I
4
t