Qualifications MATHEMATICS 3 de PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL eS MATHEMATICS 3 STUDENT BOOK SPEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL Ua guts MATHEMATICS 3sisted by Persen Edaton Limited, 0 Stand, London WEA ORL. wpoamonglbaichostacere copes of ocel spaifeation a Parson qualifisston ry be foune on the \webote Hipa/;quaifeaiora paren com “oe © Poarson Eaueston Utes 2020, tad 27 Le! Bes “ypost by Toch-St La, Gateshead, UK Crip tittons © Pesrecn Eaveaton Lea 2020 strats ty © Tech Set Gates UR (Cover design by © Pearson Ecucaten Lmtd 2020, ‘heights of Greg Arvo, Jack Baratoush, Tom Beey, a Beton, Le Cope, (haves Garret Coe, Ass Macpherson, Brown Near Jhny Nenaso, Laurence Patenan, Joe Peta, Keith Pledger doe Slehowsk, Harry Sih Ooo ‘Stal and Dave Wikinn fo be ntitea tre autor ofthis work havo been ‘esserie by Bemin accerdace with he Copy Designs and Pterts Act 1968, Frat pbliohed 2020 maa2120 see 7654901 {rts Lirer Cataloguing n Pucetion Data ‘A atalogue recor Ms book avaiable Hen Me Breen Lary (sangre 2e2244 562 Copyright aotice ‘Alinghi served. No pert of fis may be erode in ay for by ay miners (ooking hotecoprng or toring Ki ary madhum by electronic metre ond ‘whether or not vans or idea fo sre ota wo cf this publeao) thet the waten permission othe coorght ne, except in acoardance vith the pevicens ol he Copyright, Doigne ane Paton At 1988 oF unr tho torre cl alownco eee by he Copyrah Leoning Rgerey, St lar, Shecksion Huse 1 Batlabedga Lana, Landon, SE 240 new ea co.) Appears or {he copyright ouner writen permseion sould beacause. Peetedin Sea by Neoora, Ploue Greats “ho urs anc publisher would thet thank te folowing nds and eristns lor bumisson vo repedace phebaanns: ‘Shutterstock.comsspacecone808 46; Getty Images: VedePrccuton , Westen 64, Sone Phot Lary 100, Abit Aer At 137; 120e.com: oninsigom 17 Cour mages Front Gott images: Vem Van Stour Inside rot cover Snattoratockcom: Dry Laban ‘iether imapes © Pearson Eseaten Lees 2020 Bilerwork © Pearson Ecveaton Leite 2020 Endorsement Stoternent serder to sure thal his resource fers tigh-uaiy support forte associated Pearson qualfetn, thas been tough areview poco by tho enerdig body “Ths procss corms that thie roaurs fly covers the teaching and eamng cortnt of tho epostizaton or part of aepoctiation al wach ts ame leo orfrme tha to nonselos an appropiate oaancebuthoon the deveopmex ‘teabjea! il, Knowledge se undrtaning, in Stn to preperton or Encersemart doe no cous ary ucance on asessmon! atte oF process {@0_pracice questions or advea.n howto arsner assessment cuesirs) "cada nthe eso» nor Obes resrne any particular aoc he teaching 9 delvery f areas course, ‘ile ne pubisers nave made every attempt to ensure that adic on te {ualiceten adits assessments accurate the cli pectecin and ‘Ssovhted eiessrenegutlarce matols ae te ony athe source ‘rirmaten and shout always be refers ferdfintve guidance Pearson exarinrs hav nt continued to any sections mn teracouce rlovant to ‘warrnaten pap for which ey have roponsbily. Eeriner wil ot ue ndorsed enue abs eour of eter for any sssoscmert sat by Pearson. Endorsement ef arosouree does ret aan that he foaourea rogues aniave tne Pesach uaieatin, he does ran tht 'Sthe of surate mata aval © suppod he quaeaton and any rescurce produce b) the aang Dod Shalisclude is and che operateCONTENTS: COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 1 2 FURTHER COORDINATE SYSTEMS 17 3 DIFFERENTIATION 46 4 INTEGRATION 54 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 93 5 VECTORS 100 6 FURTHER MATRIX ALGEBRA 137 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 191 EXAM PRACTICE 199 GLOSSARY 201 ANSWERS 204 INDEX 244sss CHAPTER 1 HYPERBOLIC CHAPTER 4 INTEGRATION 54 FUNCTIONS 1 4.1 STANDARD INTEGRALS 55 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO HYPERBOLIC 4.2 INTEGRATION 58 FUNCTIONS 2 4.3 TRIGONOMETRIC AND 1.2 SKETCHING GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC HYPERBOLIC SUBSTITUTIONS 61 FUNCTIONS 4 4.4 INTEGRATING EXPRESSIONS: e7 4.3 INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 7 4.5 INTEGRATING INVERSE 4.4 IDENTITIES AND EQUATIONS 10 TRIGONOMETRIC AND CHAPTER REVIEW 1 14 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS n 4.6 DERIVING AND USING REDUCTION FORMULAE 73 SOU ee 4.7 FINDING THE LENGTH OF IRDINATE SYSTEMS "7 AN ARC OF A CURVE 79 2-1 ELUIPSES 18 4.8 FINDING THE AREA OF A 22 Trees a SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 82 23 EXCENTRICTTY 22 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 87 2.4 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO AN ELLIPSE 29 2.5 TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO REVIEW EXERCISE 1 93 AHYPERBOLA 33 26 Locl 38 CHAPTER 5 VECTORS 100 CELE 425.1 VECTOR PRODUCT 101 5.2 FINDING AREAS 106 CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENTIATION 46 —_5-3SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT 110 3.1 DIFFERENTIATING HYPERBOLIC 5.4 STRAIGHT LINES 115 FUNCTIONS 475.5 VECTOR PLANES 117 3.2 DIFFERENTIATING INVERSE 5.6 SOLVING GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS 121 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 49 —« GHAPTER REVIEWS 130 3.3 DIFFERENTIATING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: 50 CHAPTER REVIEW 3 52CT SSG aS CHAPTER 6 FURTHER MATRIX REVIEW EXERCISE 2 191 ALGEBRA 137 6.1 TRANSPOSING A MATRIX 138 EXAM PRACTICE 199 6.2 THE DETERMINANT OF A 3 3 MATRIX 142 6.3 THE INVERSE OF A3 x 3 MATRIX GLOSSARY 201 WHERE IT EXISTS 146 6.4 USING MATRICES TO REPRESENT ANSWERS 204 LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN 3 DIMENSIONS 152 6.5 USING INVERSE MATRICES TO INDEX 244 REVERSE THE EFFECT OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION 160 6.6 THE EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS OF 2 x 2 AND 3 x 3 MATRICES 165 6.7 REDUCING A SYMMETRIC MATRIX TO DIAGONAL FORM 175 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 185PAGS ABOUT THIS BOOK ‘The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International ‘Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning, 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof, + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problom Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated FD specify the orotter into the main exercises ‘* Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results deditcrwiin = Challenge questions provide extra stretch - Sena 3. Transferable skills ‘epresent information + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book. in the exercises and in some examples ‘+ These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book 1 HYPERBOLIC Each chapter stars witha lst of Leaning objectives “The Por knewiodge check helps make sure You aro road to star the chapter Glossary terms wit be ented by bold appearance Each chapters mapped tothe specification certent fr easy reierence “Te real wor applications of tnamatns you ae about to leam sre righigted atthe stat a t= haterAGS Sepaystep wore | ramps torus on tha| key types of questons| youlineed'to tackle Recmqueios | are caretly graded So they increase in pages2-3 ‘© Sketch the graphs of the hyperbolic functions and know their properties > pages 4-7 ‘© Understand and use inverse hyperbolic functions including their > pages 7-10 Hyperbo s Feature often in architectural modelling. A hanging ct might look like a parabola but itis a a curve called a catenary (derived from atin word for chain). In buildings the inv avery stable © Pure? Section 6.3 structure.Casa Rasy €¥) introduction to hyperbolic functions Hyperbolic functions have several properties in ota common with trigonometric functions, but they using the correct mathematical notation. are defined in terms of exponential functions. = Hyperbolic sine (or sinh) is defined CHEE orten pronounced sine: as sinh = 2 * Hyperbolic cosine (or cosh) is defined CEEEDD orien pronounced ‘cosh ascoshx =£* 2 = Hyperbolic tangent (or tanh) is defined CEI orien gronounced tan’ o than! as tanh x = Sih coshx You can use the definitions of sinh x and cosh x to write tanhx in exponential form, sinh. 2 cosh. eee Multiplying the numerator and denominator of the final expression through by e* * tanhy= So? e41 There ave also hyperbolic functions corresponding to (ie. connected to) the reciprocal trigonometric functions: = Hyperbolic cosecant (or cosech) is defined = Hyperbolic secant (or sech) is defined assechx = ta 525 EEE often pronounced sheck’or’setch. = Hyperbolic cotangent (or coth) is defined ascothy = —1_ = e+ CEEEED often pronounced oth tanhy ~ e8—1 EEE) EID w= Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of a sinh3 b cosh! ¢ tanh0.8. 2 sih3= SS = 1002 @ ap) b cooht = 2 $2" 3154 @ dp) e tamos = 2<= - 066 @ ap) eeeBeit a) aa Find the exact value of tan (In 4), anh (n 4) = Use the definition of sinh x to find, to 2 decimal places, the value of x for which sinh x = 5 GEER) HED ows 1 Use your ealculator to find, to 2 decimal places the value of a sinh b cosh(5} € tanh(-2) d sech 5 2. Write, in terms of : a sinh 1 b cosh4 © tanh0.S dsech (1) 3 Find the exact values of: a sinh (In 2) cosh(In3) tanh(in2) cosech (In x) In questions 4 to 8, use the definitions of the hyperbolic functions (in terms of exponentials) to find each answer, then check your answers using an inverse hyperbolic function on your ealculator. 2 4 Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of » for which cosh 5 Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of » for which sinh x 6 Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of » for which tanh = —5 7 Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of x for which coth x = 10 8 Find, to 2 decimal places the values of «for which sech x =aa Cesc ® Sketching graphs of hyperbolic functions You can sketch the graphs of the hyperbolic functions by considering the grephs of y = e and y =e iahy a tee Ce sinthx= 28 ; 50 the graph of y= sinh.xis the ‘average’ of the graphs of ysetand y=-e* inh For the graph of = sinh x + when x is large and positive, e~* is small, so sinh x = de «ven xs larg and nega es smal ssn Be -sinha CHEE = sin sisan ‘odd function since f(-a) =~ fl) = For any value a, sinh (-a) Consider the graphs of » = e* and » ere 2 so the graph of » = cosh.vis the ‘average’ of the graphs of yeetandy coshx= For the graph of » = cosh + when xis large and positive, e~* is small, so cosh.x wie + when .is large and negative, e* is small, so cosh x = jer = For any value a, cosh (~a) = cosh a {0)= cosnx function because f(-» an evenBeit a) aa Sketch the graph of y= tant When 0, tae = 2 = 0 func a isu i Wheel go ancl nani stncme= ar coshx st tanhx & =1, BiAE wR RAS For f(x) = tanh, x € RR, the range of fie -1.< fix) <1 | tans = ysctand y=1 are asymptotes to the curve. GENES) ED oct re: Sketch the graph of y = sech x As x 1 95, coshx — 20, 50 sechx > O As x + ~00, coshx — 00, 0 sechx + The x-axis is an asymptote to the curve, 15:Cea asi ay ERO 6) TED crest omens Sketch the graph of » = cosech x, x #0 Using cosecha Sin For positive xX, a6. + 0, cosechx + 90 For negative x, a6 x —+ O, cosec Ao x 0%, sinha 06, 20 conech x + O As x ~ ~00, sith + 00, 50 cosechx The x. and paees are asymetotes to the curve. Example @ sxus Sketeh the graph of » 1 Using coth For positive x, a5.x— 0, cothx — 20 For negstive x, as x -+ 0, cothx As x00, tanhy + 1, so cothxy 1 Ag x 00, tanhy + =1, 50 coth.x = The y-avis is an asymetote to the curve, 4 are asymptotes to the curve, y= cothyasa ea ea Psa 1 On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = cosh2x and y= 2cosh x 2a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = sech and b Show that, at the point of intersection of the graphs, x = 5 3 Find the range of each hyberbolie function. a f(x) =sinhx,w ER b f(x) =coshx,xER © f(x) =tanhx,xER 4 f(x) =sechx, x ER € Mx) =cosechx, xE R20 f f(x) =cothx, x ER, x20 4/a Sketch the graph of y b_ Write down the equations of the asymptotes to this curve. +oothx, ER, x40 5 a Sketch the graph of y= 3 tanhx, x ER b Write down the equations of the asymptotes to this curve. RSID sketch the graph of. inh x + cosh x ©) inverse hyperbolic functions You can define and use the inverses of the hyperbolic functions. IF F(x) = sinh x, the inverse function "is called arsinh x. The graph of y inthe line y sinh xis the reflection of the graph of y= sinh x ‘The inverse of a function is defined only if the function is one-to-one, so for cosh.x the domain must be restricted in order to define an inverse, For fix) = cosh x, x > 0, 4x) = arcoshx,x>1aa asi ay = The following table shows the rbolic function | Inverse hyperbolic function inverse hyperbolic functions, | wee ann with domains restricted where ve imaiaany yearcoshx, x= 1 tanh x, [x] < 1 yearsechy 11 GEES) aD oo scne ne Sketch the graph of y= CEEED arsinh, arcosh and ‘artanh are sometimes written as sinh, cosh! and tanh! ‘You can express the inverse hyperbolic functions in terms of natural logarithms. SEEM 9) ETD warsis Show that arsinh x =In(x #42 +1) -P ee Problem-solving e2)~ axe exes ise quacratic in e* oa x= VT +7 can be ignored since Ve +7 > x You can vite it as (” — 2ve—1 = Oand and would give a negative value of e% which is not then complete the square. possible, So ware Fat infy + REE 1) + arsine = Inly + VET)asa ea ea Psa 9 Show that arcosh x n(x+v7=T),2 1 Let y = arcoshx eae a | ougerets earns (=x - 84100 ysinly + vx => arcosh.x = In(x + vi You can use a similar method to express artanh x in terms of natural logarithms, The following formulae are provided in the formula booklet and can be used directly unless you are asked to prove them. ® arsinhx = Inx + va? +1) # arcosh x= Inlx-+ va? =1),x 21 Ler poghli<1 = artanhx in| Express as natural logarithms: a arsinh | 'b arcosh2 ¢ artanht a arsinh = In) + vie + 1) = in(t + v2) b arcoch2 = In(2 + V2?=1) = In(2 + V3) 1 © ortanhs CE) =D 1 Sketch the graph of y = artanhx, fy] <1 ©® 2 Sketch the graph of y= arcosech x,0 0. Give the value of a correct to torench 04-2) 3 decimal places. (4 marks) b Write down the minimum value of 10cosh.x + 6sinh.x (1 mark) © Use your answer to part a to solve the equation 10cosh x + 6sinh x= 11 Give your answers to 3 decimal places. (4 marks) Ee 1) ELIE rnoouc-sourns neasonnci¢nauverrarion 1 Find the exact value of a sinh(in3) b eosi(ins) ¢ tanh(In 2. Given that artanh x artanh y = In 5, find y in terms of x. 3. Using the definitions of sinh.x and cosh x, prove that sinh (4 ~ B) = sinh A cosh B- cosh A sinh B marks) 4 Using definitions in terms of exponentials, prove that sin x marks) © 5 Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms 9cosh x ~ Ssinhx = 15 (6 marks) © 6 Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms 2Bsinb x - ITeoshx +7=0 (6 marks) © 7 Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms Boosh? x + I sinh x = 17 (6 marks)Beit a) aa © _¥ # On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = 6+ sinh x and y = sinh 3x (2 marks) Using the identity sinh 3 = 3 sinh. + 4 sinh®.x, show that the graph: sinh jersect where = Land hence find the exact coordinates of the point of intersection. (S marks) 9 Given that cosh. + Ssinh x= Reosh +0), R > 0, use the identity cosh (4 + B) = cosh A cosh B + sinh A sinh B to find the values of R and a, giving the value of a to 3 decimal places. (4 marks) 'b Write down the minimum value of 13 cosh. + 5 sinhx (mark) GA) 10 a Express 3cosh.x + Ssinh.x in the form Rsinh (x + a), where K > 0 Give a to 3 decimal places (marks) Use the answer to part a to solve the equation 3 cash x + Ssinh x= 8, giving your answer to 2 decimal places, G marks) © Solve 3cosh.x + Ssinh.x=8 by using the definitions of cosh x and sinh x (marks) Challenge EXITED sketch the graph of y= (arsinh x)? ceeamiiry BTeemeco dus 1 + Hyperbolic ee 2 ere 2 sinhx _ e—1 (or sink) is defined as sinh. x = veR + Hyperbolic cosine (or cosh) is defined as cosh x. ER + Hyperbolic tangent (or tamh) is defined as tanh R vp ‘ ent Hy * coshy e+] aS + Hyperbolic cosecant (or ensech) is defined as cosechx = ==, xe R + Hyperbolic secant (or sech) is defined as sech ==, ve R + Hyperbolic cotangent (or eoth) is defined as coth x = Ss + = xER 2 + The graph of y=sinh.x + The graph of p= cosh: Me yasinhx DN sens 1 For any value a, sinh (-a) = -sinha. For any value a, cosh (~a) = cosha. 153 The table shows the inverse hyperbolic functions, with domains restricted where necessary. CC Cesc Hyberbolic function Inverse hyperbolic Function y= sinh p=arsinhx: y= cosh, x>0 [y= arcoshx,x>1 2 2 p= cosech xx #0 tanh secha, x= 0 [p =arcosechx, «#0 ye cothy, «#0 arcoth x, [x] > 0 4 The following formulae are given to you in the formula booklet in the examination + coshéx- sinh =1 + sinh2x=2sinhx cosh x + cosh2x = cosh? + sinhex + arcoshx=intx+yx2=1} x1 > arsinh =Infx +4? + 1) 5 tn(3*) (<0. + artanha 5 sech*A=1-tanh?A — cosech®d =coth’ 4-1 6 + sinh (4 ++ B) = sinh 4 cosh B+ cosh A sinh B + cosh(4 + B) = cosh 4 cosh B+ sinh A sinh B 7 iff) = sinhx, then the inverse function fis called arsinh.x (sometimes written as sinh"!.x) 8 ify =arsinhx then x inhy 9 The graph of sinh x is the reflection of the graph sinh xin the line y 10 The inverse of a function is defined only ifthe function is one-to-one, so for cosh x the domain must be restricted in order to define an inverse. For f(x) =coshx x20, f'G)=arcoshx (x= 1)ras ees _ SYSTEMS After completing this chapter you should be able to © Identify an ellipse or a hyperbola from its Cartesian or and eccentricity for an ellipse ora hyperbola > pages 22 Find tangents and normals to these curves ~ pages 29-38 simple loci qui 1 The curve Chas equation x2- 9)? = 20 Find the gradient of Cal the point (6, 4). Pures 2. Find the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the circ with equation x + y* = a? and the line y = kx, giving your answer ms of a and k The Earth’s motion around the Sun can be modelled as Acurve has parame! 3 eR whereaisa following an elliptical path, positive constant. Find the Cartes of the cun 4 Sun is located at « Pure 1 Section 3.2 ‘Further Pure 1 Section 42 ne facus of the ellipse.cee cial Ee a ALL} BZ) Etipses In Further Pure 1 you encountered the parabola and the rectangular hyperbola, which are both examples of conic sections, ‘Acircleisa special cese of an ellipse Ifyou slice a cone in such a way as to produce a closed curve, the resulting curve is called an ellipse. s using GeoGebra. = A standard ellipse has the Cartesian equation xy y wat bi When.x= 0,7 = 1andsoy=b =a ra a You can define a general point P on the ellipse in terms of a parameter, 1 1 The standard ellipse has parametric equations (IPR s.estiuting x= ucosy and xs acosi,y=hsint,0<1< 20 ee y=bains ito +2 produes * Ageneral point P on an ellipse has coordinates cos? r+ siné which is equal to 1. (acost, sin). i pales section €7 Gm) rronesna ‘The ellipse E has equation 4° + 9y? = 36 a Sketch E. b Write down parametric equations for E. a 4x49? =36 4x? Oy? 36 * 36 b Parametric equations are x= 3cost, y= 2sinOS1< 27Sa EL) CHAPTER 2 The ellipse £ has parametric equations v= 3c0s0, y= Ssind, 0S 0 < 2x a Sketch E. b Find a Cartesian equation of E. bandindi41,the point P describes ahyperbols. QUES Gm) ELIE texsomcnssnserrmoe Show that, for 0-< ¢ < 1, the ellipse with focus (ae, 0) and directrix. hhas equation => ea e Let P be the point with coordinates (x, 9) So PS? =e PM? gives Xo Dak + Pe? + y*® = 02 - M21 = 2) 4 97 = lt 2) @ ae This equation only produces anelipse if 1, then 1~e2is negative and the equation produces atyperbola. Soi be standard equation of the ellipse. W2(1 ~ €2) then you have theSeals Ee a ALL} Because the ellipse is symmetrical about the y-axis, the above derivation will also work for a focus (ae, 0) with a a directrix. x = -4 EDD cviocrreias CF ‘and directices ofan alipse using GeoGebre. x For an ellipse with equation ~~ + a + the eccentricity, 0 < ¢ < 1, is given by b? = a*(1—¢*) Fogi is the plural of focus and + the foci are at (tae, 0) directrices is the plural of directrix. + the directrices are x= 2 Notice that the foci are on the major axis which in this case is the x-axis because a > b If the major axis is along the y-axis (b > a), then the foc! will be on the y-axis at 0, be) and the directrices will have equations y = the eccentricity willbe given by «? = b#(1 ~e°) : ED ss Find the foci of the ellipses with the following equations and give the equations of the directrices. aytye! Foci are at (45, 0) Directrices area) WU ~ 62) gives 16 = 2511-&*) ea Soden Soe = Zana ! Foci are at (0, #2) Directrices are y The ellipse with equation “3 +53 has foci at S(ae, 0) and S'(-ae, 0). Show that if P is any point on the ellipse then PS + PS! = 2a Let Mf be the point on the directrix x Let MI be the point on the directrix x Lt Pe rates Puree’ 0 PS+ PS" = cP erat CLEED tisisonimponent = ef-s] 42 +3] -0-ex ta ten property of an ellipse. = 2aCia ae aS EXE se cwncnaarsen Show that for ¢ > 1 the hyperbola with foci at (ae, 0) and directrices at x = +4 has equation BS we re eerie PS? = (x= ae)? + y BG = (fF -e ?PM? gives lets ae + 9° Soit be hyperbou. a-(e? — 1) you have the standard equation of a et * Fora hyperbola with equation =; — 7 + the eccentricity, ¢ > 1, is given by B= aX(e-1) + the foci are at (sae, 0) + the directrices arex= 4% ae Find foci of the following hyperbolas. Ineach case, sketch the hyperbola and show the directrices 2 4soa=3and Eccentricity is given by bi 4a Mer=1) fot stmet _ vs Fela = 3 Foc! ae at (e73, 0) Directrices are Heytctos ate yasivyia 6 25 Eccentricity is given by b? = a°(e? = 1). 25 = 16(e? 1) Foci are at (2/41, 0) Direetrices are x = aS 2 43 1, 50.84 and b= 5} Cae 25 3 Gate In this example b > a. However, untike with an a * 5 ellipse, the foci do not move Asymptotes are yasgusyeesx tothe y-anis. Setting x= 0 in the general equation of a paceman” which is never satisfied for real values of.Sd 4 Re ee hy GE =D = Find the eccentricity of the following ellipses 2 Find the foci and direetrices of the following ellipses. xy xy *i6t7 3 An cllipse with equation a Explain why a> b Find i the eccentricity of the ellipse fi the values of a and b. ¢ Sketch the ellipse, showing the directrices and any points of intersection with the coor Jp = ! has focus (0, 2) and the equation of the directrix is » inate axes. 4 An cllipse with equation = 2 Explainwhyb>a 7 b Find i the eccentricity of the alipse €- Sketch theelipse, showing the directrices and any points of intersection withthe coordinate axes. the values of « and b. 5 Find the eccentricities of the following hyperbolas. ¥ xy ange boas! S916"! 6 ‘Skoich the following hyperbola, showing clearly the postions oftheir foci and directrices v3 vp y °a8 i679 ea att b Hence sketch all four hyperbolas on the same graph, showing the foci and labelling each curve with its eccentricity GP) 8 The latus rectum of an ellipse is a chord perpendicular to the major axis that passes through x a focus. Show that the length of the latus rectum of the ellipse with equation where a> b, is 2 (Smarks) Gi) 9 The distance between the foci of an ellipse is 16 and the distance between the directrices is 25. a Find the eccentricity of the ellipse. G marks) b Given that both the foci of the ellipse lie on the y-axis, find its equation in the Form (2 marks) (4marks)ea aL a) @ 11 Ellipse £ has equation ™ 1, such that a > h. The foci of Eare at § and S’ and the point Pis (0,). Show that cos(PSS') = ¢, the eccentricity of E. (6 marks) ©) 12 The ellipse £ has foci at Sand S’. The point P on Fis such that angle PSS’ isa right angle and angle PS'S = 30° Show that the eccentricity of the ellipse, ( marks) €{) Tangents and normals to an ellipse You can use paramettic differentiation or implicit differentiation to find the equations of the tangent and normal to an ellipse at a given point. It is often simpler to derive the equations rather than memorising formulae. Example QQ) skis Suton = “Fadthewaens ye 2sing, x= 3. 4 Sams ay | 2cos ane = Boost You could also differentiate the equation ax ” implicty: 2+ ae = and therefore = 5 2sint ~ 3cos0) Sysint - 65in ~2xcos1 + 600s! Bysint + 2xcosi = Gleos?t + sin?s) Bysint + 2xcos1 = GED) ED osm Show that the equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation “+ j= 1 atthe point Placos', bsint) is axsin | - bycost = (42 — b)costsint 2 _ boost ex * -wsint acing Gradiert of normal is nt asint Equation ie p— bons = #2 gees) —L a Boose 8608? eyo emiecspanssingity bycoot ~ bcostsint = axsint ~ dcontsint | | axsint ~ byeos! —bcostsineEy alse FURTHER 8 = Os ae ab P(acost, bsin tis ax sint ~ bycos t = (a? - b)cos tsint = An equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation Jat the point You can use a similar method to find the general equation of a tangent to an ellipse. = An equation of the tangent to the ellipse with oad equation a = Lat the point Placost, bsin#) The derivation ofthis result is Teftasen exercise. > Exercise 203 bxcost+aysint = ab ea) ‘The point (2.33) lies on the ellipse £ with parametric equations x = 4cos0, y a Find the value of 9 at the point P. ‘The normal to the ellipse at P cuts the x-axis at the point 4 b Find the coordinates of the point 4. sind, 0S 0< 2 a 40080 = 2 = cos 3 Sind = 3S = sind = ay _ 3cos0 ax *4sind sine Bost Ae P the gradient of the normal i 3B any x3 Equation of normal at Pis So gradient of normal is sescnenenorson Show that the condition for » = mx +c to be a tangent to the ellipse 5 +55 The line meets the elipse when Xs 4 + So hex? + atmex? + 2a°mxe + ate = abe MF + an?) + 2a'mex + aC $7) = 0Re ae Cae i Tobe a tangent there must be only one real =| SS Therefore the discriminant of this quadratic is 0. (2ame)? = 4(62 + atm? be So Aat2mite? = 4a%(b2e? — bt + aimee? — ab?) ane? = bee? = BS + akin = ath Be be + abi ‘This is general result about tangents to ellipses, Unless you are asked to prove it, you could quote it in your exam. + ne 2 ye The ellipse C has equation 5 + 55= 1. The line fis normal to the ellipse at P and passes through the point Q, where ‘Ceuts the y-axis, as shown in the diagram, Find the exact coordinates of the point R where J cuts. the positive x-axis. Srsind= 3ycos cos tsind Q cuts the y-axio at (0, 3) == Problem-solving The identity cos! + sin = 1 gives cost = = o(-S)s 3(92 y= 16(527(-2) However from tne dlagram you can see that Ps in the fourth quadrant, 0 cos0 must be postive. So J cuts the x-ais at (v7, 0)EP ali Ee a ALL} FES orca mcm nessonmesancinernaron 1 Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following ellipses at the points given. a P+ y2= Lat 2cosé, sind) Lat (Scosé, 3siné) 4 2 Find equations of tangents and normals to the following ellipses at the points given. aoe > 2 = Lat (-2, v3) ® 3 Show that the equation of the tangent to the ellipse 75 + 5 = Lat the point (acos¢, bsins) is bxcos! + aysint = ab 4a Show that the line y = x + V5 isa tangent to the ellipse with equation “g b Find the point of contact of this tangent. vp 5 a Find an equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation “y+ 2; = I at the point PC cosb, 2sin6). “This normal crosses the x-axis atthe pin (+ 6 The line y= 2v + cisa tangent to.x° + Find the possible values of ¢ 7 The line with equation y = mx + 3 isa tangent to x2 Find the possible values of i. © 8 The line y=mx-+4 (mn > O)isa tangent to the ellipse F with equa $= 1 at the point P. ‘a Pind the value of im. (4 marks) b Find the coordinates of the point P. (Q marks) The normal to E at P crosses the y-axis at the point A. ¢ Find the coordinates of A. (S marks) ‘The tangent to E at P crosses the y-axis at the point B. Find the area of triangle APB. (S marks) x © 9 The elipse x as equation + = , 4 Show thatthe gradient of the tangent to F at the point P(3cos0, 2sind) is —Fcot (4 marks) Show that the point O(3,~8) les on (2 marks) ¢ Find the gradient of the tangent to E at Q. (1 mark) “The tangents to £ at the points P and Q are perpendicular. 4. Find the value of tan@ and hence the exact coordinates of the two possible positions of P. (4 marks) ® 10 The tine Find the possible values of mand ¢. mx + cis. tangent to both of the ellipsesea aL a) ©) 11 The ellipse Z has equation = + Jp =. The line fis tangent to E at the point P(8cos/, 4sin 0) and the line / is normal to Eat the point P(8cos0, 4sin 9). Line /; cuts the x-axis at A and line fyeuts the y-axis at B. Find the equation of the line 4B. (6 marks) GP) 12 The ellipse E has equation 8). Use calculus to show that an equation for , is 3xcos@ + Sy sind = 15 (S marks) The line f, cuts the y-axis at Q. The line /, passes through the point Q, perpendicular to /, b Find the equation of the line J (GB marks) © Given that /, cuts the x-axis at (-4, 0), show that cos @ = (marks) ‘The line f, is tangent to Eat the point P(Scosd, 3 y 13 The elipse £ has equation “y+ 72 = 1. The line jis tangent to Hat the point P(2c0st, 4sin 1) a Use calculus to show that an equation for is 2vcosi + psin = 4 (marks) The line fy passes through the origin and is perpendicular to 4. The lines fy and /y intersect at the point 0. b Show thatthe coordinates of Qare(z— 820s! 4st (4 marks) @® Tangents and normals to a hyperbola You can find the equations of the tangent and normal to a hyperbola at a given point. ERD sues ‘ Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation = 1 at the point (6, 23). At (6, 243), 12_ 43a ay 43 9 4 de Oa g Equation of tangent is Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation ~ 1 at the point (acoshs, bsinh) can be written as bx cosh ~ aysinh ¢ = abEM alse ae = acosht, y= bsinhe ay dy _ dt _ beosht dx * dx" asinht a Equation of tangent is aysinht + abkeor ye aysiebs + at bxcosht ~ aysinit = ab Pa = An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation] pe Dat the p Placosht, bsinh#) is aysinh t+ ab = bxcosht You can use the alternative form of a general point on a hyperbola to find a different general equation of a tangent to a hyperbola. * An equation of the tangant to the hyperbola with Fe . equation, ~'pg = Lat the point Plasec 0, btond) The derivation of this result is leftasan exercise + Exercise 2EQ3, is bxsec-aytan@=ab EMM) sosoenansnonnon ‘ x ‘Show that an equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation js Lat (asee6, btand) is by + axs =(a' + 2)tand sec) beet __b = sec Dtand ~asind asin® 6 So gradkent of normal is Equation of the norma! is sind, “sine - asec) by ~ Btan@ = -axsin + a? tand So by + arsinl = (a2 +b?) tend brent = 2 ‘= An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation 5 5 = Lat the point Plasecd, btan0) is by + axsind = (a? + b2)tand You can use the other form of a general point on a hyperbola to find a different general equation of a normal toa hyperbola.ea aL a) An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with 2 ont ‘ equation 75 — jp; Lat the point Placoshs, bsinh) — EYED The derivation of tis results leftas an exercise > Exercise 2E Q¢ isaxsinht + by cosh? = (a + b%) sinhtcosht Geo s ‘Show that the condition for the line y = mx + ¢ to be a tangent to the hyperbola 5 = 5 =lis that m and e satisfy 6? + c= an? dmx + 0% F Bex? — a2(onex? + xe + 8) = aPhe (b? = a?m}x? = 2mcu®x = ue + 6) = 0 Since the line is a tangent the discriminant -——I must be zero Ameerar A(b? — cme \ae(c2 + 62) ——— bt Be tame + a? Problem-sol ec = atm This is a general result about tangents to hypertolas. Unless you are asked to prove it, you could quote itn your exam, Exa if . ‘The tangent to the hyperbola with equation 5-—"> = 1 at the point (3coshs, 2sinh») crosses the y-axis at the point (0, ~1). Find the value of 4. Equation of tangent i> Sysinhe + Passes through (0, Ssinhr + se sinh Then but arsinh xeosht 1) ———ry alse ae . ‘The hyperbola has equation 36 — ‘The line /; is the tangent to 7 at the point P(6cosiv, 3sinh 2), The line /, passes through the origin and is perpendicular to /. The lines /, and / intersect at the point Q. Show thatthe coordinates ofthe point Q are ( 4sin The general form of the equation of tangent toa hypertola Is apsinnr + ab = hycoshs So the equation of i io Gysinht+ 18 = Sxcosht 2ysinh t+ 6 = xcoshr cosh! The gradient oft js SORE , int eosht The equation of a perpendicular line through Bxsinht ©, 0)15 y= ~BEStht The gradient of a perpendicular line is — xeoshi=6 2ainhe [ys 2ysinne + ALO, Axel xeosht 2xsinht _ xcosht 6 cost" 2sinht cosh? f= Gcoshi mx(4sinh?¢ + cosh?) = ~Geosht ne __6cosht Asin? r+ cosh ( Ne eeeat eoshi NAsinh2e + cosh? 12sieht sinner + cosh So the coordnates of Q are (ceo esi Fai? r+ cosh } GEN) ED wees ermeeernn 1 Find the equations of the tangents and normals to the hyperbolas with the following equations at the points indicated xP . ey . a ]g7 y= lat the point (12, 4) b 37 a= Hat the point (12, 6) xy . © 3577 = 1 at the point (10, 3) 2. Find the equations of the tangents and normals to the hyperbolas with the following equations at the points indicated, = Lat the point (Scosh , 2sinh f) = Lat the point (seer, 3tan)ee a) 10 any Talat Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola “> is bxsect—aytant = ab @ Show that the equation of the normal tothe hyperbola (acoshi, bsinhd) is avsinh ¢ + by cosh f= (a + b)sinh fcosh ¢ The point P(4cosh, 3sinh), 1+ 0, lies on the hyperbola ‘The tangent at P crosses the y-axis at the point A. a Find, in terms of 1, the coordinates of A. The normal to the hyperbola at P crosses the y-axis at B. b Find, in terms of ¢, the coordinates of B. ¢ Find, in terms of 1, the area of triangle APB. ‘The tangents from the points P and Q on the hyperbola with equation -~% = I meet at the point (1, 0). Find the exact coordinates of P and @. The line y = 2v + cisa tangent to the hyperbola 75 ~" = 1. Find the possible values of « The line y = mx-+ 12 isa tangent to the hyperbola 35 au the point P. Find the possible values of m. ‘The line with equation y = mx + cis a tangent to both of the hyperbolas Find the possible values of m and c The line y =—x +c, € > 0, touches the hyperbola = +5 a Find the value of e. b Find the exact coordinates of P. = Lat the point P. The hyperbola #7 has equation a Use calculus to show that the equation of the normal to Hat the point (acosh¢, bsinh 1 0, may be written in the form axsinh« + bycosh = (a + 5°) sinh ¢eosh . marks) The line f isthe normal to Hat the point (acosh¢, bsinh ). Given that /, meets the oraxis at the point P. b find, in terms of a, band f, the coordinates of P. (2 marks) ‘The line isthe tangent to Hat the point (a, 0). Given that /, and é; meet at the point Q ¢ find, in terms of a, b and ¢, the coordinates of O. marks) ‘The hyperbola # has equation a Bel ‘The line /, isthe tangent to HY atthe point (7sec4, Stan). a Use calculus to show that an equation of fis 7y'sin @ = 5x~35 cos (S marks) ‘The line /, passes through the origin and is perpendicular to /,. The lines f and /, intersect at the point Q. 175cos9 25 + 49sin b Show that the coordinates of the point Oare( (S marks)Ee tals Ee a ALL} Ge) 13 Pand Q are two distinct points on the hyperbola described by the equation x? —4y? = 16 ‘The line / passes through the point P and the point Q. The tangent to the hyperbola at P and. the tangent to the hyperbola at Q intersect at the point (m,n). Show that an equation of the line /is mx —4ny= 16 (9 marks) 14 Show that there are exactly two tangents to the hyperbola “5 = | passing through the point (6,4) and find each of their equations. (P15 The point P ties on the hyperbola H with equation asymptotes of P at the points A and B. a Prove that P is the midpoint of the line segment AB. (marks) b Prove that 04 x OB remains constant as the position of P varies on H. (marks) @® oi Each of the conic sections can be defined as a locus of points. For example, the parabola is the locus of points equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed straight line, You can use the properties of the conic sections, and the general points on each curve, to find other loci associated with these curves. example @)) chen. ene 2 The tangent to the ellipse with equation ~ xeaxis at A and the y-axis at B. « y= 1. The tangent to H at Puts the at the point P(acos , bsin/) crosses the Find an equation for the locus of the mia of ABas P moves round the ellipse. ; Explore the lous of th oe x= acost and y dy at _ boost ae int ar Equation of tangent yr bsint = 2224 — acost) or aysint + hxcos) = abuea aL a) Ais (asect, O). Bis (0, beosec #. The midpoint of AB hes coordinates (X,Y) where Get In some questions, you may be asked to ‘show that the lacus has a particular shape, ‘50 you may need to rearrenge the final ‘equation into an appropriate form. You might also need to use properties of the parabola and rectangular hyperbola when solving loci questions. This table summarises the results. Parabola _ Rectangular hyperbola ‘Standard Cartesian equation yes hax Parametric equations at, y=2at General point, P (at, 2at) Equation of tangent at P tar Equation ofnormalat Py tx =2ar tar? GEE 22) EQ eso ncrnconersnon The normal at Plap", 2ap) and the normal at Ofag?, 2ag) to the parabola with equation j meet at R. a Find the coordinates of 8, The chord PQ passes through the focus (a, 0) of the parabola. b Show that pq =I. € Show that the locus of is a parabola with equation (x = 3a) @ To lind R. find the intersections of the normal Normal at Pis y+ p 2ap + ap* Nowmal at Qs y + yx = 2ag + ag”tals ee) (p- 2alp — q) + alp? - 4") The factorisations of (P- ax = apa) + aip~ ain? + pat 7) Pe P)=(p2 Oe = py +99 are ca astspt 4a) Dartcularly usetul inthis type of problem and should be learned. 2ap + ap? ~ 2ap — ap? ~ apg ~ apy’——— apy(p + @) b Chord PO hes arate P * 4 SS Equation of chord is jeep eae wt CEE > yp +g) = 2x + 2apq Notice that if you let Since the chord passes through (a, O), ERSOO Re ere You mee ae ‘equation of the tangent at Q. This is O=2a+ 2apy si sometimes a useful technique to use. = pg=-t € Using py =~! the coordinates of R become (a4 ap? + 9°), alp + 9) Let R be (¥. Y), then Veatay?+¢) “p+ 30 a+ ap + 9) ~ 2p9) and using pg =—t Sat alp +) rN se Finnegan a <= GENE) BD eeseecnernren ©® 1 The tangent at Pap”, 2up) and the tangent at O(ag?, 2aq) to the parabola with equation J? = hax meet at R. a Find the coordinates of R. ‘The chord PO passes through the focus (a, 0) of the parabola, 'b Show that the locus of f lies on the line x = ~a Given instead that the chord PQ has gradient 2, ¢ find the locus of R.ee a) @®2 @®« any Talat The hyperbola H has equation 75 ~ 53 The line /; is tangent to Hat the point Pusect, b tans), a Use calculus to show that an equation for jis byseet — aytant = ab (marks) The line /, cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. b Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is 4 = (S marks) ‘The hyperbola H has equation = 1. The line /, is normal to Hat the point Pla sect, tand). aR 4 Use caleulus to show that an equation for jis axsin + by = la? + b?kane (4 marks) The line J, cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B, b Show that the locus of the (a? + bP + 4b2y2 marks) set 25 a Use calculus to show that an equation for h is 3y cos = Sx sin@[email protected]@ 4 marks) The ellipse £ has equation The line f, is normal to Eat the point PGS cos 9, 3 sind). ‘The line /, cuts the x-axis at M and the y-axis at N. b Show that the locus of the midpoint of MN (marks) The tangent at the point Pp, §) and the tangent at the point Qf, §) to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c* intersect at the point R a Show that Ris (p°P4, 2¢ (marks) b Show that the chord PQ has equation ypq +x = ep +9) @ marks) ¢ Find the locus of R, given that: i the chord PQ has gradient 2 (2 marks) ii the chord PQ passes through the point (1, 0) (marks) iii the chorel PQ passes through the point (0, 1). (marks) a. Find the gradient of the parabola with equation 32 = day at the point P(ar, 2a) b Hence show that the equation of the tangent at this point is, ‘The tangent meets the y-axis at 7, and Os the origin, , Show that the coordinates of the centre of the circle through O, P and Tare (#f +a, 4) nny ta The chor PQ to the rectangular hyperbola asses through the point (0, 1) Find the equi ion of the locus of the midpoint of PQ as P and Q vary. (7 marks) The point Plies on the ellipse with equation =; +; = |. The point Nis the foot of the perpendicular from point P to the line y= 6. M is the midpoint of PW. a Find an equation for the locus of M as P moves around the ellipse. (marks) b Show that this locus is a cirele and state its centre and radius, (marks) aCP alse Ee a ALL} x The points A end Bie on an ellipse with equation =; such that the chord 4B has gradient A. Show that the locus of the midpoints of al possible such chords 4B has equation ‘katy +b2x-= 0, and describe this locus. GREET!) BD vores 1 The ellipse # has parametric equations 4cos0, = 9sind a Find a Cartesian equation of the ellipse. b Sketch the ellipse, labelling any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. © Find the equation of the normal to the ellipse at P(4cos#, 9sin 9), sinh 2 The hyperbola H has parametric equations «= +2cosh ‘a Find a Cartesian equation of the hyperbola. b Sketch the hyperbola, giving the equations of the asymptotes and show points of intersection of the hyperbola with the x-axis. © Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at Q@cosh i, Ssinh/). Ge) 3 A hyperbola of the form through the point (a, 0) = I has asymptotes with equations p = mv and passes ‘a Find an equation of the hyperbola in terms of x,y. @ and m. (4 marks) A point P on this hyperbola is equidistant from one of the hyperbola’s asymptotes and the x-axis, b Prove that, for all values of m, P lies on the curve with equation (2- p= 4x°02-@) G marks) GB) 4 a Prove that the gradient of the chord joining the point P(ep, 5) and the point Q(cq. 4) on the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy'= cis 5 (Smarks) ‘The points P, Q and R lie on a rectangular hyperbola, such that the angle QPR is a right angle. b Prove that the angle between QR and the tangent at P is also a right angle. (5 marks) @®) § a Show that an equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy (with > 0) at the point (er, F) is Py + x= 2ct (4 marks) Tangents are drawn from the point (~3, 3) to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 16 b Find the coordinates of the points of contact of these tangents with the hyperbota. (4 marks) EP) 6 The point P lies on the ellipse with equation 9x? + 25y? = 225, and A and B are the points (4, 0) and (4, 0) respectively. a Prove that PA + PR=10 (4 marks) b Prove also that the normal at P bisects the angle APB. (6 marks)ee a) 7 2 any Cae A curve is given parametrically by x= et, y=4 a Show that an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (ct, $ ct (marks) The point P is the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to this tangent. b Show that the locus of P is the curve with equation (22 + 2)? = 4e2xyy (6 marks) The points P{ap?, 2ap) and Olaq?, 2aq) lie on the parabola with equation y? = dax ‘The angle POO = 90°, where O is the origin. a Prove that pg =—4 (marks) Given that the normal at P to the parabola has equation y+ xp = ap? + 2ap b write down an equation of the normal to the parabola at Q. (1marky ¢ Show that these two normals meet at the point R, with coordinates (ap? + ag —2a, Aap + 4) (marks) Show that, as p and q vary, the locus of R has equation y* = 16ax~ 964" (marks) Show that, for all values of m, the straight lines with equations y = mx + Vb? ant are x tangents to the ellipse with equation = 1 (6 marks) The chord PQ, where P and Q are points on xy = 2, has gradient 1. ‘Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents from P and Qs the line y == (6 marks) The ellipse £ has equation 5 1, The line /, is tangent to E at the point P(6cos@, 4sin 4). 16 a Use calculus to show that an equation for fis 2xcosd + 3y sin = 12 (marks) The line f, cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is 3 + marks) The elipse E has equation 755 + 5 = |. The line 1 is tangent to E at the point P(13cos0, sind). a Use calculus to show that an equation for fis Sxeos@ + 13ysind = 65 (marks) ‘The line f, cuts the y-axis at A. The line ; passes through the point 4, perpendicular to h, b Find the equation of the line 4. (G marks) ¢ Given that /; cuts the x-axis at the focus of the ellipse (—ae, 0), show that cos@ =e (3 marks) ‘The hyperbola H has equation == z 1 ‘The line I s normal to Hat the point P(4seed, 8tand). a Use calculus to show that an equation for fis xsin + The line cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. bb Show that the locus of the midpoint of 4B is also a hyperbola and find the equation of this hyperbola (6 marks) 20tan a. (@imarks)Sst Ee a ALL} © 14 The eipre Eas equation + = 8 Use calculus to show that an equation for / is axsin# ~ bycos 1 = (a? 5) costsint, (4 marks) ‘The line /, is normal to F at the point Placos/, dsins), The line f, cuts the x-axis at M and the y-axis at N, b Show that the locus of the midpoint of MN is 4b’y’ + 4a°x’ -by (5 marks) uy ©) 15 The ellipse £ with equation ol ss foci at S and S', Prove that for any point Pon the ellipse, PS + PS’ = 10 (5 marks) © 16 The hyperbola # has equation S7— TG + The tangents to the hyperbola at points Pand Q both meet one directrix of 17 at a single point A with y-coordinate 0, and the other directrix of Hat points Band C. Find the area of triangle ABC. Cars Let P be a point on an ellipse with eccentricity ¢. The normal to the ellipse at P meets the mejor axis at Q. Prove that QS'=ePS, where Sis ¢ focus. /p eon x 1. A standard ellipse hes Cartesian equation “= +5=1 + The standard ellipse has parametric equations x = acost, y=bsini,0<¢<2n + Ageneral point P on an ellipse has coordinates (acos¢, bsin ). 2 2 A standard hyperbola has Cartesian equation "=>; @ + The standard hyperbola has parametric equations x = +acosh t, y= bsinhs, reR + The standard hyperbola has alternative parametric equations = btand,-n <0- 1, the point P describes a hyperbola. ¥ Lois Foran ellipse with equation anda>b e + the eccentricity, 0 2 + the eccentricity, e > 1, is given by b? = a’(c?— 1) + the foci are at (eae, 0) + the directrices are x= 1 2 ‘An equation of the tangent to the ellipse with equation “= + % =1otthe point we Placost, bsint) is bxcost + aysint = ab ¥ = Lat the point Aan equation of the normal tothe ellipse with equation 5 +7 Placost, bsint) is axsin ¢— by cose = (a® — b°)costsine ey + An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation = = Lat the point P(acosht, sinh) is ay sinhr + ab = hxcosh ey + An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola _ a = Lat the point Plasecd, btan ) is bxsecd ~ aytané = ab 2 + An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation = Placoshs, bsinhd) isaxsinhe + bycosh¢ = (a +?) sinhecosh¢ = Lat the point ~ An equetion of the normal to the hyperbola with equetion = Plasecd, bian6) is by + axsiné = (a? +/?)tand Tat the point & ¥ a reMa Ee) ees Ej After completing this chapter you should be able to: Find the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions and expressions g them ‘© Find the derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions © Find the derivatives of in erse trigonometric functions Prior knowledge check Given that Px, show thet 2 = sina Be problems in mathematics and physics which involve circular functions, For ditanx ‘example, the hyperbolic sine function aa eS a mice intne erecta dy MH a cylinder and the hyperbolic cosine te ary Oeste function arises in the shape of a ‘Pure 3 Sections 6.3, 6.4 hanging cable. + Pures Section 6.4Dea aa) You can differentiate the hyperbolic functions, ‘The formulae marked (*) are given to you in the formula booklet. » sinha) = H Ktsinhy =coshe =» LGoshx)=sinhe — (%) dx = | 2 + Xttanha)=sech?x ©) a 4 = lcoths) = -cosech?x . fileosech = —coth x cosech x Liecn x) = ~tanhx sech x ex) 8 So. Differentiate cosh 3x with respect to x. cosh 3x) = 3 sinh3x ——___|__oT Maa Rg as GED xp = Differentiate x cosh x with respect to x: digtecehi (8) cosh AN + x8. ax cosh4y + x? x 4 sinh 4x = 2xcoshax + 4x?sinh ax GEN) aD were Given that y= Acosh 3x + Bsinh 3x, where A and B are constants, prove that ried Y= 34 sinh By + 3Bcosh By = 9A cosh3x + Beinh 3x) ~ = 9y EID sus In questions 1-16, differentiate with respect to x. 1 sinh2x 2 cosh Sx 3 tanh2x 4 sinh 3x 5 cothay 6 sooh2x CED secnax- 2 coshax 7 sinh 8 xcosh3x g Sahx 3x 10 3° cosh3x 11 sinh 2x eosh 3x. 12 In(coshx) 13: sinhx? 14 cosh?2x 1S eos 16 cosechx GMD cosechx= + — 17 Ay =acoshny + bsinhiny, where a and b are constants, prove that 5 18. Find the stationary values of the curve with equation y = I2cosh.x ~ sinh x 19 Given that y= cosh sinh, find 55 20 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola =~ Lat the point 256 16 (16 cosh, 4 sinh)Dea aa) ©) Differentiating inverse hyperbolic functions : You can also differentiate the inverse hyperbolic functions. me 1 dr (arsinh x) Veei als = gy reosh) ae 1 Searanhs) ==45, OM ©) TD versinnc:ercnierrarin + dy) But y= (arcosha? sow - (2) =4y EI orn 1 Differentiate: a arcosh: b arsinh(x + 1) © artanh3x @ arsechx & arcosh. f arcosh3x g ©arcoshe bh arsinh ie” arsinhx j. arsinh x arcoshx k arvosh x sech.x 1 xarcosh 3x. 2 Prove that: d a fy (areoshx) a b Jy (artanh x) = rruals PLU (marks) (marks) 5 I y= (areosh), find y= (arcosh find 5 6 Find the equation of the tangent at the point where x= 53 on the curve with equation =artanhx. (marks) ©) Differentiating inverse trigonometric functions You can also differentiate the inverse trigonametric functions. + Mearesins) = et gy teres) = then singer cosy = 1 itereniate Peak - Divide by cos». — Use cos? y =1— sity butDea 4% Given y= aresin? find PTER Aleae) PLU 1 Given that y= arccos. prove that dy 1 ae 2 Differentiate with respect to x a areeos2 b arctan}, © aresin3 4 arccotx © arcsec f arccoseex garesin (—* hh arceosx* i e*areeosx §_aresinx cos kX arccosx 1 antans ay 3 Itany=warctan x, find 5 (8 marks) 5 Find an equation of the tangent to the curve with equation y= aresin 2x at the pc where (7 marks) oy ‘y=cos.r cosh then show that =; SEEN, ©) SE sos cro di 1 Given Ay = cosh 2x, find 2 Differentiate with respect to x. a arsinh3x b arsinhx? © arcosh> dx arcosh2.x 3. Given that y dy aa tae72 ® 4 Given that y rctan xP prove that (1+) r+ iven y= 5 cosh.x~3 sinhx fina a find 5 b find the um turning points. dy ay (7 marks) 6 Given that y= (aresin.Dea LA 7 Differentiate arcosh (sinh 2x), ©® 8 Given that y =x arctan.x prove that ¢2 9 Differentiate aresin —*— ess &y © 10 Show that the curve with equation y= sech.v has > and state a value of p. © 11 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola i (acoshg, bsinh g) Todas 1S (sinh) = cosh d 4 osha) =sinh ae {cosh.x) = sinh S tanh.) = sech?x dx 4 oth) = -cosech?.x dx 4 (cosechx) = ~cothx cosechx dx d EX tsech) = tanh sech x d Gy latsinh.s) = Karcosh a . ay tanh) = d ay aresin) d gy reco) Oat the point where x = inp at the point marks) Ex}Eee ee ‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Use standard integrals Integrate hyperbolic functions Use trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions . © Integrate functions involving quadratic surds . > pages 58: > pages.61 55-57 > pages 67-71 Integrate inverse trigonometric and inverse hyperbolic Functions Derive and use reduction for Use integration to calculate: the length of an arc of a curve the area of a surface of revolution eure eras 1 Show that { cos?.xdx = 5! 2 Given fx inex 2 > post > pages 79-82 > pages 82-87 © Pure 4 Section 6.6 x > 0, find, giving your answer to 2 decimal places, the area of the region bounded by the curve f(x), the x-axis, and the 3° Find [e*sinxdx es v=2ant & Pure 2 Section 8.2, Pure 3 Section 7.2 + Pure 4Section 6.5 1-73 Simple 30 shapes have simple formulae for volumes and areas. Integration Is used in a wide varlety of practical applications examples being finding the curved surface area of a car windscreen or of a parabolic mirror for a telescope.TSU) @ Standard integrals Cale As integration is the reverse process to differentiation, the results found in Chapter 3 mean that you can add the following to your list of standard integrals. You should know which results are given in your formula booklet; those included in the Edexcel booklet are denoted (ie. shown) by (*) throughout this chapter, = You should be familiar with the following results: 1 fsinhxdx=coshe+C ¢ 2 fooshxdx=sinhx+C (*) 3 Jtanhx=incoshs (+) 4 J sech?xdx=tenhx + C 5 J cosech?vdx'=-cothy + C 6 [ sechxtanhxdx = -sechx + C 7 J cosechx cothx dy = —cosechy + C . J va=a * fie 20 | 1 dy =arsinhr + C OS dy = arcsiny + C, [x] <1 arctanx + C since © (coshx) = sinhx ax since © (tani) = sech?x dx since © (cothx) = ~cosech?x ax since £ eechs) ~sechy tanh since A losechsy = -cosechcoths d since © aresiny ac“ d 1 ince (arctan. since 3 (erctans) = = d since © dy (ercoshx) = IF is replaced by linear function of in results 2, 2, 4-7, they can be generalised using frax+ndx=tax+h+c Find a feosh (4x ~ 1ydx 2 Jeommar=nar=t | ceosanswectnsiead sinh(4x~ 1) 40 b J cosech 3xcoth3x dx cosech 3x + ¢ 55Com aise} ee Results 8 to 11 will be generalised in Sections 43 and 4.4, but at this stage it is important to recognise their structure. There are many integrals that have the same denominators as those in results 8 to 11, that you found in Pure 4, for example is dx ana X_gy vitx ‘The results of these integrals were found using one of these two general results: otrooytar = fe froitoor'ar= St Tere nlf +¢ @ ‘You should be confident in recognising these forms (they will occur frequently in this chapter); the next example is included as revision. ex) Integrate with respect tox 4y T+ +Gne-1 (1) 4x oy ae T+? nl +x?)| +e nl tx) re fal parE () ier +e It may be possible to reduce more complicated looking integrals into two parts, one of which is one of those listed in 8 to 11. and one of which you already know how to integrate.TSU) Cale EID ne 1 Integrate with respect to x a sinhx +3 cosh x ie sinh? sinh cosh? x 8 sech x(sech.e + tanhx) 2 Find a [sinh 2vadx © [sech*(2x- Idx e feosech2.coth2xdx a. | {ssinnsx 4 coshtv+ es#(2)} ax 3 Write down the results of the following. b Ssech? x 4 coshx - a> 1—_ Sinhy tanh hh (sech x + cosech x)(sech x + cosech x) b eosh(Z)av a feosech? Sed f J sech( >) tanh( Jax ByBa ace! ECG @ Integration You need to be able to integrate expressions involving hyperbolic functions. The method for integrating hyperbolic expressions is usually the same as that applied to the corresponding trigonomettic expressions. Many hyperbolic functions can be integrated by recognising that they are of the form " FO) 4, Jronttontawvor | eae Find a fsech*xtanhxdx b [eosh?2y sinh2xdx weet ¢ Jranhxdx a fpsttce & fsccrntanncar = [soaest-seantamuae sachex + C 6 bona =} fleoh@xPsrh2vas sbeoshear +c sl asus 2 + Storkx| + C GED Remember that you can alvays ‘check your result; differentiating should give the integrand (Le. the expression to be integrated).TSU) Tatty In Pure 4, you saw how using trigonometric identities often transformed a trigonomettic expression that you could not integrate directly into one that you could. The same technique can be used with hyperbolic funetions. (somos Qos a Find a ftanh? dv b feosh?3xav ¢ sinh? vax w footers [PSP] ac ieee sinhéx) omer) 4 ¢ 14 2 = gx porner+ nn? xx = [sion sih.xae aire 2 = Jlcosh? x —1) sith wae = deosh 3S sind = fonhxax coshx + C Sometimes however, the method used for trigonometric functions may break down, or may not be the simplest. In such cases you can use the exponential definition of the hyperbolic Functions. SETA) SED reassome Find fe*sinh xdx Caan 59Taal! SLU axx) Jecc.xcan be found by noting Find | sech x dx. that & (inisecx + tan x) 1 . = rece tang Wee wtan et sect) Writing sech.x a "and using the =secr exponential form of cosh x gives Sp that sec.rdx = Infsec + tanx) + Cbut sechx dx needs a different approach. ech tax = EH nw = Je a Use the substitution 1 = €% then "dx can be rep! Jocchsar= 2, = 2arctanu+ C = 2arctane"+C 1 Find a fsint? xcosh vd b anh 4vde ¢ ftanhSxsech?edx df cosech? xeothxde © [Neosh2x sinh2x de £ fsech'3xtanb3cde 2 Find sinh p+ tanh hy 2 Jasons” y | cosh? ae 3-a Show that [eothydx = In sinhx + C by Show that ["coth2x dx =n (e? +4) 1 V e 4. Use integration by parts to find: a J xsinh3xdy b [xsoch?xdx 5 Find a fercoshede b fe*sinh3xdx € feoshy cosh3x dx ® 6 By writing cosh 3x in exponential form, find J cosh? 3xd.x and show that it is equivalent to the result found in Example 5b. : 7 evaluate [St [ San cosns * #iving your answer in terms of &TSU) Cae es to find b [ech ~ tanhytae c [soesee 4 sinh? xeosh? x dx © [eosh'xdy £ ftanh*2xdx ® 9 Show that f"cosne(S)de= bi €®) 10 The region bounded by the curve y = sinh.x, the ive x-axis is rotated through 360° about the x-axis Show that the volume of the solid of revolution formed is a (e = 4e? = 1). (9 marks) 11 Using the result for J sech xd given in Example 7, find a |. dy b [seoh 2. 12. Using the substitution w shix ¢ ffi tam », or otherwise, find: a [xcost2(s4 dx » Joma @® Trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions = You need to be able to use trigonometric and hyperbolic substitution: egration. The standard results below, which you met in Section 4.1, can be derived directly by using a substitution. of 1 dy-=arctanx + C TH 1 10 (—2— Rove 1 ~ 41 [| —————dr =arcoshe + Cx > 1 We =) = arcsinx + C, [x] <1 2 dx =arsinhx + C In these cases, algebraic substitutions such as = 1 — x? for result 8, do not help, but an appropriate trigonometric or hyperbolic substitution can be used. The suggested substitutions below are made so that the two termed expressions in the denominator are transformed into one, by use of a relevant identity. = For an integral involving \(1=x*) try x=sin# or x= tanh = For an integral involving 1 +x? try.x=tand orx=sinhu jinh wor x=tan@ = For an integral involving (+2) try x * For an integral involving \(x? - 1) try x= coshu or.x= sec GyCLAS es ELD rc ve By using an appropriate substitution show that Ie aretanx + C (GEDD the fice substution in exch suggested ppair is the one more likely to prove the better then 2 = sect choice Use the substitution x = tan A, 50 ‘da’ can be replaced by ‘sec? A dd’ and = Jaa #¢ = stctany + C. * For integrals of the form f dvi a v a sinh wand x: cosh u respectively are suggested. L aex dy » show tat [ Se, using coshu SE a asintu so “dx’ can be replaced by “a sinhudu’, and f 4 a sinhu due Vateoshu ~ a aute = areosh(3) +.TSU) HAPTER 4 bletra2tend = 250070 so ‘ax’ can be replaced by ‘2 sec? dl 4 2 * ro sen [geboapesectoae The following results are given in the Edexcel formula booklet. 1 x 2 has aresin(S),bi<@ Via - x) LLAD when a= 1, these become the results 2 fata = = Harctan(®) ato. (Only 13 has the factor 3 in the result. 4 lw FE 0 Vere) 15 fi —— Vet= a) You may still be asked to find a result by using a suitable substitution, but usually you wil be able to Use the results 12 to 35 for integrals ofthis type. ED ores: 4 . b show cat f J. = Arete lon), ea Se e+ ia) 4+) — z —————Cm aise ee Integrals of the Form rete | etee | etme | can be easily manipulated to use the results 12 to 15, 1 * foe [amTSU) ‘The substitutions suggested in the previous pages can be used in a wide range of integrals. GENIN) ED xocnne 1 Show that [ T+x?d ex Using x = sinhu, then SY = coshw 90 ‘dx’ can be replaced by ‘comhu di Lfo-vesanausat 80 Jae Pexsmte ©) By using a hyperbolic substitution, evaluate I 50 EDD vou cous se inegraion by pats ? Use the substitution v= 3 sinhu then ST and ‘dx’ can be replaced by ‘2 coshudu’ 3 cosh, 27sian?n FER ts coshucu—— =27[Leomu~ con) " rp a 1 sv 3 = 18/5 +18 -n| WS + No 6Pe ase EEENS) ED veo Unless a substitution is given or asked for, use the standard results 8 to 15. Give numerical answers to 3 significant figures, unless otherwise stated. 1 Use the substitution x =a tan 0 to show that / aretan() + € 2. Use the substitution = cos # to show that | arccosx + C 3. Use suitable substitutions to find 3 i 4 1 b dv © dy a [nar lz ie Sa +25 fe 4 Write down the results for the following: 1 x L 1 a dx b x c dx d dy la les las Jews 5 Find See d * lee ie 6 Evaluate 7 Evaluate the following, giving your answers in terms of x or asa single natural logarithm, whichever is appropriate: of Lax b ie 8 The curve Chas equation y = the lines land x=3. a Find the area of &. (marks) ‘The region R is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. b Find the volume of the solid generated. (S marks) © 29 Acircle Chas centre the origin and radius r. a Show that the area of C ean be written as 4], Vr== x2 dx (3 marks) b Hence show that the area of Cis 1°. (S marks) ‘ 2 x 10 a Use the substitution x = $tand to find fs wa Use the substitution x= sinh? to find fF dx, x >0TSU) Cale 11 By splitting up cach integral into two separate integrals, or otherwise, find a ax b [FEL a ¢ [243% ay y¥xra4d v2 14+3x7 12 Use the method of partial fractions to find f eax > 0 ’ 2 2 15 show that f Spee yds sae + 2m) aie 14 By using the substitution w=. ovate f Sods Jy Vx aed Ler- 3) ® 15 By using the substitution = Te @ sin@, show that f Jo VT cosh u to show that 4 ~ 2arcosh( 2 s\40 (5 marks) 4 and the line x= 4 (6 marks) b Find the area enclosed between the hyperbola with equation ® 17 a Show that [Feoax cams be written fae ; Sane 1 b Hence, by using the substitution w =e", find fr a 18 Using the substitution w= sinh, evatate [ ind | 2 ® 19 a Find [eenis« by using i partial fractions ii the substitution v= a tanh @ b Deduce the logarithmic form of artanh(, 20. Using the substitution » = see 0, find © integrating expressions = You can use the method of completing the square to reduce integrals of the type 1 pet et dv to one of the forms in the results below, results 12 to 15 of which you and | — \eetgeer have met previously in Section 4.3 on page 65. 12 Jaye esin(t) hi ass Find fartanh.vdy (Beta foearinatn | eon eTPaar) ee 90 I= xartanhy ~ ax a ficeee = xartant =x? 2 wm atanhcs Ltt = 2] + C: Evaluate [ arcsinx dx Aig ite ascends i au sities 3 3, v3n 4 6 *2 i @ =0279(3 sf) ny cima 1 a Show that f arsinh x dx = x arsinhx —VT+3? + b Evaluate I arsinhx dx, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. €. Using the substitution v= 20 +1 and the result ina, or others, ned [arsinh e+ 1d 2 Show that faretan 3xd. waretan3x—Zin(1 +922) +€TSU) Cale =T4e ® 3 a Show that [arcosh.x dx = xarcosh x b Hence show that J arcosh x = In(7+4V3)=\3 ©@®) 4a Show that farctansedy = xaretanx —}in(1 +32) +C marks) as is npn (marks) ‘The curve C has equation y = 2 arctan x. The region R is enclosed by C, the y-axis, the line y = + and the line x = 3 2 bb Hence show that f "aretanx dx = ¢ Find the area of R, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. (S marks) 5 Evaluate af aresinxdx bf xaretan xdx giving your answers in terms of 7. ay @® 6 Using the result that it y resee x, then —— show that is xx Jaresee xd = vanes v=Inbe-s VP =T} + € (© Deriving and using reduction formulae Often a method used to integrate a function involving n, (usually a power, where n is small) is, not viable as n becomes large. For example, the methods used to find f sin®.x dx using the double angle formula for cos 2x to give J sin?xdx= [(1 —cos2x)dx, to find J sin? xd by writing as sin x(a ~ cos?x) dx, and to find J xe" dx, by using integration by parts, become increasingly difficult to manage when applied to | sin”xdx and fx" e°d.vas n increases. In such cases, it may be possible (usually by using integration by parts) to relate the given integral in m to a similar integral in n — 1 (or n —2, of lower); this relation is called a reduction formula. By repeated use of the reduction formula, the given integral may be reduced to 2 form where only simple integration is required. OM 20) EE} corear rans Given that J, = J>r"e* de, where 1 is a positive integer, a show that /, b find [era xtet—nl,.0> 1arse) ee dW net and v 50 that $f = nx and fianll a foecdpmter b [xterac=t Using the reduction formula inexten= 4h, ates = a(nter 3h = xtet- 4x76" + 12(x7e- 2h) wstet= Axt0t 4 12e2et = 24(vet = $1 wxte!- ates texte! 2aver + 2aferarl ate! = Ante! #1282" ~ 2Ase! #240" # C Sometimes, after using integration by parts, you may need to use an algebraic or trigonomeitic identity to produce the reduction formula EAD) ED me Show that, if J, = few =F dx, then J, = 2n ind 2 a TE tetue x ana =i BM nx! and v= 90 HM = nx"! and Then, integrating by parto, 2 Zerg ai] + [ Seer -sten =10- 01+ ['2neet- las flerit = ote Rae Using the identity (1 x)= [xe ear= en 1h,TSU) Cae ex) Given that J, = fsinrxax, n=0, a. derive the reduction formula rly = (2 ~ 1)fy-2,n > 2 b deduce the values of i [/sinsax ii [snes Em would write cos" x as cost-1.x cos x Using eecraton by pas on ote sind tp poms x co9x and ¥ = ~cosx > ax 0,» [lstexax = [sie cosa]. + fin = tsinttxe 10~O1+ t= [she 2act~ sn? wt of'sirexae— tn 0 f[sineva f=We- Wh. - Wh, + hele tle ties donk =t1= Dhan» 21 the rece ormds TESS ETS wise t= (NGS) (B)s = [4p2)=3)-(B) fsncae wee) (2=3)..(2) a» Ifnis even Alla) = MSS) ee -CHIE=3)-AOE @ sintxdx = I -§\¢}0-- og =3 1 [lsrexae= i aleCLAS es Itis not always necessary to use integration by parts to produce a reduction formula, GEES) ED rev se 1,= [tant xd where nis a positive integer. By writing tan’ x as tan’~?.x tan? x, and using 1 + tan? v= sec’ x, establish the reduction formula I tan"=!x—f,o.n > 2 ee ee eax ETD cere name 1 Given that fy = [2te!dx, = Anh n> li b hence find xe! dw a show that J, = 2.x" 2 Given that = f° xCinsy"éx,n EN a show that =5 = 50,10 € Nt b hence ona ayia: 3 In Example 21 you saw that, if J, f an T= eds, them y= yh t = 1 Use this reduetion formula to evaluate" (+ I(x + 2VT= Nd 4 Given that J, = f.x"e~“dx, where n isa positive integer, a show that J, =-x"e~"-4 nf, 4.02 1 (marks) b find [red (4 marks) ¢ evaluate f ate dy, giving your answer in terms of e. (4 marks) 5 J,= ftanh'xdy a By writing tanh x= tank? y tanh? x show that for m > 2, Ie yea ptamhes (6 marks) b Find Jtanh'xdv (3 marks) e Show ta [unk n2— SE (4a