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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
Research Paper: Outline
Heidi Pino
Grand Canyon University CNL-527
August 18, 2020
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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
Escalation of Opiate Use
I. Introduction
A. A class of drugs that includes illegal heroin, synthetic opioids (fentanyl), and legal
pain relievers (oxycodone, hydrocodone, codein, morphine).
B. Primarily used for pain
C. There are several short- and long-term effects.
D. Addiction is very common on individuals who take opioids on a regular
basis (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020).
II. Brief history of Opioids
A. Opious was the first terminology for opium poppy which was the Greek word for
“little juice”.
B. Greeks and Romans would use opioids to induce sleep and constipation.
C. Hippocrates and Galen, both Greek physicians used opium poppy to relieve
coughing, asthma, headaches, sadness and as a means to experience euphoria.
D. Morphine was discovered by Friedrich Serturner a German chemist by isolating
the opium poppy.
E. In 1953, Alexander Wood created the hypodermic syringe and designed
the intravenous route of administration of morphine.
F. Soldier’s disease was known as the addiction to opioids by
soldiers (Abulhosn,2019).
III. Pharmacology of Opioids
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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
A. Opioids are classified based on their mode of synthesis into alkaloids, semi
synthetic and synthetic compounds.
B. DOP, KOP and MOP are the three classical receptors.
C. Opioids can act as agonists, antagonists or partial agonists at the above-named
receptors.
D. Hyperpolarization takes place when opioids agonists bind to G-protein receptors.
E. Elicit analgesia happens when MOP reception agonists interacts in the central
and peripheral nervous system (Williams, 2008).
IV. Current trends
A. Chronic pain is the number one area which data suggests a troubling trend.
i. This is in regards of prescriptions with a day’s supply greater than
30 days.
ii. Since 2006 there has been a 55% increase in prescriptions showing 17
chronic prescription per every 100 Americans.
iii. In 2016 there were 27 chronic prescriptions per every 100 American.
B. Most common chronic condition is shown as back pain.
i. Approximately 30 percent of patients were prescribed opioid for lower
back pain (McKeirnan & Frazier, 2016).
V. Societal concerns or issues related to Opioids
A. Tolerance to opioids has become an issue requiring dose escalation to
maintain same pain relieve.
B. Addiction is very common on opioids users based on its effect on pain.
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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
C. The hospice opioid essentiality is being confused by patients who do not have
chronic pain diagnosis and doctors who are over prescribing opioids.
D. Reports from the CDC shows no change in the amount of overall pain patients,
but it does shows that the amount of opioid prescriptions has quadrupled since
1999.
E. Opioids overdosed related deaths increased 200% between 2000 and 2014.
F. Medication marketing and cultural norms has led to patient’s expectation of
pain relieve by the provider instead of pain management.
G. Negative reinforcement has led for an increase of opioid prescriptions.
H. There is a requirement for clearer guidance to be provided to surgeons in
regards the number of opioids to be prescribed to help cut down the prescription
rate in half (Riley, 2017)
VI. Significance or relevance of Opioids to the counseling profession
A. Counselors can provide the help needed to opioids addicts
B. Counselors play an important role in deterring, preventing and intervening.
C. Although there has been an increase in coverage by the Affordable Care Act there
is still a shortage in professional counselors.
D. Available resources have been stretched to its max and public agencies are
currently participating in tasks in a counselling capacity (Professional Counselors
and The Opioid Crisis, 2019).
VII. Any future implications
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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
A. Due to the opioid crisis, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
are working together and concentrating their efforts on five major priorities:
i. Increasing access to treatment and recovery centers.
ii. Educating and promoting the use of overdose-reversing drugs.
iii. Educating about the epidemic by providing better health surveillance
iv. Additional support to cutting edge research on addiction and pain.
v. Creating better practices for pain management.
B. B. Governmental agencies continue to meet with pharmaceutical agencies and
academic research centers to discuss better ways to manage chronic pain:
i. New medications are being developed to treat opioid disorders.
ii. Overdose prevention and reversal interventions are being improved
(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020)
VIII. Conclusion
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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
References
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Running head: Research Paper: Outline
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