SELF LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PHYSICS I
SECOND QUARTER – WEEK 7

General Physics I
Quarter 2 – Module 15:
Rotational Kinematics
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region 4A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY

Dear Parents,
The Schools Division of Calamba City
is one with every Filipino family in
coping with the demands of our
modern times.
The current situation we are
experiencing right now has caused
immediate changes in our lives.
Above anything else, our priority is
your child’s health and safety, but this does not prevent us from making education
happen. Even if your child will miss regular schooling this year, we want to assure you
that no student will be left behind, because learning is possible anytime, anywhere.
Thus, we present to you this Self Learning Module (SLM) to help your child meet
the most essential learning competencies in every subject and grade level, and will serve
as your child’s major learning tool, whether your child opts for online, modular or
blended learning modality. The learning activities in this SLM are arranged to lead your
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real life skills. Most importantly, this SLM promotes self-paced learning as your child
can always review the least understood lessons as often as he/she pleases.
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with you at home more often, then we wish to request one thing from you: please
encourage your child not to stop learning. Consider your child like our hero and fellow
Calambeño Jose Rizal who, despite his studies overseas, would always recall the most
significant learning experience he had – his lessons with his parents.
Thank you very much in being one with us! Together, let us envision that, by the
end of this school year, we will see your child as one responsible young person with a
heart and mind for humanity, for nature, for the country, and for God.

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Dear Learner,
Welcome to a brand-new year of learning! We hope you are doing fine, although we
understand that you already miss going to school and spending fun, learning moments
with your teacher in front and your classmates just right beside you. Unfortunately, we
have to wait a bit further for the situation to go back to normal mode. But one thing is
for sure—the opportunity for your learning cannot wait any longer.
By this time, you have already chosen your learning modality. Is your access to
internet strong enough for online learning mode, or does your lack of resources make you
prefer modular learning? Well, you do not have to worry as to what your case may be,
because even if you cannot come to school, SDO Calamba City is bringing the school
right in your homes.
This is our gift to you: The Learning Packets that will help you meet the knowledge
and skills necessary for every subject in your grade level. Your teachers have worked
hard in designing these Learning Packets, and we guarantee that through this, everyday
will be a wonderful learning experience for you.
Please take time to read and do the activities in these Self Learning Module (SLM)
as if you are reporting in school. Set a regular study schedule for you as much as
possible, but keep in mind that these SLM will enable you to learn at your own pace. If
you don’t understand a particular lesson, the SLM would not mind you flipping back the
pages over and over again for review. Also, remember to keep in touch with your
teachers. Send them a message through your online sessions or write them a note as
you do your modular activities.
With this, we wish you good luck in your studies, and we hope that you will
remain happy and enthusiastic in learning!

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I What I
need to know?
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master concepts on rotational kinematics. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in

many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 15 – Rotational Kinematics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 1. Calculate the moment of inertia about a given axis of single-object and multiple
object systems. STEM_GP12REDIIa-1
2. Describe rotational quantities using vectors. STEM_GP12REDIIa-4 3.
Apply the rotational kinematic relations for systems with constant angular
accelerations. STEM_GP12REDIIa-6

D What is In?
What do the motions of an airplane propeller, a Blu-ray disc, a Ferris wheel, and a
circular saw blade have in common? None of these can be represented adequately as a
moving point; each involves an object that rotates about an axis that is stationary in
some inertial frame of reference.
Rotation occurs at all scales, from the motions of electrons in atoms to the motions
of entire galaxies. We need to develop some general methods for analyzing the motion of a
rotating object.
In this module, we will consider objects that have definite size and definite shape,
and that in general can have rotational as well as translational motion.

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Activity 1. Am I Important?
Directions: List some rotating objects and how are they important to society. Write your
answer in tabular form below.
Rotating Object Importance to Society
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Table 1. Rotating objects and their importance to society.

D What is it?
Rotational Kinematics
Kinematics is the description of motion. It is concerned with the description of
motion without regard to force or mass. But what exactly is rotational kinematics? From
the word, you can describe that it is all about any object that can rotate or spin. It is
different from linear motion when object simply moves forward or backward. The
kinematics of rotational motion describes the relationships among rotation angle (θ),
angular velocity (ω), angular acceleration (α), and time (t). You will find that translational
kinematic quantities, such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration have direct
analogs in rotational motion.

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Axis of Rotation
In the previous activity, you have listed some types of rotating objects and their
importance to society, right? Everything that you have listed are all rotating about a line
somewhere within the object called the axis of rotation. We are also going to assume that
all these objects are rigid bodies, that is, they keep their shape and are not deformed in
any way by their motion.
Look at Figure 1. It shows the wheel and axle of a bike.
Is the axle (axis of rotation) part of the wheel (rigid body)? The
answer is NO. If you were to spin the wheel around its center,
the axis of rotation (axle) would be pointing perpendicular to
the motion of the wheel.
Figure 1. Wheel and Axle.

Angular Displacement
 The symbol generally used for angular displacement is θ pronounced "theta." θ is
the angle swept by the radius of a circle that points to a rotating object.
Look at Figure 2 and assume its rotating about its middle so the axis of rotation is
pointing out of the page. Start with a piece of the circle at point A. As the circle rotates
counterclockwise, the piece of the circle reaches point B. The point traveled a distance of
s along the circumference, and swept out an angle θ. We can also say that the angle θ
“subtends’ an arc length of s. Note that the points A and B are always at the same
distance,
r, from the axis of rotation.

Figure 2. The Angle of Displacement

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We will now define the angle of rotation (θ) as the ratio of the arc length (s) to the
radius (r) of the circle. We call this angle of rotation (θ) the angular displacement. We
denote angular displacement as �� (theta). In symbol,
��
�� = ��
where: θ = angle of rotation, s = arc length, and r
= radius

Angular displacement is unitless since it is

the ratio of two distances but, we will say
that the angular displacement is measured
in radians. We know degrees, and we know
that when a point on a circle rotates and
comes back to the same point, it has
performed one revolution; let us say from point A, and rotate until we come back to
point A.
Refer to Figure 2, what distance (s) was covered? How many degrees were swept by
this full rotation? The point moved around the entire circumference, so it traveled 2πr,
while an angle of 3600 was swept through. Using the angular displacement definition:
��
�� = ��=2����

��= 2�� ��������������

360° = 2�� ��������������

1 ������������ =360°
2��= 57.3°

When an object makes one complete revolution, it sweeps out an angle of 3600 or
2π radians. One radian is the angle at which the arc has the same length as the radius r.
Keep in mind that 1 radian = 57.30 and that the radian is frequently abbreviated as
“rad”. Sample Problems
1. An object travels around a circle 10 full turns in 2.5 seconds. Calculate the angular
displacement, θ, in radians.
Solution:
Note that 1 complete rotation = 3600 = 2π radians
�� = 10 ���������� (2�� ������
1 ��������) = 20�� ������ ≈ 62.8 ������ (Answer)

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2. A girl goes around a circular track that has a diameter of 12 m. If she runs around the
entire track for a distance of 100 m, what is her angular displacement?
Solution:
��
�� = ��=100 ��
6
 ��= 16.7 ������ (Answer)
Angular Velocity
We can describe the rotational motion of such a rigid body in terms of the rate of
change of ��. We’ll do this in an analogous way to our description of straight-line motion
in the previous modules. In Figure 3, a reference line OP in a rotating body makes an
angle ��1 with the +x-axis at time ��1. At a later time ��2 , the angle has changed to
��2 . We define the average angular velocity ������−��(the Greek letter omega) of the
body in the time interval Δ�� = ��2 − ��1 as the ratio of the angular displacement Δθ =
��2 − ��1 to Δt:

������−�� =∆��
��
∆��= 2−��1
��2−��1 (Average
angular velocity)
The subscript z indicates that the body
is rotating
about the z-axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of the
diagram. The instantaneous angular velocity ����is the limit
of ������−�� as Δt approaches ∆

ze
�

r
Figure 3. Angular displacement
of a rotating body.
o:

���� (Instantaneous
angular velocity)
���� = lim ∆��→0
����
∆��=

When we refer simply to “angular velocity,”

we mean
the instantaneous angular velocity, not the average
angular
velocity. The angular velocity ���� can be positive or negative,
depending on the direction in which the rigid body is rotating
(see Figure 4).

Figure 4. A rigid body’s angular

velocity can be positive or
negative.
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Different points on a rotating rigid body move different distances in a given time
interval, depending on how far each point lies from the rotation axis. But because the
body is rigid, all points rotate through the same angle in the same time. Hence at any
instant, every part of a rotating rigid body has the same angular velocity.
If
angle �� is in radians, the unit of angular velocity is the radian per second (rad/s).
Other units, such as the revolution per minute (rev/min or rpm), are often used. Since 1
������ = 2�� ������, two useful conversions are:

������ ������
1 ��= 2�� ��& 1������
������ = 1 ������ =2��
60 ������/��
Sample Problem
1. The angular position �� of a 0.36-m-diameter flywheel is given by �� = (2.0
������/��3)��3. Find: (a) ��, in radians and in degrees, at ��1 = 2.0 �� and ��2 =
5.0 ��

(b) Distance that a particle on the flywheel rim moves from ��1 = 2.0 �� to ��2
= 5.0 �� (c) Average angular velocity, in rad/s and in rev/min, over that
interval. (d) Instantaneous angular velocities at ��1 = 2.0 �� and ��2 = 5.0 ��
Solutions:
(a) ��1 = (2.0������
) (2.0 ��)3 = ���� ������ or 16 ������ (360°
3
��

2�� ������) = ������° (Answers)

��2 = (2.0������
�� ) (5.0 ��) = ������ ������ or 16 ������ (
3 3 360°

2�� ������) = ����, ������° (Answers)

(b) �� = ����2 − ����2 = ��Δ�� = (0.18 ��)(250 ������ − 16 ������) = ���� ��

(Answer)

(c) ������−�� =∆��

250 ������−16 ������
∆��=

5.0 ��−2.0 ��= 78 ������

��(������������) or 78
������

1 ������
��(
60 ��
2�� ������) (

1 ������) = 740 ������/������ (Answer)

(d) ���� =������ [(2.0������

3
�� ) ��3] = (2.0������
3
�� ) (3��2) = (6.0������
 3
�� ) ��2

At times ��1 = 2.0 �� and ��2 = 5.0 ��,

��1�� = (6.0������
3
�� ) (2.0 ��)2 = ����������

��(Answer)

��2�� = (6.0������
3
�� ) (5.0 ��)2 = ������������

��(Answer)

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Angular Acceleration
A rigid body whose angular velocity changes has an angular acceleration. When
you pedal your bicycle harder to make the wheels turn faster or apply the brakes to
bring the wheels to a stop, you’re giving the wheels an angular acceleration.
If ��1 and ��2 are the instantaneous angular velocities at times ��1 and ��2, we
define the average angular acceleration ������−�� over the time interval Δ�� = ��2 −
��1 as the as the change in angular velocity divided by Δt.

������−�� =Δ����

Δ��=��2�� − ��1��
��2 − ��1

(Average angular acceleration)

The instantaneous angular acceleration ����is the limit of ������−��
as Δ�� → 0: Δ����
���� = �
lim ��
∆�� �
→0
�
��=� �
� �
�
(Instantaneous angular
 acceleration)
The usual unit of angular acceleration is the radian per second per second, or
rad/s2. From now on we’ll use the term “angular acceleration” to mean the instantaneous
angular acceleration rather than the average angular acceleration.
Because ���� = ����/����, we can also express angular acceleration as the
second derivative of the angular coordinate:
��
���� = ���� (����
)=
���� ��2��
����2

Sample Problems
1. For the flywheel of the previous example, find:
(a) The average angular acceleration between ��1 = 2.0 �� and ��2 =
5.0 �� (b) The instantaneous angular accelerations at ��1 = 2.0 ��
and ��2 = 5.0 ��

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Solution:
(a) From the previous example, we have ��1�� = 24 ������
��& ��2�� = 150 ������
��

������ ������
��2 − ��1=150 ��− 24 ��

������−�� =��2�� − ��1�� 5.0 �� − 2.0��=

����������
��
�� (Answer)
(b) ���� =������ [(6.0������
3
�� ) ��2] = (6.0������
 3
�� ) (2��) = (12 ������

3
�� ) ��

At times ��1 = 2.0 �� and ��2 = 5.0 ��,

��1�� = (12������
3
�� ) (2.0 ��) = ����������
��
�� (Answer)

��2�� = (12������
3
�� ) (5.0 ��) = ����������
��
�� (Answer)

2. A disc in a DVD player starts from rest, and when the user presses “Play”, it begins
spinning. The disc spins at 160 radians/s after 4.0 s. What was the average angular
acceleration of the disc?
Solution:
������
��2 − ��1=160 ��− 0
������−�� =��2�� − ����������
��1��
��
�� (Answer)
4.00 �� − 0=

Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration

During the first quarter, we found that straight-line motion is particularly simple
when the acceleration is constant. This is also true of rotational motion about a fixed
axis. When the angular acceleration is constant, we can derive equations for angular
velocity and angular position by using the same procedure that we used for straight-line
motion.

Table 2 summarizes the rotational kinematic equations. Keep in mind that all of
these results are valid only when the angular acceleration is constant.

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Straight-Line Motion with Fixed-Axis Rotation with
Constant Linear Constant Angular Acceleration
Acceleration
a = constant �� = constant

Δ�� = (���� + ���� Δθ = (���� + ����

2) �� 2) ��

���� = ���� + ���� ���� = ���� + ����

1 1
Δ�� = ������ + 2����2 Δθ = ������ + 2����2

����2 = ����2 + 2���� ����2 = ����2 + 2����

 Table 2.

Comparison of Linear and Angular Motions with Constant Acceleration.

Sample Problem
You have finished watching a movie on Blu-ray and the disc is slowing to a stop.
The disc’s angular velocity at t = 0 is 27.5 rad/s, and its angular acceleration is a
constant -10.0 rad/s2. A line PQ on the disc’s surface lies along
the +x-axis at t = 0 (see Figure 5).
(a) What is the disc’s angular velocity at t = 0.300 s?
(b) What angle does the line PQ make with the +x-axis at this
time?
Solution:
(a) From ���� = ���� + ����,
���� = (27.5
������ (b) From Δθ = ������ +12����2, where Δθ
��) +
= ���� − ����, ������ ���� = 0 ���� =
(−10.0������
2 1 ������
������ + 2����2 = (27.5 ��)
�� ) (0.300 ��) = ����. ��������
1
(0.300 ��) + 2(−10.0������
��(Answer)
Figure 5. A line PQ on a rotating Blu-ray disc at t = 0.

2
�� ) (0.300 ��)2 = ��. ���� ������ ���� ��. ���� ������ (Ans. )

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Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics path that lies in a plane perpendicular to the
axis and is centered on the axis. A particle’s
When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis,
speed is directly proportional to the body’s
every particle in the body moves in a circular
angular velocity; the faster the rotation, the
greater the speed of each particle.
In Figure 6, point P is a constant distance r from
the axis, so it moves in a circle of radius r. At
any time, the equation �� = ���� relates the
angle �� (in radians) and the arc length s:
�� = ����
We take the time derivative of this, noting
that r is constant for any specific particle,
and take the absolute value of both sides:
Figure 6. A
rigid body rotating about a fixed axis through
���� ���� point O.
| ����| = �� | ����|

Now |ds/dt| is the absolute value of the rate of change of arc length, which is
equal to the instantaneous linear speed �� of the particle. The absolute value of the rate
of change of the angle, |d��/dt| , is the instantaneous angular speed ��—that is, the
magnitude of the instantaneous angular velocity in rad/s. Thus,
�� = ����

where: �� = linear speed , �� = radius, �� = angular speed

The farther a point is from the axis, the greater its linear speed. The direction of
the linear velocity vector is tangent to its circular path at each point.

We can represent the acceleration ��⃗ of a particle moving in a circle in terms of its
centripetal and tangential components, �������� and �������� (see Figure 7), as we did
in Module 8: Motion in a Circle.

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 We found that the tangential component of acceleration ��������, the component
parallel to the instantaneous velocity, acts to change the magnitude of the particle’s
velocity (i.e., the speed) and is equal to the rate of change of speed. Taking the derivative,
we find:
�������� =����
����
����= ��

����= ���� (tangential acceleration)

Figure 7. A rigid body whose

This component of ��⃗ is always tangent rotation is speeding up.
to the circular path of point P.

The component of ��⃗ directed toward the rotation axis, the centripetal component
of acceleration, �������� is associated with the change of direction of the velocity of
point P. Recall that in Uniform Circular Motion, we worked out the relationship
�������� =�� ��. We can express this in terms of �� by:
2
 �������� =��2��=(����)2
��= �� �� (centripetal acceleration)
2

This is true at each instant, even when �� and v are not constant. The centripetal
component always points toward the axis of rotation.

KEEP IN MIND: Use angles in radians Remember that �� = ����, is valid only when �� is
measured in radians. The same is true of any equation derived from this. When you use the
rotational kinematic equations, you must express the angular quantities in radians, not
revolutions or degrees.

Energy in Rotational Motion

A rotating rigid body consists of mass in motion, so it has kinetic energy. As we'll
see, we can express this kinetic energy in terms of the body’s angular speed and a new
quantity, called moment of inertia, that depends on the body’s mass and how the mass is
distributed.
To begin, we think of a body as being made up of a large number of particles, with
masses m1, m2, .... at distances r1, r2 , ... from the axis of rotation. We label the particles

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with the index ��: The mass of the ��th particle is m�� and r�� is the perpendicular
distance from the axis to the ith particle. (The particles need not all lie in the same
plane.)
When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, the speed vi of the ith particle is given
by vi = ri ��, where �� is the body’s angular speed. Different particles have different
values of ri, but �� is the same for all (otherwise, the body wouldn’t be rigid). The kinetic
energy of the ith particle can be expressed as:
2 1 2 2
2�������� = 2�������� ��
1

The body’s total kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its particles:

1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
�� = 2��1��1 �� + 2��2��2 �� + ⋯ = ∑ 2�������� ��
��

Taking the common factor 12��2 out of this expression, we get:

��
1 2 ) ��2
�� = 2(��1��1 +
��2��22)��2
1
= 2(∑��������2

The quantity in parentheses, obtained by multiplying the mass of each particle by the
square of its distance from the axis of rotation and adding these products, is called the
moment of inertia “I” of the body for this rotation axis:
�� = ��1��12 + (������������
��2��22 + ⋯ = ����
��������������)
∑��������2 ��

The SI unit of I is the kilogram-meter2 (���� ∙ ��2)

“Moment” means that �� depends on how the body’s mass is distributed in space;
it has nothing to do with a “moment” of time. For a body with a given rotation axis and a
given total mass, the greater the distances from the axis to the particles that make up the
body, the greater the moment of inertia I. In a rigid body, all distances ���� are constant
and �� is independent of how the body rotates around the given axis.
We can also see that the rotational kinetic energ�� �� of a rigid
body is: �� =12����2(��������������������
�������������� ����������)

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This kinetic energy is not a new form of energy; it’s simply the sum of the kinetic
energies of the individual particles that make up the rotating rigid body. To use the
equation, �� must be measured in radians per second, not revolutions or degrees per
second, to give �� in joules.

KEEP IN MIND: The greater the moment of inertia, the greater the kinetic energy of a rigid body
rotating with a given angular speed ��. the greater a body’s moment of inertia, the harder it is to
start the body rotating if it’s at rest and the harder it is to stop its rotation if it’s already rotating
(see Figure 8).

Figure 8. An apparatus free to

rotate around a vertical axis. To
vary the moment of inertia, the
two equal-mass cylinders can be
 locked into different positions on
the horizontal shaft.

Sample Problem
A machine part (see Figure 9) consists of three small disks linked by lightweight struts.
(a) What is this body’s moment of
inertia about axis 1 through the
center of disk A, perpendicular to
the
plane of the diagram?
(b) What is its moment of inertia
about axis 2 through the centers of
disks B and C?
(c) What is the body’s kinetic
energy if
it rotates about axis 1 with angular
speed ��= 4.0 rad/s? Solution: Figure 9. An oddly shaped machine part.

(a) The particle at point A lies on axis 1 through A, so its distance r from the axis is zero
and it contributes nothing to the moment of inertia. Hence only B and C contribute.
����)(0.40 ��)2 = ��. ������
��1 = ∑��������2 �� ���� ∙ ����(Answer)
= (0.10 ����)(0.50 ��)2 + (0.20

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(b)The particles at B and C both lie on axis 2, so neither particle contributes to the
moment of inertia. Hence only A contributes.
����(Answer) ��)2= ��.
��2 = ∑��������2 ��
= (0.30 ����)(0.40 ��)2 =
���� �� (Answer)

��. ������ ���� ∙

(c) ��
=12����2 =12(0.057 ���� ∙ ��2) (4.0������
The moment of inertia about axis 2 is smaller than that about axis 1. Hence, of the
two axes, it’s easier to make the machine part rotate about axis 2.

Computing Moment of Inertia

You may be tempted to try to compute the moment of inertia of a body by assuming
that all the mass is concentrated at the center of mass and multiplying the total mass by
the square of the distance from the center of mass to the axis. That doesn’t work!

Figure 10 shows the formulas of the moments of inertia of various bodies.

Figure 10. Moments of Inertia of Various Bodies

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E What is
More?
Activity 2. True of False
Directions: Write “T” if the statement is true and write “F” if the statement is false.
1. The moment of inertia depends on the distribution of mass in an object.
2. Rotational inertia increases as the distance between an object’s mass
concentration and its axis of rotation increases.
3. One revolution is approximately equal to 3.14 radians.
4. Angular quantities and linear quantities cannot be related.
5. Angular speed is a scalar quantity.
6. It is easier to spin when your body is in a tucked position than when it is
outstretched.
7. A thin-walled hollow cylinder with radius r will roll down an incline faster than a
 solid cylinder with the same radius r.
8. Objects of the same shape but different sizes accelerate equally when rolled down
an incline.
9. The SI unit of rotational kinetic energy is the Joule.
10. Newton’s first law does not apply to rotating objects.

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E What I can do?

11.

Activity 3. Kinematics of Rotational Motion

Directions: Solve the following problems. SHOW YOUR SOLUTIONS! (3 pts. each)

1. What angle in radians is subtended by an arc 1.57 m long on the circumference of a

circle of radius 2.45 m? What is this angle in degrees?

2. A fan blade rotates with angular velocity given by ����(��) = �� − ����2, where ��
= 4.85 rad/s and �� = 0.790 rad/s3. Calculate:
a. The angular acceleration as a function of time.
b. The instantaneous angular acceleration ���� at t = 3.50 s.

3. A circular saw blade 0.180 m in diameter starts from rest. In 6.35 s it accelerates with
constant angular acceleration to an angular velocity of 148 rad/s. Find the angular
 acceleration and the angle through which the blade has turned.

4. An electric turntable 0.720 m in diameter is rotating about a fixed axis with an initial
angular velocity of 0.280 rev/s and a constant angular acceleration of 0.891 rev/s2.
Compute the angular velocity of the turntable after 0.203 s.

5. Four small spheres, each of which you can

regard
as a point of mass 0.200 kg, are arranged in a
square 0.400 m on a side and connected by
extremely light rods as shown in Figure 11.
Find
the moment of inertia of the system about an
axis
bisecting two opposite sides of the square (an axis
along the line AB in the figure)
Figure 11

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References
Honors
Rotational
Kinematics.
(n.d.).
APlusPhysics.
Retrieved April
5, 2021, from
 https://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/honors/rotation/honors_rot_kine
matics.html
Silverio, Angelina A. 2016. Exploring Life through Science General Physics I.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Young, Hugh D. and Freedman, Roger A. 2019 University Physics with Modern
Physics (15th Edition in SI Units): Pearson Education, Inc.

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 3t rad/s 1.58 - a. 2
Answer Key

10. F
9. T
8. T
7. F
6. T
5. T
4. F
3. F
2. T
1. T
More? What is

Answers may ° 36.7 1.

vary. hat can do? I What
is in? W
32 kg*m 0.0
5. 2

rad/s 2.90 4.
470 rad = ��
307 rad/s 23. = �� 3. 2
5.53 rad/s - 2b. 2
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