(2 MARKS)

Define team x
Team X – just as often referred to as Team X or Team Ten – was a
group of architects and other invited participants who assembled
starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the International
Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) and created a schism within
CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism.

Name any four modernist movements.

1) Impressionism
2) Expressionism
3) Art Nouveau
4) Cubism
5) Surrealism

State any two theories of CIAM

Define brutalism.
Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete."
• Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the
modernist architectural movement and which flourished from
the 1950s to the 1970s.

• Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish,

geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the
textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which
is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.

What were the contemporary Indian trends ?

1) Revivalism: going back to seek inspiration from the past.
2) Modernism: according to western ideologies.
3) Continuity: before independence, colonial style to be continued.

Deconstructivism was achieved by which three factors ?

• Juxtaposition - creating a clear contrast between forms that are near
each other.
• Non-rectilinear shape - . Deconstructivists try to subvert the straight
lines and right angles by refusing to use normal squares and
rectangles.
Circles, triangles, or unequal polygons are used instead.
• Manipulation of surface- Basically, through juxtaposition and
irregular shapes, architects try to make the exteriors of buildings look
disjointed, chaotic, and caught between hectic motion and extreme
stability.
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Name any two works by Ar.Frank o gehry.

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Define post modernism.

Movement in visual arts, music, literature, architecture, and drama

which rejected the old standards of how art should be made and what it
should mean in the late 20th century

Write any two design ideologies of b v doshi.

 Doshi's trademark has always been the sense of scale, proportion

and light and all.
 Deeply influenced by the works of Louis Kahn and Le Corbusier,
B.V. Doshi's iconic spaces incorporate a logical framework that
binds his worlds together in an organic way, making every element
of his building exist coherently with a sweet poetic flair that
encompasses one, away from the busy urban street

Mention any two works done by Geoffrey bawa.

 The Garden Lunuganga, Srilanka
 Triton Hotel, Ahungalla

What is Deconstructivism.

to develop buildings which show how differently from traditional

architectural conventions buildings can be built without loosing their
utility and still complying with the fundamental laws of physics.

Identify any four modernist architects.

Le Corbusier
Walter Gropius
F L Wright
Mies Van Der Rohe

List any two foreign architects who contributed to india.

Le Corbusier
Louis Kahn

Write any two design principles of Ar.Frank o gehry.

State any two design features of Ar.Tadao ando.
Name and sketch two elements followed in Ar.Le corbusier’s designs.
Mention any two works done by Ar.Laurie baker

The Hamlet
The Indian Coffee House

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 Write any two works done by tadao ando.

 Amuza Housing
 Church of light
 Chapel on the water

Write any two design principles of Ar. B.V Doshi.

State any two design ideologies of Ar. Charles correa.

 Correa's work in India shows a careful development,

understanding and adaptation of Modernism to a non-
western culture.
 Correa's early works attempt to explore a local vernacular
within a modern environment.
 Correa's land-use planning and community projects
continually try to go beyond typical solutions to third world
problems

(16 MARKS)
Briefly explain about CIAM and their theories.
The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne (CIAM), or International Congresses of
Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959,
responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most
prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the
Modern Movement focusing in all the main domains of architecture (such as landscape,
urbanism, industrial design, and many others).
Team X – just as often referred to as Team X or Team Ten – was a group of architects and
other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the
International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) and created a schism within CIAM
by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism.

• The organization was hugely influential.

• It was not only engaged in formalizing the architectural principles of the Modern
Movement, but also saw architecture as an economic and political tool that could be used
to improve the World through the design of buildings and through urban planning.
• At the fourth congress, held in 1933, the group conceived of the “Athens Charter ", a
document that adopted a functional conception of modern architecture and urban planning
which was unique and provocative.
• The “Athens Charter ", based on discussions held ten years earlier, claimed that the
problems faced by cities could be resolved by strict functional segregation, and the
distribution of the population into tall apartment blocks at widely spaced intervals. The
ideas were widely adopted by town planners in the rebuilding of Europe following World
War II, although by then some CIAM members were having doubts about some of the
concepts.
• As C.I.A.M. members travelled world-wide after the war, many of its ideas spread outside
Europe, notably to the USA Unfortunately the implementation of many of the ideas was
frequently poorly executed in the post- war era, often due to tight financial constraints,
sometimes made worse by a poor understanding of the concepts by architects.

List down the comparison between modernism and post modernism movements.

Since there are so many styles of modern architecture, there are several defining
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characteristics. These are some of the more common, broad key features that can
be seen across many different forms.

 Clean, minimal lines. These lines lack additional ornamentation and are

generally a consistent, smooth texture.
 Broad roof overhangs. Several modern homes emphasize low, horizontal
structures with large roof overhangs.
 Walls of glass and large windows. You will find a very generous use of
glass, which allows a significant amount of natural light into the interior.
 Open and well-defined floorplans. Since modern architecture focuses on
form over function, architects sought to include large, spacious floorplans
with dining and living spaces that flowed into one another.
 Modern and traditional building materials. Some common materials in
modern homes include steel, concrete block, iron, and glass. More
conventional building materials like wood, brick, and stone were used in
more straightforward ways to show off their natural beauty.
 A relationship to the outside environment. A lot of thought went into
building sites and how buildings would relate to the natural landscape
surrounding them.
 Asymmetrical designs. Modern architects played around with large,
smooth shapes and asymmetrical compositions that were cleanly planed
and lacked any additional decoration.

• Postmodern architecture is a counter reaction to the strict and almost

universal modernism of the mid-20th century.
• It reintroduces elements from historical building styles, although
usually without their high level of detail.
• Common features include columns, pyramids, arches, obelisks,
unusual or attention-getting shapes and rooflines, and combinations
of stone and glass on the facade.
• Postmodernism ranges from conservative imitations of classical
architecture to flamboyant and playfully outrageous designs.
• Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet
contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with
traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even
amuse.
• Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways.
• Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to
delight the viewer.
• Classical architecture from Greek times to the twentieth century involved
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 various forms of ornamentation.
• Buildings were adorned much as the human body has been adorned.
• Modern architecture stripped away all ornamentation.
• It was utilitarian. “Form follows function” became the rallying cry.
• The steel and glass box became its most familiar manifestation.
• Post-modernism involves a reintroduction of the human form and scale.

b Discuss in detail about the features, influences of brutalism movement with example.
Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete."
• Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural
movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s.
• The early style was largely inspired by the work of Swiss architect, Le Corbusier (in
particular his Unité d'Habitation building) and of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
• The term originates from the French béton brut, or "raw concrete".
• Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and
repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to
shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete.
• Brutalism as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian
ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Peter and
Alison Smithson, near the height of the style.
Brutalism gained large momentum in Britain during the middle 20th century, as
economically depressed (and WWII-ravaged) communities sought inexpensive
construction and design methods for low-cost housing, shopping centers, and
government buildings.
• Combined with the socially progressive intentions behind brutalist "streets in the
sky" housings like Corbusier's Unité, brutalism was promoted as a positive option
for forward-moving, modern urban housing.
• In practice however, many of the buildings lacked many of the community-serving
features of Corbusier's vision, and instead developed into claustrophobic, crime-
ridden tenements (Robin Hood Gardens is a particularly notorious example).
• Some such buildings took decades to develop into positive communities.
• The rough coolness of concrete lost its appeal under a damp and gray northern
sky, and its fortress-like material

Write short notes on art nouveau with neat sketches.

• Organic natural forms.
• An 1890 - 1910 style in architecture, graphic arts, and interior decoration characterized by
writhing forms, curving lines, and asymmetrical organization. Some critics regard the style
as the first stage of modern architecture. Ornamental style of art.
• Antonio gaudi – sa grada familia

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Briefly explain about Team X and their theories.
Team X – just as often referred to as Team X or Team Ten – was a group of architects and
other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the
International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) and created a schism within CIAM
by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism.

List down the comparison between modernism and post modernism movements.

Discuss in detail about the features, influences of Expressionism movement with

example.

The style was characterized by an early modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation,
and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms and sometimes by
the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel, and glass
Expressionist architecture was individualistic and in many ways eschewed aesthetic
dogma,[6] but it is still useful to develop some criteria which defines it. Though containing a
great variety and differentiation, many points can be found as recurring in works of
Expressionist architecture, and are evident in some degree in each of its works:

1. Distortion of form for an emotional effect. [7]

2. Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner
experience.
3. An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary
4. Profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and
representations of concepts more important than pragmatic finished
products.
5. Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single concept. [8]
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 6. Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves, mountains,
lightning, crystal and rock formations.[9] As such it is more mineral and
elemental than florid and organic which characterized its close
contemporary Art Nouveau.
7. Uses creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.
8. Tendency more towards the Gothic than the Classical architecture.
Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the Romanesque and
the Rococo than the classical.
9. Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western. It
draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and
architecture as from Roman or Greek.[10]
10. Conception of architecture as a work of art. [8]
11.

Early expressionism is heavily influenced by Art Nouveau and can be considered part of its
legacy, while post 1910 and including Amsterdam School it is considered adjacent to Art Deco.
The New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit) art movement arose in direct opposition to
Expressionism.
Write short notes on art nouveau with neat sketches.

Write about the role of Nehru and le Corbusier in post independent architecture.

• Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of the independent India is widely known for his
far vision, he was a modernist who favoured state intervention.
• He suggested that one percent of cost of a public building should go towards its
decoration with painting, murals and
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sculptures.
• A new era of architecture began when the very famous architect Le Corbusier
was invited to design the capital of the Punjab state, Chandigarh.
• Other invited architect, the very notable Louis Kahn created the avant-garde architecture
with the little spice of the ‘Mughal’, in Ahmedabad.
Avant garde – new and experimental ideas & methods

Explain about modernism with neat sketches

• Modernism -The deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of
expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century.
• Modern architecture has played a certain role in the impoverishment of the environment –
particularly where it has been instrumental in the rationalisation of both building types and
methods, and where both the material finish and the plan form have been reduced to their
lowest common denominator, in order to make production cheaper and to optimize use.

•
• Clean, minimal lines. These lines lack additional ornamentation and are
generally a consistent, smooth texture.
• Broad roof overhangs. Several modern homes emphasize low, horizontal
structures with large roof overhangs.
• Walls of glass and large windows. You will find a very generous use of
glass, which allows a significant amount of natural light into the interior.
• Open and well-defined floorplans. Since modern architecture focuses on
form over function, architects sought to include large, spacious floorplans
with dining and living spaces that flowed into one another.
• Modern and traditional building materials. Some common materials in
modern homes include steel, concrete block, iron, and glass. More
conventional building materials like wood, brick, and stone were used in
more straightforward ways to show off their natural beauty.
• A relationship to the outside environment. A lot of thought went into
building sites and how buildings would relate to the natural landscape
surrounding them.
• Asymmetrical designs. Modern architects played around with large,
smooth shapes and asymmetrical compositions that were cleanly planed
and lacked any additional decoration.

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Explain about structural expressionism with an example.
• Structural Expressionism is also called as High-tech architecture or Late Modernism.
• Appeared in 1970s as a part of modernism.
• At the beginning of the year 1980, high-tech architecture started looking different from the
modern ones.
• This category serves as a bridge between modernism
and post modernism.
• They have the display of the functional and technical components of a building.
• Include the proper arrangement of the fabricated
elements. Steel frames and glass walls were also famous.
The features were externalized to show off the technical features along with the arrangements for
load bearing

Richad rogers Lloyd’s Building, City of London,

Briefly explain about deconstructivism with an an example.
• In 1980, new tendency was born the deconstructvism latter called new modern
architecture.
• Started by french philospher jacques derrida
,his work has been labelled as post- structuralism.
• The idea was to develop buildings which show how differently from traditional
architectural conventions buildings can be built without loosing their utility and still
complying with the fundamental laws of physics.

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 • IMPORTANT EVENTS IN HISTORY OF DECONSTRUCTIVISM MOVEMENT
INCLUDES THE 1982 parc de la villette architectural design competition.
• The entry given by jacques darrida , peter eisenman and bernand
tschumi’s
• It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation
• An interest in manipulating ideas of a structure’s surface or skin
• Non – rectilinear shape which serve to distort
and dislocate some of the elements of architecture such as structure and envelope
• The structure of the building has a feeling of
controlled chaos and stimulating unpredictability.
• Stands in opposition to the limiting rules of
modernism, including materials fidelity, purity of form or forms functioning.
• Rejects the rule of ornament as a side effect or an item of decoration.

•
Frank ghery walt Disney concert hall

Write about the role of Nehru and le Corbusier in post independent architecture.
Explain about post modernism with neat sketches.

Write about design ideologies followed in IIM by Louis kahn with neat sketches.
They wanted to revolutionize the ideology of what education meant in India is what drove
the design. BV Doshi believed Louis Kahn had the vision for a new, different, and modern
school for India’s best students. Kahn’s outlook on the education system and the methods
one can learn and experience subordinated him to develop ideas for the structure. The focus
from classrooms, the served space then diverged into multiple open spaces and enveloped
pathways that were also designed to be a part of the learning experience.
Kahn used some similar tropes while designing IIM-A as he had used while designing the National
Assembly Building in Bangladesh. He used local materials like brick and concrete and used many
geometrical facades, thus employing his statement style of juxtaposing modern architecture and
Indian tradition, in order to pay an ode to vernacular Indian architecture.
The massive brick framework of IIM-A is inspired by ancient and medieval architecture, thus
contributing to the timeless nature of this structure. Being a monolithic masonry, many individual
bricks were laid by hand and were used to build arches, semi-circles, and squares sliced out of
multiple walls, pathways, and other elements of architecture.

Briefly explain about deconstructivism with an an example.

Write short notes on ornamentation with neat sketches

ornamentation, in architecture, applied embellishment in various
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styles that is a distinguishing characteristic of buildings, furniture, and
household items. Ornamentation often occurs
on entablatures, columns, and the tops of buildings and around
entryways and windows, especially in the form of moldings.
Throughout antiquity and into the Renaissance, and later for religious
buildings, applied ornament was very important, often having symbolic
meaning.
 There is no wonder that the presence of ornamentation makes a design look visually
attractive and exciting. However, in buildings such as the gothic cathedrals, their
ornamentation forms an integral part of the facade treatment and is vital as any other
function to dictate its purpose.
It is unexacting to find oneself lost in the details of structures such as the Casa Batllo, Barcelona or
the Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. With the statement “God is in the details”, one can associate
divinity with detailed architecture endeavours.
Throughout antiquity and into the Renaissance, and later for religious buildings, the applied
ornament was significant, often having symbolic meaning. While some of the ornamentations were
symbolic, the other like the pediments of the Parthenon are mimetic.
the Victorian churches, and each structure has its sense of identification owing to the
presence of characteristic ornamentation on each. These ornaments make an
establishment stand out and establish its individuality and uniqueness concerning
other structures.

Explain about the cost effective building techniques of laurie baker,

Explain about the façade detailing with neat sketches.

Briefly explain the development of structural solutions with neat sketches.

Write short notes on ornamentation with neat sketches

Explain about the cost effective building techniques of Ar.Laurie baker.
COST EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES
:
-

FILLER
SLAB:
20
-
35% less materials
Decorative, Economical & Reduced self load
Almost maintenance free
25
–
30 % cost reduction

JACK ARCH:
Energy saving and eco
–
friendly
Compressive roofing
Decorative & Highly
Economical
Maintenance Free

FILLER SLABS:
Filler slab employ replacing ‘un productive’ concrete
by a filler material which reduces the weight of the

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slab and also the cost by reducing the amount of
concrete used. Since the weight of slab is thus
reduced
less steel
is required for reinforcement,
further reducing the cost.

ARCHES:
The arch is significant because it provides a structure
which eliminates tensile stress in spanning an open
space. All the forces are resolved into compressive
str
esses. This is useful
because several of the available
building material such as stone, cast iron and concrete
can strongly resist compression but are very weak
when tension, shear and torsional stress is applied
to them.

DOMES:
A dome can be
thought of as an arch which has been
rotated around its central vertical axis. Thus, dome
have a great deal of structural strength when properly
build & can span large open spaces without interior
supports.

RAT TRAP BOND:
Rat trap bond brick masonry is an alternative
to normal English bond masonry wall by which
15% cost can be reduced without
compromising the quality, strength &
appearances.

MASONRY ARCHES:
Traditional spanning sytem
Highly decorative & economical
Less energy requirement.

MASONRY DOME:
Energy saving eco
-
friendly compressive
roof. Decorative & Highly Economical
for larges spans.
Maintenance free.

FUNICULAR SHELL:
Energy saving eco
-
friendly compressive
roof. Decorative & Economical.
Maintenance fr

Explain about the façade detailing with neat sketches

Briefly explain the development of structural solutions with neat sketches.

Briefly explain design ideologies of Ar.B.V Doshi with an example

Explain about Ar.Achyut kanvinde’s design philosophies using an example.
The residential campus is planned and landscaped with a hope for environmental freedom.
• Halls of residence, faculty and staff houses and community buildings surround the central
academic area to provide flexibility in movement and communication.
• Core Pedestrian island which consist of lecture halls surrounded by landscaping and water body
forming the main focus of the campus.
• The academic area is well connected by a long corridor which links all the major buildings
• The academic area is set up in vicinity of Hostels to provide quick accessibility to students
• Conventional type of buildings were designed as isolated islands of departments
• Activities which students and faculties share are designed to encourage meeting and interaction.
 The IITK campus occupies a 1055 acre area.
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  The Academic Complex is located centrally at the site and free from traffic noise.
 Academic buildings: 13 departments, PK Kelkar Library, Computer Centres faculty offices,
laboratories and administrative buildings
 Around 7000 students, 390 faculty, and 1000 staff members (and their families)
reside on campus
 No. of buildings: 108
 10 boys hostel and 2 girls hostel
 With Sports complex, Housing for faculty
 The site is flat with the canal on one side and transportation route on the other side.
Pedestrian and vehicular traffic are completely segregated

Explain about Ar.Le Corbusier in Chandigarh planning and design

Briefly explain about Ar.Raj rewal’s design ideologies using one of his work.

Briefly explain design ideologies of Ar.B.V Doshi with an example

Doshi's work has consistently revolved around the interrelationship of indoor and outdoor space.
Doshi followed it in his architecture by providing openness in buildings through colonnades,
pergolas, porticos, sky lights etc.
The success of any project depends
on effective construction, contracting, logistic planning and co-ordination
Doshi applies Modernists concepts to an Indian context

Explain about Ar.Achyut kanvinde’s design philosophies using an example

Explain about Ar.Le Corbusier in Chandigarh planning and design.
Briefly explain about Ar.Raj rewal’s design ideologies using one of his work.

Briefly explain about design ideologies of Ar.Frank o gehry using an example.

Explain about Ar.Norman foster’s design philosophies using an example with neat
sketches.

Discuss about the design ideologies of Ar.Tadao ando using any one of his works.
Architect: Tadao Ando Committee: local government Location: Tomamu, Hokkaido, Japan Project:
09.1985-04.1988 Completion: 04.1988-09.1988 Structural engineer: Ascoral Engineering Associates
Building company: Obayashi Corporation Co. Structure: Reinforced concrete Built area: 344.9 sqm Total
area: 520 sqm DETAILS View from the Lake •The chapel is placed on a mountain plateau central Hokkaido,
the coldest region in Japan, where nature is wild. •The entire area, is green from spring to summer, and in
winter strips turned into a white expanse. •In plan, the chapel is formed by the overlapping of two
squares, one small and one large, and overlooks a pond made by diverting a stream that flows through the
vicinity. •A wall independent, L-shaped around the rear of the building and on one side of the pond. •The
chapel is entered from the back and along the path approaching the wall. •The murmur of the water takes
visitors along the way, without, however, that they see the lake. •After a hundred and eighty degree turn,
go up a gently sloping path to reach an area of access to the Chapel is closed on four sides by glass, a kind
of container of light. •Traveled to scale curve that leads to the chapel, the visitor finds the view of the lake
through the glass wall in front of the altar you can see the expanse of water and a large cross. DEPTH
FURNISHING Wooden chairs This chair was specifically designed for this church. The chair has a relaxing
effect on its user, and echoes the brilliant inspiration of a church that Calls to awaken the senses and
brotherhood with nature.
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Write about design philosophies of Ar.Geoffrey bawa using an example.
 RESPECTED THE SITE AND CONTEXT.
 BUILDINGS HAD A PLAY OF LIGHT AND SHADE.
 FLOW OF SPACES.
 USED SALVAGED ARTIFACTS
 ROOF FORMS AS ELEMENTS.
 WATER BODY- AN ESSENTIAL PART OF BAWA’S ARCHITECTURE.
 THE PRINCIPAL FORCE BEHIND TROPICAL MODERNISM.

VARIANT NAMES GEOFFREY BAWA’S HOUSE.

LOCATION COLLOMBO,SRILANKA.
ARCHITECT GEOFFERY BAWA.
BUILDING TYPE RESIDENTIAL.
BUILDING USAGE PRIVATE RESIDENCE
KEYWORDS COURTYARD HOUSE

• A SLOPING SITE,WITH THE HOUSE

IN THE UPPER PART OF THE SITE,
WITH A CORRIDOR LEADING DOWN
TO DISPENSARY BY THE ROADSIDE.
• THE BHOUSE IS MODERNIST &
• TRADITIONAL
ATHE SAME TIME.
• THE HOUSE IS PLANTED COURT,
FOUNTAIN & POOL.
.

Briefly explain about design ideologies of Ar.Frank o gehry using an example.

Explain about Ar.Norman foster’s design philosophies using an example.
Norman Foster wants his buildings to be environmentally friendly but at the same time be  pleasing places for people to
be in and look at.

His designs take full advantage of the latest technology, searching for great energy efficiency, excellent integration with
the environment. Creating a user friendly atmosphere, and easy to use facilities.

Foster is definitely achieving his goal of environmentally friendly buildings, Architects promote double glazing in
residential houses to avoid the inefficient convection of heat, but the tower of the Gherkin exploits this effect. The shafts
pull warm air out of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating.

The shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping
the lighting costs down.

The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use half the power that a similar tower would typically
consume. Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building even
though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the “chimney.” The shafts create a giant double glazing effect;
air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing and insulates the office space inside.

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Environmental saving aspects are present in all of Lord Foster’s architecture.

Discuss about the design ideologies of Ar.Tadao ando using any one of his works.
Write about design ideologies of Ar.Geoffrey bawa using an example

************

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