Chapter 9, POPOV

SKEW BENDING
 Sign Convention
1) Axis: Right hand screw rule to set the axis.
However, convention used herein is “X” axis is the
longitudinal axis of the beam. Normally “Y” axis is
the vertical direction of the section. “Z” axis is from
the right hand screw rule.
2) Stress: Tensile stress positive.
3) Moment: When a screw is placed along an axis and
the moment is applied to it, if the screw head
moves towards the positive direction of the axis,
than the applied moment is positive.
Stress for Axial Load
Bending Stress for Uniaxial Moment (𝑴𝑴𝒛𝒛 )
Bending Stress for biaxial Moment (𝑴𝑴𝒛𝒛 , 𝑴𝑴𝒚𝒚 )

Bending Stress considering axial load and biaxial moment:

Example 9-1
The 100-by-150-mm wooden beam shown in Fig. 9-4(a) is used to
support a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN (total) on a simple span of
3 m. The applied load acts in a plane making an angle of 30° with the
vertical, as shown in Fig. 9-4(b) and again in Fig. 9-4(c). Calculate the
maximum bending stress at mid-span and for the same section, locate
the neutral axis. Neglect the weight of the beam.
𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 =4Cos(30)=3.464 (kN-Total),
𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 =4Sin(30)=3 (kN-Total)
𝐿𝐿 3
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦 . = 3.644. = 1.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚 positive
8 8
𝐿𝐿 3
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 . = 2. = 0.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚 positive
8 8

100𝑥𝑥1503
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = 28.1x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
150𝑥𝑥1003
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = 12.5x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12

𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
0 1.3𝑥𝑥106 0.75𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 6
𝑦𝑦 + 6
𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 28.1𝑥𝑥10 12.5𝑥𝑥10
A (-75,50), B (-75,-50), C (+75,-50) & D (+75,+50)

1.3𝑥𝑥106 0.75𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 = − −75 + 50 = 3.47 + 3.00
28.1𝑥𝑥106 12.5𝑥𝑥10 6

= 6.47 MPa
1.3𝑥𝑥106 0.75𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 = − −75 + −50 = 3.47 − 3.00
28.1𝑥𝑥106 12.5𝑥𝑥10 6

= 0.47 MPa
1.3𝑥𝑥106 0.75𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 = − +75 + −50 = −3.47 − 3.00
28.1𝑥𝑥106 12.5𝑥𝑥10 6

= −6.47 MPa
1.3𝑥𝑥106 0.75𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷 = − +75 + 50 = −3.47 + 3.00
28.1𝑥𝑥106 12.5𝑥𝑥106

= −0.47 MPa
Example 9-2
A 50-by-75-mm, 1.5-m-long elastic bar of negligible weight is loaded as
shown in mm in Fig. 9-7(a). Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses acting normal to the section through the beam.
 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃 = 25𝑥𝑥103 𝑁𝑁,
3.6𝑥𝑥103 𝑥𝑥375𝑥𝑥1125
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = = 1.025𝑥𝑥106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
375 + 1125
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 0
50𝑥𝑥753
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = 1.76x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
25𝑥𝑥103 1.025𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 6
𝑦𝑦 = 6.67 − 0.58𝑦𝑦
50𝑥𝑥75 1.76x10

𝜎𝜎𝐴𝐴 = −15.08 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = 28.42 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Example 9-4
Consider a tapered block having a rectangular cross section at the base, as
shown in Figs. 9-9(a) and (b). Determine the maximum eccentricity “e” such
that the stress at B caused by the applied force P is zero.

In order to maintain applied force P in equilibrium,

there must be an axial compressive force P and a
moment 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = −𝑃𝑃. 𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
−𝑃𝑃 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −0+ 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 𝑧𝑧
𝑏𝑏𝑏
12
To satisfy the condition for having stress at B equal to
zero, it follows that
−𝑃𝑃 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ℎ
0= + −
𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 2
12
ℎ
𝑒𝑒 =
6
Example 9-5
Find the stress distribution at section ABCD for the block shown in Fig.
9-11(a) if F = 64 kN. At the same section, locate the line of zero stress.
Neglect the weight of the block.

𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃 = −64𝑥𝑥103 𝑁𝑁,
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = −64𝑥𝑥103 𝑥𝑥 75 + 75 = −9.6𝑥𝑥106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = −64𝑥𝑥103 𝑥𝑥150 = −9.6𝑥𝑥106 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴 = 150𝑥𝑥300 = 45x103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
300𝑥𝑥1503
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = 84.375x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
150𝑥𝑥3003
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = 337.5x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
−64𝑥𝑥103 −9.6𝑥𝑥106 −9.6𝑥𝑥106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 3
− 6
𝑦𝑦 + 6
𝑧𝑧
45x10 84.375x10 337.5x10
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −1.422 + 0.1138𝑦𝑦 − 0.0284𝑧𝑧
A (-75, 150), B (-75,-150), C (+75,-150) & D (+75,+150)

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 = −1.422 + 0.1138 −75 − 0.0284 150 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −1.422 − 8.533 − 4.267 = −14.22 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 = −1.422 − 8.533 + 4.267 = −5.69 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 = −1.422 + 8.533 + 4.267 = +11.38 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷 = −1.422 + 8.533 − 4.267 = +2.84 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Example 9-6
Find the zone over which the vertical downward force P0 may be
applied to the rectangular weightless block shown in Fig. 9-12(a)
without causing any tensile stresses at the section A-B.

SOLUTION
The force P = - P0 is placed at an arbitrary point in
the first quadrant of the y-z coordinate system
shown. Then the same reasoning used in the
preceding example shows that with this position of
the force, the greatest tendency for a tensile stress
exists at A. With P = - P0, 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = +𝑃𝑃0 . 𝑦𝑦, and
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = −𝑃𝑃0 . 𝑧𝑧, and setting the stress at A equal to
zero fulfills the limiting condition of the problem

𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 −P0 P0.y −𝑏𝑏 − P0.z −ℎ 𝑧𝑧 y

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 0= − 3 + + =1
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑏 ℎ𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏ℎ3 2 ℎ 𝑏𝑏
12 12 6 6
𝑧𝑧 y
+ =1
ℎ 𝑏𝑏
6 6
𝑧𝑧 y
± ± =1
ℎ 𝑏𝑏
6 6
Example 9-7
Consider a "weightless" rigid block resting on a linearly elastic
foundation not capable of transmitting any tensile stresses, as shown in
Fig. 9-13(a). Determine the stress distribution in the foundation when
applied force P is so placed that a part of the block lifts off.
SOLUTION
Assume that only a portion AB of the foundation of length x and width
b is effective in resisting applied force P. This corresponds to the
shaded area in Fig. 9-13(c). The stress along line B-B is zero by
definition.
Hence, the following equation for the stress at B may be written:
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃 = −𝑃𝑃, 𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵 = −
2
𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = −𝑃𝑃 − 𝑘𝑘
2
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 0
𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 3
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
12
𝑥𝑥
−𝑃𝑃 −𝑃𝑃 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 = + 2 − =0
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏. 𝑥𝑥 3 2
12
𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑘𝑘
−2𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 =
3𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘
 TO DO LIST FROM POPOV
Solve problem numbers given below from
POPOV in addition to other text books.
Problems from Chapter 9 (2nd ed):
2,3,4,5,9,11,12,13,14,15,17,19,23,25
Problem 9-9. Determine the bending stresses at the corners in the
cantilever loaded, as shown in the figure, at a section 600 mm from the
free end. Also locate the neutral axis.
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = −600𝑥𝑥10 = −6000 𝑘𝑘𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 15𝑥𝑥480 = +7200 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
100𝑥𝑥2003
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = 66.7x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
200𝑥𝑥1003
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = 16.7x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
−6000𝑥𝑥103 7200𝑥𝑥103
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 0 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
66.7x106 16.7x106
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 0.09𝑦𝑦 + 0.431𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 = 30.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 = 12.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶 = −30.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷 = −12.6 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Problem 9-12. A frame for a punch press
has the proportions shown in the figure.
What force P can be applied to this frame
controlled by the stresses in the sections
such as a-a if the allowable stresses are
4000 psi in tension and 12,000 psi in
compression?
𝐴𝐴 = 30 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2 , 𝑦𝑦� = 3", 𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = 170 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖4
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 20 + 3 𝑃𝑃 = 23𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃 23𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦, 𝑦𝑦 = −3" & + 5",
30 170
112𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦=−3 = ≪ 12000, 𝑃𝑃 = 9100 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
225
164𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦=5 = ≪ 4000, 𝑃𝑃 = 18600 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
225
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 9100 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Problem 9-19. An inclined tensile force F is applied to an aluminum
alloy bar such that its line of action goes through the centroid of the
bar, as shown in mm in the figure. (The detail of the attachment is not
shown.) What is the magnitude of force F if it causes a longitudinal
strain of 𝜀𝜀 = +20𝑥𝑥10−6 in the gage at A? Assume that the bar behaves
as a linearly clastic material and let E = 70 GPa.
𝜀𝜀 = +20𝑥𝑥10−6 , 𝜎𝜎 = 20𝑥𝑥10−6 𝑥𝑥70𝑥𝑥103 = 1.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
40𝑥𝑥303
𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = = 90000 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖4 ,
12
30𝑥𝑥403
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = 160000 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖4
12
2
𝑃𝑃 = + 𝐹𝐹,
3
1 2
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 𝐹𝐹. 500, 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = − 𝐹𝐹. 500
3 3
2 1 2
𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹500 − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹500
1.4 = 3 − 3 −15 + 3 12
1200 90000 160000
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝐹𝐹 = 26.25 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Problem 9-25. Determine the kern for a member having a solid circular
cross section.
Y
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 4
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 =
64
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃. 𝑟𝑟. sin 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = −𝑃𝑃. 𝑟𝑟. cos 𝜃𝜃
r
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 y=r.Sinθ θ d/2.Cosθ
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 Z Z=r.Cosθ d/2.Sinθ
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃. 𝑟𝑟. sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑 −𝑃𝑃. 𝑟𝑟. cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑
0= 2 − 4 sin 𝜃𝜃 + 4 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
4 64 64
𝑑𝑑
𝑟𝑟 =
8
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a SOLUTION:
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
• Resolve the couple vector into
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
components along the principle
vertical. Determine (a) the
centroidal axes and calculate
maximum stress in the beam, (b) the
the corresponding maximum
angle that the neutral axis forms
stresses.
with the horizontal plane.

M z = M cosθ M y = M sin θ

• Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
Mzy Myy
σx = − +
Iz Iy
• Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z = (1600 lb ⋅ in ) cos 30 = 1386 lb ⋅ in
M y = (1600 lb ⋅ in )sin 30 = 800 lb ⋅ in
1 (1.5 in )(3.5 in )3 = 5.359 in 4
I z = 12
1 (3.5 in )(1.5 in )3 = 0.9844 in 4
I y = 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y (1386 lb ⋅ in )(1.75 in )
σ1 = = 4
= 452.6 psi
Iz 5.359 in
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD

σ2 =
M yz
=
(800 lb ⋅ in )(0.75 in ) = 609.5 psi
Iy 0.9844 in 4

• The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
σ max = σ 1 + σ 2 = 452.6 + 609.5 σ max = 1062 psi