Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, you

should be able to
TECHNIQUES 1. demonstrate understanding of
integration by parts, and
OF INTEGRATION 2. determine an appropriate
substitution technique to evaluate an
integral
1 2

2.6 Rational Functions of sinx and cosx

CHAPTER OUTLINE
 x
Let z  tan . Then
2.1 Integration by parts 2
dz  sec 2  2x   dx
2.2 Powers of trigonometric functions 1
2.3 Trigonometric substitution 2
2.4 Partial Fractions 2dz  sec 2  2x dx
2.5 Algebraic substitution
2.6 Rational functions of sinx and cosx  
2dz  1  tan 2  2x  dx

2dz  1  z dx2

2dz
dx 
3
1 z2 4

cos x  cos 2  2x  cos 2   2 cos 2    1

sin x  sin2  2x  sin2   2 sin cos  
 2 cos 2  2x   1
 2 sin 2x cos  2x 
1
sin 2x  sin 2x   2 1
2 cos 
2 x
  2 
1 sec 2  2x 
cos  2 
x 2
cos  2  sec 2  2x 
x
1 2
 2 1  1
1 z 1 z2
 2 tan 2x  
2
1
sec 2  2x  2z 2 1 z 2
1 sin x   1 z2
 2z  1 z2 1 z2 cos x 
1 z2 1 z2
5 6

1
 dx
Summary:
 x
Example 2.6.1 Evaluate  1  sin x .
z  tan  solution: 2dz
2 dx 1 z2
 1  sin x  2 z

 x
dx 
2dz 1 z  tan 
1 z2 2dz 1 z2 2
1 z2 2dz
2z  dx 
sin x  1  z 2  2z 1 z2
1 z2 2z
1 z2 sin x 
1 z2 1 z2
cos x  2dz
1 z2 
7 1  z 2  2z 8

2dz dx
 Example 2.6.2 Evaluate  .
1  z 2
solution: 4 sin x  3 cos x
du  x
 2 where u  1  z , du  dz dx z  tan 
u2  4 sin x  3 cos x 2
 2 u 2 du 2dz
dx 
2dz 1 z2
u 1
 2 C 1  z2 sin x 
2z
1 
2z 1 z2 1 z2
2 2 2 4  3  1 z2
 C  C  C 1 z2 1 z2
u 1 z 1  tan  2x  cos x 
9
1 z2 10

2dz
1 A B
dx 1 z2  
 4 sin x  3 cos x   8z  3  3z 2 3z  1z  3 3z  1 z  3
1 z2 1  Az  3  B3z  1
3 1

2dz A B
8 z  3  3z 2 10 10
3 1
1
dz  10  10
 2 2
3z  8 z  3
3z  1z  3 3z  1 z  3
1 3 1
 2
dz  
3z  1z  3 3z  1z  3 103z  1 10z  3
11 12

2
 dx dz
 4 sin x  3 cos x  2
3z  1z  3
Check your understanding.
Determine the technique of integration or
 3 1  method of substitution that will enable you to
 2   dz
103z  1 10z  3
evaluate each of the following integrals:
dx
3 1 1 
 3 4 x Algebraic substitution
 2  ln 3z  1  ln z  3   C
 10 3 10  x 2 dx
 9x2  4
Trigonometric substitution

 ln 3 tan 2x   1  ln tan 2x   3  C
1 1
5 5 2 x  3dx
13
 9 x2
 43 x  1
Partial fractions
14

dx SUMMARY
 sin x  2 cos x
In this chapter, we studied
Rational function of sinx and cosx
1. integration by parts
2. methods of substitution
 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
4 3

a. For powers of trigo. functions

b. Trigonometric substitution
Powers of trigo. functions
c. Partial fractions
x
3
cos 2 x dx d. Algebraic substitution
e. For rational functions of sinx and cosx
Integration by parts
15 16

The End

17