The Perspective of the Affected Residents in the Newly Constructed Central Luzon

Link Expressway (Phase 1) Particularly in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Safe Road
and Highway Construction

_____________________

A Project Study

Presented to the Faculty of the

Civil Engineering Department

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City

___________________

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Subject

Civil Engineering Project (CE 422)

By:

Aira Cagungon

Graciella Gan

Mary Jiezel Joy DC. Liwag

Myke Khier Rylan Sarangaya

Daniel Ivan Valez

May 2022

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

The project Study entitled “The Perspective of the Affected Residents in the
Newly Constructed Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) Particularly in
Aliaga, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Safe Road and Highway Construction” of Aira A.
Cagungon, Graciella Gan, Mary Jiezel Joy Liwag, Myke Khier Rylan Sarangaya,
and Daniel Ivan Valez involved in partial fulfillment for the subject Civil Engineering
Project (CE 422) has been examined and is hereby recommended for approval.
Engr. Rustom Renz Nuñez
Adviser

Committee
ENGR. FELICITAS S. CABRERA
Chairman

ENGR. ELMAR GERMINO ENGR. JANIELLE HILARIO

Member Member
ENGR. DERICK ALDRIN ESTEBAN
Member

Approved by the Committee on April 2022

Aira A. Cagungon
Mary Jiezel Joy Liwag
Graciella Gan
Myke Khier Rylan Sarangaya
Daniel Ivan Valez
____________________________________________________________
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Project Study for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

ENGR. NATHANIEL S. OLIVEROS

Dean, College of Engineering
ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers of this study express their sincerest gratitude and profound thanks

to the following persons who contributed to the success of this research.

To Engr. Kyle Cortez and Engr. Rustom Renz, their research advisers, for

providing the researchers with immeasurable support, advice, suggestions,

encouragement, and help that contributed tremendously towards the fulfillment of this

study;

To their family, for their unconditional love and support morally and financially,

and the motivation they give the researchers to pursue their dreams.

To the respondents, for their willingness to cooperate in answering the given

questionnaire because there is no information to be gathered without them.

Above all, to Almighty God for their lives, wisdoms, knowledge and strengths.

A.C
G.G
M.J.J.L
M.K.R.S
D.I.V

iii
 DEDICATION

The researchers would like to dedicate this piece of work whole-heartedly to their

family, especially to their parents, for giving them unconditional love and immeasurable

support – be it morally and financially.

To all the Respondents for their willingness to cooperate for the study's success.

To the professors, faculties, classmates, and friends who offered moral support

and suggestions and helped complete this research.

And most of all, to our Almighty God who gives him wisdom, knowledge, and

strength to complete the study.

A.C
G.G
M.J.J.L
M.K.R.S
D.I.V

iv
 ABSTRACT

` Road and highway construction have been crucial in every country’s economic

and social development. Therefore, plenty of highway construction and road

improvement are sought after. However, a construction project can affect many things,

including the life of people around it and its environment. Assessment of environmental

and social risks can be a way to lessen their impact and ensure the safety of the people.

Hence, this study aims to determine the perspective of the affected households within the

500-meter radius along the newly constructed Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)

located in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, and assess their environmental and social risk

experiences. Data gathering was divided into face-to-face survey questionnaires and mail

survey methods using google forms. A total of 131 households participated in the survey.

Results show that the affected residents are informed and satisfied with the construction

project. And the affected population experience environmental and social risks during

and after the construction project.

Keywords: Perspective, Residents, Expressway, Environmental Risks, Social Risks

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page …………………………………………………………………………. i

Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………... iii

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………… iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………. v

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………. vi

CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING …………………………… 1

Introduction and Review of Related Literature and Studies ……………… 1

Conceptual Frameworks …………………………………………………… 6

Statement of the Problem /

Objective of the Study ……………………………………………………… 6

Significance of the Study ………………………………………………….. 7

Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………… 8

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………… 9

CHAPTER II – METHODS AND PROCEDURE ………………………………… 11

Research Design ……………………………………………………………. 11

Locale of the Study …………………………………………………………. 11

vi
 The Population of the Study ………………………………………………... 14

Research Instrument ………………………………………………………... 14

Data Gathering ………………………………………………………….…… 15

Data Analysis and Technique …………….………………………..…………15

CHAPTER III – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA ………….…………………………….…… 16

CHAPTER IV – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION …………………...………………………………... 31

Summary …………………………………………………………………….. 31

Conclusion ……………………………………...………………….….…….. 32

Recommendation ……………………………………………………………. 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………….... 34

DOCUMENTATION ……………………………………………………………….. 38

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………...…………………..……. 43

vii
 The Perspective of the Affected Residents in the Newly Constructed Central Luzon

Link Expressway (Phase 1) Particularly in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Safe Road

and Highway Construction

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction and Review of Related

The construction of roads and highways has been a critical component of any

country's economic and social growth. As a result, highway construction and road

improvement projects are in great demand. On the other hand, construction projects can

have a wide range of consequences, including the different aspects of the lives of those

nearby and the environment. Hence, this study addresses the people's perspective, which

is mainly affected by the expressway construction project, and how it affects them

socially and environmentally. Further, this study imparts the people's experiences with

the expressway construction project, which can help us anticipate a solution to lessen its

future social and environmental impact.

Macias (2021) stated that the role of transportation infrastructure in encouraging

and guiding economic development is recognized worldwide, and the expressway, as an

efficient mode of transportation, has played a significant role in promoting regional

economic development. An expressway is a vital piece of infrastructure that can solve the

situation of difficult travel while also promoting economic growth.

1
 Kapoor (2021) mentioned that an expressway, also called a throughway, thruway,

parkway, freeway, superhighway, or motorway, is a major arterial divided highway with

two or more traffic lanes. It was designed for fast traffic, with controlled entry and exit

and a splitting strip between traffic in opposite directions. Expressways have frequently

been developed over new courses, traveling near but not through densely populated areas

and on direct paths between intended termini. High speed, improved welfare, comfort and

accommodation for drivers and guests, and lower vehicle operating costs are just a few

advantages.

"Central Luzon Link Expressway (CLLEX) is a partially operational expressway

located in Central Luzon of the Philippines. This connect the Subic–Clark–Tarlac

Expressway (SCTEX) and the Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway (TPLEX) to the

North Luzon East Expressway, which is currently under construction in Cabanatuan and

will lead to San Jose, Nueva Ecija” (DPWH, 2021). “(Phase 1) of CLLEX covers the

Tarlac and Rio Chico River Bridge section (10.5-km), a part of Aliaga (9.2-km), and the

Cabanatuan section (10.3-km). The expressway consisted of four lanes and has an

estimate of 11,200 motorists and commuters that will benefit from the project” (Embassy

of Japan in the Philippines, 2021).

As a result of the recently constructed expressway, the municipality now has

convenient access. However, due to this construction, many farmlands and some

properties were demolished to accommodate our government's transportation system. In

this regard, we should learn about the viewpoints of the residents and those whom the

project will impact. To comprehend these scenarios, we must separate the structure's

possibilities, advantages, and limitations.

2
 According to R. A. Rahman et al. (2020), highways are public roads that connect

cities or towns. The study entitled Factors affecting the success of highway construction

projects: the case of Malaysia stated that "Highways play a significant role in a country's

development as these infrastructures suggested to have positive correlations towards

economic activities by allowing the rapid delivery of people and goods to meet regional

demands. Furthermore, highway projects are often inevitably recognized as high-risk than

other construction projects due to their importance to a nation's economic, societal, and

political development".

As stated by A R Riley-Powell et al. (2018), the construction of new roads has

significant implications for previously isolated communities. Deforestation and land

degradation, which are frequently associated with these projects in the Amazon basin, can

significantly affect people's relationships with their environment. It could include

restricting rural livelihood options, creating new economic opportunities, increasing

infrastructure access, or stressing existing services. Thereby, the impact of these projects

on well-being and poverty is complicated, and little known about how communities

perceive these changes.

The roads influence people and the environment in both positive and negative

effect. R Siy (2021) reported that you are likely to experience increased noise and air

pollution if you live near the expressway. Living adjacent to EDSA or one of the

expressways could be a comparable experience (e.g., NLEx, SLEx). Vehicle engines,

horns, and tire contact against the pavement will provide constant noise. However, air

pollution is the greatest detrimental effect. Aside from the poisonous gases created by

fossil-fuel vehicles, increased particulate matter in the air (from engine exhaust and

3
microplastics released from brake pads and tires during vehicle operation) has been

linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, as well as life expectancy.

The adverse effects are mainly environmental; the roads occupy land resources

and form barriers to animals. They also impact natural water resources and discharge

areas. Noise, dust, and vibrations are the three most damaging effects of road

construction and management. During the Road Construction phase, noise mostly

happens, but it can also occur to a lower degree during maintenance operations. Dust is

created during the road construction of gravel roads and loose gravel. Uneven road

surfaces are caused by vibrations and can be a problem for nearby

areas.EnvironmentalScience.org (2022)

Furthermore, according to (Luo Xiafeng, 2021), chemical pollution, noise, and

other effects will result from road buildings such as expressways. Dust may accumulate

on the road surface, also it may reduce the river's flood discharge capacity, and bridge

and culvert projects may change due to vegetation and soil changes induced by roadbed

excavation or landfill.

The government's primary concerns are the environmental and social impact of

building roads to ensure the safety of people. Road construction/improvement has

numerous implications on society in assessing different strategies to aid those risks,

especially in urban areas. (Research Paper (Postgraduate), 2018)

According to Gichaga (2017), road improvement is one of the most applicable

projects and innovative strategies to resolve environmental and social risks in an urban

area. Road improvement can significantly affect the region by promoting economic

4
efficacy and supporting the business environment, preserving the environment and

indigenous and vulnerable people.

Risks do not always bring adverse effects. Identifying these risks and classifying

them can cause increased profits, build good relationships with clients or investors for

more opportunities, and expand into new markets and sectors. Identifying project risk

helps identify as many scenarios as possible that could negatively impact the project.

Rely on the experience, expertise, and knowledge of the team. Having references to

completed projects of similar size, scope, and location to familiarize myself with the

construction risks the current project is facing. (Jones,2020)

5
Conceptual Frameworks

Figure 1 shows the study's conceptual framework, in which the study's outcome is

determined by the responses provided by the dependent variables exposed to

environmental and social risk (independent variable).

DEPENDENT OUTPUT
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
VARIABLE

1. Demographic Perspective of
Profile the Affected
Environment 2. Knowledge Residence in
al Risks and Satisfaction the Newly
3. Experiences Constructed
During and Central
After the Luzon Link
Social Risks Expressway Expressway
Construction (Phase 1)
project Particularly
in Aliaga,
Nueva Ecija
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to describe the perspective of affected residents in the newly

constructed Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1), Particularly in Aliaga, Nueva

Ecija. To account for this, the researcher must obtain the following:

1. Identify the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

a. Number of family members; and

b. Estimated monthly family income

6
 2. Assess the knowledge and satisfaction of the respondents to the construction

of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1);

3. Identify the environmental risks encountered by the respondents during and

after the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1); and

4. Determine the social risks encountered by the respondents during and after the

construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1).

5. Assess the relationship between the monthly family income of the respondents

and the environmental risks encountered by the respondents, as well as the

social risks perceived by the respondents.

Significance of the Study

When the objectives of this study are met, it will benefit the following:

To the people, this will help reduce social risks when constructing roads and

highways.

To future researchers, this will provide knowledge and insights about the different

effects of road and highway construction, particularly in residential areas.

To the engineers, this will serve as a basis for safe road and highway construction.

To the environment, this will give us a perception of the possible environmental

risks when constructing roads and highways and help us come up with a solution to

lessen its environmental impact

7
Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study entitled "The Perspective of the Affected Residents in the Newly

Constructed Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) Particularly in Aliaga, Nueva

Ecija: A Basis for Safe Road and Highway Construction" determines the insights of the

residents affected by the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)

and its environmental and social impact, particularly in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija. The study

will focus only on the affected residents of Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, which is within the 500-

meter radius along the CLLEx (Phase 1).

The study was conducted from February up to May 2022

Figure 2. Map of CLLEx (Phase 1) located at Aliaga, Nueva Ecija

Figure 3. Satellite View of the Affected Households Within 500-Meter Radius of Central

Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) located at Aliaga, Nueva Ecija

8
Definition of Terms

Airborne. Airborne is a particulate matter that is often transmitted through the air.

Conjugated Properties. Conjugated Properties are all properties that the expressway

construction has taken from the residents.

Decongest. Decongest is freeing from traffic.

Ecological Effect. The ecological effect is the effect of man-made acts or natural

disasters on the environment.

Economic Development. Economic Development is a demand to improve financial well-

being and quality of life.

Environmental Risk. Environmental Risks are possible threats that infect the air, water,

soils, natural habitat, and ecosystem.

Expressway. Expressway is a route containing controlled inflow and outflow of vehicles

and is more likely to have two or more ways in each direction, making traveling more

efficient and faster.s

Likert Scale. Likert Scale is a question with a rating scale choice of answer.

Occurrence. An occurrence is an event or incident that is repeating to happen.

Pearson-r Correlation. Pearson-r Correlation is the statistical tool that the researchers

used to determine the relationship between family income on the respondents’ social risk

9
and environmental risk. This was often used to measure the strength of a linear

association between two variables

Perspectives. Perspectives are the outlook or perception of people in Aliaga about

constructing the expressway.

Purposive Sampling. Purposive Sampling is the sampling where the researchers choose

their respondents who participate in answering the questionnaire.

Proliferated. Proliferated means to grow faster in number.

Road construction. Road Construction is the creation of a pavement or roads for the

vehicles, which includes broadening, relocation, or remodeling an existing road structure.

Social risks. Social risks are the form of socioeconomic position, race, gender, social

relationships, and residential and community contexts that affect people’s livelihood,

health, and safety.

Socio-Demographic. Socio-Demographic is a factor that the researcher used to assess the

respondent’s income and family members.

Urbanization. Urbanization develops an area from the countryside to become a city’s

increasing population.

10
 CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology plays a vital role in all research studies. This chapter of the

study elaborates on the methods used by the researcher to come up with a valid and

scientific result. Chapter II includes research design, the locale of the study, the

population of the study, research instrument, data gathering, and data analysis and

technique.

Research Design

The study used the descriptive research method utilizing an instrument from the

perspective of the affected residents in the newly constructed Central Luzon Link

Expressway (Phase 1), particularly in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, as the significant source of

data. The descriptive method describes a specific set of phenomena. It involves a

collection of data with survey questionnaires. The descriptive method also includes

observation, appraising materials, processes, and conditions of a system used in the study.

This study gathered data from the selected households affected by the construction of the

Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1), particularly in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija.

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at the affected barangays located in Aliaga, Nueva

Ecija. Primarily, this study will focus on the affected households within the 500-meter

radius along the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1). Specifically, this study

covers the affected households at Barangay La Purisima, Poblacion West IV, Poblacion

Centro, Poblacion East I, Poblacion East II, Pantoc, Bucot, San Juan and Betes and

Umangan.

11
 La Purisima

Poblacion Centro

Figure 4. Satellite View of Affected Households Within the 500-Meter Radius Along

Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) Located at Barangay La Purisima, Poblacion

West IV, Poblacion Centro, and Poblacion East I

Figure 5. Satellite View of Affected Households Within the 500-Meter Radius Along

Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) Located at Barangay Poblacion East II,

Pantoc, and Bucot.

12
 Betes

San Juan

Figure 6. Satellite View of Affected Households Within The 500-Meter Radius Along

Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) Located at Barangay San Juan and Betes

Umangan

Figure 7. Satellite View of Affected Households Within The 500-Meter Radius Along

Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) Located at Barangay Umangan

13
The Population of the Study

This study utilized purposive sampling under non-probability sampling to collect

the participants' responses. The study participants were chosen based on the purpose of

the study. A total of One Hundred Thirty-One (131) households participated in the

survey.

Research Instrument

The researchers utilized the face-to-face and mail survey methods. The survey

questionnaires were made up of Likert-scale, open and close-ended questions.

The researchers used Google forms to reach the respondents. A paper survey

questionnaire was given to those who do not have internet connectivity.

Data Gathering

The researchers prepared a letter of request to perform the research survey. Upon

approval, the researchers carry out the survey. The researchers asked residents within the

500-meter radius along the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) to participate to the

survey.

The beginning of the survey was all about the respondents' demographic profile,

such as family members and estimated monthly family income. The next part of the

survey was on the respondents' knowledge and satisfaction with the expressway

construction project. Further, the survey dealt with the environmental risks experienced

by the respondents during and after the road construction projects. The questions were on

14
a five-point Likert scale. Lastly, the respondents were asked if they encountered social

risk during and after the expressway construction and defined those experiences.

Data Analysis and Technique

The study used the Qualitative Data Analysis method to analyze non-numeric

information responses gathered. The mean formula was used to describe the results of the

environmental risks encountered by the respondents. The Pearson-r correlation was used

to determine the significant relationship between the monthly family income of the

respondents and the environmental risks encountered by the participants, as well as the

social risks experienced by the respondents.

15
 CHAPTER III

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Table 1.1 The distribution of the respondents according to the number of family

members

Number of members Frequency Percentage

2-3 19 14.5%

4-5 66 50.4%

6-7 35 26.7%

8-9 9 6.9%

More than 10 2 1.5%

Table 1.1 shows that the number of families among the 131 respondents with two

to three members is nineteen (19), which corresponds to the percentage of 14.5%, and the

number of families with four to five members is sixty-six (66), which corresponds to the

percentage of 50.4%, the number of the family with six to seven members is thirty-five

(35) corresponds to the percentage of 26.7%, the number of the family with eight to nine

members is nine (9) corresponds to the percentage of 6.9%, and the number of the family

with more than ten members is two (2) corresponds to the percentage of 1.5%. Most of

the family have four to five members.

16
Table 1.2 The distribution of the respondents according to family monthly income

Monthly Income Frequency Percentage

Below PHP 10,000 44 33.6%

PHP 10,001 to PHP 20,000 49 37.4%

PHP 20,001 to PHP 30,000 24 18.3%

PHP 30,001 to PHP 40,000 10 7.6%

Table 1.2 reveals that the family monthly income among the 131 respondents

below ten thousand pesos (PHP 10,000) is forty-four (44), which corresponds to the

percentage of 33.6%, the family monthly income with ten thousand one to twenty

thousand pesos (PHP 10,001- 20,000) is forty-nine (49), which corresponds to the

percentage of 37.4%, the family monthly income with twenty thousand one to thirty

thousand pesos (PHP 20,001- 30,000) is twenty-four (24) corresponds to the percentage

of 18.3%, the family monthly income with thirty thousand one to forty thousand pesos

(PHP 30,001- 40,000) is ten (10) corresponds to a percentage of 3.1%, and the family

monthly income with more than forty thousand pesos (PHP 40,000) is four (4)

corresponds to the percentage of 3.1%. The majority of the families earn ten thousand

one to twenty thousand pesos (PHP 10,001- 20,000) monthly. As shown in the table,

many households with four to five members earn ten thousand one to twenty thousand

pesos monthly. Table 2. The number of yes and no answers to each question.

17
Table 2. The number of yes and no answers to each question with regards to

knowledge and satisfaction of the respondents about the Central Luzon Link

Expressway (Phase 1)

QUESTIONS YES NO TOTAL

RESPONDENTS

1. Are you informed about the expressway construction

before starting the project? 106 25 131

2. Do you know the purpose of the expressway

construction project? 112 19 131

3. Do you own a property conjugated by the

expressway construction project? 33 98 131

4. Do the conjugated property is compensated properly?

100 31 131

5. Do you feel the safety as you were near or located at

the construction? 89 42 131

6. Does the expressway construction project benefit the

community? 93 38 131

The table depicts the result of the number of yes and no in each question about

knowledge and satisfaction with the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway

(Phase 1), wherein: Question 1 with 106 respondents answered “yes” while 25

respondents answered “no”; Question 2, 112 respondents answered “yes” while 19

respondent “no”; Question 3 have 33 responses answered “yes” and 98 “no”; Question 4

with 100 respondent answered “yes,” and 31 respondents answered “no”; Question 5 with

89 respondents answered “yes,” and 42 respondents answered “no”; Question 6, 93

respondents answered “yes,” and 38 respondents answered “no.”

18
 Percentage of knowledge and satisfaction of the respondents
with the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway
(Phase 1).
100% 86%
81% 76%
75%
Percentage (%)

80% 68% 71%

60%
40% 32% 29%
25% 24%
19% 14%
20%
0%
1 2 3 4 5 6
Questions

YES NO

Figure 8. Percentage of knowledge and satisfaction of the respondents with the

construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1).

This figure represents the result of 131 respondents in the percentage of

knowledge and satisfaction with the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway

wherein: Question 1 with the question of “Are you informed about the expressway

construction before starting the project?” 81% of the respondents answered “yes,” and

19% answered “no.” Question 2, “Do you know the purpose of the expressway

construction project?” only 86% of the respondents answered “yes,” and 14% answered

“no.” Question 3 “Do you own a property conjugated by the expressway construction

project?” 25% of the respondents answered “yes,” and 75% is “no.” Question 4 “Do you

feel the safety as you were near or located at the construction” 76% answered “yes,” and

24% answered “no.” Question 5 “Do you think the expressway construction project

benefits the community?” respondents answered “yes” with 68% and “no” with 32%, and

19
lastly, in Question 6, “Are you satisfied with the expressway construction project?” 71%

answered “yes,” and 29% answered “no.”

Table 3. Methods on how the respondents were informed about the construction of

the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) located in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija

SOCIAL BY
ANNOUNCEMENT TEXT/CHAT MEETINGS
MEDIA NEIGHBOR/RUMOR

27 32 11 22 14

The table depicts how the respondents were informed about the construction of

the expressway, a sub-question from question 1 of the questionnaire. Out of 131

respondents, 106 households said they were informed about the construction, 27 it was

informed through social media like Facebook, 32 respondents learned via barangay

announcement, 11 respondents discovered it from text and chats, and 22 through

meetings in barangay and other private organization, and 14 respondents was informed

by their neighborhood and rumors in the surrounding.

Percentage of how were the residents

informed about the project
BY
NEIGHBOUR/RUM SOCIAL MEDIA
OR SOCIAL MEDIA
13% 26% ANNOUNCEMENT
MEETINGS
21% TEXT/CHAT

MEETINGS
TEXT/CHAT ANNOUNCEMENT
10% 30%
BY NEIGHBOUR/RUMOR

20
 Figure 9. Percentage distribution of methods on how the residents were informed

about the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)

This figure shows the percentage of the statements of the respondents on how the

respondents were informed about the construction project. The result reveals that they

were informed through social media, barangay announcements, chat or text, meetings,

and by their neighbor or rumor. The announcement has the highest form where the

respondents were informed with 30%, followed by social media with 26%, next was

through meetings with 21%, by neighbor or rumor with 13%, and by chat and text is

10%.

Percentage of the statements of the respondents concerning

the compensation of conjugated properties

24%

49%

27%

YES PARTIAL NO

Figure 10. Percentage of the statements of the respondents concerning the

compensation of conjugated properties

The figure reveals the respondents’ statement concerning the compensation of the

occupied properties due to the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase

1). Out of 33 households, 49% was unfairly compensated by the government, while 27%

21
of the affected respondents was partially compensated, and 24% conjugated households

claimed that they were fairly compensated with their property.

Figure 11. Statements of the respondents regarding the benefits of the construction

of the expressway

Statements of the respondents regarding the benefits of the

40
construction of the expressway
35 37

30

25

20

15 18 18

10
10
5
2 2 2
0

This figure shows the answers of respondents on how the community benefits

from the construction of the expressway. Out of 131 respondents, only 89 answered “yes”

in question 5 pertaining that the construction of the expressway will benefit the

community. 18 or 20% of the respondent said it would increase livelihood opportunities,

and some of them got a job as a guard during the construction of the expressway. With

another 18 (20%) of the respondent said it improves the road (from rough road to

concrete road), 37 respondents, which corresponds to 44%, said it fasten the trips (faster

22
transportation), 2% of respondents said it increases the vehicles and passers that can

promote their community, another 2% of respondents said it decreases the traffic and 2%

said it lessens the occurrence of an accident in the community. While the other 10% said,

it would benefit the government by gaining tax so they can receive the full compensation

of their properties, and others say that it will increase the value of their land.

The result shows that the residents have a high percentage of knowledge about the

construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) because 112 respondents

know the purpose of the expressway, and 106 were informed before the construction. The

residents were satisfied with the thought that they would benefit from the construction of

the expressway once it was fully open in public. However, most of the residents who own

a property conjugated by the expressway were unfairly compensated.

Table 4. The rate of the environmental risks encountered by the respondents during

and after the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)

Statements
Very Likely Neutral Unlikely Very
Likely Unlikely
(4) (3) (2)
(5) (1)

1. There is an increase in 25 69 30 6 1
airborne dust during/after the
road construction project.

2. There is an increase in air 12 62 39 16 2

pollution during/after the road
construction project.

3. There is an increase in noise 23 56 37 14 1

levels during/after the road
construction project.

23
 4. There is an increase in 17 52 45 15 2
vibration during/after the road
construction project.

5. There is an increase in 14 27 31 37 22
flooding during/after the road
construction project.

6. There is an increase in land 7 37 35 22 30

waste during/after the road
construction.

Table 4 shows the rate of the respondents to the statements given about the

Environmental risks they encountered during and after the construction of the Central

Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1).

The Average rate of the environmental risks encountered

by the respondents during and after the construction of
the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)
5

4
Average

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Statement

Figure 12. The Average rate of the environmental risks encountered by the

respondents during and after the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway

(Phase 1)

24
 The figure details the average rate of the respondents to the statements given

about the Environmental risks they encountered during and after the construction of the

Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1). The severity of the impact was based on the

average answers per the respondents' statements. In statement 1, the average response is

likely (4), which means the effects of the airborne dust during/after the construction was

severe. For statement 2, the mean answer is likely (4), which means the respondents were

severely impacted as the air pollution impact is powerful. Statement 3, the average

answer is likely (4), which means an extreme increase in noise level. In statement 4, the

average response is likely (4), indicating a severe vibration rise. In statement 5, the

average answer is neutral (3), which means they have moderately severe flooding. And in

statement 6, the average response is neutral (3), which means the impact of the land

waste is relatively moderate. In conclusion, respondents are experiencing moderate to

severe effects during and after the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway

(Phase 1).

Table 5. The rate of the social risks perceived by the respondents regarding the

construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)

Encountered social risk during and after YES NO TOTAL

the expressway construction project in RESPONDENTS
terms of

Livelihood 91 40 131

Traffic 85 46 131

25
 Health 101 30 131

Safety 95 36 131

This table represents the number of respondents who answered "yes," and "no,"

about the social risk encountered during and after the expressway construction project

regarding livelihood, traffic, health, and safety.

Percentage of the risks perceived by the respondents

on the construction of Central Luzon Link Expressway
(Phase 1)
100%
77%
80% 69% 73%
65%
60%

40% 35%
31% 27%
23%
20%

0%
Livelihood Traffic Health Safety
YES NO

Figure 13. Percentage of the social risks perceived by the respondents during the

construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1)

Figure 13 depicts the rate and percentage of the Social Risks that the Respondents

perceived during the Construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1).

Regarding Social Risk in Livelihood, 69% or 91 respondents encountered risk, while

31% or 40 respondents said they did not experience trouble. In Traffic risk, 65% or the 85

respondents said they faced risk, while the 35% or the 46 respondents said otherwise. In

terms of health risk, 77% said that they feel risk, while 23% or 30 respondents said they

did not feel the danger. In safety, 73% or the 95 respondents said they encountered

problems, and 27% or 36 respondents did not encounter trouble.

26
Table 6. Examples of Risks Encountered by the Respondents in the Livelihood,

Traffic, Health, and Safety

Some Social Risks Encountered Frequency

Livelihood

Broken Appliances due to Frequent Power Interruption 28

Decrease in farming income 59

Development of non-farm markets 28

Inadequate Compensation for Conjugated Properties 19

Increase in livelihood opportunities 25

Unreasonable/ Forced Relocation 4

Traffic

Road blockage due to construction waste 26

Traffic conversion 70

Health

Ineffective construction waste disposal 18

Blockage of water drainage and waterways 38

27
 Allergic reactions 34

Noise Pollution 49

Air Pollution 66

Safety

Forced demolition 7

Road Vibration 62

Dangers of Increased Vehicles/ Passers 69

Table 6 shows the respondents' statements about their experiences in terms

of social risks. In livelihood, 59 respondents said they encountered troubles; the leading

problem was decreased income in crop production such as rice. Due to the construction

of the expressway, their lands were converted to roads in reduced land areas capable of

crop propagation. Twenty-eight (28) respondents indicate both broken appliances and the

development of non-farm markets as a problem. In another view, twenty-five (25)

respondents saw an increase in livelihood opportunities. Nineteen (19) respondents have

a problem with uncompensated land because they are only partially paid 35% of the total

compensation. Four (4) respondents experienced forced or unreasonable relocation in line

with this problem.

Most respondents (70 respondents) indicated traffic conversion as a problem in

the traffic risk, and 26 respondents said road blockage due to construction waste. Air

pollution is the number 1 problem with 66 respondents in terms of health risk. Next is

28
noise pollution, with 49 respondents. Blockage of drainage and waterways is another

problem encountered stated by 38 respondents. Due to the air pollution, the residents'

allergic reaction becomes a problem with 34 respondents. Eighteen (18) respondents said

they encountered an ineffective construction waste disposal problem. And lastly, in

safety, 69 respondents indicated dangers of increased vehicles/passers as a problem. Next

is the road vibration with 62 respondents and force demolition problem with seven

respondents.

Table 7. Pearson-r correlation of monthly family income and environmental risks as

well as social risks experienced during/after the expressway construction project

Pearson-R Correlation of Monthly Family Income and Social Risks and

Environmental Risk Experienced During/After the Expressway Construction
Project

Environmental
Livelihood Traffic Health Safety
Risks

Monthly
Family -0.037 0.019 -0.022 -0.061 -0.31

Income

This table shows the result of the statistical analysis of the monthly family income

and its relationship with environmental risks and social risks experienced by the

respondents during and after the construction project using the Pearson-r correlation. The

result shows a weak positive correlation between the air monthly family income and

livelihood with r--0.037. Regarding the traffic risks, the analysis showed a weak positive

correlation with r-0.019. The monthly family income and health showed a weak negative

29
correlation with an equivalent r—0.022 and the safety and the environmental risks with

r—0.61 and r—0.31, respectively.

30
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study aimed to describe the perspective of the affected residents in the newly

constructed Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1), particularly in the affected

residents within the 500-meter radius along the CLLEx located in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija.

With a total of 131 respondents from purposively selected households from affected

barangays, namely Barangay La Purisima, Poblacion West IV, Poblacion Centro,

Poblacion East I, Poblacion East II, Pantoc, Bucot, San Juan and Betes, and Umangan.

From the data gathered by mail survey and face-to-face survey, the study revealed

that the most of the number of the family is four (4) to five (5) with the 50.4 % and most

of the monthly income among the families was ten thousand one to twenty thousand

pesos with 37.4 %.

The researchers found that most of the residents were informed before the

expressway construction which corresponds to 81% of the total respondents, and most of

the residents were informed in announcements. Respondents were knowledgeable about

the purpose of the expressway construction project with a percentage of 86%. In terms of

satisfaction with the expressway construction, 71% of the respondents were satisfied with

the project.

This study revealed that environmental risks encountered by the respondent

during and after the construction of the Central Luzon Link Expressway (Phase 1) were

classified as moderate to severe impact. The social risk encountered in livelihood has

31
69% of risk because of decreased land propagation income, uncompensated land, broken

appliances during the construction, and blockage of water drainage and waterways. In

traffic, 65% of the respondents encountered problems. In comparison, 77% of the

respondents encountered risks in terms of health—precisely, increased noise and air

pollution during construction. For safety, 73% of respondents feel the risk of the

construction project.

The researchers found that the monthly family and environmental risks and the

social risks encountered by the respondents have weak negative correlations up to weak

positive correlations.

Conclusion

Based on the initial results, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Most households have four to five members, and the majority of the family

income ranges from ten thousand one up to twenty thousand.

2. The residents were informed about the construction of the Central Luzon Link

Expressway (Phase 1) before conducting the project, with most of the informed

respondents being notified of announcements. However, most residents who own

a property conjugated by the expressway were unfairly compensated. Despite the

unfair compensation, the residents were satisfied with the expressway

construction projects, and they think it benefits their community.

3. The residents experience moderate to severe environmental impact during and

after the expressway construction projects. Mostly, the households experience

32
 increases in airborne dust, vibration, and noise level during the expressway

construction project.

4. Most of the respondents experience social risks regarding their health, safety,

livelihood, and traffic. Most casualties were decreased land income, traffic

conversion, air pollution, and the dangers of increased vehicles or passers.

5. There is a weak positive and negative correlation between the monthly family

income and the environmental risks, and the social risk encountered by the

respondents. This means that the variables have a minimal significant relationship

to each other.

Recommendation

1. Due to Covid19, the researchers experienced difficulties conducting the study

online and even face-to-face surveys. To get the most reliable respondents, the

researchers recommend making an official list of names of respondents for

efficient and less time-consuming surveys before entering the place.

2. The researchers recommend that future researchers conduct this study with a

larger population to increase the result's credibility.

3. The researchers recommend that future researchers explore more variables to

consider that are related to this study.

4. The researchers recommend using this study as a basis for knowledge and insights

into different effects of road and highway construction to lessen the social and

environmental risks, particularly in residential areas.

33
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37
DOCUMENTATION

38
Appendix A

39
 Appendix B
Name (Optional): ____________________________________
I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
a. Number of family member
o 2-3
o 4-5
o 6-7
o 8-9
o More than 10 members
b. Monthly family income
o Below PHP 10,000
o PHP 10,001 to PHP 20,000
o PHP 20,001 to PHP 30,000
o PHP 30,001 to PHP 40,000
o More than PHP 40,000
II. KNOWLEDGE AND SATISFACTION OF THE RESPONDENTS WITH THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL LUZON LINK EXPRESSWAY (PHASE 1)
PARTICULARLY IN ALIAGA, NUEVA ECIJA
Direction: Please answer the questions honestly based on your experience regarding the
construction of the expressway. Put a check (🗸) on the box and state your answer on the space
provided.
Statements
1. Are you informed about the expressway construction before starting the
project? (Alam mo ba ang tungkol sa paggawa ng expressway bago YES NO
simulan ang proyekto?)
If yes, how were you informed? (Kung oo, paano mo nalaman?) (Via text, social media,
meetings, etc.)

2. Do you know the purpose of the expressway construction project? ( Alam

YES NO
mo ba ang layunin ng proyekto sa paggawa ng expressway?)
3. Do you own a property conjugated by the expressway construction
project? (Nagmamay-ari ka ba ng isang ari-arian na nasakupan ng YES NO
konstruksyon ng expressway?)
If yes, was it fairly compensated? (Kung oo, ito ba ay nabayaran nang patas?)

4. Do you feel the safety as you were near or located at the construction?
(Nararamdaman mo ba ang kaligtasan kahit malapit ka o matatagpuan sa YES NO
lugar ng konstruksyon?)
5. Do you think the expressway construction project benefits the
community? (Sa iyong palagay, nakikinabang ba ang komunidad sa YES NO
proyektong pagtatayo ng expressway?)
If yes, how does it benefit the community? (Kung oo, paano ito naging pakinabang sa
komunidad?)

6. Are you satisfied with the expressway construction project? (Nasiyahan ka

YES NO
ba sa pagbuo ng expressway?)

40
 III. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ENCOUNTERED BY THE RESPONDENTS DURING AND
AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL LUZON LINK EXPRESSWAY (PHASE 1)
PARTICULARLY IN ALIAGA, NUEVA ECIJA

Direction: Please check (🗸) and rate your observation honestly based on what you have
experienced given the statements using the following scales:

(5) Very likely

(4) Likely
(3) Neutral
(2) Unlikely
(1) Very Unlike

Statements Very Likely Neutral Unlikely Very

Likely (4) (3) (2) Unlikely
(5) (1)
1. There is an increase in airborne dust during/after
the expressway construction project. (Mayroong
pagdami ng alikabok sa hangin
habang/pagkatapos ng proyekto sa konstruksyon
ng expressway.)
2. There is an increase in air pollution during/after
the expressway construction project. (Mayroong
pagtaas ng polusyon sa hangin sa
panahon/pagkatapos ng proyektong pagtatayo ng
expressway)
3. There is an increase in noise level during/after the
expressway construction project. (Mayroong
pagtaas ng antas ng ingay sa panahon/pagkatapos
ng proyektong pagtatayo ng expressway)
4. There is an increase in vibration during/after the
expressway construction project. (May pagtaas
ng vibration sa panahon/pagkatapos ng proyekto
sa konstruksyon ng expressway)
5. There is an increase in flooding during/after the
expressway construction project. (May pagtaas ng
pagbaha sa panahon/pagkatapos ng proyektong
pagtatayo ng expressway.)
6. There is an increase in land wastes during/after
the expressway construction project. (Mayroong
pagdami ng mga dumi sa lupa sa
panahon/pagkatapos ng proyektong pagtatayo ng
expressway)

41
 IV. SOCIAL RISKS ENCOUNTERED BY THE RESPONDENTS DURING AND AFTER THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL LUZON LINK EXPRESSWAY (PHASE 1)
PARTICULARY IN ALIAGA NUEVA ECIJA

Direction: Please answer the questions honestly based on your experience regarding the
construction of the expressway. Please check (🗸) your answer and specify if your answer is not
provided.

Experience Social Risks in terms of Livelihood YES NO

Unreasonable/ Forced Relocation (Hindi Makatwiran/ Sapilitang Relokasyon)
Inadequate Compensation for Conjugated Properties (Hindi Sapat na Kabayaran para sa nasakupang
ari-arian)
Decrease in farming income (Pagbaba ng kita sa pagsasaka)
Broken Appliances due to Frequent Power Interruption (Mga Sirang Appliances dahil sa Madalas na
Pagkaputol ng Power)
Development of non-farm markets (Pag-unlad ng mga ibang merkado)
Increase in livelihood opportunities (Pagdami ng mga pangkabuhayan)
Other:

Experience Social Risks in terms of Traffic YES NO

Traffic conversion (Pag-lipat ng trapiko)
Road blockage due to construction waste (Pagbara sa kalsada dahil sa basura sa konstruksyon)
Other:

Experience Social Risks in terms of Health YES NO

Ineffective construction waste disposal (Hindi epektibong pagtatapon ng basura ng konstruksyon)
Blockage of water drainage and waterways (Pagbara sa paagusan ng tubig at mga daluyan ng tubig)
Allergic reactions (Alerhiya)
Noise Pollution (Polusyon sa Ingay)
Air Pollution (Polusyon sa hangin)
Other:

Experience Social Risks in terms of Safety YES NO

Forced demolition (Sapilitang demolisyon)
Road Vibration (Pag-yanig o pag-uga ng kalsada)
Dangers of Increased Vehicles/ Passers (Mga Panganib ng Dumadaming Sasakyan/ Mga Dumadaan)
Other:

42
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name : Aira A. Cagungon

Address : Mayapyap Norte, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Email Address : [email protected]

Contact Number : 09998654478

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : November 02, 1999

Place of Birth : Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Age : 22

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Height : 5’2”

Weight : 65 kg

Religion : Catholic

43
EDUCATION

College : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

2018-Present

Secondary : Junior High School

Nueva Ecija High School

Burgos Ave., Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2012-2016

Senior High School

Nueva Ecija Senior High School

Burgos Ave., Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2016-2018

Elementary : J.P.M.M.E.S.

Dicarma, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2006-2012

44
Name : Graciella Ilano Gan

Address : Maugat, San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

Email Address : [email protected]

Contact Number : 0939-959-7184

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : May 27, 2000

Place of Birth : San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

Age : 21

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Height : 5’5”

Weight : 60 kg

Religion : Catholic

45
EDUCATION

College : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

2018-Present

Secondary : Junior High School

Sta. Isabel Montessori Inc.

Sto. Cristo, San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

2012-2016

Senior High School

Sta. Isabel Montessori Inc.

Sto. Cristo, San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

016-2018

Elementary : Sta. Isabel Montessori Inc.

Sto. Cristo, San Antonio, Nueva Ecija

2006-2012

46
Name : Myke Khier Rylan N. Sarangaya

Address : Mayapyap Norte, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Email Address : rylesarangaya232gmail.com

Contact Number : 0976-102-7326

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : July 23, 2000

Place of Birth : Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Age : 21

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Height : 5’10”

Weight : 58 kg

Religion : Catholic

47
EDUCATION

College : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

2018-Present

Secondary : Junior High School

Marciano del Rosario Memorial National High School

Pamaldan, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2012-2016

Senior High School

PHINMA Araullo University

Bitas, Maharlika Highway, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2016-2018

Elementary : Mayapyap Elementary School

Mayapyap Norte, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2006-2012

48
Name : Mary Jiezel Joy DC. Liwag

Address : San Miguel na Munti,Talavera, Nueva Ecija

Email Address : [email protected]

Contact Number : 09179403075

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : October 21, 1999

Place of Birth : Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Age : 22

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Height : 5’2”

Weight : 43 kg

Religion : Catholic

49
EDUCATION

College : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

2018-Present

Secondary : Junior High School

Nueva Ecija High School

Burgos Ave., Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2012-2016

Senior High School

Nueva Ecija Senior High School

Burgos Ave., Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

2016-2018

Elementary : San Miguel na Munti Elementary School

San Miguel na Munti, Talavera, Nueva Ecija

2006-2012

50
Name : Daniel Ivan C. Valez

Address : Barangay 1, Quezon, Nueva Ecija

Email Address : [email protected]

Contact Number : 09661486958

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : February 21, 2000

Place of Birth : Quezon, Nueva Ecija

Age : 22

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Height : 5’5”

Weight : 70 kg

Religion : Roman Catholic

51
EDUCATION

College : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

2018-Present

Secondary : Junior High School

Holy Family Academy of Quezon Nueva Ecija Inc.

Barangay II, Quezon, Nueva Ecija

2012-2016

Senior High School

Holy Family Academy of Quezon Nueva Ecija Inc.

Barangay II, Quezon, Nueva Ecija

2016-2018

Elementary : Quezon Central Elementary School

Barangay II, Quezon, Nueva Ecija

2006-2012

52