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FIRST YEAR B.PHARMACY DEGREE

1.1. PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Fundamentals of Volumetry 5 hours
Methods of expressing concentrations, primary and secondary standards & practical oriented
theory
2. Introduction: Learning symbols and valency of elements. Writing molecular formula,
balancing equation, Pharmacopoeia and monograph. Development of periodic table on the
modern concept of atomic structure and its importance. 10 hours
3. Quality control and test for purity: Sources of impurities in pharmaceutical substances.
Limit tests: Definition, importance, general procedure for limit test for chlorides, sulphates, iron,
arsenic, heavy metals, lead and modifications in procedures with suitable examples.12 hours
4. Radiopharmaceuticals and contrast media: Nuclear reactions, nomenclature, units and
measurement of radioactivity, clinical applications and dosage, hazards and precautions, Radio
pharmaceutical preparations and standards of radioactive material such as 131Iodine, 58Cobalt.
Radio opaque contrast medium-barium sulphate. 8 hours
5. Method of preparation, assay, identification test, test for purity, official preparation, storage
conditions and uses of inorganic compounds listed in I.P belonging to the following
categories. 30 hours
a) Gastrointestinal agents and related compounds
i. Acidifiers: Dilute hydrochloric acid, Sodium phosphate, Ammonium chloride.
ii. Antacids: Classification, qualities of an ideal antacid, side effects, advantages, combination
therapy, acid neutralizing capacity, sodium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, aluminium hydroxide
gel, dried aluminium hydroxide gel, aluminium phosphate, magnesium hydroxide, light and
heavy magnesium trisilicate, light and heavy magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate,
magaldrate and bismuth carbonate.
iii. Adsorbents and protectives: Light kaolin, heavy kaolin and bismuth sub-carbonate.
iv. Saline cathartics: Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulphate, magnesium carbonate and
sodium phosphate.
b) Topical Agents
i. Protectives: Talc, zinc oxide, calamine, zinc stearate, titanium dioxide, kaolin, silicon polymers
and dimethicone.
ii. Astringents: Alum, zinc sulphate and zinc chloride.
iii. Anti-microbials: Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorinated lime, iodine, boric
acid, silver nitrate, sodium stilbogluconate, povidone-iodine, selenium sulphide and zinc
undecenoate.
c) Dental products
i. Anti-caries Agents: Role of fluorides as anti-caries agents, sodium fluoride.
ii. Dentifrices: Calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate, strontium chloride, zinc chloride.

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d) Major intra and extra cellular electrolytes:

i. Physiological role of chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium and
magnesium.
ii. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy: Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium
chloride, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, dibasic calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium
phosphate.
iii. Physiological acid-base balance and its importance.
iv. Electrolytes used in the acid-base therapy : Sodium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium
bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, ammonium chloride.
electrolyte combination therapy, compound sodium chloride solution, sodium chloride injection
and oral rehydration salt.
e) Gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen and nitrous oxide.
f) Essential and Trace ions: Definition, physiological role of iron, copper, zinc, chromium,
manganese, molybdenum, selenium, sulphur and iodine ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate,
ferrous sulphate, iron and ammonium citrate.
Official formulation: Iron dextran injection, strong iodine solution.
g) Pharmaceutical Aids: Sodium bisulphite, sodium metabisulphite, sulphurdioxide, bentonite,
magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, aluminium sulphate, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, sodium
formaldehyde sulphoxylate, purified water, water for injection and sterile water for injection.
h) Miscellaneous:
i. Sclerosing agents: Hypertonic saline, sodium tetra decyl sulphate.
ii. Expectorants: Potassium citrate and potassium iodide.
iii.Sedative: Potassium bromide.
iv. Antidotes: Sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulphate and charcoal
v. Respiratory stimulant: Ammonium carbonate.
6. Theory of co-ordination compounds with special reference to application in pharmacy and
pharmaceutical analysis. EDTA, dimercaprol, penicillamine and 1, 10-phenanthroline. 10 hours
PRACTICALS
I. Volumetric analysis
a. Preparation and standardization of some standard solutions
b. Volumetric analysis of some important compounds mentioned in theory
II. Preparation of the following inorganic pharmaceuticals and their identification tests and other
tests given in I.P.
a. Aluminium hydroxide b. Zinc oxide
c. Barium sulphate d. Calcium carbonate
e. Potassium citrate f. Boric acid
g. Magnesium sulphate h. Ferrous sulphate.
III. Test for purity for the following:

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a. Swelling property of bentonite.

b. Acid neutralizing capacity of aluminium hydroxide gel.
c. Ammonium salts in potash alum.
d. Adsorption power in heavy kaolin.
e. Presence of iodates in potassium iodide.
f. Ferric ion and reducing sugars in ferrous gluconate.
IV. Limit test for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals, arsenic and modified procedure for
limit test for chloride and sulphates on potassium permanganate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
benzoate and sodium salicylate.
V. Systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic mixtures upto two acid radicals and two basic
radicals.
REFERENCES
1. Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry by Discher.
2. Advanced inorganic Chemistry by G.R.Chatwal
3. Bentley and Driver’s, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
4. Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by J.H. Block, E.B. Roche, T.O.Soine and
C.O.Wilson.
5. Roger’s Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry by T.O.Soine and C.O.Wilson.
6. Pharmaceutical Chemistry by M.L. Schroff.
7. Indian Pharmacopoeia 1985, 1996 and 2007.
8. Organic Chemistry Reactions and Reagents by O.P. Agarwal.
9. Analytical chemistry principles by John H. Kennedy
10. A text book Inorganic medicinal chemistry by Surendra N. Pandeya
11. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stanlake’s Practical Pharmaceutical chemistry Vol-I & II
12. Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry III-Edition P.Gundu Rao
13. Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Anand & Chatwal.
14. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry by Dr.B.G.Nagavi

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1.2. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Molecular orbital theory, wave equations, molecular orbitals, bonding, anti-bonding orbitals,
unshared pair of electrons and hybrid orbitals. intra-molecular and inter-molecular forces, their
effect on solubility, boiling point, melting point, covalent bond, polarity of bond, polarity of
molecule, dipole moment, bond dissociation energy, energy of activation, solubility of ionic
solutes and non ionic solutes. inductive effect, electromeric effect, mesomeric effect, resonance
effect, resonance, tautomerism, conjugation, hyper conjugation, types of bond fission,
electrophiles and nucleophiles. iupac nomenclature of organic compounds. 10 hours
2. Structure, nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes
and dienes with special emphasis on the following:
Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes, thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions of methane
with a halogen, Saytzeff’s rule, free radical and electrophilic addition on C=C bond,
Markownikoff’s rule, peroxide effect, ozonolysis, Bayer’s strain theory, Coulson and Moffitt’s
modification, mechanism of Diel’s–Alder reaction and addition reaction of conjugated dienes.
15 hours
3. Benzene: Kekule structure, heat of hydrogenation and stability, C-C bond length in benzene,
Resonance structure of benzene, orbital picture, aromatic character, Huckel’s rule, Mechanism of
electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution, theory of effect of substituent on reactivity
and orientation. 10 hours
4. a) Preparation and properties of poly aromatic compounds : naphthalene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, diphenyl methane, triphenyl methane and diphenyl ethane.
b) Preparation, test for purity and medicinal uses of dicophane, gammaxene, saccharin, methyl
salicylate, phenindione, ethylbiscoumacetate, vanillin, urethane, carbromal, amphetamine and
acetanilide. 10 hours
5. a) General structure, nomenclature, preparation and reaction mechanism of alkyl and aryl
halides (Mechanism of SN1 , SN2, E1 and E2), alcohols, ethers, epoxides, amines (basicity of
amines, influence of substitutent on basic property), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and
functional derivatives of carboxylic acids.
b) Preparation, test for purity and medicinal uses of Chloroform, Iodoform, Mephenesin, Citric
acid, Lactic acid, Benzoic acid, Sodium lauryl sulphate and Glycol. 15 hours
6. a) Reactive intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, free radicals – generation,
relative stability, fate and applications.
b) Properties of Alpha (α ) and Beta (β) unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
c) Preparation and synthetic utility of aceto-acetic ester, malonic ester, Grignard reagent and
diazonium salts. 15 hours

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PRACTICALS
1. Assay of organic compounds involving acidimetry, alkalimetry and iodimetry.
(at least 04).
2. Systematic qualitative analysis of organic compounds including preparation of derivative
(not less than 10 compounds with different functional groups).
3. Preparation of organic drugs or intermediate involving one-step reaction
(at least 08 compounds).
4. Determination of melting point and boiling point of organic compounds including mixed
melting point technology.
5. Introduction to the use of stereo models
a) Methane b) Ethane c) Acetylene d) Ketone e) Benzene
(The ball and stick stereo molecules may be prepared by students using china clay and plastic
sticks in order to explain the formation of bonds, bond angles, bond lengths, etc.)
REFERENCES
1. Organic Chemistry by R.L. Morrison and R.N. Boyd.
2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar Vol. I and II.
3. Organic Chemistry by P.L. Soni.
4. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl.
5. Reaction and reagents by O.P. Agarwal.
6. Bentley and Driver’s, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
7. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P.) , 1985, 1996 and 2007.
8. Vogel’s Practical Organic Chemistry, Vol I, II and III.
9. Stereo Chemistry of Organic Compounds by E.I. Elliel.
10. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Arun Bahl.
11. Organic chemistry – J.M.Cram and D.J.Cram
12. Organic chemistry- Brown
13. Organic chemistry- Cram and Hammered, Pine Hendrickson

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1.3. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Scope of anatomy, physiology and basic terminology. 1 hour
2. Cell physiology: Different type of cells, cell membrane physiology, development of action
potential, impulse transmission, cardiac and skeletal muscles electrophysiology, cell stimulation
and neuronal functions. 4 hours
3. Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues, their types and characteristics.
2 hours
4. Bones and Joints: Structure and function of skeleton, types of joints and their disorders.
5 hours
5. Blood and Lymph: Composition and functions of blood including their disorders. Blood
grouping and its significance, mechanism of coagulation, bleeding and clotting disorders.
Formation of lymph and its composition. Reticulo-endothelial system and its functions.
7 hours
6. Cardiovascular system: Anatomy and physiology of heart, blood circulation - systemic,
hepatic, pulmonary, fetal and circle of Willis, cardiac cycle, heart rate, blood pressure and its
regulation, ECG and heart sounds. 6 hours
7. Digestive system: Gross anatomy of the G.I.T. and its physiology with special reference to
liver, pancreas and stomach. Digestion, absorption, movements of intestine and disorders of
digestive system- constipation, diarrhoea and vomiting. 6 hours
8. Respiratory system: Anatomy of respiratory tract, mechanism of respiration, lung volumes,
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Disorders like cyanosis, mountain sickness and
Caisson’s disease. Cough and sneezing reflex. 5 hours
9. Urinary system: Structure and functions of kidney and urinary tract. Physiology of urine
formation and acid-base balance. 5 hours
10. Reproductive system: Structure and functions of male and female reproductive systems, sex
hormones, physiology of menstruation, coitus and fertilization. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis,
pregnancy and parturition, oral contraceptives. 4 hours
11. Endocrine system: Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
and pancreatic hormones and disorders of these glands. 7 hours
12. Central nervous system: Structure and functions of brain and spinal cord. Functions of
cerebrum, cerebellum, vital centers of medulla oblongata, cerebral ventricles, cranial nerves and
their functions. Reflex arc, cerebrospinal fluid and its functions, meninges. 7 hours
13. Autonomic nervous system: Anatomy, physiology and divisions of ANS. Motor and
sensory pathways. 3hours
14. Sense organs: Physiology of vision, audition, olfaction, taste and skin. 4 hours
15. Health education: Concepts of health and disease. Disease causing agents and prevention of
disease. 2 hours

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16. Nutrition: Balanced diet, deficiency disorders of various nutrients, their prevention and
treatment. 2 hours
17. Communicable diseases: The causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention of
chicken pox, measles, diphtheria, tuberculosis, malaria, poliomyelitis, filariasis, rabies, tetanus,
STD and AIDS. Vaccination schedule. 3 hours
18. First Aid: Emergency treatment of shock, snakebite, burns, poisoning, fractures and
resuscitation methods. 1 hour
19. Family planning: Different measures of family planning in male and female. 1 hour
PRACTICALS
1. Study of different organs and systems using models and specimen
2. Microscopic study of different tissues.
3. Blood experiments: Enumeration of RBC and WBC, Haemoglobin estimation, ESR, blood
group determination, bleeding and clotting time, heart rate and blood pressure recording,
differential leucocyte count
4. Identification of bones and points of identification.
5. Health education – charts for various communicable diseases.
6. Determination of vital capacity.
REFERENCES
1. Best and Tailor’s “Physiological basis of Medical Practice”.
2. Guyton A.C. Hall J.E. Text book of Medical Physiology.
3. Human Physiology by C.C. Chatterjee.
4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology by Cyril A. Keek, Eric Neil and Norman Joels.
5. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by J.E. Park and K. Park.

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1.4. BIOCHEMISTRY
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Bioenergetics: Digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and
nucleoprotein. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from
equilibrium constant and reduction potential. TCA cycle and its biological significance,
energetics of the TCA cycle. 10 hours
2 . Biochemical organization of the cell and transport process across cell membrane. 1 hour
3 Enzymes: Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics, classification and their properties, mechanism of
action, enzyme induction and inhibition, enzymes of clinical importance. 5 hours
4 Carbohydrates: Classification and their properties. Starch, glycogen, dextrin, inulin, cellulose.
Metabolism of carbohydrates – glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and break down,
HMP shunt. Role of sugars in nucleotide biosynthesis 8 hours
5. Lipids: Classification and properties, study of sterols, essential fatty acids, eicosanoids,
phospholipids, sphingolipids, oxidation of fatty acids, α ,ß - oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty
acids, ketone bodies, lipoproteins. 8 hours
6. Proteins and amino acids: Classification and properties of amino acids and proteins,
Essential amino acids, metabolism of amino acids and proteins. 6 hours
7. Macromolecules: Physical and chemical properties, structure of haemoglobin,
immunoglobulins and nucleoprotein. 4 hours
8. Vitamins: Classification and their properties, occurrence, functions, requirements, deficiency
manifestations; role of vitamins as coenzymes and their significance 4 hours
9. Hormones: Classes of hormones and their mechanisms of action. Chemical nature, properties
and biochemical functions of hormones. 8 hours
10. Nucleic acid and genetics: Brief introduction to genetic organization of the mammalian
genome, genetic code, nucleic acids and structure of DNA and RNA. Biosynthesis of DNA
mutation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. 8 hours
11. Metabolism of Nitrogen containing monomers: Nitrogen balance, Porphyrin biosynthesis,
formation of bile pigments, hyper bilirubinaemia. 6 hours
12. Mineral metabolism: Functions and properties of minerals including metabolism – calcium,
phosphorous, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium and trace elements. 2 hours
13. Nutrition: Principles and nutritional significance of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in
major food stuffs, calorific value and basal metabolic rate. Functional tests of liver and kidney.
Elementary basis of biochemical mode of action of drugs, liposomal benzoxidation, biochemistry
of urine and blood. 5 hours

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PRACTICALS
1. Preparation of standard buffer (nitrate, phosphate, carbonate and measurement of pH).
2. Experiments on amino acids by two-dimensional paper chromatography and gel
electrophoresis.
3. Separation of lipids by TLC.
4. Quantitative estimation of amino acids.
5. Quantitative estimation of proteins.
6. Isolation and assay of glycogen from the liver and skeletal muscle of rats.
7. Estimation of blood glucose, blood cholesterol, SGPT and SGOT activity.
8. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen by α and ß amylase.
9. Acid hydrolysis and action of salivary amylase on starch.
10. Estimation of chloride, glucose, ammonia, creatinine and urea in urine.
11. Identification of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
12. Identification of abnormal constituents of urine.

REFERENCES
1. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger.
2. Harper’s Biochemistry.
3. Biochemistry by Stryer.
4. Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao.
5. Textbook of Biochemistry by Deb.
6. Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargavan.
7. Introduction of Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer. (II Edition)
8. Practical Biochemistry for Medical students by Rajagopal and Ramakrishna.
9. Handbook of practical Biochemistry by V.K. Malhotra.
10. Practical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.
11. Text book of Biochemistry by Satyanarayana.

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1.5. BIO-STATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
BIOSTATISTICS 34 hours
1. Scope of statistical methods in Medicine and Pharmacy.
2. Collection of data.
3. Classification and tabulation of collected data.
4. Visual aids, diagrams, charts and graphs.
5. Measure of central tendency.
6. Dispersion.
7. Theory of sampling.
8. Statistical inference.
9. Regression and correlation.
10. Probabilities.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
1.1 Introduction to computers: 3 hours
Basic components of computers, Types of computers, characteristics and hardware aspects of
computer.
1.2 Operating systems: 5 hours
Definition, Types of operating systems, MS-DOS
Memories: RAM, ROM and secondary memory.
1.3 Languages of computer
Introduction to programming languages 9 hours
Overview of C, Introduction – Character set – C Token-Keyword, Flowchart and Identifier’s-
Assigning values to variables-Defining symbolic constants-Arithmetic, Relational, Logical,
Assignment, conditional, Bitwise, special increment and decrement operators – Reading and
writing a character.
Decision making and Branching – Decision making with IF statements (simple IF statements, IF-
ELSE statement, Nesting of IF-ELSE, the ELSE, IF Ladder)-Switch statement.
Decision making and looping: Which statement - the Do statement – FOR statement, Arrays–
String handling functions.
1.4 Computer Packages: 9 hours
MS Office: MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, advantages and use.
1.5 Introduction to Computer Networks: 4 hours
Definition, LAN, WAN, Advantages. Internet, World Wide Web.
1.6 Computer Graphics: 6 hours
Definition, display devices, graphical input and output devices, multimedia – definition and
application.

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1.7 Computer applications in pharmaceutical and clinical studies. Introduction to ACD

softwares, Concepts of CPOE (Computerised Prescription Order Entry). 5 hours
PRACTICALS
Exercises based on the following are to be dealt:
1. Computer operating systems like MS DOS, etc.
2. Simple program in C.
3. MS Office (MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-Access, MS-Power point).
REFERENCES
1. Statistical methods by S.P. Gupta.
2. Statistics by Sancheti D.C., Kapoor V.K., Sultan Chand and son’s.
3. E. Balaguruswamy – Programming in ANSI-C Tata Mc. Graw Hill-1997.
4. Byron Gottfield – Programming with C.
5. C. Nellai Kannan – MS-office.
6. Hunt N and Shelly J., Computers and commonsense, Prentice – Hall of India, New
Delhi.
7. Popst and Perrum, Computer aided drug design, Academic Press, New York.
8. Writh, Systematic programming an introduction, prentice hall Englewood Cliff’s New
Jersey.
9. Tanen Baum, computer networks.
10.Medication errors-Michael R.Cohen.

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SECOND YEAR B. PHARMACY DEGREE

2.1. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Diffusion and Dissolution 8 hours
Diffusion: steady state diffusion, diffusion principles in biological systems (gastro intestinal
absorption of drugs).
Dissolution: Dissolution rate and factors affecting rate of dissolution, Noyes Whitney equation.

2. Colloids 8 hours
Definition, types of colloids, purification, stabilization of colloids, solubilization, optical
properties, kinetic properties and electrical properties.
3. Coarse Dispersion 8 hours
Suspensions: Settling of suspensions, preparation, physical stability and evaluation of
suspensions.
Emulsions: Theories of emulsification, instabilities of emulsion, microemulsion, multiple
emulsions.
4. Interfacial phenomenon 9 hours
Interfacial phenomenon, surface active agent, hydrophilic lipophilic balance, spreading
coefficient, theory of micelle formation, factors influencing critical micelle concentration,
electrical properties at interface.
5. Kinetics 9 hours
Rate and orders of reaction. Determination of order, factors influencing rate of reaction,
decomposition and stabilization study of medicinal agents, accelerated stability studies.
6. Micromeritics 8 hours
Particle shape and size distribution, Methods of determining particle size, shape, surface area and
derived properties of powders.
7. Rheology 8 hours
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian system, thixotropy, determination of rheological properties,
application of rheology in pharmacy.
8. Complexation and protein binding 9 hours
Types of complexes, metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, inclusion complexes,
methods of analysis of complexes, protein binding, binding equilibria.
9. pH, buffer and isotonic solutions 8 hours
pH determination, applications, buffer equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical and
biological systems and buffered isotonic solutions.

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PRACTICALS
1. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution and surface area using various
methods.
2. Determination of derived properties of powders like density, porosity, compressibility, angle
of repose, etc.
3. Determination of surface/interfacial tension, HLB value and critical micellar concentration
(CMC) of surfactants.
4. Study of rheological properties of various types of systems using different viscometers.
5. Study of different types of colloids and their properties.
6. Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of their sedimentation
parameters.
7. Preparation and stability studies of emulsions.
8. Studies on different types of complexes and determination of their stability constants.
9. Determination of half-life, rate constant and order of reaction.
10. Preparation of pharmaceutical buffers and determination of buffer capacity.
11. Experiments involving tonicity adjustments.
REFERENCES
1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin.
2. Experimental Pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculation, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A., Riogor M.M, & Banker G. Pharmaceutical dosage forms - Disperse systems,
Vol.1, 2 and 3 Marcel Dekker Inc, Ny.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C. Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Vol.1-3, Marcel Dekker
Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by R. Manavalan and C. Ramasamy.

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2.2. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
Pharmaceutical analysis
1. Introduction: 5 Hours
Importance of quality control, computation of analytical results, significant figure, concept of
error, precision, accuracy, standard deviation, normal distribution curve, calibration of
volumetric apparatus, titration - concepts and different types of titration.
2. Neutralization titrations: 6 Hours
Acid-base concepts, relative strength of acids and bases, ionisation, law of mass action, common
ion effect, ionic product of water, pH, Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, buffer solutions, theory
of indicators, neutralization curves, choice of indicators, mixed and universal indicators, titration
of polyprotic system (Mixture of acids), determination of carbonates and bicarbonates by
titration.
3. Non-aqueous titrations: 5 Hours
Theory, types of solvents, leveling effect, scope, limitations, preparation and standardization of
perchloric acid, lithium,sodium and potassium methoxide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide,
titration of weak acid, weak bases and choice of indicators.
4. Precipitation titrations: 4 Hours
Principles of precipitation titrations, solubility product, effect of acids, temperature and solvent
on the solubility of precipitate. Argentimetric titration including, Mohr’s method, Volhard’s
method, Fajan’s method and Gay Lussac method. Mercurimetric titration involving ammonium
or potassium thiocyanate, barium sulphate.
5. Complexometirc titrations: 5 Hours
Complexation, chelation, Werner’s co-ordination number, stability of complexes, titration
curves, importance of buffer, types of complexometric titration, methods of end point detection,
pM indicators, masking and demasking agents.
6. Oxidation – reduction titrations: 4 Hours
Concepts of oxidation–reduction, standard oxidation potential, Nernst equation, theory of redox
titrations, redox indicators, preparation,standardization and titrations involving cerric ammonium
sulphate, potassium permanganate, titanous chloride, sodium–2,6–dichlorophenol– indophenol,
iodimetry, iodometry.
7. Gravimetric analysis: 4 Hours
Basic concepts, precipitation techniques, co-precipitation, post-precipitation. Various steps
involved in gravimetric analysis. Pharmaceutical application eg: Determination of barium
sulphate as barium chromate, calcium as calcium oxalates, Magnesium as magnesium
pyrophosphate and organic precipitants.
8. Miscellaneous methods: 5 Hours
Diazotisation, Kjeldhal method of nitrogen estimation, oxygen flask combustion, gasometry,
analysis of oils, fats and waxes

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Phzysical chemistry
1. Solutions: 4 Hours
Definition and types of solutions, Ideal and real solutions, colligative properties, partition
coefficient, Debye-Huckel theory.
2. Thermodynamics: 10 Hours
Terminology of thermodynamics, First law of thermodynamics, internal energy, enthalpy of a
system, relation between ΔH and ΔE, molar heat capacity, Joule – Thomson effect, Adiabatic
expansion of an ideal gas and Zeroeth law of thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics: Need for second law, spontaneous processes, concept of
entropy, statement of second law of thermodynamics and Carnot cycle.
Change in entropy for isothermal changes: Entropy of vaporization, Trouton’s rule, hydrogen
bonding, need for Gibb’s free energy and definition of free energy, predicting spontaneity of
reaction, equilibrium constant and Vant-hoff equation.
Third law of thermodynamics: Definition, Zero entropy.
Phase rule – Definition of phase, component and degree of freedom. Study of one, two and three
component system, and applications of phase rule.
3. Thermochemistry: 5 Hours
Enthalpy of combustion, neutralization, solution, formation, precipitation, Hess’s law of constant
heat of summation, Lavoiser – Laplace law, bond energies and its application in calorimetry, e.g.
Bomb calorimeter.
4. Adsorption: 4 Hours
Definition, chemisorption, state of adsorbed molecule, factors influencing
adsorption, types of adsorption isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir’s and Gibb’s adsorption
isotherms.
5. Catalyst: 3 Hours
Definition, characteristics, types- homogeneous & heterogeneous, theory and mechanism of
catalysis, phase transfer catalysts, enzyme catalysts (biocatalysts), mechanism of catalysis,
pharmaceutical applications.
6. Chemical Kinetics: 6 Hours
Rate of reaction, order of reaction, molecularity of reaction, rate constant or velocity constant,
methods for determining the order of reaction, factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction.
Concept of activation energy, theories of reaction rates and kinetics of complex reactions.
7. Polarimetry and Refractometry : 5 Hours
Polarimetry- Principle, Polarized light, rotation of the plane of polarized light, Instrumentation
and Applications.
Refractometry- Refractometer – theory, refractive index, construction, principle of operation of
refractometers and applications.

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PRACTICALS
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
1. Standardization of analytical weights and calibration of volumetric apparatus.
2. Preparation and standardization of volumetric solutions and assay of official compounds
involving Acidimetry, Alkalimetry, (including Non-aqueous titrimetry), Permanganometry,
Ceriometry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Gravimetry and Complexometry. At least 10 primary
standard solution to be prepared and used for 10 different assays strictly as per IP’ 96.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
1. Behaviors of gases, kinetic theory of gases, deviation from behaviors and explanation.
2. The liquid state physical properties – surface tension, parachor, viscosity, rheochor, refractive
index, optical rotation and chemical constitution.
3. Experiment involving partition co-efficient.
4. Determination of specific rotation of a compound.
5. Determination of refractive index.
6. Determination of acidity constant.
7. Determination of molecular weight by Rast’s camphor method.
8. Determination of equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction.
9. Determination of order of reaction.
10. Adsorption isotherm study.
11. Determination of heat of neutralization.
12. Preparation of any one buffer solution and verification of its pH.
REFERENCES
1. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry by A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake.
2. Quantitative analysis by V. Alexysev.
3. A textbook of Quantitative Analysis by A.L. Vogel.
4. Indian Pharmacopoeia ’96.
5. Physical chemistry by Bahl and Tuli.
6. Elements of physical chemistry by P.W. Akkins.
7. Principles of physical chemistry by B.R. Puri, I.R. Sharma and M.S. Pathania.
8. Physical pharmaceutics by R. Manavalan and C. Ramaswamy.
9. Pharmaceutical Analysis by Parimoo.
10. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog, West and James Holler.

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2.3. ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. Stereochemistry: 14 hours
a) Optical isomerism: Definition, Tetrahedral carbon, chirality, relative and absolute
configurations and sequence rule. Conventions used in stereochemistry. Lexicon of elements of
symmetry, racemic modifications, properties, resolution of racemic modifications and
conformational analysis. Walden inversion and stereo mutation. Asymmetric synthesis, stereo-
specific and stereo-selective synthesis.
b) Geometrical isomerism: Nature, rotation about a carbon-carbon double bond. Modern theory
of double bonds, Nomenclature of isomers and determination of configuration. Stereochemistry
of cyclic compounds.
2. Synthetic tools: 9 hours
Catalytic hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, metal hydride reduction. Reduction with hydrazine
and its derivatives, Birch reduction, Clemmenson’s reduction, Meerwin – Pondroff reduction,
oxidation with periodic acid, lead tetra acetate, mercuric acetate and selenium oxide. Beckmann
rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement and Darzen’s reaction.
3. Heterocyclic chemistry: 18 hours
a) Classification of Heterocyclic compounds, nature and nomenclature.
b) Preparation and important reactions of
i) Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, pyridine
and pyrimidine
ii) Indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, phenothiazine, azepines and Diazepines.
CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
1. Terpenoids: 5 hours
Classification, chemistry and uses of citral, menthol, thymol, camphor, alpha-terpineol and
alpha-pinene.
2. Alkaloids: 8 hours
Classification, chemistry and pharmacological activity of
i. Atropine and related compounds ii. Papaverine iii. Ephedrine
3. Glycosides: 5 hours
Basic ring system, nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroid nucleus. Chemistry of Digitoxin,
Digoxin, Lanatosides, Diosgenin and Sennosides.
4. Vitamins: 10 hours
Chemistry, medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of vitamin A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B6, B12 and Folic
acid.
5. Purines: 4 hours
A brief account of chemistry and structural elucidation of uric acid, interrelation between
caffeine, theophylline and theobromine.
6. Flavonoids: Classification and chemistry of hespiridine 2 hours

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PRACTICALS
1. Synthesis of at least five compounds involving heterocyclic ring systems.
2. Qualitative analysis of mixture of organic compounds containing two compounds – methods
of separation and analysis.
3. Isolation of active principles from natural sources (atleast three).
4. Determination of hydroxyl (phenolic and alcoholic), aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid
groups.
REFERENCES
1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd.
2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar. Vol. I & II
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Jerry March.
4. Stereochemistry of Carbon compounds by E.L. Eliel.
5. Stereochemistry by Potapov.
6. Roberts JD and Caserto MC, Basic Principles of Organic chemistry, WA Benjamin Inc., New
York
7. Sykes P, A Guidebook to Mechanism in organic chemistry, Orient Longman, New Delhi.
8. Harkishan Singh and Kapoor V.K., Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan,
Delhi.
9. Vogel A.I., A textbook of practical organic chemistry. The English language book society and
Longman group limited, London.
10. Gilchrist, T.L. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Pitman Publishing, London, 1985.
11. David D. Davies, Aromatic Heterocyclic chemistry, Oxford chemistry Primers.
12. Phytochemical Methods – J.B. Harbone.
13. Alkaloids Chemical and biological perspectives by S.William Pelletier
14. Alkaloids by Manske.
15. Chemistry of Natural Products, Agarwal and Chatwal, Vol I & II.

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2.4. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction: General study of composition, corrosion,
resistance, properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to
stainless steel and glass. 7 hours
2. Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions: Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and
Dust hazards, Industrial dermatitis, Accident records, etc. 4 hours
3. Fluid Flow: Types of flow, Reynold’s number, Viscosity, Concepts of boundary layer, Basic
equation of fluid flow, Valves, Pumps, Flow meters, Manometers and Measurement of flow and
pressure. 6 hours
4. Filtration and Centrifugation: Theory of filtration, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters
including filter press, rotary press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration,
mathematical problems on filtration, optimum-cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of
centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters & centrifugal sedimenters. 8 hours
5. Crystallization: Characters of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size
and factors affecting them. Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat
balances around Swenson Walker crystalliser, Super saturation theory, its limitations, nucleation
mechanism and crystal growth. Study of various types of crystallisers. Caking of crystals and its
prevention and numerical problems on yields. 6 hours
6. Dehumidification and Humidity Control: Basic concepts, definition, wet bulb and adiabatic
saturation temperatures, psychometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of
humidity measurement in pharmacy. Equipments for dehumidification operations. 7 hours
7. Heat Transfer: Source of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media,
determination of requirement of amount of steam / electrical energy, steam pressure, Boiler
capacity and Mathematical problems on heat transfer. 8 hours
8. Evaporation: Basic concepts of phase equilibria, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators,
film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators and Mathematical problems on
evaporation. 6 hours
9. Distillation: Raoult’s law, phase diagrams, volatility, simple steam flash distillation,
principles of rectification, method for calculation of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and
extractive distillation and Mathematical problems of distillation. 6 hours
10. Drying: Moisture content, mechanism of drying, rate of drying, time of drying, calculations;
classification, types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries, special drying methods
and mathematical problems on drying. 6 hours
11. Size reduction and Size separation: Definition, objective of size reduction, factors affecting
size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirement of mills, including ball mill,
hammer mill, fluid energy mill, etc. 6 hours
12. Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.
5 hours

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REFERENCES
1. Introduction to Chemical Engineering by Walter J. Badger.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, S.J. Carter.
3. Theory and practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman.
4. Remington’s, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co. Easton.
5. MaCabe WL and Smith J.C. Unit operations of Chemical Engineering McGraw Hill
International Book Co. London.
6. Parry R.H. and Chi Kon, C.H. Chemical Engineers Handbook of Kogakusha Ltd.

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2.5. PHARMACY PRACTICE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
PHARMACY PRACTICE
1. Prescription: Parts of prescription, handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription,
care required in dispensing procedures including labelling of dispensed products. 3 hours
2. Pharmaceutical calculations: Latin terms used in prescription, posology, factors determining
doses of drug, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; enlarging and reducing
recipes, percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, etc.
10 hours
3. Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing: Typical prescription like
mixtures, emulsions, powders, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations,
mouthwashes, gargles, douches, paints, sprays and tablet triturates. 10 hours
4. Incompatibilities: Physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities – definition, reasons
and correction of incompatibilities, role of pharmacist in overcoming such incompatibilities in
prescription. Incompatibility of alkaloidal salts, barbiturates, salicylates, iodides salts, gas
production (chemical types), etc. 7 hours
5. Community pharmacy: Organization and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, types
and design of drug store, legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of a drug store,
dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail and whole sale, rational drug
therapy, OTC medication, code of ethics, health screening services, role of pharmacist in
community health care and education. 7 hours
6. Surgical supplies: An account of surgical dressing like primary wound dressing, absorbents,
bandage, adhesive tapes, protectives, sutures and suture materials (method of preparation are to
be avoided). 3 hours
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation: Causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis and
morphology of cell injury. Intercellular alterations in lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, cellular
adaptation, atrophy and hypertrophy.
Basic mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair: alteration in vascular
permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s, acute and chronic inflammation and
mediators of inflammation. Brief outline of the process of repair. 10 hours
2. Pathophysiology of common diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, epilepsy, hypertension,
angina, Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes,
hepatitis, Parkinson’s disease, thyroid diseases, osteoporosis, syphilis & gonorrhea, peptic ulcer,
asthma, ulcerative colitis, acute and chronic renal failure, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections.
Wherever applicable the molecular basis should be discussed. 25 hours

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PRACTICALS
1. Dispensing of prescription falling under the following categories:
Mixtures, emulsions, powders, mouthwashes, gargles, douches, capsules, lozenges, lotions,
liniments, inhalations, paints, etc.
2. Identification of various types of incompatibilities in prescription, correction thereof and
dispensing of such prescriptions.
3. Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceutical calculations, pricing of prescriptions and
dosage calculations for paediatric and geriartric patients.
REFERENCES
1. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (RPS).
2. Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical students by S.J. Carter.
3. Dispensing of Medication by Robert E. King.
4. Introduction to Pharmaceutical dosage form by H.C. Ansel.
5. Goodman Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
6. Hospital Pharmacy by William E. Hassan.
7. A Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy by S.H. Merchant and J.S. Quadry.
8. Best and Taylor’s Physiological basis of medical practice by William and Wilkins, Baltimore.
9. Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone.
10. Guyton A, Hall J.E., Textbook of Medical Physiology, WB Saunders Company.
11. Parmar N.S. Health Education and Community Pharmacy, CBS Publishers.
12. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach, Dipiro, JL Elsevier.
13. Robbins SL and Kumar V Basic Pathology, WB Saunders Company.

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THIRD YEAR B. PHARMACY DEGREE

3.1. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTO CHEMISTRY
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Definition, history, present status, future scope & development of pharmacognosy 2hours
2. Classification of crude drugs: 5 hours
Alphabetical, biological, chemical, pharmacological, taxonomical, chemotaxonomicial &
serotaxonomical.
3. Cultivation, Collection, Processing & Storage 5 hours
a. General principles of cultivation & collection of vegetable drugs of commercial
significance from wild & cultivated source.
b. Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
c. Processing, storage, and preservation of crude drugs.
d. Study of natural pesticides .
4. Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO Guidelines. 6 hours
Adulteration of crude drugs & their detection by evaluation methods. Introduction,
morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical, biological and spectral analysis of herbal
drugs.
5. Detailed study of crude drugs with emphasis on source, cultivation, collection, preparation,
storage, diagnostic characters (Macroscopic & Microscopic techniques applicable),
constituents,chemical tests, substitutes, adulterants & uses of: 40 hours
a. Carbohydrates and their derived products: Agar, Gum Acacia, Gum tragacanth,
Honey, Isapgol, pectin, Starch.
b. Tannins: Gambier, Black Catechu, Gall, Myrobalan, Pale catechu and Tannic acid.
c. Lipids: Castor oil, Shark liver oil, Wool fat, Beeswax, Neem oil, Cod liver oil and Bran
oil.
d. Proteins: Gelatin, Spirullina and soya.
e. Volatile oils: Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Caraway, Dill, Clove, Fennel,
Nutmeg, Cardamom, Lemon grass oil, Eucalyptus, Sandalwood, palmarosa and citronellal.
f. Saponins: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea.
g. Cardio active sterols: Digitalis, Squill and Strophanthus.
h. Anthraquinone cathartics: Aloes, Senna, Rhubarb and Cascara.
i. Pyridine and Piperidine alkaloids: Areca and Lobelia.
j. Tropane alkaloids: Belladona, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Cocoa.
k. Quinoline and Isoquinoline alkaloids: Cinchona, Ipecac and Opium
l. Indole alkaloids:Ergot,Rauwolfia,Nuxvomica,Physostigmine.

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m. Imidazole: Pilocarpus.
n. Steroidal: Kurchi, Solasodine.
o. Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra and Colchicum.
p. Glycoalkaloids: Solanum species.
q. Purines: Tea,Coffee.
r. Resins: Colophony, Cannabis, Capsicum, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin, Balsam of Peru,
Asafoetida, Turmeric and Ginger.
s. Quinazolidine alkaloids: Adathoda
t. Terpenes:Neem,Artemesia.
u. Others: Gentian, Saffron, Ashwagandha
6. Tumor inhibitors: Taxol, Vinca and Podophyllum 2 hours
7. Anti-hepatotoxic and oral hypoglycemic agents: 2 hours
Phyllanthus niruri, Eclipta alba, Gymnema sylvestre.
8. Plant fibres used as surgical dressings: 4 hours
a. Cotton, Silk, Wool, Nylon, Rayon, Alginate dressing, Gelatin Sponge, Oxidized cellulose.
b. Sutures and ligatures.
9. Pharmaceutical aids: 2 hours
Talc, Kaolin, Bentonite and Natural colours.
10. Studies of traditional drugs: 7 hours
Common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology and chemical nature of chief
constituents, pharmacology, common use and marketed formulations of the following
indigenous drugs.
Amla, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Rasna, Punarnava, Chitrack, Apamarga Gokhru,
Shankapuspi, Brahmi, Arjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Guggal, Shilajit, Pyrethrum, Coleus
forskolii.
PRACTICALS
1. Identification of crude drugs listed in theory (entire condition) by Morphological characters.
2. Microscopical studies of some selected drugs mentioned in theory: Datura, Digitalis, Senna,
Vinca, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Clove, Nuxvomica, Ephedra, Rauwolfia, Ipecac, Ginger, Liquorice,
Neem and Phyllanthus.
3. Microscopical studies of some selected powdered drugs of single component or mixture of
two components: Datura, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Senna, Digitalis, Rauwolfia, Liquorice, Ipecac,
Clove, Nuxvomica, Rhubarb, Neem, Phyllanthus, Fennel and Coriander.
4. Identification of unorganized drugs mentioned in theory by Morphological characters and
chemical tests.
5. Quantitative microscopy:
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a. Microscopical measurements of cells and cell contents: Starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals
and phloem fibres.
b. Determination of leaf constants i.e., stomatal index, stomatal number, vein islet number, vein
termination number and palisade ratio.
c. Lycopodium spore method.
6. To do simple chemical tests to identify the pharmaceutically important phytoconstituents
based on the theory.
REFERENCES
1. Pharmacognosy: Varro E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady, James E. Robgers.
2. Textbook of Pharmacognosy – T.E. Wallis
3. Study of crude drugs – Ed. 4-M.A. Iyengar
4. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy – Shah and Quadry
5. Anatomy of Crude drugs – M.A. Iyengar and Nayak
6. Pharmacognosy of Powdered Crude drugs – Iyengar and Nayak
7. Trease and Evans – Pharmacognosy – 14th and 15th edition.
8. Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology – James Robbers, Marilyn K. Speedice and
Varro E., Tyler.
9. Drug Plant Resources of Central Indian Inventory – Srivastava.
10. Pharmacognosy – Ed. 3 – Kokate C.K, Purohit A.P, Gokhale S.B.
11. Practical Pharmacognosy by Rasheeduz Zafar and Neeraj Gandhi.
12. Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate.

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3.2. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)

I. Basic Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 10 hours

A. History and development of medicinal chemistry.
B. Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action :
Ionization, Drug distribution and pKa values, hydrogen bonding, protein binding, chelation,
isosterism, optical and geometrical isomerism, steric effect, redox potential and surface
activity.Types of receptors, drug-receptor interaction including signal transduction mechanism.
C. Drug metabolism: General pathways of drug metabolism (different types of
reaction in phase-I and phase-II with examples), factors affecting drug metabolism including
stereo chemical aspects, significance of drug metabolism in medicinal chemistry.
D. Drug latentiation and Prodrugs: Basic concepts and application of prodrug design.

Study of classification, mechanism of action (biochemical and molecular basis), structure

activity relationship including stereo chemical aspects, physiochemical properties and synthesis
of selected drugs (only drugs marked with asterisk) on the following categories of drugs.
II. Drugs acting on CNS 15 hours
A. General anaesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane*, Enflurane, Sevoflurane,
Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium*, Thiopental sodium, Etomidate and Ketamine
hydrochloride*.
B. Anxiolytics, Sedatives and Hypnotics: Chlordiazepoxide*, Diazepam*, Oxazepam,
Lorazepam, Halazepam, Flurazepam, Alprazolam, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital,
Talbutal, Secobarbital, Triclofos sodium*.
C. Antipsychotics: Chloropromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine
hydrochloride, Mesoridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine
maleate*, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride, Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Lexapine succinate,
Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
D. Anticonvulsants or antiepileptics: Barbiturates, Mephenytoin*, Ethotoin,
Trimethadione*, Paramethadione, Phensuximide, Ethosuximide*, Phenacemide,
Carbamazepine*, Primidone*, Valporic acid* and Clonazepam*.
E. CNS stimulants and Psychedelics: Nikethamide*, Doxapram hydrochloride*,
Dextroamphetamine sulphate*, Pentylenetetrazole, Phenelzine sulphate, Pargyline
hydrochloride, Amitriptyline hydrochloride*, Imipramine hydrochloride*,
Desipraminehydrochloride, Doxepin hydrochloride*, Psilocybin and Psilocyn, Mescaline,
Phenyclidine (PCP) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

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III. Drugs acting on ANS 17 hours

A. Adrenergic Neurotransmitters: Structure and physiochemical properties, biosynthesis and
metabolism.
B. Sympathomimetic agents: Adrenergic receptor hypothesis, Epinephrine, Nor-
epinephrine,Dopamine, Phenylephrine*, Salbutamol*, Terbutaline*, Ephedrine*,
Pseudoephedrine*,Methyldopa, Isoproterenol, Salmeterol, Bitolterol, Ritodrine, Dobutamine,
Hydroxyamphetamine,Propylhexadrine, Metaraminol, Naphazoline, Tetrahydrazoline,
Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
C. Adrenergic Antagonists: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine*, Phenoxybenzamine,
Prazosin, Tetrazosin, Doxazosin, Ergotamine, Methysergide, Propranolol*,
Dichloroisoproterenol, Practolol, Metibranolol, Acebutolol*, Atenolol*, Betazolol, Bisoprolol,
Esmolol, Metoprolol*, Labetalol and Carvedilol.
D. Cholinergic receptors drugs and related agents: Cholinergic receptors, biochemical
effects of muscarinic stimulation, cholinergic neuro chemistry and stereochemistry of
cholinergics. Acetylcholine*, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine,
Physostigmine, Neostigmine,Pyridostigmine*, Edrophonium chloride, Ambinonium chloride,
Pralidoxime chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione and Malathion.
E. Cholinergic Blocking agents: Homatropine hydrogen bromide*, Ipratropium bromide*,
Tropicamide*, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride*, Clindinium bromide, Dicyclomine
hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate,Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine
mesylate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride* and Isopropamide iodide.
F. Ganglionic blocking agents and Neuromuscular blockers: Nicotine,
Trimethaphan camsylate, Mecamylamine hydrochloride*, Tubocurarine chloride, Mectrocurine
iodide, Galamine triethiodide*, Decamethonium bromide* and Pancuronium bromide.
IV. Local Anaesthetics: 3 hours
Cocaine, Hexycaine, Meprylcaine, Cyclomethycaine, Piperocaine, Benzocaine*, Butamben,
Procaine*, Butacaine, Propoxycaine, Tetracaine, Benoxinate, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine,
Etidocaine, Phenacaine, Diperodon, Dibucaine* and Dyclonine.
V. Diuretics: 2 hours
Acetazolamide*, Dichlorphenamide, Chlorthiazide*, Hydrochlorthiazide*, Furosemide*,
Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid, Spironolactone, Triamterene*, Amiloride* and Mannitol.
VI. Antihistaminic agents: 10 hours
H1, H2 and H3 receptors. Termination of histamine action. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride*,
Dimenhydrinate, Doxylamine Succinate*, Carbinoxamine maleate*, Clemastine fumarate*,
Tripelenamine hydrochloride*, Pyrilamine maleate*, Cyclizine hydrochloride*, Chlorcyclizine
hydrochloride*, Meclizine hydrochloride*, Pheniramine maleate, Chlorpheniramine maleate,
Triprolidine hydrochloride*, Phenidamine tartarate*,Promethazine hydrochloride*, Trimeprazine
tartrate, Cyproheptadine hydrochloride*, Astemizole, Loratadine ,Cimetidine*, Famotidine,
Ranitidine, Nizatidine, Omeprazole and Lansoprazole.

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VII. Prostaglandins and other Eicosanoids: 3 hours

Eicosanoids biosynthesis. Drug action mediated by eicosanoids, design of eicosanoid drugs and
eicosanoids approved for human clinical use.
VIII. Analgesics, antipyretics and anti-inflammatory drugs. 15 hours
A. Morphine and related drugs : Morphine sulphate, Codeine phosphate.
Hydromorphone hydrochloride, Oxymorphone hydrochloride, Apomorphine hydrochloride,
Meperidine hydrochloride*, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Fentanyl
citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Levorphanol tartarate, Nalorphine hydrochloride,
Levallorphan tartarate and Naloxone hydrochloride*.
B. Anti-tussives: Noscapine, Dextromethorphan hydrogen bromide and Benzonatate.
C. Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Indomethacin*,
Sulindac, Salsalate*, Tolmetin sodium, Zomepirac sodium, Diclofenac sodium, Ibuprofen*,
Naproxen*, Flurbiprofen, Piroxicam*, Acetaminophen, Phenylbutazone* and Oxyphenbutazone.
PRACTICALS
1. Synthesis of selected medicinally important compounds (10 drugs)
2. Identification test including I.R. spectrum.
3. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards for the drugs synthesized (10 drugs).
4. Synthesis of any two drug intermediate/drug synthesis by using Microwave irradiation
technique
REFERENCES
1. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry Vol I to IV.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition.
3. Ashutoshkar’s Medicinal Chemistry.
4. Organic spectroscopy by William Kemp .ELBS, London
5. Medicinal Chemistry by W.A. Foye.
6. Medicinal Chemistry Wilson and Giswold
7. Indian Pharmacopoeia, 1985, 1996 and 2007.
8. Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
9. Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Drug synthesis) Vol. I by Roth.
10. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by Tripathi
11. Medicinal Chemistry by K. Ilango
12. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis Volume 1-6 by Deniel Lednicer , john Wiley and
sons, Inc. New York.
13. Pharmaceutical Substances Synthesis (two parts) ,patents, applications by A.Kleemann,
J.Engel by Thieme Stuttgart New York .

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14. Organic Chemistry volume 1 & 2 by I.L. Finar publishers ELBS/Longman London .
15. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Dr. S. S. Kadam, K.G. Bothara , Nirali Prakashan Pune
16. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Harkishan Singh, V.K.Kapoor by Vallabh
Prakashan New Delhi .
17. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Disposition by H.N. Ladu, H. G. Mandal and E.L.
Way Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore.
18. Vogel`s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS / Longman, London.
19. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunder. Orient Longman, UK.
20. The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds by Shriner, Hermann,Morrill, Curtin &
Fuson, John Wiley and sons , USA.
21. An Introduction to the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds by R.M. Acheson Wiley Eastern
Ltd. New Delhi.
22. Spectrometric identification of Organic Compounds by R. M. Silverstein, G. Claytorn
Bassel`s. T.C. Mivvill. John Wiley & Sons USA.

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3.3 PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND COSMETIC TECHNOLOGY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Liquid Dosage forms: Introduction, types of additives used in formulations, vehicles,
stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, solubiliser, colours, flavours,
manufacturing, packaging and evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions official in
pharmacopoeia. 12 hours
2. Semisolid Dosage Forms: Definition, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors
influencing penetration, semisolid bases and their selection. General formulation of semisolids,
clear gels, manufacturing procedure, evaluation and packaging. 8 hours
3. Suppositories: Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, packaging and
evaluation. 4 hours
4. Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes: Collection, processing and storage of whole human
blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin,
human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin foam, plasma substitutes, ideal requirements of
PVP, dextran, etc. Control of blood products as per IP. 4 hours
5. Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing,
packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications and evaluation. 6 hours
6. Cosmeticology and cosmetic preparation: Fundamentals of cosmetic science. Structure and
functions of skin and hair. Formulation, Evaluation, packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair,
dentifrices and manicure preparations, nail polish, lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care products.
15 hours
7. Packaging of pharmaceutical products: Types and tests assuring quality of glass. Types of
plastics used, permeation, leaching, sorption, chemical reactions, biological tests, modification of
plastics by drugs; Different types of closures and closure liners; film wrapper; blister packs,
bubble packs, shrink handling; foil / plastic pouches, bottle seals, tape seals, breakable seals and
sealed tubes; quality control of packaging material and filling equipment. 10 hours
8. Sterile pharmaceutical products
a) Formulation - requirements, factors & related aspects, evaluation of injectable solutions,
suspensions and sterile powders, containers and closures.
b) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) & IV additives.
c) Production facilities and process control – layout, air control, design of aseptic area, LAF and
maintenance.
d) Ophthalmic preparations: Requirements, formulation, methods of preparation, containers and
evaluation. 12 hours
9. a) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP): Human behaviour, infestation, condition of
equipments and utensils, condition of raw materials, the plant, waste disposal and storage
conditions.
b) Quality Assurance (QA): Salient features of ISO 9000, Total quality management and
productivity, process, product and equipment validation. 4 hours

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PRACTICALS
I. Preparation, evaluation and packaging of:
1. Syrups
a) Syrup IP
b) Cough syrup
c) Antipyretic syrup
2. Ointments
a) Simple ointment IP
b) Sulphur ointment IP
c) Cetrimide emulsifying ointment BPC
3. Suppositories
a) Indomethacin suppositories BP
b) Aminophylline suppositories
c) Iodoform suppositories
4. Sterile products
II. Formulation of various types of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrices and manicure
preparations.
III. Packaging materials: Evaluation of materials used in pharmaceutical packaging.
REFERENCES
1. Ansel H.C., Introduction to Pharmaceutical dosage forms, K.M. Varghese and Co, Bombay.
2. Aulton M.E., Pharmaceutics – The Science of Dosage form Design, ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone.
3. Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, CBS publishers, Delhi.
4. Carter S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy CBS Publishers, Delhi.
5. Remington’s The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., Easton.
6. Lea and Febiger Pharmaceutical Dosage form and Drug Delivery Systems, Philadelphia.
7. Sagarin & Balsam M.S., Cosmetic Science and Technology, Vol-1-3. 2nd ed. John Wiley
sons, NY.
8. Stoklosa MJ, Pharmaceutical calculation, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
9. Thomssen S.G., Modern Cosmetics, Universal Publishing Corporation, Bombay.
10. Harry’s Cosmeticology.

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3.4. PHARMACOLOGY – I
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. General Pharmacology: 16 hours
Introduction to Pharmacology, Sources of drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug
administration, mechanism of action of drugs. Combined effect of drugs, factors modifying
drug action, tolerance and dependence. Pharmacogenetics. Absorption, Distribution,
Metabolism and Excretion of drugs. Principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics. Drug
interactions, biological standardization and bioassay of drugs- insulin, heparin, oxytocin,
digitalis and d-tubocurarine.
2. Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System: 17 hours
a. Receptor, types of receptor, molecular mechanism of drug action, transduction mechanism
by G protein coupled recptors and ion channels.
b. Various neurotransmitters and Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and Somatic).
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Sympatholytics,
Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglionic stimulants and blocking agents.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents.
e. Local anaesthetic agents.
3. Pharmacology of Central Nervous System: 19 hours
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system
b. General anaesthetics.
c. Alcohols and disulfiram.
d. Sedatives, hypnotics, anti-anxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
e. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antimaniacs and
hallucinogens.
f. Antiepileptic drugs.
g. Drugs used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s diseases.
h. Analgesics, antipyretics, antiinflammatory and antigout drugs
i. Narcotic analgesics and antagonists.
j. C.N.S. stimulants.
k. Drug addiction and drug abuse.
4. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System: 13 hours
a. Digitalis and cardiac glycosides.
b. Antihypertensive drugs.
c. Antianginal and vasodilator drugs including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic
antagonists.
d. Antiarrhythmic drugs.
e. Antihyperlipidemic drugs.
f. Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
5. Drugs acting on Urinary System: 5 hours
a. Fluid and electrolyte balance
b. Diuretics and Anti-diuretics.
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6. Drugs acting on Respiratory system: 5 hours

a. Antiasthmatic drugs including bronchodilators.
b. Antitussives and expectorants.
c. Respiratory stimulants.
PRACTICALS
1. Common laboratory animals and anaesthetics used in animal studies. Some common and
standard techniques of bleeding, intravenous injection, intra-gastric administration, procedures
for rendering animal unconscious and chemical euthanasia, separation of plasma and serum.
2. Study of different routes of administration of drugs in mice/rats. To study the effect of hepatic
microsomal enzyme inhibitors and inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
3. Experiments on central nervous system:
• Evaluation of drugs for anxiolytic, stereotypic behaviour, CNS stimulant and depressant
activities
• Evaluation of drugs for analgesic activity in rodents using thermal, chemical and physical
stimuli.
• Evaluation of muscle relaxant properties using rotarod apparatus, chimny test
• Measurement of extra pyrimidal side effects like catatonia
• Demonstration of anticonvulsant and antiinflammatory activities
• Evaluation of local anesthetic activity.
4. Effect of autonomic drugs on rabbit’s eye.
5. Statistical calculations in Pharmacology
a. Student’s - t test
b. ANOVA
6. Experiments based on computer models like ExPharm.
REFERENCES
1. Rang, M.P, Dale M.M, Ritter J.M-Pharmacology.
2. Pharmacology and Therpeutics – Satoskar.
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
4. Kulkarni S.K., Hand book of Experimental Pharmacology.
5. Chronopharmacology by B. Lammer.
6. Topics of Molecular Pharmacology I & II by Nurger and Roberts.
7. Medical Pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi.
8. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar.

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3.5. HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Organisation and structure: 8 hours
Organisation of a hospital, hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist,
Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.
2. Hospital formulary: 3 hours
Contents, drug profile, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
3.Purchase,Distribution and inventory control of drugs in hospitals: 8 hours
i) Purchasing Procedures
ii) Dispensing of drugs to outpatients and inpatients
iii) Types of distribution of drugs and charging policies in Hospital
iv) Dispensing of Controlled drugs.
4. Central sterile supply unit and their management:
Types of materials for sterilization, packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization
equipments and supply of sterile materials. 6 hours
5. Drug information services: 6 hours
Drug information centre, sources of information on drugs, disease treatment schedules,
procurement of information, computerized services (e.g. MEDLINE), retrieval of information.
6. Nuclear Pharmacy: 6 hours
Introduction to Radiopharmaceuticals, radioactive half-life, units of radioactivity. Production of
radiopharmaceuticals, methods of isotopic tagging, preparation of radioisotopes in laboratory
using radiation dosimetry and radioisotope generators. Permissible radiation dose level, radiation
hazards, their prevention and specifications for radioactive laboratory.
7. i) Adverse drug reactions: Classification, excessive pharmacological effects, secondary
pharmacological effects, idiosyncrasy, allergic drug reactions, genetically determined toxicity,
toxicity following sudden drug withdrawal. Methods of detecting adverse drug effects:
spontaneous case reports, record linkage studies, Cohort studies & case control studies.
ii) Drug interactions : Types - Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic drug interactions with
suitable examples. Common Drug –Drug and Drug –Food interactions. 18 hours
8. Concept of medication history interviews, patient medication profile, patient medication
counseling . Barriers and steps in counseling, types of medication error and patient compliance.
7 hours
9.Therapeutic Drug Monitoring:
Introduction, indications, dosage individualization, Pharmacist’s intervention, TDM of specific
drugs- Digoxin, Theophyllin, Gentamycin & Phenytoin. 5 hours
10.Clinical Trails:
Reasons for conducting clinical trials , different phases of clinical trials. Guidelines governing
clinical trials – GCP-ICH, Ethics in clinical research. 8 hours

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FIELD WORK
1. Posting to Pharmacy (drug stores) to know prescription handling, dispensing, storage, record
keeping and to know various companies and their brand names (8days / 4 weekends).
Submission of a report after the posting period is over.
2. Posting to Hospital (Private or Government)
a. To know purchasing procedures, storage, record keeping, pharmacy service to in patients and
out patients.
b. To prepare a model hospital formulary.
c. To go towards along with doctors and nurses to know about drug distribution
d. Prescription charging, methods of suggesting dosage regimen, (8 days/ 4 weekends).
After the period of posting, submission of an assignment about whatever drugs the candidate had
learned in the hospital and their drug interactions with other drugs from literature/reference
books.
REFERENCES
1. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eighteenth edition.
2. A textbook of Hospital Pharmacy by S.H. Merchant and J.S. Qadry.
3. Hospital Pharmacy by William E. Hassan.
4. Textbook of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Sartaray Hiage.
5. Clinical Pharmacokinetics concepts and Application by Malcom.
6. A text book of clinical Pharmacy Practice-Essential concepts and skills by G. Parthasarathy,
Karin Nyfort-Hansen, Milap C. Nahara.
7.GCP-ICH Guidelines.

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3.6. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
II. Basic aspects of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology
1. a) Microbes of Pharmaceutical importance. 1 Hour
b) Importance of Aseptic technique.
2. Classification of Microorganisms with detailed reference to Bacteria – Morphology, isolation
and identification, growth and cultural characteristics, enumeration and reproduction. Brief
study on fungi and viruses – Morphology, growth and reproduction. 14 Hours
3. Sterilization & Disinfection 12 Hours
a) Official sterilization methods – heat, gaseous, filtration & radiation – study of
Mechanism, instrumentation and conditions, applications, merits and demerits. Detailed
study of official sterility testing method.
b) Disinfection – Classification, Mechanism and uses of disinfectants in brief. Factors
affecting disinfection and methods of disinfectant evaluation.
II. Microbial Biotechnology 6 Hours
1. Microbial genetics including transformation, transduction, conjugation and transposable
elements.
2. Microbial biotransformation and production of single cell protein.
3. Microbiological assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
III. Immunology and Immuno Biotechnology 14 Hours
1. Introduction, types of Immunity, antigens and haptens. Antibodies, antigen – antibody
reactions, complement systems, structure and functions of MHC, antigen recognition and
presentation. Hypersensitivity response, immunostimulation and suppression, immuno
deficiency diseases and autoimmune disorders.
2. Immunologicals: Preparation and quality control of products representing various
categories like
Toxoids – Diphtheria and Tetanus,
Live Bacterial Vaccines – BCG
Killed Bacterial Vaccines – Cholera, DPT.
Viral Vaccines – Polio, Rabies and small pox
Antitoxins – Diphtheria
Official Immunoglobulins.
3. Hybridoma Technology – Introduction, techniques of production and applications.
4. Immunoblotting techniques: ELISA, Western blot, Southern blot and Northern blot.
IV Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering 12 Hours
1. Introduction to Molecular Biology, transcription and translation processes.
2. Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases, cloning strategies and gene
expression.

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3. Applications of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering in the production

of following products.
(i) Regulatory Protein – Interferon
(ii) Vaccines – Hepatitis B
(iii) Hormones – Insulin
4. Brief study of regulatory aspects of Biopharmaceutical Products.
V. Bioprocess technology 10 Hours
1. Basic principles of fermentation, brief study on screening methods of industrially
important microbes.
2. Study design and operation of fermentor and study of different parameters.
3. Bioprocess of following metabolites.
Organic Solvent – Alcohol
Organic acid – Citric acid
Antibiotics – Penicillin
Vitamin – Vitamin B12
Amino acid – Glutamic acid
VI. Enzyme Biotechnology 3 Hours
Brief introduction to immobilization methods and applications. Biosensors.
VII. Animal Biotechnology 3 Hours
Growth of animal cells in culture. General procedure for maintenance of cell culture,
Medias used, primary and established cell culture and applications of animal tissue
culture.
PRACTICALS
(1) Aseptic Transfer
(2) Preparation of Nutrient Media
(3) Culture Techniques
(1) Liquid Media Inoculation
(2) Solid Media Inoculation like Streak plate, Pour plate, Stab culture, Swab culture.
(4) Microscopic Techniques:
(1) Unstained preparation: Motility study by hanging drop method.
(2) Stain Preparations
a) Simple
b) Differential staining: Gram staining
c) Spore Staining
d) Capsule Staining

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(5) Identification of Bacteria, based on biochemical tests like amylolytic, proteolytic

carbohydrate fermentation, citrate utilization, indole production.
(6) Bacterial enumeration by standard plate count technique (viable count).
(7) Sterility testing – Direct inoculation technique.
(8) Disinfectant evaluation by Riedel Walker test.
(9) Production of Fermentation products like Alcohol, Amylase and streptomycin.
(10) Food microbiology: Microbiology of milk quality control test by methylene blue
reduction test and plate count method.
(11) Microbiological assays of antibiotics and vitamins by
1) Kirby Bauer Method
2) Turbidimetric Method
(12) Bacteriology of water: Identification of coliform bacteria.
(13) Isolation of DNA and its purity estimation.
(14) Immobilization of whole cells / Enzyme.
REFERENCES
1. Microbiology by Pelczar, Reid and Chan.
2. Essential and applications of Microbiology by Judy Kandal.
3. Microbial Genetics by David Freifeider.
4. General Microbiology by R.Y. Stanier.
5. Microbiology by Prescott.
6. Textbook of Microbiology by Anathanarayanan and Panicker
7. Immunology by Weir
8. Immunology by Ivan Roitt.
9. Microbiology – A laboratory manual by James G. Cappuchino
10. Laboratory Microbiology by L. Jack Bradshaw.
11. Practical Medical Microbiology – Mackie and Mc Cartney.
12. Pharmaceutical Microbiology by Hugo and Russel.
13. Textbook of Biotechnology by Vyas and Dixit.
14. Textbook of Biotechnology by R.C. Dubey.
15. Principles of Gene Manipulation by S.B. Primrose

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FOURTH YEAR B. PHARMACY DEGREE

4.1. FORMULATIVE PHARMACY AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Preformulation studies: 4 hours
a) Study of physical properties of drugs like physical form, particle size, shape, density, wetting,
dielectric constant, solubility, dissolution, organoleptic property and their effect on formulation,
stability and bioavailability.
2. Stability studies: 7 hours
a) Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation,
polymerization, etc. and their influence on formulation and stability of products.
b) Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various pharmaceutical products.
3. Capsules: 6 hours
Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard gelatin
capsules, size of capsules and method of capsule filling. Soft gelatin capsule, capsule shell and
capsule content, importance of base absorption, manufacturing, quality control, stability testing
and storage of capsule dosage forms.
4. Micro-encapsulation: 7 hours
Types of microcapsules, importance of micro encapsulation in pharmacy, micro encapsulation by
Co-acervation phase separation, multi-orifice centrifugation, spray drying, spray congealing,
polymerisation, air suspension technique, pan coating and other techniques. Evaluation of
microcapsules.
5. Tablets 12 hours
a) Classification of different types of tablets, tablet excipients, granulation technology on large
scale by various techniques, different types of tablet compression machinery and equipment
employed, processing problems of tablets and evaluation of tablets.
b) Coating of tablets: Types of coating, film-forming materials, formulation of coating solution,
equipments for coating, film defects and evaluation of coated tablets.
6. Prolonged Action Pharmaceuticals: 7 hours
Benefits, limitations, oral products terminology, types and construction of products and
evaluation.
7. Novel Drug delivery systems: 12 hours
Transdermal delivery systems, Osmotic drug delivery systems, Liposomes, Nanoparticles.
8. Bio-pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics 20 hours
a) Bio-pharmaceutics: Rate of drug absorption after administration, drug concentration in
blood, biological factors in drug absorption, physico-chemical factors, dosage form consideration
for gastrointestinal absorption, drug distribution, site seeking and drug elimination.
b) Pharmacokinetics: Compartment models, a brief study of parameters like biological half life,
apparent volumes of distribution, renal clearance, total body clearance, absorption, elimination
rate constants and significance of the data.
c) Bioavailability and bio-equivalency testing: Definitions, dosage forms, dissolution rate and
bio-equivalency testing.

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PRACTICALS
Experiments devised to study the formulation of dosage forms, stability testing of formulated
dosage forms, evaluation of dosage forms, evaluation of dosage form necessities (additives) in
the stable formulation of dosage forms, bioavailability testing and others to illustrate topics
mentioned in theory.
REFERENCES
1. Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets volume – 3 by Liberman and Lachman
2. Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Parenteral medications Vol-1, 2 by Liberman and Lachman.
3. Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Disperse systems Vol-1, by Liberman and Lachman.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (RPS).
5. Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker and Gilberts.
6. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman.
7. Hard Capsules by Ridgway. K. Pharmaceutical Press, London.
8. Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Milo Gibaldi.
9. Novel Drug Delivery System by Y.W. Chein.
10. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics –an introduction by Robert. E. Notari.

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4.2. ADVANCED PHARMACOGNOSY

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. 7 hours
a. Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques like Chromatography,
Electrophoresis and spectroscopic methods in the isolation, purification and identification of
crude drugs.
b. Stability test for herbal extracts.
c. Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
2. Enzyme Biotechnology 6 hours
Introduction, General methods of isolation, purification, enzyme reactors and applications of
immobilized enzymes in drug analysis.
Enzyme used in pharmacy; methods of preparation & isolation of
a. Papain b. Pepsin c. Pancreatin d. Pectinase e.streptokinase.
3. Plant tissue culture: 10 hours
a. Introduction, Historical development, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, application
of plant tissue culture for the production of secondary metabolites.
b. Detailed study of callus culture, cell suspension culture, single cell culture, totipotency and
application, clonal propagation, enzyme immobilization technique.
c. Role of plant growth regulators for the production of secondary metabolites.
4. Industrial production and pharmaceutical application of phytoconstituents such as, 10 hours
Sennosides, Cardiac glycosides, Vinca alkaloids, Quinoline alkaloids, Menthol, Citric acid,
Podophyllotoxin, Diosgenin, Solasodine, and Tropane alkaloids.
5. Natural allergens: 10 hours
Introduction, classification of allergens, preparation of allergenic extracts, Sensitivity testing and
treatment of allergy, Hallucinogenic, teratogenic and other toxic plants.
6. Preparation and standardization of herbal formulations 6 hours
a. Preparation and uses of Tinctures, Herbal syrups, Herbal creams, Herbal shampoos
b. WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines.
c. Estimation of heavy metals in herbal preparations.
7. Alternative system of medicine. 9 hours
a. Basic principles involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy.
b. Types of formulation used in alternative system of medicine.
c. Preparation and standardization of Aristas, Asawas, Gutikas, Churnas, Lehyas and
Bhasmas

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8. 4 hours
a. A brief account of plant based industries and utilization involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
b. Export potential of medicinal and aromatic plants of India.
9. Antibiotics and Antiviral drugs 7 hours
Biosynthesis of Penicillin.Biosynthesis of Cephalosporin. Amino glycosides: Biosynthesis of
streptomycin. Antiviral drugs, Glycyrrhizin, Gossypol, Hypericin, Inophyllum B, Calanotide
A&B, Vidarabine. Plant constituents with Anti-HIV activity.

10. 6 hours
a) Basic metabolic pathways leading to the formation of plant secondary metabolites.
b) Biogenesis and pharmaceutical application of the following phytoconstituents Atropine,
Morphine, digoxin, Reserpine, Ergometrine.
PRACTICALS
1. Monograph exercise as per I.P.
a) Castor oil.
b) Shark liver oil.
c) Honey.
2. Exercise involving isolation of active principles
a) Caffeine – from tea dust.
b) Quinine – from Cinchona bark.
c) Citric acid – from Lemon.
d) Casein – from Milk.
e) Starch – from Potato.
f) Pectin – from Orange peel
3. Nutraceuticals – Spirullina, Almond, Amla, Corn oil, Soyabean oil, Honey.
4. Chemical Assays
- Aldehyde content of volatile oil.
- Ester value of fixed oil.
- Phenol content of volatile oil.
- Alkaloidal assay of belladonna leaf.
- Eugenol content of clove oil.
- Cineole content of eucalyptus oil.
5. Physical evaluation of powdered drugs
- Determination of Moisture content (Loss of drying).
- Extractive values.
- Ash values.
- Swelling factors.
-Determination of foreign organic matter.
-Determination of crude fibre content.
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6. Demonstration of experiments in plant tissue culture –callus culture.

7. Extraction of volatile oils – menthe oil, coriander oil, fennel oil.
8. Identification of natural products such as amino acids, alkaloids and glycosides using TLC and
paper chromatographic profiles.
9. Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations -tailam.
10. Preparation and standardization of herbal extracts – garlic, turmeric, garcinia.
11. Preparation of herbal cosmetics – shampoos, creams and lipsticks.
12. Demonstration of experiments in column chromatography.
15. Isolation of a plant enzyme – papain and pectinase.
REFERENCES
1. The formulation and preparation of cosmetics, fragrances and flavours.
2. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans 15th Edition.
3. Biochemistry – Harold Varley.
4. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans – 14th edition.
5. Herbal Drug Industry R.D. Chowdary.
6. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
7. WHO Guidelines – Website. http:/www/who.int/druginformation
8. Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology – 10th edition, James Robbers Mary Lyn., K
Speedy and Varro, E. Tylor.
9. Standardisation of Botanicals.
10. Quality control herbal drugs –Pulok K. Mukherjee.
1. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Ist Edition, Vol I and II by Vinod. D. Rangari.
2. Practical Pharmacognosy, III rd Edition, C.K. Kokate.

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4.3. PHARMACOLOGY – II
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
1. Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract: 6 hours
a) Antacids, antisecretory and antiulcer drugs.
b) Laxatives and Antidiarrhoeal drugs.
c) Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
d) Emetics and antiemetics.
2. Pharmacology of Endocrine system: 12 hours
a) Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.
b) Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, Parathormone, Calcitonin and Vitamin D.
c) Insulin, Oral hypoglycaemic agents and glucagon.
d) Adrenocortico tropic hormone and corticosteroids.
e) Androgens and anabolic steroids
f) Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives.
g) Drugs acting on the uterus.
3. Chemotherapy: 18 hours
a) General principles of chemotherapy, development of drug resistance and its
intervention.
b) Sulfonamides and co-trimoxazole.
c) Antibiotics – Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin,
Quinolones and miscellaneous antibiotics.
d) Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, urinary tract
infections and sexually transmitted diseases.
e) Chemotherapy of malignancy.
f) Study of antimalarial, antiamoebic, anthelmentic and anti AIDS drugs.
4. Drugs acting on the Haemopoietic system: 6 hours
a) Haematinics.
b) Anticoagulants, vitamin K and haemostatic agents.
c) Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs.
d) Blood plasma volume expanders.

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5. Autocoids: 8 hours
a) Histamine, 5-hydroxy tryptamine and their antagonists.
b) Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes.
c) Pentagastrin, Cholecystokinin, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance P.
6. Principles of Toxicology: 6 hours
a) Definition of poison, general principles in the treatment of poisoning.
b) Heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists.
c) Definition for acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity,
teratogenicity and mutagenicity.
d) Hepatotoxicity and drugs used to correct hepatic function
7. Ophthalmic Pharmacology: 4 hours
Eye functions and pathophysiology of different eye diseases
Drugs used to treat glaucoma and conjunctivitis
8. Chronopharmacology: 2 hours
Definition of rhthms and cycles. Biological clock and their significance leading to
chronotherapy.
9. New drug development: 4 hours
Concepts, pre-clinical trials, design of clinical trials phases of clinical trials and testing of
drugs in human.
10. Immunopharmacology: 4 hours
Study of body defense mechanism, disease related to immune system, Immunostimulants
and immunosuppressants.
11. Bio-statistics 5 hours
1. Scope of statistical methods in Pharmacy.
2. Collection of tabulation of data.
3. Definition of arithmetic mean, median, mode, standard deviation and standard error of
mean deviation
4.Student’s t – test and Paired t-test
5.ANOVA
6.Chi square test
7.Fischer’s exact test
8.Kruskal Wallid wilcoxon signed rank test, P values
9.Regression and correlation.

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PRACTICALS
1. Experiments on isolated preparations:
• Study on basic concept of in vitro experimental pharmacology. Commonly used
instruments in experimental pharmacology- organ bath, levers, balancing, mounting
procedures to be followed in in vitro measurements.
• Study on different tissues, agonists, antagonists and receptors employed in in vitro
evaluation.
• Dose response curve (cumulative and non-cumulative) and pD2 measurement of
agonist in different tissues like skeletal muscles and smooth muscles (rat fundus,
colon, guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum)
• Blocking of agonist response using appropriate antagonist in isolated tissue
preparation
• Study of potentiating response of different drugs in isolated tissue preparation
• To estimate the strength of the test sample of agonist / drug (e.g. Acetylcholine,
Histamine, 5-HT, Oxytocin, etc.) using a suitable isolated muscle preparation
employing matching bioassay, bracketing bioassay and interpolation bioassay.
• To record the CRC of 5-HT on rat fundus preparation
• To record the CRC of nor-adrenaline on rat anococcygeus muscle preparation.
2. Biochemical measurements
• Hyperglycaemic and euglycaemic activity of oral hypoglycaemic agents
• Anticoagulants studies using sheep blood
• Liver function tests
• Demonstrate the antiulcer activity using simple models and evaluation of ulcer index.
3. Estimation of bioavailability parameters viz AUC, tmax, Kel from blood and urine samples in
human volunteers or in laboratory animals.
REFERENCES
1. Craig C.R. and Stitzel R.R. Modern Pharmacology.
2. Ghosh M. N, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
3. Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
4. Laurence, D.R. and Bennet P.N, Clinical Pharmacology.
5. Mycek M.J., Gerlnet S.B and Perper M.M. Pharmacology: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews.
6. Rang M.P. Dale M.M, Ritter J.M. Pharmacology.
7. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Satoskar.
8. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
9. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni.
10. Chronopharmacology by B. Lammer.
11. Topics of Molecular Pharmacology I and II by Nurger and Roberts.
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4.4. MODERN METHODS OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
I. Introduction and theoretical aspects, basic instrumentation, and applications of the
following analytical techniques. 17 hours
1. UV and Visible Spectroscopy
2. Fluorimetry,
3. Infrared Spectroscopy.
4. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
5. Flame emission spectroscopy.
6. Nephelo - turbidimetry.
II. Separation techniques 18 hours
Introduction and theoretical concepts, preparation, procedure, instrumentation, method of
detection and application of the following chromatographic techniques.
1. Column chromatography: Adsorption and Partition theory, preparation, procedure and
methods of detection.
2. Paper chromatography: Theory of partition, different techniques employed and
different grades of papers used, quantitative and qualitative detection.
3. Thin layer chromatography: Theoretical consideration, preparation, procedure and
detection of compounds.
4. Ion Exchange chromatography: Types of exchangers, mechanism of ion exchange and
column operation.
5. Gas Chromatography: Introduction, fundamentals of column operation and detection.
6. High performance liquid chromatography
7. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography.
8. Counter current extraction, ultra centrifugation and gel filtration.
9. Electrophoresis.
III. Electrometric titrations. 15 hours
1. Potentiometric titrations: Introduction, Electrochemical cells, Nernst equation, half-
cells, electrodes, measurement of potential, applications and advantages
2. Conductometric titrations: Basic concepts, different types of conductometric
titrations, apparatus used, applications and advantages.
3. Polarography: Introduction, Theory, apparatus, method of analysis, pulse
polarography, applications and advantages.
4. Amperometry: Amperometric titrations with one electrode, general procedure,
titration curves, applications and advantages.

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IV. A preliminary introductory study of following topics. 10 hours

1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
2. Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy.
3. Mass Spectrometry
4. Radio Immuno Assay.
5. X-ray Diffraction.
V. Quality Assurance 15 hours
Basics concepts of GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, International Conference of Harmonization (ICH),
Regulatory aspects, calibration and validation of analytical equipments and procedures.
PRACTICALS
1. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.
2.Exercises involving Nephelo-turbidimeter, colorimeter, spectrophotometer,
flamephotometer, pH meter and fluorimeter, conductometric, potentiometric,
polarographic, amperometric titrations.
3. Infra Red spectra peak identification for different functional groups.
REFERENCES
1. How to practice GMP – A Plant for total quality control by P.P. Sharma.
2. Pharmaceutical process validation by Ira. R. Berry and Robert A. Nash.
3. Practical Pharmaceutical Analysis by Beckett and Stenlake.
4. Organic Spectroscopy by Y.R. Sharma.
5. Instrumental methods of analysis by Gurdeep Chatwal.
6. Spectroscopy by William Kemp.
7. Textbook of Chemical Analysis A.J. Vogel.
8. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis by K.A. Connors.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia ’96, Vol I and II.
10. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by R.M. Silverstein, John Wiley
and Sons Inc.
11. Quantitative analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations by P.D. Seth.
12. Analytical Chemistry by Garry Christian.
13. Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds by John R. Dyer.

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4.5. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-II

THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
I. Principles of drug design: 8 hours
Traditional analog, Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) and mechanism based
approaches. A brief introduction to graph theory, application of mechanism based approaches.
Application of quantum mechanics, computer aided drug designing (CADD) and molecular
modeling.
II. Classification, mode of action (biochemical and molecular basis wherever applicable) structure
activity relationship (selected topics viz. IIB, IIC, III, IV, VII and X) including physiochemical
and stereo chemical properties and synthesis of selected drugs (Drugs marked with asterisk only)
in the following categories.
1. Anti-infective agents: 15 hours
A. Local Anti-infective Agents: Ethyl alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol, Formaldehyde,
Sodium glutaraldehyde solution, Liquefied phenol, Hexachlorophene*, Eugenol, Hexyl
resorcinol, Anthralin, Hydrous benzoylperoxide, Halazone*, Benzalkonium chloride*,
Methylbenzethorium chloride*, Cetylpyridiniumchloride, Chlorhexidine gluconate*, Gentian
violet, Methylene blue, Thiomersal, Methyl paraben and Sodium benzoate.
B. Anti-Fungal Agents: Clotrimazole, Econoazole nitrate, Butoconazole,
Miconazole*, Ketoconazole*, Fluconazole, Naftifine hydrochloride, Tolnaftate*,
Cyclopiroxolamine, Amphotericin-B, Nystatin, Natamycin and Griseofulvin.
C. Synthetic Antibacterial Agents: Nalidixic Acid*, Cinoxacin, Norfloxacin,
Enoxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Furazolidine, Nitrofurantoin*
and Methanamine.
D. Anti-tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethionamide, Pyrazinamide, Para amino salicylic acid*,
Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Cycloserine* and Sterile capreomycin sulphate.
E Anti-protozoal Agents: Metronidazole*, Diloxanide*, Iodoquinol*, Pentamidine Isethionate,
Atovaquone and Eflornithine,
F. Anthelmintics: Piperazine salts*, DEC*, Thiabendazole*, Mebendazole*, Albendazole,
Niclosamide, Oxamniquine, Praziquantal and Ivermectin.
G. Anti-scabious and Anti-pedicular Agents: Benzyl Benzoate*, Lindane* (Gamaxene),
Crotamiton* and Permethrin.
2 . Sulphonamides and Sulphones: 5 hours
Historical development, chemistry and nomenclature, reducing crystalluria by lowering pKa,
synergism of sulfonamides and folate reductase inhibitors, sulphamethizole*, sulfisoxazole,
sulphamethizine, sulfacetamide sodium*, sulphapyridine, sulfamethoxaole*, sulphadiazine,
mixed sulfonamides, mefenide acetate, silver sulfadiazine*, sulfasalazine, dapsone* and
solapsone.
3. Antimalarials: 4 hours
History and development of Quinine sulphate, Chloroquine phosphate*, Hydroxy chloroquine
sulphate, Amodiaquine hydrochloride*, Primaquine phosphate, Quinacrine hydrochloride,
Mefloquine, Pyrimethamine, Trimethoprim, Cycloguanil pamoate and Sulfadoxine.

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4. Antibiotics: 8 hours
History, background and current status of
a. Penicillins and Cephalosporins. b. Aminoglycosides. c. Tetracyclines. d. Macrolides.
e. Lincomycins. f. Polypeptides. g. Unclassified antibiotics like: Chloramphenicol* and its
prodrugs, Novobiocin sodium and Mupirocin.
5. Antiviral agents: 2 hours
Amantadine hydrochloride*, Rimantadine hydrochloride, Idoxuridine trifluoride, Acyclovir*,
Gancyclovir, Foscarnet sodium, Zidovudine, Didanosine, Lamivudine, Ribavirin and Ritonavir.
6. Anti-neoplastic agents: 4 hours
Meclorethamine, Cyclophosphamide*, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, Busulfan, Thiotepa,
Procarbazine, Mercaptopurine*, Thioguanine, Fluorouracil, Floxuridine, Cytarabine,
Methotrexate*, Azathioprine, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Doxorubicin
hydrochloride, Idarubicin hydrochloride, Bleomycin sulphate, Mitomycin, Plicamycin, Etoposide,
Vinblastin sulphate, Vincristin sulphate, Cisplatin*, Hydroxy urea, Pipobroman, Mitotane and
Dromostanolone propionate.
7. Drugs acting on CVS: 12 hours
A. Anti-anginal: Vasodilators and Cardiotonics: Amylnitrate, Nitroglycerin*, Pentaerythritol
tetranitrate, Isosorbide dinitrate*, Verapamil, Diltiazem hydrochloride and Nifedipine,
Amlodipine, Bepridil hydrochloride, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Dipyridamole, Digoxin, Digitoxin
and Deslanoside.
B. Anti-arrythmic Drugs: Quinidine sulphate, Procainamide hydrochloride*, Disopyramide
phosphate*, Lidocaine hydrochloride and Phenytoin sodium*.
C. Anti-hypertensive Agents: Captopril, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Benzapril hydrochloride,
Quinapril hydrochloride, Reserpine, Guanethidine monosulphate*, Methyldopate hydrochloride*,
Clonidine hydrochloride, Hydralazine hydrochloride*, Sodium nitroprusside, Diazoxide and
Minoxidil.
D. Anti-hyperlipidemic agents: Clofibrate, Dextrothyroxine sodium, Cholestyramine resin,
Niacin* and Probucol.
E. Anti-coagulants and anti-thrombolytics: Protamine sulphate, Dicoumarol*, Warfarin sodium
and Anisindione.
8. Hormones and related drugs: 6 hours
a. Insulin and its preparation, hypoglycemic agents.
b. Synthetic hypoglycemic agents.
c. Oxytocin and vasopressin.
d. Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs.
9. Steroids and related drugs 6 hours
Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Oesterogens, Progestrogens, Androgens, Chemistry of
natural hormones and synthetic derivatives including contraceptives.
10 . Diagnostic drugs and reagents : 3 hours
Congo Red, Evans Blue, Methacoline Chloride, Erythrosine Sodium, Benzyl Penicilloyl-
polylysine, Iodipamide meglumine, Tyropanoate sodium, Pentagastrin, Phenolsulphonphthalein,
Indocyanin Green and Fluorescein sodium*.
11. Brief Introduction to Combinatorial Chemistry 2 hours

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PRACTICALS
1. Synthesis of selected drugs from course content involving two or more steps of synthesis and
study spectral analysis of drug synthesized (at least 8 drugs).
2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of drugs synthesized.
3. Determination of partition co-efficient, dissociation constant and molar refractivity of
compounds for QSAR analysis (at least 3 experiments).
REFERENCES
1. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition.
3. Ashutoshkar’s, Medicinal Chemistry.
4. Medicinal Chemistry by Kadam, Vol I and II
5. Medicinal Chemistry, W.A. Foye.
6. Medicinal Chemistry, Wilson and Giswold.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
9. Medicinal Chemistry by K. Ilango
10.The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis Volume 1-6 by Deniel Lednocer, John Wiley and
sons, Inc. New York.
11. Pharmaceutical Substances Synthesis (two parts) ,patents, applications by A. Kleemann,
J.Engel by Thieme Stuttgart New York.
12. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Harkishan Singh, V.K.Kapoor by Vallabh
Prakashan New Delhi.
13. Spectrometric identification Of Organic Compounds by R. M. Silverstein, G. Claytorn
Bassel`s. T.C. Mivvill. John wiley & sons USA.
14. Organic spectropscopy by William Kemp .ELBS, London
15. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Disposition by H.N. Ladu, H. G. Mandal and E.L.
Way Williams and Wi;kins Co. Baltimore.
16. Vogel`s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry , ELBS / Longman , London.
17. Practical Organic Chemistry BY Mann and Saunder. Orient Longman, UK.
18. The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds by Shriner, Hermann,Morrill, Curtin &
Fuson, John Wiley and sons , USA.
19. An Introduction To The Chemistry Of heterocyclic Compounds by R.M. Acheson Wiley
Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
20. Spectrometric identification Of Organic Compounds by R. M. Silverstein, G. Claytorn
Bassel`s. T.C. Mivvill. John wiley & sons USA.
21. Indian Pharmacopoeia, 1985, 1996 and 2007

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4.6. PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND PHARMACY BUSINESS

MANAGEMENT
THEORY (Total 75 Hours)
FORENSIC PHARMACY
1. Definition and scope of Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmacist’s role in drug treatment, drug usage
and pharmacist as a member of health care team. 9 hours
2. Pharmaceutical legislation in India: Historical development of Pharmaceutical education in
India and its present status, Professional ethics in Pharmacy practice, legal and ethical
responsibilities of Pharmacists. 8 hours
3. A detailed study and the understanding of the various act and rules (as last amended)
governing the Pharmaceutical Profession in India. 20 hours
a. Pharmacy Act 1948.
b. Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945.
c. Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Act.
d. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act 1955.
e. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise duties) Act and Rules.
f. Essential Commodities Act.
g. Drugs (Price Control) order 1995, Pharmaceutical policy 2002.
h. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act.
i. Prevention of Cruelty of Animal Act 1960 including study of CPCSEA
guidelines, INSA and ICMR guidelines.
j. Indian Patent Act with special reference to pharmaceutical products.

PHARMACY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

1. Concept of Management: 14 hours
Administrative management (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling),
Entrepreneurship Development and Operative Management, (Personnel, Materials, Production,
Financial Marketing, Time/Space Margin / Morale). Principles of Management (Co-ordination,
Communication, Motivation, Decision-Making, Leadership, Innovation, Creativity, Delegation
of Authority / Responsibility, Record keeping), Identification of key points to give maximum
thrust for development and perfection.
2. Pharmaceutical marketing: 12 hours
Functions, buying, selling, transportation, storage, finance, insurance, feedback, information,
channels of distribution, wholesale, retail departmental store, multiple shops and mail order
business.
3. Salesmanship: 12 hours
Principles of sales promotion, advertising, ethics of sales merchandising, literature, detailing,
recruitment, training, evaluation and compensation to the pharmacist.

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REFERENCES
1. Handbook of Labour Laws by B.K. Buhr.
2. Factories Act by Government of India Publications.
3. Drugs and Pharmacy Laws in India by H.K. Bharathi.
4. Drugs and Cosmetics Act / Rules by Govt. of India Publications.
5. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations Act 1955 by Govt. of India Publications.
6. Laws of drugs by S.N. Katju.
7. Forensic Pharmacy and Ethics by S.C. Mahajan.
8. Laws relating to Drugs and Cosmetics by P.L. Malik.
9. Handbook of Drug Law by M.L. Mehra.
10. Forensic Pharmacy and Ethics by Mehta.
11. Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy by M.M. Mithal.
12. Forensic Pharmacy by B. Suresh.
13. Forensic Pharmacy by B.S. Kuchekar.
14. Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic substances Act by Govt. of India Publications.
15. CPCSEA, ICMR, and Helisinki guidelines.
16. Drug Control by P.K. Dutta.
17. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules by The India Drug Manufacturers Association
Publication.
18. Dangerous Drugs Act 1930 by Govt. of India Publications.
19. Drugs and Magic Remedies Act by Govt. of India Publications.
20. Management by James A.F. Stoner.
21. Statistics for Management by Richard I. Levin.
22. Personnel Management by Arun Monappa.
23. Business Organisation and Office Management by Santhosh Bushan.

B.Pharmacy Syllabus and Regulations 2009-2010