APNI KAKSHA 1

Tissues
Tissues
➢ There term tissue was given by Bichat in 1792.
➢ Study of tissues is called Histology.

Division of Labour
➢ Cells are specialized to carry out only a few functions.
➢ Examples: Muscle cells contract and relax to cause movement
➢ Examples: Nerve cells carry message
➢ Examples: Blood flows to transport oxygen, food, hormones, waste etc.
➢ Examples: In plants, Xylem tissue conducts water.

Are plants and animals made of same types of tissues?

➢ Plants do not move to search food.
➢ Plants do not consume much energy.
➢ Plants are Autotrophic.
➢ Animals move in search of food.
➢ They need more energy as compare to plants.
➢ They are heterotrophic
Differences between Plant & Animal Tissues
Plant Tissues Animal Tissues
1. Dead tissues are more than living tissues. 1. Living tissues are more than dead tissues.
2. They require less energy. 2. They require more energy.
3. Organistion of plant tissue is simple. 3. Organistion of animal tissue is complex.

Plant Tissues

Meristematic Permanent tissues

Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Apical Intercalary Lateral Phloem Xylem

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Meristematic Tissue
A. Nature:
➢ These cells divide continuously
➢ They have thin cellulose cell wall
➢ The shape or cells could be –spherical, oval, polygonal
or rectangular.
➢ There are no intercellular spaces between cells.
➢ The cytoplasm is dense and contain large Nucleus.
➢ They contain few vacuoles or sometimes no vacuoles at all.
B. Occurrence: They are growth tissues and are found in growing regions of the plant.

Meristematic Tissue

Apical Intercalary Lateral

C. Apical Meristem: They are situated in growing tip of stems and roots. i.e. shoot apex & root apex.
Functions:
➢ Helps in elongation of root & stem
➢ Increases height of the plant (primary growth)
D. Lateral Meristem: They are found beneath the bark and in vascular bundles of dicot roots and
stems. Functions:
➢ Helps the stem or root to increase in diameter and girth (secondary growth).
E. Intercalary Meristem: They are located at the base of leaves or internode eg. Stems of
grasses
Functions:
➢ Helps to increase the length of leaves and internodes.
➢ They are parent tissue and new tissues develop from them.
➢ They help in formation of new cells
➢ New leaves, branches of stem & roots, flowers, fruits are produced.
➢ Injury in plants is healed up by formation of new meristems

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 Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Cell are capable of cell division and Mature cells & incapable of cell
have totipotency division

Permanent Tissue
➢ These are formed from meristematic tissue.
➢ Meristematic tissue take up specific role & stop dividing.
➢ These cells take up permanent shape, size and function, called as Differentiation.

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Cells are small, spherical or polygonal Cells are large, differentiated with different
and un- differentiated shapes.
Vacuoles are nearly absent. Large central vacuoles are present.
Intercellular spaces are absent. Intercellular spaces are present.
Cell wall is thin & elastic. Cell wall is thin or thick.
Nucleus is large or prominent. Nucleus is less clearly visible.
Simple tissue Can be simple complex or specialized
High metabolic rate slow metabolic rate
Cells are living Cells may be living or dead
Provides growth to the plant Provides protection, support, conduction, storage etc.

Permanent Tissue

Simple Tissue Complex

❖ Protective and supporting ❖ Conducting

❖ Composed or single type of ❖ Composed of more than one

cells type of cells

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 Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Phloem Xylem
Parenchyma Tissue
A. Nature
➢ ‘Para’ – beside, ‘enchyma’ – in filling
➢ Forms bulk of plant body.
➢ Cells are living and dividing
➢ Shape of cells are rounded & isodiametric.
➢ Cell wall is thin and has small nucleus but a large central vacuole.
➢ Intercellular spaces are more

B. Occurrence

➢ They are found in stems, roots, leaves, flowers & fruits.

➢ Found in soft parts of the plant such as cortex of roots, ground tissues in stems & mesophyll
of leaves.

C. Functions

➢ Serves as packaging tissue

➢ Fill spaces between tissues
➢ Maintain shape & firmness of plants
➢ Cells are turgid, so they support the stem
➢ Their main function is to store food
➢ Transportation occurs through their cell wall.
➢ The intercellular spaces allow gaseous exchange.
➢ These cells also store waste products of a plants such as tannin, gum, crystals, resins etc.

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 Chlorenchyma Tissue
If parenchyma tissue has chloroplast in them, it perfomrs photosynthesis and is called
Chlorenchyma.
eg. ‘mesophyll of leaves’
A. Nature
➢ Derived from ‘Kolla’ which means glue.
➢ Cells are living and has many features like parenchyma.
➢ Cell wall has extra cellulose at the corners of the cells.
➢ Intercellular spaces are generally absent
➢ Elongated cells
➢ Contain a few chloroplasts.
B. Occurrence
➢ Located below epidermis of dicotyledonous stem
➢ Absent in monocot stems, roots and leaves
C. Functions
➢ Provides mechanical support & elasticity.
➢ Allows easy bending in various parts of a plant without breaking it.
Parenchyma Collenchyma
Has thin walled living cells Has cellulose in their cell wall
Found in almost all parts of plant body. Found in aerial parts of plant.
Main function is storage of food & waste Main function is providing mechanical strength
products.

Q. Why are plants and animals made of different types of tissue? [NCERT Exemplar]

Ans. Plants and animals are two different types of organisms. Plants are autotrophic organisms, so they
prepare their own food by photosynthesis. Moreover, plants are stationary or fixed organisms. Since they
do not consume or need much energy, so most of the tissues of plants are supportive. Most of these
tissues such as xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma and cork are dead tissues, i.e., they do not contain living
protoplasm.

Animals on the other hand, are heterotrophic organisms. They have to move in search of food, mate and
shelter; so they need more energy as compared to plants. Most of these tissues contain living protoplasm.

There are some tissues in plants which divide throughout life. They divide for the growth and
reproduction of the plants. In contrast to plants, growth in animals is uniform.

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Sclerenchyma Tissue
➢ ‘Scleren’ means hard
➢ These are dead cells.
➢ They lack protoplasm
➢ Cell walls are made of lignin
➢ There are no intercellular spaces.
Occurrence
➢ Found in stems, roots, veins of leaves, hard coverings of seeds and nuts.
➢ In Husk of coconut
➢ In mesocarp of coconut

Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
They consists of living cells They consists of dead cells
Cells contain cytoplasm Cells are empty
Cell walls are made of cellulose Cell walls are made of lignin
Cell wall is not uniform Cell wall is uniform
Provides mechanical support and elasticity to Provides mechanical support mainly
the plants

Epidermis Tissue

Nature

➢ ‘epi’ - upon ; ‘derma’ - skin

➢ Present in leaves, flowers, stem and roots.
➢ One cell thick & is covered with cuticle.
➢ Cuticle is a water proof layer of waxy substance called Cutin
➢ Cuticle is thicker in Xerophytic plants.
➢ Cells of epidermis are elongated & flattened and does not have any intercellular space.
Function
➢ Protection from desiccation & infection.
➢ Reduce water loss by evaporation
➢ Helps in preventing the entry of pathogen.
Stomata
➢ These are small pores present in stomata.
➢ Each stoma has two kidney shaped cells called Guard cells.
➢ Guard cells are only epidermal cells which contain Chloroplasts, rest are colourless.

Function
➢ Allows gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and respiration.
➢ Water vapour escapes through stomata.

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 Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Phloem Xylem

Complex Permanent Tissue

Consist of more than one type of cells that’s why called as complex tissue.

XYLEM PHLOEM

It conducts water and minerals It conducts food materials.

It transports Unidirectional, (from roots toapical It transports bidirectional, (from leaves to

parts of the plants). other organs of plants).

Tracheids & vessels – These are dead cells with Sieve tubes & Companion cells-
thick walls & their main function is to transport These are tubular cells with perforated walls.
water & minerals

Xylem Parenchyma – Stores food Phloem Parenchyma – Stores food and helps in
lateral conduction of food.

Xylem Fibers – Supportive in function. Phloem fibre – Provides mechanical strength

to the tissue.

Except Xylem parenchyma, all other components Except phloem fibres, all other components
are dead. areliving.

Q. Why is the epidermis present as a thick waxy coating of cutin in desert plants? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. A thick waxy coating of cutin is present in desert plants to prevent excessive loss of water during
transpiration. Due to this, plants can survive in scarcity of water in deserts.

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 Animal Tissues

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Squamous Striated

Cuboidal Smooth
Areolar Adipose Skeletal Fluid
Columnar Cardiac

Ciliated Tendon Cartilage Blood

Ligament Bone Lymph

Epithelial Tissue
➢ Covering or protective tissue
➢ Covers most organs and cavities within the body.
➢ Has tightly packed cells and no intercellular space.
Squamous Epithelium
➢ Thin, flat and irregular shaped cells.
➢ Found in the lining of mount, oesophagus, nose, alveoli blood
vessels and covering of tongue & spin.
➢ Stratified Squamous-
These are multi layers of Squamous tissue.
➢ Cube like cells
➢ Found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles and in salivary glands & sweat glands.
Columnar Epithelium
➢ Tall cells with nuclei towards the base.
➢ Found in lining of stomach, small intestine, gall bladder and oviducts.
➢ Columnar epithelium modifies to form Glandular epithelium.
Ciliated Epithelium
➢ Cuboid shaped cells with cilia.
➢ Found in sperm ducts, lining of trachea, kidney tubules and oviducts.
Connective Tissue
➢ The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix.
➢ The matrix could be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
Blood
➢ Has liquid matrix called plasma.
➢ Blood has two components (plasma and elements)
➢ Plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones.
➢ 3 elements are present in Blood. Red Blood cells, White Blood cells, Platelets

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Function
Blood helps in transportation of gases, digested food, hormones & waste materials.
Lymph
➢ Lymph is a colourless fluid.
➢ Does not have RBCs and some blood proteins are absent.
Function
➢ Lymph transports the nutrients like blood.
➢ Lymph has lymphocytes (WBCs) that protects the body against infection.
Bone
Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix. That is composed of
calcium and phosphorous.
Function
➢ It forms the framework & supports the body.
➢ It also anchors the muscles & supports the main organs of the body.

Q. How are glandular epithelium formed? [NCERT Exemplar]

Ans. An epithelial cell often acquires additional specialisation as gland cells, which can secrete substances at
the epithelial surface. Sometimes, a portion of the epithelial tissue folds inward and a multicellular
gland is formed. This is glandular epithelium.
Q. Describe the function of bones. [NCERT Exemplar]

Ans. Bones form the framework that supports the body. It also anchors the muscles and serve as storage site
of calcium and phosphate. It provides shape to the body and protects vital body organs such as brain,
lungs, tissue, etc.
Connective Tissue
A. Tendons
Contains very little matrix.
Function
Connect muscles to bones and provides strength to the tissue.
B. Ligaments
Contains very little matrix.
Function
➢ It connects bones with bones.
➢ Ligaments is elastic tissue and has considerable strength.
Adipose Tissue
This tissue is present below the skin and between internal organs.
➢ These cells are filled with fat globules.
➢ This tissue also acts as an insulator.
Muscular Tissue
➢ This tissue is responsible for the movement in our body.
➢ Muscles contain special proteins called contractile Proteins, which contract and relax to cause
movement.

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Difference Between Smooth, Skeletal & Cardiac Muscles
Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Not striated Striated Striated
Spindle shaped Cylindrical Cylindrical
Not branched Not branched Branched
Nucleus in centre Nucleus in periphery Nucleus in centre
Involuntary Voluntary Involuntary

Nervous Tissue

➢ Cell of nervous tissue are highly specialized for

being stimulated and for transmitting the stimulus
very rapidly from one place to another within the
body.
➢ A neuron, contains a nucleus and cytoplasm and is
called as Cyton.
➢ Short hair like extensions are arriving from the cyton and are called as Dendrites.
➢ The longest dendrite is called AXON.
➢ Nerve cells receive stimuli and carry messages to the brain and spiral cord in the form of electric
current or impulses.

Notes End

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 Important NCERT Questions
Q1. Name types of simple tissues.
Sol. The types of simple tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and aerenchyma.
Q2. Where is apical meristem found?
Sol. Apical meristem is found at the tip of root or shoot of the plant.
Q3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Sol. The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.
Q4. What are the constituents of phloem?
Sol. Phloem is made up of four types of elements sieve tube, companion cells, phloem fibres and
phloem parenchyma.
Q5. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Sol. Muscular tissue, 2. Nervous tissue, combination of both the tissues are responsible for
movement in our body.
Q6. What are the junctions of areolar tissue?
Sol. Areolar tissue are connective tissues found in animal. It is found between skin and muscles,
around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow.

It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in the repair of tissues.
Q7. Define the term “tissue”.
Sol. Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform same function is called a tissue.
Q8. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Sol. The xylem is made up of vessels, tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
Q9. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Sol. Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate to perform a common function.
Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. All these coordinate to perform a
common function.
Q10. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell
wall.
Sol. Parenchyma: The cells have thin cell walls made up of cellulose. Collenchyma: The cells have
cell walls thickened at the comers due to pectin deposition.
Sclerenchyma: Their walls are thickened due to lignin deposition.
Q11. What are the functions of stomata?
Sol. The outermost layer of the cell is called epidermis and is very porous. These pores are called
stomata. These stomata help in transpiration and exchange of gases.
Q12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Sol. In the pith of the roots and stems. When it contains chlorophyll, it is called chlorenchyma, found
in green leaves. In aquatic plants, parenchyma contains large air cavities and help them to float.
Such type of parenchyma is called aerenchyma.

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Q13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Sol. Cells of epidermis forms a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. It protects all the parts of
plants.
Q14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Sol. Cork acts as a protective tissue because its cells are dead and compactly arranged without
intercellular spaces. They have deposition of suberin on the walls that make them impervious to
gases and water.

Ab Phod Do!

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