MANUEL S.

ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

NAME OF THE Bachelor of Science in Hospitality and Tourism Management

PROGRAM
COURSE TITLE Micro Perspective of Tourism COURSE CODE HTM 106
and Hospitality
PREREQUISITE/ CO- None COURSE UNIT 3 units
REQUISITE
COURSE OUTCOME CO1: Evaluate how travel and tourism market the benefits of the
restaurant as you develop a cuisine that will appeal to
customers. Examine the factors that have a direct impact on
consumers, governing bodies, and the tourism industry.
MODULE 1 Overview of Tourism and Hospitality
LESSON LEARNING After successful completion of this module, you should be able
OUTCOME/S to:
a. Analyze the factor that affects the industry.
b. Evaluate the characteristic of tourism and
hospitality products.
c. Discuss the major factor that influences the
industry.
TOPICS a. Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality Product
b. Major factors that affect influence the industry
c. List of tourism products and industries and Issues
affecting the industry Rule of dimension
d. The Tourism and Hospitality Professional
e. Sociology of Tourism and Hospitality
WEEK / INCLUSIVE August 15, to September 14, 2022
DATE
MODALITY Synchronous, Asynchronous (MS Teams)

▪ LESSON PROPER

Lesson I:
Overview of Tourism and Hospitality

The tourism and tourism industry is dynamic, complex, and highly

interconnected. The study of the industry requires a multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary,
and interdisciplinary approach. This means that tourism and hospitality research requires
the application of concepts and theories from other disciplines such as sociology.
Economics, consumer behavior, entrepreneurship, and marketing. The industry has
continued to evolve through the years.

In the distant, travel was synonymous with exploration, war, and conquest; as well as
religious conversion, immigration, and trade. It was originally designed as an activity
reserved for the elite and the educated class. It was also an expensive understanding
financed by kings and queens.

Today, tourism is often referred to as the engine of socio-economic growth and prosperity. It
can also propel the development of a market economy where small and medium-scale
enterprises can expand and flourish.

The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) defines tourism

…as the activities of a person traveling to, and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and another
purpose not related to the exercise of an activity remuneration from within the place visited.
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

On the other hand, the hospitality industry can trace its roots to the French word hospice
Which means “to provide care and shelter for travelers” (Walker, 2017) or to the Latin word
hospitare which means to “receive as a guest”. According to Dittmer and Griffin (2009), this
is someone away from home. Aside from meals and board, Resigner (2001) states
hospitality includes the “reception and entertainment of travelers, the way they are treated
by industry employees and an overall concern for their well-being and satisfaction”.

Characteristics Of Tourism And Hospitality Product

The complexity of the industry stems from its very nature. Tourism and hospitality
products are also considered services. The final product enjoyed and experienced by
travelers results from inputs from several suppliers. For example, a holiday itinerary
usually consists of air, land, rail, and/ or water transport; meals at a restaurant: lodging
at a hotel, shopping at boutiques: visiting attractions; and possibly a trip to the theater,
casino, or spa. All these are tourism experiences. To better understand the concept, let
us differentiate between the tangible and intangible aspects of tourism

Tangible
Tangible refers to the physical dimensions of an object. These refer to what one
can see, hear, feel, touch and smell. For example, a list of tangibles in a hotel includes
the building, décor, and room setup. It also includes the hotel signage, the food, and
table-setting at the restaurant, restrooms, and even the hotel personnel.

Intangible
The intangible refers to anything that has no physical substance. It cannot be
perceived using your senses but affects your satisfaction with the tourism product.
These intangibles usually affect your overall assessment of your trip. Some examples
are as follows:
 The speed of the check-in procedure at the front desk
 The attitude of the food server
 The queue at the museum entrance
 List of tourism products and industries

Products Industries

Accommodation Services for visitors Accommodation for visitors

Food and beverage serving for visitors Food and beverage serving activities

Railway passenger transport services Railway passenger transport

Road passenger transport services Road passenger transport

Water passenger transport services Water passenger transport

Air passenger transport services Air passenger transport

Transport equipment rental services Transport equipment rental

Travel agencies and other reservation Travel agencies and other reservation services
services activities

Cultural services Cultural activities

 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Sports and recreation services Sports and recreation activities

Retail trade of country-specific characteristic
Country-specific characteristic products
goods
Other country-specific tourism characteristic
Country-specific characteristic services
activities

Major Factors that Influence the Industry

Aside from the trends, there are major factors that impact the management, marketing,
and operation of a tourism and hospitality enterprise. These include issues pertaining to
globalization, safety and security, health and wellness, diversity, service expectations,
technology, green practices, legal issues, and changing travel interests (Walker, 2017).
These are specific issues that must be understood to enable tourism stakeholders to
plan, strategize, and implement initiatives for the mutual benefit of visitors and tourism
establishments.

Issue affecting the industry

Accessibility Climate Change Animal Rights

inclusivity Sustainability Gender Sensitivity
Artificial Intelligence Risk, Safety, and Security Globalization
Virtual Tourism Special Interest Tourism Changing Preferences
Niches Segments Ethnic Right Health and Wellness
Diversity Foreign Relations Immigration Policies
Green Practices Use of Information and New Demographics
Communications
Technologies
Authentic Experience Child Protection in Tourist Roles of Women’s
Destinations
Politics Protection Environment Issues

▪ LESSON PROPER

Th The Tourism and Hospitality Professional

Employment
Tourism employment is generally classified as either direct or indirect. Direct
employment, which deals with the demand side of the business, refers to jobs where
employees have face-to-face contact with tourists. These include but are not limited to
employment in destination management organizations, travel agencies, airlines, cruise
ships, hotels, and restaurants. On the other hand, indirect employment works with the
supply side and includes jobs with intermediaries such as restaurant suppliers,
contractors, marketing consultants, and handicraft producers (UNWTO and ILO, 2014).

The International Labor Organization (ILO) describes employment in the industry as

“labor-intensive where working conditions are often precarious due to the seasonality,
low wages, low union density, and long working hours. However, the tourism and
hospitality sector “provides opportunities for women, young adults, and migrants who
generally receive limited training” In fact, women represent as much as 70% of the
global tourism workforce, especially in housekeeping and customer contact areas
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

(ILO, 2017).

According to Stacey (2015), the “proportion of part-time and temporary workers, as

well as self-employed persons is generally higher in hotels and restaurants than in the
overall economy. Turnover tends to be frequent as workers are likely to spend less than
two years with the same employee”.

On a positive note, a study published by United Nations World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO) reveals that motivated individuals can work up the ranks to attain higher
managerial and professional positions. Patterns of mobility, orientation to work and self-
evaluation are the hallmarks of successful tourism workers. Accelerated opportunities
for advancement and incentives for entrepreneurialism lead to general satisfaction of
those who successfully remain employed by tourism businesses (p.16).

Forecasts
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) forecasts that by the year 2030,
there will be 1.8 billion international tourists (UNWTO, 2011). In addition, data from the
International Air Transport Association (IATA) reveal that there will be 7.8 billion air
passengers by 2036.
Data from the Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism 2015 Annual Update
Summary reports that total travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) will grow at
an average of 3.8% per year from 2015-2025. Over this period, the industry will
generate a total of 72.9 million new jobs. The report further states that South Asia will
be the fastest growing sub-region for total travel and tourism GDP growth up to 2025
(UNWTO, 2011).

Sample Career Choices

Sector Examples of Business Career Choices
Segments
Accommodations Hotel, motel, bed & Front desk, reservations,
breakfast, resort, villa, group sales, catering,
pension house concierge, food, and
beverage
Transportation Airline, airport, car rental, Reservations, ticketing,
motorcoach, cruise, ferry, flight crew,
rail, bus ground crew
Travel Trade Travel agency, tour Tour guiding, travel
operations, tour guiding agency owner
M.I.C.E. and Meetings, incentives, Event organizing,
Special Events conventions convention sales,
and exhibitions, sports sponsorship sales,
events tours incentives

Diversity in the Workplace

Wheelan and Hunger (2012) defined human diversity as “the mix in the workplace of
people from different races, cultures, and backgrounds”. The United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO state that “cultural diversity
refers to the cultural differences between people that includes language, manner of
dressing, traditions, morality, religion, social organizations, as well as the way they interact with
the environment (UNESCO, 2001). There are also different variables that an individual will use
when referring to her persona. For example, one can say that she is female, married, Filipino of
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Spanish Chinese descent, belonging to an upper-middle-class family who immigrated to

Canada in the early 90s.

Layers of Culture
There are three layers of culture, namely, internal dimensions, external
dimensions, and the organizational dimension (Gardenswartz and Rowe,2009)

 Internal dimensions refer to demographic information such as age, gender,

ethnicity, sexual orientation, race, and physical ability

 External dimensions include a person’s appearance, work experience,

educational background, recreational habits, personal habits, income, marital
status, parental status, and geographic location.

 Organization dimensions involve the job, position, management status, union

affiliation, work location, seniority, division/department/unit group, work content,
and functional level.

Therefore, it is crucial for organizations to manage, not only the differences in culture
and sub-culture but ensure that the corporate culture becomes the norm.

Employability Skills

People working in the travel, tourism and hospitality industry may either work indoors or
outdoors; on land, air, or sea; based on standard hours or on a flexible schedule; and
may be contract-based or full-time. Generally, there are six categories of requisite skills.
Often referred to as 21st-century skills, these are the following:

 Written and verbal communications

 Technical
 Human relations
 Conceptual
 Analytical
 Decision-making
 Digital capabilities
 Critical thinking
In addition, tourism and hospitality professionals are expected to manifest initiative,
maturity, confidence, the willingness to learn, the ability to work independently and with
a team, the ability on thinks quickly, and integrity. Additional skills may be required to
work in adventure tourism, accessible tourism, inclusive recreation, health and wellness,
and luxury travel, among other special interest tourism sectors.

Ethics in the Workplace

The Oxford Dictionary defines ethics as “a set of moral principles, especially ones
relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct” The word traces its
roots to the Greek word ethikos meaning “of or for morals.” Morals, on the other hand,
come from the Latin word mos which refers to the “distinction between right and wrong”.

10 Ethical Principles for Hospitality Managers

These principles also apply to travel and tourism administrators and staff (NAU, n.d.).
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Honesty – Hospitality managers are honest and truthful. They do not mislead or
deceive others by misrepresentations.

Integrity – Hospitality managers demonstrate the courage of their convictions by doing

what they know is right even when there is pressure to do otherwise.

Trustworthiness – Hospitality managers are trustworthy and candid in supplying

information and in correcting misapprehensions of fact. They do not create justifications
for escaping their promises and commitments.

Loyalty – Hospitality managers demonstrate loyalty to their companies in devotion to

duty and loyalty to colleagues by, friendship in adversity. They avoid conflicts of interest;
do not use or disclose confidentiality. Information: and, should they accept other
employment, they respect the proprietary information of their former employer.

Fairness - Hospitality managers are fair and equitable in all dealings; they neither
arbitrarily abuse power nor take undue advantage of another's mistakes or difficulties.
They treat all individuals with equality, tolerance, and acceptance of diversity, and with
an open mind.

Concern and respect for others - Hospitality managers are concerned, respectful,
compassionate, and kind. They are sensitive to the personal concerns of their
colleagues and live the Golden Rule. They respect the rights and interests of all those
who have a stake in their decisions.

Commitment to excellence - Hospitality managers pursue excellence in performing

their duties and are willing to put more into their job than they can get out of it.

Leadership - Hospitality managers are conscious of the responsibility and opportunities

of their position of leadership. They realize that the best way to instill ethical principles
and ethical awareness in their organizations is by example. They walk their talk!

Reputation and morale - Hospitality managers seek to protect and build the company's
reputation and the morale of its employees by engaging in conduct that builds respect.
They also take whatever actions are necessary to correct or prevent inappropriate
conduct of others.

Accountability - Hospitality managers are personally accountable for the ethical quality
of their decisions, as well as those of their subordinates.

Total Employment in Tourism Industries

(As of 2013) in thousands of persons
2013

Total Employment in The Philippines 38,118

Tourism Characteristic Industries 4,709

Accommodation, Food &Beverage 1,601

Passenger Transport (land, water & air) 1,746

Travel Agents, Tour Operators & Tour Guides 29

 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Recreation, Entertainment & Cultural Services 343

Retail Trade on Tourism-characteristics Goods 312

Miscellaneous (include Health & Wellness etc.) 678

SHARE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 12.4%

▪ ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ ASSIGNMENT

Read the entire topic and then become familiar with the explanation of each term. In
Neo LSM, activities and exercises will be posted.

▪ LESSON PROPER

The Sociology of Tourism

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
 Explain the concept of sociology
 Discuss the sociology of tourism
 Elucidate the social nature of travel
 Discuss the socioeconomic variable and their effects on travel.
 Explain the barrier to travel and the preferences of the International Tourist.

The Social Nature of Travel

Travel is brought by the social nature of man. Human beings, as social animals,
feel comfortable in a tour group. They feel that their trip is more enjoyable and freer
from anxiety if they join a group tour. Camaraderie often develops friendships that last
for years. In some subcultures, travel is the acceptable way of spending one’s vacation.
Tourism evolves a mutual trust and respect for one another and the dignity of life on
earth. “The world is becoming a global village in which people from different continents
are made to feel like next-door neighbors. In facilitating more authentic and social
relationships between individuals, tourism can help overcome many real prejudices and
foster new bonds of fraternity”. –Pope John Paul II

The Social Effects of Tourism

Tourism is concerned with the movement and contact between people in different
geographical locations. In sociological terms, this involves:

1. Social relations between people who would not normally meet.

2. The confrontation of different cultures, ethnic groups, lifestyles, languages, levels
of prosperity, and the like.
3. The behavior of people released from many of the social and economic
constraints of everyday life; and
4. The behavior of the host population must reconcile economic gain and benefits
with the costs of living with strangers.

Socioeconomic Variables and Their Effects on Travel

 Age
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

 Income and Social Status

 Education
 Life stages of the family

Age - There are several differences between patterns of travel based on age.

Mountain Climbing Fishing

Sightseeing Ship Travel

Playing Golf

Income and Social Status - Travel decisions are significantly impacted by income and
social status.
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Higher-income tourists stay longer and spend more per day than those with lower
incomes.

Education

 There is a strong correlation between education and travel

 The better-educated members of the population have a greater desire to travel.
 Researchers have found that the more educated the travelers are, they tend to
be more sophisticated in their tastes.

Life Stages of the Family

 The presence of children in the family limits travel. More leisure time is spent at
home
 As the children grow up and leave home, the married couples renew interest in
travel

The Rise of New Travel Patterns

 Travel Clubs
 Airline Group and Arrangements
 Special Interest Tours

Travel Clubs - The most significant development in group travel consists of travel
clubs. In this group travel plan, a club member enjoys travel opportunities and vacation
destination facilities at a much cheaper price than that paid by a nonmember. The
accommodation offered by the club range from deluxe to very modest. There is also a
wide choice of locations, climates, and other vacation features

Airline Group and Arrangement

Another development in group travel is the introduction of different types of tour

fares promoted by airlines. These are the following:
1. Groups of 15 or more are given reduced fares.
2. Charter service is given by some airlines to affinity group tours which are
intended for those affiliated to a legitimate group for a period of six months or
longer.
3. Public charter in which an entire airplane is made available to a group of persons
who travel to the same destination; and
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

4. Incentive tours which are given by firms to employees as a reward for a special
achievement or as a motivation for achievements.

Special Interest Tours - Special interest group is becoming more popular at

present. These are tours arranged for those who are interested in a particular activity
such as bird watching, festivals, fishing, scuba diving, photography, flower arrangement,
golf, skiing, mountain climbing, and the like.

Preferences of the International Tourist

The preferences of the international tourist are divided into four categories namely:
1. Complete relaxation to constant activity
2. Traveling near one’s home environment to a totally strange environment.
3. Complete dependence on group travel to traveling alone; and
4. Order to disorder

Relaxation vs Activity - Before, the workweek for most people including the middle
class was long and exhausting. Thus, they demanded holidays that offered relaxation
and rest. At present, the workweek has been shortened and the annual holiday leave
has been lengthened. Work has become less tiresome, and people have become used
to greater leisure. Relaxation has become possible throughout the year. The demand
for activity-oriented travel has greatly increased.

Familiarity vs. Novelty - In general, most tourists on their first trip abroad tend to seek
familiarity rather than novelty. They search for something that will remind them of home,
whether it be food, newspapers, living quarters, or another person from their own home.
Not until they have gained more experience in traveling will they want to go to a new
environment- to see customs and cultures different from their own, and to mix with
people who speak differently, and dress differently.

Dependence vs. Autonomy - In the past, tourists joined package tours in which
transportation, lodging, food, sightseeing, and entertainment were fixed in advance by
the tour agency. At present, there is the emergence of a group of tourists who would
like to acquire a sense of personal autonomy regarding their leisure time. They would
like to travel on their own and not part of a group. They would like to feel independent-
in complete control of what they do and how they do it.

Order vs Disorder - In the past, tourists sought holidays that enforce the traditional
concept of conformity- set meals at fixed times, guidebooks that told them the right
places to visit, and resorts where their fellow tourists were tidy, well-behaved, and
properly dressed.
Now, the new generation of tourists is very much concerned about what to wear and
how to behave when on holiday. Informality in behavior, a greater tolerance toward the
differences of others, and freedom from institutionalized regulations are now the
characteristics of the modern traveler.

A. Institutionalized Tourist Roles

1. The Organized mass Tourist - this type of tourist is least adventurous he buys a
package tour in which the itinerary of his trip is fixed in advance and his stops are
well-prepared and guided.
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

2. The Individual Mass Tourist - is like the organized mass tourist, except that the
individual mass tourist has a certain degree of control over his time and itinerary
and is not bound to a group. However, all the major arrangements of his tour are
still made through a travel agency.

B. Non-Institutionalized Tourist Roles

1. The Explorer - This type of tourist arranges his trip by himself and looks for
comfortable accommodation and reliable means of transportation. He tries to
associate with the people he visits and speak their language. He dares to leave
his country much more than the previous two types but goes back to it when the
experience becomes too rough.
2. The Drifter - the drifter goes the farthest away from the accustomed ways of life
of his own country. He is almost totally immersed in his host culture. He tries to
live the way the people he visits live and to share their shelter, food, and habits.

Type of Tourist Roles

(The continuous combination of novelty and familiarity forms the basic variable for the
sociological analysis of the phenomenon of modern tourism.)

Social Tourism - In a general sense, social tourism is a subsidized system of travel

through the intervention of the government, employer, or labor union to achieve social
goals and purposes.
• In the late 1930s, when many European countries passed laws on paid holidays,
it was recognized that the right to legal holiday could not only be meaningful if the
ordinary worker will be able to afford travel for recreation and rest.
• In 1963, the International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS) was founded in
Brussels to encourage the development of social tourism on an international
scale. At present, it has a membership of more than 100 associations all over the
world.
• In the United States, more than 100 different major programs of the federal
government provide for recreation, tourism, travel, and environmental
conservation.

Motivations to Travel

There are several reasons why people travel. These can be due to their intent, available
leisure time, disposable income, and interest in specific activities.

Willingness to spend on travel

The continuous growth of tourism can be traced to several factors. For one,
individuals and groups are more willing to spend on recreation and travel due to an
increase in disposable income. Aside from saving to buy the latest gadgets, people are
increasingly setting aside funds for travel, primarily for relaxation and recreation.

Rise of niche tourism activities

The rise of niche and special interest activities has encouraged more people to
travel. Today, there are destinations and specialized activities that cater to specific
groups of tourists and their preferences. For example, volunteerism (volunteer tourism)
targets travelers who are interested in helping a community, while wine tourism is
designed for individuals excited about vineyards and wine tasting.

Availability of more transport options

 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Visitors can choose from a variety of transport combinations such as air, land, water,
and rail. Even space tourism will soon become a reality for mass travelers. You can
choose to travel in an airplane, a cruise ship, bus, or a private car. Low-cost carriers
have also enabled more people to fly. In addition, recreational vehicles (RVs) can be
used for camping and the tundra buggy for polar bear tours. There are replicas of the
gondola in indoor integrated resorts, hot air balloons for sightseeing, and other modes
that combine travel with fun and adventure.

Influence of social media

The availability of the internet, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, has further
encouraged people to travel. It has also sparked interest and research about tourism
activities worldwide. Social media, websites, and online booking systems have
propelled web-based reservations. In addition, the ability to post and share photos and
videos online has not only increased awareness about attractions and destinations but
have encouraged more people to travel.

Barriers to Travel

Despite the projected rise in passenger traffic, there are also reasons why people
decide not to travel. These are as follows:

Cost

Although there are promotional efforts to encourage more people to fly, such as
off-season rates and all-inclusive tours, some people still consider travel expenses as
prohibitive. For example, a round-trip flight may be cheap, but the added costs of the
accommodations, food, and beverage, and shopping can discourage potential tourists.

Lack of Time

schedules at work or in school may limit a person's time for Leisure. A person
can opt to rest at home instead of traveling to a destination during his free time. This
has also led to the concept of staycations which are vacations spent at or near your own
home, rather than traveling away from home. It also refers to enjoying attractions near
the home or within the community.

Health Limitations

Generally, individuals with health concerns are not interested to travel. Aside
from their medications, they may have special needs and requirements that suppliers
may not be able to provide. People caring for them may feel guilty about leaving the sick
alone while they travel. Although there are facilities for persons with disabilities (PWDs),
these may not be enough to make their travel comfortable and secure.

Stage in Life

Families with infants, toddlers and young children may find travel exhausting, not
relaxing. Aside from the clothes and food they need to prepare, there is a need to bring
toys and gadgets to keep the young occupied. The focus may not be on rest and
recreation, but on securing the safety of the kids.
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Safety and Security Measures

Disease, terrorism, war, and other often-hyped negative news dampen the
enthusiasm to travel. Advisories from consular offices adversely affect the interest to
visit a specific destination.

Limitations in terms of accessibility

The need for access includes not only people with disabilities and senior citizens but
individuals who may be challenged in terms of their mental capacities or their special
needs (Disimulacion, 2019). These include individuals who are visuality or hearing
impaired, have mobility restrictions, families with children, and those with cognitive
limitations (Voight and Cole, 210). With limited facilities and infrastructure providing
access people with special needs may choose not to travel.

Fear

Despite the forecasted increase in outbound travel, there are still individual who refuse
to see the world. Often referred to as travel aversion, these are often anchored on the
following: fear of the unknown, fear of leaving their comfort zone, fear of the language
barrier, fear of having bad experiences, fear of travelling solo, fear of terrorism, riots,
and petty crimes, and the fear of being stuck in a destination due to natural
disasters.

On the other hand, there are phobias related to travel. A phobia is a persistent,
irrational, or disabling fear. For example.
hodophobia (fear of traveling)
aerophobia (fear of being in an airplane)
vehophobia (fear of driving)
amaxophobia (fear of riding in a car)
thalassophobia (fear of sea travel)
agoraphobia (perceived fear of being in an unsafe environment, and fear of open
spaces); and
siderodromophobia (fear of trains).

Aside from phobias related to modes of transportation, there are also fears related to
food such as cibophobia (general fear of food) and neophobia (fear of trying new
food). Furthermore, there are fears of objects and activities that can dampen one's
enthusiasm for leisure and recreation. These include escalaphobia (fear of escalators),
and claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces).

e Tourism and Hospitality Professional

▪ ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ ASSIGNMENT

Online Activity:

Look for photos of tourists. Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and based on the image
you selected, asses which stages of the pyramid they are in. Explain.
 MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY
FOUNDATION -CANDELARIA INC.
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
& HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

▪ Equipment or materials to be used (for Face-to-face

▪ PRACTICAL EXERCISES (for Face-to-face)

▪ SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

▪ REFERENCES

Disimulacion, M A, T. (2019). Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality. Books Atbp.

Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City

Lim, R. D. (2019). Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality. Mindshapers Co., INC.
Intramuros Manila

https://www.bms.co.in/simplest-way-to-help-you-learn-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/