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CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
SECTION 3-1
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. Why is Democritus’s view of matter considered only an idea, while Dalton’s view is considered a
theory?
Democritus’s idea of matter does not relate atoms to a measurable property, while
Dalton’s theory can be tested through quantitative experimentation.
2. Give an example of a chemical or physical process that illustrates the law of conservation of mass.
A glass of ice cubes will have the same mass when the ice has completely melted into
water even though its volume will change.
3. State two principles from Dalton’s atomic theory that have been revised as new information has
become available.
Atoms are divisible into smaller particles called subatomic particles. A given element
can have atoms with different masses, called isotopes.
4. The formation of water according to the equation
2H2 O2 → 2H2O
shows that 2 molecules (made of 4 atoms) of hydrogen and 1 molecule (made of 2 atoms) of
oxygen produce 2 molecules of water. The total mass of the product, water, is equal to the sum of
the masses of each of the reactants, hydrogen and oxygen. What parts of Dalton’s atomic theory are
illustrated by this reaction? What other law does this reaction illustrate?
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. Also, atoms of different
elements combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds. The reaction
also illustrates the law of conservation of mass.
MODERN CHEMISTRY SECTION 3-1 REVIEW 17
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SECTION 3-1 continued
PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space
provided.
5. 16 g If 3 g of element C combine with 8 g of element D to form compound
CD, how many grams of D are needed to form compound CD2?
6. 84.01 g of baking soda, NaHCO3, always contains 22.99 g of sodium, 1.01 g of hydrogen, 12.01 g
of carbon, and 48.00 g of oxygen. What percentage of each of these elements is present in baking
soda?
27.37% a. sodium
1.20% b. hydrogen
14.30% c. carbon
57.14% d. oxygen
e. Which law do these data illustrate?
the law of definite proportions
7. Nitrogen and oxygen combine to form several compounds, as shown by the following table.
Compound Mass of nitrogen that combines with 1 g oxygen
NO 1.7 g
NO2 0.85 g
NO4 0.44 g
What is the ratio of the masses of nitrogen in each of the following:
2.0 a. NO 2.0 b. NO2 4.0 c. NO
NO2 NO4 NO4
d. Which law do these data illustrate?
the law of multiple proportions
18 SECTION 3-1 REVIEW MODERN CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
SECTION 3-2
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. In cathode ray tubes, the cathode ray is emitted from the negative electrode, which is called the
cathode .
2. The smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination with atoms of the
same or different elements is the atom .
3. A positively charged particle found in the nucleus is called a(n) proton .
4. A nuclear particle that has no electrical charge is called a(n) neutron .
5. The subatomic particles that are least massive and most massive, respectively, are the
electron and neutron .
6. A cathode ray produced in a gas-filled tube moves away from a negative field, such as one
produced by a magnet. When a paddle wheel is installed inside the tube, the wheel moves down the
tube in the same direction as the cathode ray. What properties of electrons do these two phenomena
illustrate?
Electrons possess charge and mass.
7. How would the electrons produced in a cathode ray tube filled with neon gas compare with the
electrons produced in a cathode ray tube filled with chlorine gas?
The electrons produced from neon gas and chlorine gas would behave in the
same way because electrons do not differ from element to element.
8. a. Is an atom positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral?
Atoms are neutral.
b. How does the atom maintain this charge?
Atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons,
that is surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. The positive and negative
charges combine to form a net neutral charge.
MODERN CHEMISTRY SECTION 3-2 REVIEW 19
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SECTION 3-2 continued
9. Below are two illustrations of scientists’ conception of the atom. Label the electrons with a sign
and the nucleus with a sign. On the line below the figures, identify which illustration was
believed to be correct before Rutherford’s gold foil experiment and which was believed to be
correct after Rutherford’s gold foil experiment.
b.
a.
(Students should place a sign inside (Students should place a sign in the
all circles.) center circle and a sign in all others.)
a. before Rutherford’s experiment b. after Rutherford’s experiment
10. In the space provided, describe the locations of the subatomic particles in the labeled model of the
atom below and the charge and relative mass of each particle.
a.
b.
c.
a. proton
The proton, a positive and relatively massive particle, should be located in the nucleus.
b. neutron
The neutron, a neutral and relatively massive particle, should be located in the nucleus.
c. electron
The electron, a negative particle with a low mass, should be located in the cloud
surrounding the nucleus.
20 SECTION 3-2 REVIEW MODERN CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
SECTION 3-3
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. Explain the difference between the mass number and the atomic number of a nuclide.
Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
isotope. Atomic number is the total number of protons only in the nucleus of each
atom of an element.
2. Why is it necessary to use the average atomic mass of all isotopes rather than the mass of the most
commonly occurring isotope when referring to the atomic mass of an element?
Elements rarely occur as only one isotope; rather, they exist as mixtures
of different isotopes of various masses. Using a weighted average atomic mass, you
can account for the less common isotopes.
3. How many particles are in 1 mol of carbon? 1 mol of lithium? 1 mol of eggs? Will 1 mol of each of
these substances have the same mass?
There are 6.022 1023 particles in 1 mol of each of these substances. A mole of each
substance will not have the same mass.
4. As the atomic masses of the elements in the periodic table increase, what happens to each of the
following:
a. the number of protons
increases
b. the number of electrons
increases
c. the number of atoms in 1 mol of each element
stays the same
MODERN CHEMISTRY SECTION 3-3 REVIEW 21
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SECTION 3-3 continued
5. Complete the following table:
Element Symbol Atomic number Mass number
151
Europium-151 63Eu 63 151
109
Silver-109 47Ag 47 109
128
Tellurium-128 52Te 52 128
6. List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons found in zinc-66.
30 protons
36 neutrons
30 electrons
PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space
provided.
7. 32.00 g What is the mass in grams of 2.000 mol of oxygen atoms?
8. 3.706 mol How many moles of aluminum exist in 100.0 g of aluminum?
9. 1.994 1024 atoms How many atoms are in 80.45 g of magnesium?
10. 1.993 1021 g What is the mass in grams of 100 atoms of the carbon-12 isotope?
22 SECTION 3-3 REVIEW MODERN CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
MIXED REVIEW
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. The element boron, B, has an atomic mass of 10.81 amu according to the periodic table. However,
no single atom of boron has a mass of exactly 10.81 amu. How can you explain this difference?
The periodic table reports the average atomic mass, which is a weighted average of
all isotopes of boron.
2. How did the outcome of Rutherford’s gold foil experiment indicate the existence of a nucleus?
The particles rebounded, and therefore must have hit a dense bundle of matter.
Because such a small percentage of particles were redirected he reasoned that this
clump of matter, called the nucleus, must occupy only a small fraction of the atom’s
total space.
3. The ibuprofen, C13H18O2, that is manufactured in Michigan contains 75.69% carbon, 8.80%
hydrogen, and 15.51% oxygen. If you buy some ibuprofen for a headache while you are on
vacation in Germany, how do you know that the ibuprofen you buy at a pharmacy overseas has the
same percentage composition as the one you buy at home?
The law of definite proportions states that a chemical compound contains the same
elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the site of the
sample or the source of the compound.
4. Complete the following chart using the atomic mass values from the periodic table:
Compound Mass of Fe (g) Mass of O (g) Ratio of O:Fe
FeO 55.85 16.00 0.2865
Fe2O3 111.70 48.00 0.4297
Fe3O4 167.55 64.00 0.3820
MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 MIXED REVIEW 23
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MIXED REVIEW continued
5. Complete the following table:
Atomic Mass Number Number Number
Element Symbol number number of protons of neutrons of electrons
Sodium Na 11 22 11 11 11
Fluorine F 9 19 9 10 9
Bromine Br 35 80 35 45 35
Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 20
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1
Radon Rn 86 222 86 136 86
PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space
provided.
6. 1.51 1024 atoms a. How many atoms are there in 2.50 mol of hydrogen?
1.51 1024 atoms b. How many atoms are there in 2.50 mol of uranium?
7. 4.65 mol How many moles are present in 107 g of sodium?
8. A certain element exists as three natural isotopes as shown in the table below.
Percent natural
Isotope Mass (amu) abundance Mass number
1 19.99244 90.51 20
2 20.99395 0.27 21
3 21.99138 9.22 22
20.17945 amu Calculate the average atomic mass of this element.
24 CHAPTER 3 MIXED REVIEW MODERN CHEMISTRY
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