Power Asset Management: Methods and Experiences

in Colombian Power System

Germán Moreno O. Juan D. Molina Andrés A. Romero Héctor D. Gómez Eduin García
Conocimiento y Servicios Systep Ingeniería y IEE – UNSJ – CONICET Conocimiento y Servicios CIDET
de Ingeniería S.A.S Diseño de Ingeniería S.A.S
Medellín, Colombia Santiago, Chile San Juan, Argentina Medellín, Colombia Medellín, Colombia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Results of a review of the literature on asset which power transformers raise the voltage to values such as
management in the electricity sector is presented, as well as a 220 or 500 kV.
glance at some progress on it in Colombia. Such results can serve The power transformer is the most important equipment in
as a reference for the development of tools that strengthen the the transmission system, be it located in the power generation
implementation of asset management systems in the electricity
plants, in the transmission substations or in the electricity
industry, as well as help to identify shortcomings in the
methodologies in use today in Colombia. A proper management distribution circuits. Its effective management (life cycle and
of power assets is of paramount importance, especially since such risk), seeks to balance the reliability of the equipment and
assets are characterized by high capital costs and also by the high operation and maintenance costs.
economic losses that are faced when assets fail. The review
focuses on the power transformer given the characteristics which
C. Electrical sector in Colombia
make it a strategic asset in the management of the power system. The Colombian transmission system is interconnected
It is concluded that the adoption of policies and techniques of allowing the interchange of energy among regional systems in
asset management is of strategic importance for the electricity order to make the most out of the whole power capacity and
sector, and that there are general and specific guidelines electrical infrastructure of the country.
provided by worldwide acknowledged organizations and they are It is an open access market to private participation. In
being assimilated and implemented by large electric power
addition, it counts with the Wholesale Electrical Market
companies in Colombia.
(Spanish acronym MEM), whose regulations have been
Index Terms— Asset management, Transmission system, Power developed by the Energy and Gas Regulation Commission
Transformer, Power system, Risk, Maintenance. (Spanish acronym CREG), to establish the market conditions
that would allow its clean development under a competitive
I. POWER ASSETS framework.
Various types of functions of the assets can be considered Additionally, activities such as generation, transmission,
in the electrical sector: transmission, voltage transformation, distribution and commercialization of energy are regulated.
protection, measurement, compensation, etc. However, within Table 1 depicts the main features of the National
the assets of greatest criticality and that require higher capital Interconnected System (Spanish acronym SIN).
investment, transmission and transformer assets are
TABLE I
remarkable. SIN FEATURES (2013, SOURCES: XM, INTERCOLOMBIA)
A. Transmission assets Transformer capacity
The transmission system is fundamental for the Voltage (kV) Length (km)
(MVA)
functioning of an energy market; it is formed by the necessary 500 2,437 7,570
assets for bringing through big distances the electricity 220/230 11,672 15,272
generated from the power plants to the points of consumption 138 16 53
and thus being able to make the energy interchanges between 110/115 10,268 12,076
generation and demand. Total 24,392 34,970
The transmission lines, as part of the transmission system,
are the way power is carried through long distances. These Electric Public Utility Companies in Colombia have
transmission lines are formed by the conductors, towers, and already seen the importance of implementing organizational
transmission tower accessories. systems and procedures for the management of their power
B. Power transformer assets assets, improving the quality of the provided services and
For the transport of electrical energy, the voltage at which it increasing the reliability of their own infrastructure. The
is generated must be transformed to a higher voltage, in order transmission service in SIN is provided by several companies
to reduce the current that will circulate and consequently to such as Interconexión Eléctrica S.A., InterColombia S.A.,
reduce losses. For this purpose, power substations are used in Transelca S.A., Empresa de Energía de Bogotá S.A.
Empresas Públicas de Medellín, among others.

978-1-4799-6251-8/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on August 12,2022 at 20:26:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 II. METHODOLOGIES IN POWER ASSET MANAGEMENT C. PAS 55-1:2008 standard
Asset management involves optimizing the life cycle of the The PAS 55-1 standard was created in 2004 being updated
assets in order to maximize the performance of these, not only in 2008 and its approach evaluates the performance and the
under a security context but also under a social and an levels of activities in asset management, called PAM, in order
acceptable environmental context. In this field, several to establish the ownership degree of an organization and its
methodologies have been developed for both physical and capabilities in reference to the management of its assets. Fig.1
intangible assets. shows the different levels and the management scope that are
In our analysis, it is of particular interest to identify those included in the PAS 55-1:2008. Being these on the assets, the
that are oriented or are used in power assets. Guidelines asset system and the asset portfolio and their relationship with
established by the Electric Power Research Institute -EPRI-, the strategic plan of the company and shareholders or
the International Council of Large Electrical Systems - investors [3].
CIGRE-, the PAS 55-1 standard of the British Standards In the PAS 55-1 standard, the elements of the asset
Institution -BSI- (the Institute of Asset Management -IAM-) management system are developed under the approach of the
and the 55000 standard of the International Organization for Cycle of Continuous Quality Improvement -PDCA cycle-
Standardization -ISO-. Then, the main features of these (Plan-do-check-Act cycle). Along with that, the approach is
methodologies are described. oriented to define policies, strategies, plans, facilitators and
stages of implementation, evaluation, improvements and
A. EPRI asset management revision (fig. 1) [3].
EPRI developed one of the first methods or guidelines on
power assets management. Usually, three levels of interaction D. ISO 55000:2014 standard
with assets are defined: 1) the owners of the assets, 2) the The ISO 55000/1/2 standard was published on January
asset managers, and 3) the service providers that support asset 2014 and same as PAS-55 has the goal of integrating and
management. The EPRI approach lays down that the asset aligning policies and processes regarding the assets in such a
owners interact with the users and regulation agencies and at way that the best practices are obtained. The asset
the same time define policies and goals in order to evaluate management framework is composed by three standards
asset management. The asset administrator or servicer (55000/55001/55002). The ISO standard 55000 defines
elaborates the procedures and the model on which the asset concepts and terminology used in asset management and
management is supported. The implementation and the provides a framework overview approach. On the other hand,
evaluation of the process establish the needs and strengths of ISO 55001 define the necessary requirements to obtain "Best
the asset management (fig.1) [1]. Practices" on asset management and last but not least, ISO
55002 contains a guide for the asset management system
B. CIGRE asset management comprehension and implementation described in ISO
Same as EPRI, CIGRE developed a management method 55001:2014 [4].
oriented mainly to risk analysis. There are three defined Additionally, standard ISO/IEC17021-5 will be published,
levels, thus: 1) strategic (long-term vision aimed at the which will define the requirements to carry out asset
business performance), 2) tactical (defines the plan or management systems certification and audit processes. Thus,
program as well as alternatives for solutions), 3) operational strengths and weaknesses will be identified in order to obtain
(executes the proposed activities and the information analysis the best practices. In fig. 1 the asset management system
which will allow to identify the assets needs) (fig 1.) [2]. developed in ISO 55001 is described [4].

Fig. 1. Framework of asset management methodologies by EPRI, CIGRE, PAS 55-1:2008 standard and ISO 5500:2014 standard.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on August 12,2022 at 20:26:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 tests by processing obtained data from sensors in a
III. POWER TRANSFORMER MANAGEMENT comprehensive manner. In this way, w an asset condition
Research progress and methods presented in the scientific diagnosis is obtained.
literature relating to asset management are ppresented in this In this comprehensive strategy y, it is emphasized the
section. Specifically, the management of oone of the most importance of implementing intelligent techniques for the
important assets within a system of power trransmission: the transformers monitoring. In fact, the t dissolved gases in oil
Power Transformer. analysis technique (DGA) along with other oil physical,
electrical and-chemical tests (neuttralization number, partial
A. Literature review discharges, water in insulation liquidds, interfacial tension, etc.)
The literature review is an essential step in any research are not sufficient for condition mon nitoring, since the 6-to-12
project. It must be assured that the relevant innformation in the month testing frequency is long co ompared with the time in
field of study is obtained from a knowledgee base, which is which a transformer fault can deveelop. For this reason, it is
usually very large. For instance, when seaarching with the suggested the online monitoring.
formula “Asset management” in the Scopus of Elsevier [5], In the document, it can also bee identified the following
the obtained number of references equals 63999. Therefore, it problems related to the asset condiition assessment (which is
is necessary to perform an advanced searchh. For example, an essential part of an asset manageement system) when online
using the formula: "Asset Management" AND D "Transformer" monitoring is performed: 1) the maassive data to process and
and filtering only those documents that have bbeen published in analyze, 2) the complex (and not verry well developed) models
journals with a peer-review process, a reducedd list of 43 items that relate data obtained during the monitoring with the asset
is obtained. These documents have been prrocessed through status condition diagnosis and 3) the asset life expectancy
the software for bibliometric analysis, Bibexceel [6], in order to estimation is of great complexity, since not only the current
get the citation network shown in fig.2 state of the element should be conssidered but also the future
. operation mode.
In this sense, the authors of [7] foresee that in the future
these problems can be dealt wiith through advances on
information technology. Such advances will impact
dramatically on the integration leveel that can be achieved in
the monitoring of the complex assets that compose a power
system.
Likewise, it is also foreseen thatt hardware costs associated
with online monitoring techniques will
w decrease rapidly due to
technological developments.
It is also highlighted that the experience
e and records of
historical data are essential inputts to overcome problems
related to the diagnosis and the useful life estimation models.
Therefore, the comprehensive monittoring framework, through
an asset management system is the prerequisite to be able to
achieve an effective interpretation for
f monitoring data, which
suitably supports the posterior decision-making process.
The article with the greatest imp pact on the sub-network is
Fig. 2. Citation network for a set of 43 journal articlles. The 15 vertices [10] y and it is immediately conn nected with [7]. Although
indicate those cited at least once by one of the 43 membeers of the group. The
largest vertex [10] has been cited four times. eight years later, in 2010, in [10] ], the authors propose a
transformer management scheme, which continues with the
The network in Fig. 2 has been temporarilly organized and concept of an integral diagnosis. The authors point out three
each one of the vertices indicates those articlees that have been major activities within the life cycle management of a power
cited locally by any of the 43 items of filteered database, at transformer, these are: 1) monitoriing and evaluation of the
least once [7]–[21]. In what follows, those ddocuments which condition, 2) maintenance plans deevelopment and 3) aging,
belong to the largest sub-network, i.e., whichh is enclosed by health, and useful life evaluation of the asset.
the dashed curve, are analyzed, i.e. [7], [9], [10], [14], [15], Regarding the condition monito oring and evaluation, five
[18]. useful tests are briefly described: 1)1 thermal analysis, based
Temporarily, the first article of the sub network is [7], on the estimation of the hot spot temperature, 2) vibration
2002. This article contains a four-layer strrategy for asset analysis, 3) partial discharges an nalysis, 4) DGA, and 5)
diagnostic: 1) monitoring data acquisition thrrough sensors, 2) frequency response analysis (FRA).
data interpretation, 3) corroboration and 44) generation of B. Maintenance philosophies
information related with the asset condition.
ns, the following are some
In relation with maintenance plan
The authors emphasize on the transformerrs diagnostic test
of the main schemes:
based on ultra-high frequency partial discharrge measurement
1) Corrective Maintenance (CM): this type of maintenance
(UHF-PD). Nevertheless, they clarify thaat the proposed
is performed after a fault has occurred. This type of
strategy can be adapted in order to include oother monitoring
maintenance is not recommended d because it can lead to

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on August 12,2022 at 20:26:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
catastrophic failures causing major economic consequences. time to repair (TTR) and maintenance program (SRT). A four-
In addition, this maintenance should only be used in those state output model operation is used, thus: normal operation
transformer subsystems that in the event of failure, serious state (up state), forced outage state (down state), repair state
and immediate consequences are not generated. E.g. in the (down state), and scheduled maintenance state (down state).
short term a ventilation system failure cannot have serious This article includes a 2-MVA transformer case study to
consequences but in the long term it can conduce to the final illustrate the proposed method implementation.
failure of the unit. In [9] 2009, the transformer health index is dealt. This
2) Time-Based Maintenance (TBM): it is based on the article depicts an excellent work, technically speaking, since
transformer maintenance according to constant time-intervals. recommended limits by the IEC and IEEE standards are
TBM can avoid various types of failures but can also cause compiled for the evaluation of collected data through several
unnecessary interruptions, labor, time, and money losses if the monitoring tests. In this paper, the authors define the health
time interval is too small. index as an objective and quantitative indicator that combines
3) Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM): this type of the findings of the assets operating observation, inspections at
maintenance is intended to exercise oversight on control the operation site, and laboratory tests, in order to efficiently
parameters under normal operation. It requires systematic manage the asset identifying priority needs and suitable
monitoring and the definition of control parameters. Besides, investments on maintenance plans.
it allows performance evaluation on the active. It also seeks to After a detailed description of the tests useful for condition
detect hidden faults or conditions that may cause a complete monitoring (according to the recommended international
failure. Unlike the TBM, the CBM maintenance activities are standards), a formulation is presented to calculate the health
executed only in the event that an emerging fault is detected. index (HI). HI relies on 24 diagnostic parameters, pi, each
4) Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM): the main with a weight factor, Ki con i=1,…, 24 previously defined;
objective of RCM is to preserve the function or operation of a Each of the 24 factors is scored on a scale 0-4, and each score
system at a reasonable cost. RCM can be defined as a mixture is then affected by their respective Ki, to finally obtain HI
of more than one maintenance strategy but optimized, in order from the expression:
to reduce system risk. To conduct a successful RCM plan, the
risk of each failure must be assessed in order to define optimal 21 24

maintenance actions. ∑K p
i =1
i i ∑K p i i
HI = 60% × + 40% × i =2422 (1)
C. Asset life cycle 21

Regarding aging, health, and useful life assessment, three

∑ 4 Ki
i =1
∑ 4 Ki
i = 22
concepts are defined: 1) functional life (it means that assets
must be replaced due to obsolescence), 2) economic life (it A more recent article published in 2012 [15] can be linked
occurs when an asset needs to be replaced to achieve greater to two previous articles [9], [10]. Like in [9], in [15] an
profitability) and 3) reliability life (it occurs when the asset is approach to determine HI, with the advantage of using
considered inadequate or unusable, i.e. when failures or risk diffused logic in its calculation, is presented. The method is
of failures become unacceptable). based on the use of diagnostic tests (furans analysis, DGA,
Furthermore, the two aging types are described: intransitive water content, etc.) to establish the membership functions
(given by time passing under normal operating conditions) necessaries for the fuzzy inference system. Thirty three expert
and transitive (rapidly occurs if the unit does not work in rules were used to obtain the HI. Using data from 90
normal conditions). Some of the current techniques are given distribution transformers, their health indices were assessed
to estimate them, and last but not least, mechanisms for with this method and compared with those obtained in a study
modeling the economic aging are described (depreciation). conducted by a specialized consulting company, obtaining a
In 2011, the following document in the sub network, [14], correspondence of 96.7%. This method can be directly
was published. It deals with a methodology based on technical implemented to determine the HI, which represents a
and economic criteria to determine the appropriate date for the significant advantage.
transformer replacement. In fact, this is a reliability-based The last reference of the subnet is [18], of 2013. This article
approach. This research states that although diagnostic tests proposes the use of a Markov model for decision making
provide useful information regarding the transformer´s (MDP) in order to optimize equipment maintenance. The
condition, this is not definitely the kind of quantitative method allows for the incorporation of asset aging effects
information regarding asset life expectancy required for future using various age levels. Additionally, the proposed model
planning on power systems. Thus, it is justified to use the allows considering the delay in inspection and maintenance.
bathtub failure model so that all the transformer´s technical The MDP is performed with a technique of dynamic
information is indirectly considered. The proposed method programming to select the set of actions that maximize the
uses the bathtub failure model to calculate the present value of expected profit. The article presents a case study in which the
the asset, as well as the time and repair costs, interruptions model is applied in programming the CBM for distribution
costs, and uncertainties associated with time and failure rate transformers immersed in oil. The DGA technique is used to
change over the expected remaining useful time of life. Monte assess the condition of the units. It is noteworthy that the
Carlo simulation technique is used to calculate the transformer model can be used to coordinate maintenance activities of
outage probability distribution, considering the uncertainties different system assets.
in the failure rate, time to failure (TTF), time to switch (TTS),

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on August 12,2022 at 20:26:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 IV. COLOMBIAN POWER SECTOR EXPERIENCES equipment evaluation and various methodologies for life cycle
Colombia has several companies providing related physical estimation.
asset management services and life cycle assessment thereof. In turn, Empresas Públicas de Medellín has not only
Some of these are multinational companies that provide implemented maintenance optimization methodologies at
services in the country, others relate to local companies. electrical generation and transmission but also applications in
their water business. Furthermore, the development of an area
A. Asset management services that involves asset management transversely to all businesses
Some of the services currently offered in the country in which EPM takes part stands out. Another experience at
include: business group level or under the headquarters guidelines was
1) Performance indicators design: these metrics are used to the one carried out by companies EMGESA and CODENSA
quantify a company´s development and performance. in order to integrate management processes within each
2) Risk analysis: related to asset management risk-based company.
Services. In general, the previously mentioned companies and some
3) The design of the strategies for the maintenance. others companies like EMCALI y EPSA have been working
4) Inventory Management: service related to assets storage to improve their maintenance practices, from time-based
and transport and their replacement on demand. schemes to condition and reliability-based schemes of the
5) Maintenance management and planning: companies like asset. In this sense, these companies conduct studies for
SKF or AMS Group offer methods for scheduling assets transformer loading guide, oil physico-chemical analysis,
maintenance. electrical testing, etc., enabling them to get a rough picture of
6) Alternative measurement analysis. the asset condition, better use of economic resources for
7) Maintenance program assessment maintenance, have criteria for assessing risks and, in
8) Audit of asset management framework under the PAS conclusion, be closer to the implementation of comprehensive
55-1 standard. asset management systems.
9) Training in asset management: companies like AMS D. Academic sector
Group offer training services in areas related to asset
management. Others like Elite Training have asset At Colombian universities, there is also a growing interest
management methodology full courses under the PAS 55 in the subject. Therefore, some research from Ph.D.
standard. dissertations and thesis is being done, particularly at
10) Software for asset management: some services include Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Universidad del
implementation of a system for the management of physical Valle. In fact, one of the authors of this article participated in
assets based on (Software Asset Management - SAM) 2013 in a project for the mobility of scientific diaspora getting
allowing controlling costs and optimizing investments by funding from COLCIENCIAS and GRALTA research group
identifying potential redundancies in management asset. Other at Universidad del Valle; the project was called
companies offer packages such as Asset insight Service, “Identificación, Planeación y Desarrollo de Metodologías
which enables the asset management planning by stages so Útiles para la Gestión de Activos en Sistemas de Suministro
that these systems can gradually be implemented. de Energía Eléctrica” and ended with a master's thesis and a
Ph.D. dissertation in progress and some publications [22],
B. Consultancy sector [23].
Colombia counts with companies that base their services Similarly, the project through which the present work has
applied to the power industry focused on asset management been done (funded by COLCIENCIAS), seeks to strengthen
and PAS-55 standard. Some of them are: Soporte & service capabilities in asset management for the Universidad
Compañía, Siemens Colombia S.A., ABS Consulting, AMS de Antioquia´s spin-off company “Conocimiento y Servicios
Group, SOLEX-IBM, and Elite Training. This is an indicator de Ingeniería – CONOSER”, thus, linking academy and
that the standard is under ownership and disclosure, with a industry.
potential market of companies that require it. In addition,
companies such as ENCS, ICQ or QA Consulting provide V. CONCLUSIONS
consulting services in which maintenance management The Colombian power industry is aware of the need for
models and optimized management for assets are applied. proper asset management and efforts are being made to
C. Electrical sector advance quickly in the understanding of the techniques
available and their inclusion in strategic planning in the
In power utility companies (generation or transmission)
country´s power industry.
methods to manage their assets not only locally but also at a
Worldwide-well known organizations as ISO, BSI, EPRI
strategic level (and crossing the entire organization) have been
and CIGRE have, in general, developed guidelines for asset
implemented.
management and particularly for use in the power industry.
In general, working on pilot projects and then identifying
Any failure or event in the main assets of the power
their weaknesses and strengths to lead to implementing best
industry brings great negative economic impacts on electrical
practices to all assets, companies such as Interconexión
companies and a high cost to society, which makes it
Eléctrica S.A. have implemented a strong line of research into
imperative to have an excellent management of these assets.
the company, including maintenance management using SAP,
analysis of equipment reliability, indicators design for

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on August 12,2022 at 20:26:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Failures in power transformers can cause interference or [10] A. E. B. Abu-Elanien and M. M. A. Salama, “Asset management
techniques for transformers,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 80, no. 4,
interruption in the service supply and they have a negative pp. 456–464, abril 2010.
impact on the power industry, whether they have to do with [11] S. Birlasekaran and G. Ledwich, “Possible indicators of aging in oil-
electrical generation or transmission. Therefore, particular filled transformers part 1: measurements,” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.,
attention should be paid on asset management evidenced in vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 26–32, Jan. 2010.
[12] H. Bertrand, “Advanced monitoring and modelling methods for
the production of scientific and technical literature and a power transformer asset management,” Eur. J. Electr. Eng., vol. 13,
judicious review was deployed in this article. no. 5–6, pp. 591–620, Dec. 2010.
[13] B. Desai and M. Lebow, “Needed: ASAP Approach,” IEEE Power
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Energy Mag., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 53–60, Nov. 2010.
[14] A. E. B. Abu-Elanien, M. M. A. Salama, and R. Bartnikas, “A
Thanks to COLCIENCIAS who through its 562/2012 Techno-Economic Method for Replacing Transformers,” IEEE Trans.
program support this ongoing research (Convocatoria Power Deliv., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 817–829, Apr. 2011.
[15] A. E. B. Abu-Elanien, M. M. A. Salama, and M. Ibrahim,
562/2012 Banco de Programas Estratégicos y Proyectos
“Calculation of a Health Index for Oil-Immersed Transformers Rated
Elegibles de Investigación con Enfoque de Mercado, Under 69 kV Using Fuzzy Logic,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 27,
Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación). no. 4, pp. 2029–2036, Oct. 2012.
[16] A. Abu-Siada and S. Islam, “A new approach to identify power
transformer criticality and asset management decision based on
REFERENCES dissolved gas-in-oil analysis,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.,
vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1007–1012, Jun. 2012.
[1] Power Delivery Asset Management Decision Making Process. EPRI, [17] J. Jalbert, R. Gilbert, Y. Denos, and P. Gervais, “Methanol: A Novel
Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1016834. Approach to Power Transformer Asset Management,” IEEE Trans.
[2] CIGRE, “422 - Transmission Asset Risk Management,” 2010. Power Deliv., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 514–520, Apr. 2012.
[3] Institute of assets management, “PAS 55-2 Assets Management, Part [18] S. K. Abeygunawardane, P. Jirutitijaroen, and H. Xu, “Adaptive
2: Guidelines for the application of PAS 55-1”, BSI British Standard Maintenance Policies for Aging Devices Using a Markov Decision
Institute, September 15 2008. Process,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 3194–3203,
[4] “Asset management system standards published (2014-01-23) - ISO.” agosto 2013.
[Online]. Available: [19] Abu-Siada, A. and Hmood, S., “Fuzzy logic approach for power
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?ref transformer asset management based on dissolved gas-in-oil
id=Ref1813. [Accessed: 27-Mar-2014]. analysis,” Chem. Eng. Trans., vol. 33, 2013.
[5] “Scopus - Welcome to Scopus.” [Online]. Available: [20] A. Abiri-Jahromi, M. Parvania, F. Bouffard, and M. Fotuhi-
http://www.scopus.com/. [Accessed: 27-Mar-2014]. Firuzabad, “A two-stage framework for power transformer asset
[6] Olle Persson, Rickard Danell, and Jesper Wiborg Schneider, “How to maintenance management - Part II: Validation results,” in 2013 IEEE
use Bibexcel for various types of bibliometric analysis,” e-newsletter Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013, pp. 1–1.
of the international society for scientometrics and informetrics, vol. [21] A. Abiri-Jahromi, M. Parvania, F. Bouffard, and M. Fotuhi-
05, pp. 9–24, 2009. Firuzabad, “A Two-Stage Framework for Power Transformer Asset
[7] M. D. Judd, S. D. J. McArthur, J. R. McDonald, and O. Farish, Maintenance Management - Part I: Models and Formulations,” IEEE
“Intelligent condition monitoring and asset management. Partial Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1395–1403, May 2013.
discharge monitoring for power transformers,” Power Eng. J., vol. 16, [22] I. Orduña, A. Cerón, G. Aponte and A. A. Romero, "An Overview of
no. 6, pp. 297–304, diciembre 2002. Asset Management for Power Transformers," SIFAE 2013, Bogotá,
[8] X. Zhang and E. Gockenbach, “Asset-Management of Transformers Colombia. Noviembre 2013.
Based on Condition Monitoring and Standard Diagnosis [Feature [23] A. Romero, E. Mombello and G. Ratta, "An Overview on Power
Article],” IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 26–40, Jul. Transformer Management: Individual Assets and Fleets,"
2008. Transmission and Distribution: Latin America Conference and
[9] A. Jahromi, R. Piercy, S. Cress, J. Service, and W. Fan, “An approach Exposition (T&DLA), 2012 6th IEEE/PES, pp. 1-7, Septiembre 3-5,
to power transformer asset management using health index,” IEEE 2012.
Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 20–34, Mar. 2009.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. Downloaded on August 12,2022 at 20:26:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.