Tukuran Technical Vocational High School

Tukuran, Zamboanga Del Sur

General Chemistry 2 Grade 12 STEM
Quarter 3 Week 5-6

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

 Explain the first law of thermodynamics (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-124)
 Explain enthalpy of a reaction (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-125)
 Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-127)

Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics

 Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat.
 Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations.
 Thermochemistry is the study of chemical reactions and the energy changes that involve heat.
 Heat - energy used to cause the temperature of an object to increase.
 Work- energy used to cause an object that has mass to move. w = F x d

Electrostatic potential energy

k Q1 Q2
• The most important form of potential energy in molecules is electrostatic potential energy, Eel: Eel = where k = 8.99 x 109
d
J.m/C2
• Electron charge: 1.602 x 10-19 C
2
kg m
• The unit of energy commonly used is the Joule: 1 J = 1 2
s
Attraction between ions
• Electrostatic attraction occurs between oppositely charged ions.
• Energy is released when chemical bonds are formed; energy is consumed when chemical bonds are broken.

Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it is neither created nor destroyed.
• Energy can be transferred between the system and surroundings.
• Chemical energy is converted to heat in grills.
• Sunlight is converted to chemical energy in green plants.
• There are many examples of conversion of energy from one form to another.

System and Surroundings

• The system includes the molecules of interest.
• The surroundings are everything else.
• In thermochemistry we study the exchange of energy between the system and surroundings.
• open system – matter and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings
• closed system – exchange energy – but not matter—with the surroundings.
• isolated system – neither matter nor energy may be exchanged with surroundings.

Internal Energy
 The internal energy of a system is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of all
components of the system; we call it E.
ΔE = Efinal − Einitial
 By definition, the change in internal energy, ΔE, is the final energy of the system
minus the initial energy of the system: ΔE = Efinal – Einitial
 ΔE < 0, Efinal < Einitial the system released energy to the surroundings.

Thermodynamic Quantities: Three Parts 1) A number, 2) a unit, 3) a sign

 A positive ΔE results when the system gains energy from the surroundings.
 A negative ΔE results when the system loses energy to the surroundings.
 When energy is exchanged between the system and the surroundings, it is exchanged as either heat (q) or work (w). That is,
ΔE = q + w.
Exchange of Heat between System and Surroundings
 When heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings, the process is endothermic.
 When heat is released by the system into the surroundings, the process is exothermic.

State Functions
 The internal energy of a system is independent of the path by which the system achieved that state.
 Internal energy, E, is a state function.

 q and w are not state functions.

 ΔE is the same whether the battery is shorted out or is discharged by running the fan.
 q and w are different in the two cases.
Enthalpy
 Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function equal to the internal energy plus pressure x volume: H = E + PV
 When the system changes at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy, ΔH, is ΔH = Δ (E + PV)
 This can be written ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
 Since ΔE = q + w and w = −PΔV, we can substitute these into the enthalpy expression:
ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
ΔH = (q+w) − w
ΔH = q
 The enthalpy change, ΔH, is defined as the heat gained or lost by
the system under constant pressure.
ΔH = qp

Properties of Enthalpy
1. Enthalpy is a state function.
2. Enthalpy is an extensive property.
3. Enthalpy is reversible. The enthalpy change for a reaction is equal in
magnitude, but opposite in sign, to ΔH for the reverse reaction.
4. ΔH for a reaction depends on the state of the products and the state of the
reactants.

Enthalpies of Reaction
 This quantity, ΔH, is called the enthalpy of reaction, or the heat of reaction.
  A thermochemical equation is an equation for which H is given:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) ΔH = -483.6 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = -241.8 kJ

 The enthalpy changes assume

the coefficients are moles of
the substances

Calorimetry
 Calorimetry, the measurement of heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction.
 A calorimeter is the device mused to measure heat
 The quantity of heat transferred by the reaction causes a change in temperature of the solution.
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
 The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 K (1 OC) is its
heat capacity (C in units of J/K).
 We define specific heat capacity (or simply specific heat; Cs or s in units of J/g.K) as the
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 K.
 If the amount is one mole, it is the molar heat capacity. Cs =

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

 Indirectly measure the heat change for the system

 Because the specific heat for water is well known (4.184 J/g.K), we can measure q for the reaction with this equation:
qsoln = Cs x m x ΔT = -qrxn
 The calorimeter and its contents are the surroundings, so qsoln is found from the mass, heat capacity, and temperature change.

Problem:

1. A metal pellet with mass 100.0 g, originally at 88.4 °C, is dropped into 125 g of water originally at 25.1 °C. The final
temperature of both the pellet and the water is 31.3 °C. Calculate the heat capacity C (in J/°C) and specific heat capacity
Cs (in J/g.°C) of the pellet. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g.°C.
2. When 200. g of a AgNO3 solution mixes with 150. g of NaI solution, 2.93 g of AgI precipitates, and the temperature of the
solution rises by 1.34oC. Assume 350. g of solution and a specific heat capacity of 4.184 J/g•oC. Calculate ΔH for the
following: Ag+ (aq) + I- (aq) → AgI (s)

Bomb Calorimetry
 Because the volume in the bomb calorimeter is constant, what is measured is really the change in internal energy, ΔE, not
ΔH.
 For most reactions, the difference is small.
 The heat absorbed (or released) by the water is a very good approximation of the enthalpy change for the reaction.
qrxn = – Ccal × ΔT
Hess’s Law
 ΔH is known for many reactions, but it is inconvenient to measure ΔH for every reaction in which we are interested.
 However, we can calculate ΔH using published ΔH values and the properties of enthalpy.
 Hess’s law states that “If a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, H for the overall reaction will be equal to the sum of the
enthalpy changes for the individual steps.” ΔH is a state function

 Most ΔH values are labeled ΔHo, and measured under standard conditions
– P = 1 atm (but for gases P = 1 bar)
– T = usually 298.15 K (25.0 oC)
– Concentration = 1 mol/L
 Using Hess’s law - when two or more thermochemical equations are added, the enthalpy change of the resulting equation is
the sum of those for the added equations.
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
CO2(g)  CO(g) + ½O2(g) ΔH = +283.0 kJ
C(s) + ½O2(g)  CO(g) ΔH = -110.5 kJ

Problem:

1. Given the thermochemical equations

2 WO2(s) + O2(g)  2 WO3(s) ΔH = -506 kJ
2 W(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 WO3(s) ΔH = -1686 kJ
calculate the enthalpy change for:
2 W(s) + 2 O2(g)  2 WO2(s)

Enthalpies of Formation

 An enthalpy of formation, ΔHf o , is defined as the enthalpy change for the reaction in which a compound is made from its
constituent elements in their elemental forms.
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
 Only one enthalpy value is needed for each substance, called the standard enthalpy of formation.
 The standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance in its standard state is formed from
the most stable form of the elements in their standard states.
Standard State
– Enthalpy changes depend on the temperature and pressure at which they are measured
– When applying Hess’s law, all values must refer to the same conditions of pressure and temperature
– The standard state of a substance at a specified temperature is the pure form at 1 atm pressure
– Tabulated values for enthalpy refer to the standard state, usually at a temperature of 25oC
  The symbol used for standard enthalpy of formation is ΔHf o , where the o designates standard state.
 The product is always one mole of a single substance.
 The standard enthalpy of formation of the elements in their most stable form is zero.
 Some examples of standard enthalpies of formation: (see table above for the value)
C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO2(g) ΔHf o [CO2(g)]
H2(g) + ½O2(g)  H2O(l)  ΔHf o [H2O(l)]
2Na(s) + Se(s) + 2O2(g)  Na2SeO4(s) ΔHf o [Na2SeO4(s)]
H2(g)  H2(g) ΔHf o [H2(g)] = 0

Enthalpies of Reaction
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

 Imagine this as occurring in 3 steps:

C3H8 (g)  3 C(graphite) + 4 H2 (g)

3 C(graphite) + 3 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g)
4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

Formula for computing Enthalpy of Reaction:

ΔHrxno
where n and m are the stoichiometric coefficients.

ΔHrxn 0 = [(3 mol)(-393.5 kJ/mol) + (4 mol)(-285.8 kJ/mol)] - [(1 mol)(-103.85kJ/mol) + (5 mol)(0 kJ)]
= [(-1180.5 kJ) + (-1143.2 kJ)] - [(-103.85 kJ) + (0 kJ)]
= (-2323.7 kJ) - (-103.85 kJ)
= -2219.9 kJ

Problem

1. Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(g)  4H3PO4(s)

Substance ΔHf o (kJ/mol)
P4O10(s) -2940
H2O(g) - 242
H3PO4(s) -1279
Bond Enthalpy
 The enthalpy associated with breaking one mole of a particular bond in a gaseous substance.
 Bond enthalpy is always positive because energy is required to break chemical bonds.
 Energy is released when a bond forms between gaseous fragments.
 The greater the bond enthalpy, the stronger the bond.
Bond Enthalpies and Enthalpy of Reaction
 To obtain an estimate of ΔH, sum the bond enthalpies for all bonds broken and subtract the sum of the bond enthalpies for all
bonds formed.
ΔHrxno = Σ (bond enthalpies of bonds broken) – Σ (bond enthalpies of bonds formed)

Problem:
Predict whether a chemical reaction will be endothermic or exothermic using bond enthalpies. Perform computations for ΔHrxno.

Prepared by:

CLINTON SUAREZ YMBONG, LPT

Chemistry Teacher
Cell No.: 09460009044/09770665922
Email add: [email protected]