INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

DR. RAFIA MUMTAZ

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 Internet of Things (IoT) Lab
Dr. Rafia Mumtaz Collaborations - 15
Associate Professor
PhD – University of Surrey, UK, 2010 ▪ International: 10 (UK-5), (Europe-5)
Postdoc – University of Surrey, UK, 2011 ▪ National: 3 (NARC, PCRWR, CUST)
HoD IT, NUST-SEECS (Feb 2018- Feb 2021) ▪ Industry: 2 (Alfoze Technologies, Chatta Biocare)
HoD Software Engineering (Feb 2022- Present) Total Funded Projects and Research Grants
Director Internet of Things Lab, NUST-SEECS
▪ 4 x on going funded projects
Research Areas ▪ 128 Million Rs. (HEC, DAAD, GCRF, ERASMUS+,NCAI)
• Remote Sensing & GIS
Research Assistant 10
• Internet of Things
2 x PhD students
• Machine Learning & Data Analytic 4 x MS students
Publications 66 4 x UG students

• IF Journals: 32 | Book Chapters: 9 Student Supervision

• N-IF Journals: 3 | Conference : 22 PhD: 3 ongoing, MS: 9 (9 ongoing) UG: 46 (9 on going)

Patents 4 Awards
2

Patents 4 awarded (5 under Review) NUST-SEECS Best Researcher Award 2018

Women of Wonder Award (Precision Agriculture) 2021
 ABOUT THE COURSE
Internet of Things KG = Computer Networks, 3 credit hours (No labs)

Thiscourse willbe divided into three parts:

▪ In the first part, students will learn the significance of IoT, its architecture and its technology
stack
▪ In the second part, students will learn about the commonly used embedded systems and the
relationship between IoT, cloud, edge computing and big data
▪ In the third part, students will learn about IoT verticals, case studies, and challenges of IoT
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 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Learn the building blocks and characteristics of IoT systems

Learn the IoT enabling technologies / IoT technology stack

Understand the IoT communication protocol stack

Learn the interconnection between embedded systems, gateways, cloud architecture and their
platforms / OS

Design and develop IoT devices to work with cloud computing infrastructure

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 LEARNINGRESOURCES
Reading Material
Text Book: 1. Internet of Things (IoT): Principles, Paradigms and Applications of IoT by Kamlesh Lakhwani,
Hemant Kumar Gianey, Joseph Kofi Wireko, Kamal Kant Hiran, 2020
2. The Internet of Things” by Samuel Greengard, MIT press, 2015

Reference 1. Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols and Standards, by Simone Cirani, Gianluigi Ferrari,
Books: Marco Picone, and Luca Veltri, 1st edition, Wiley,2019
2. A Reference Guide to the Internet of Things, Bridgera LLC, RIoT, 2017

▪ Lecture Notes / Slides

Others 5
▪ Handouts
 ASSESSMENT
Quiz 10%

Assignments 10%
• Based on real world problem after the completion of a major module

Project 10% [2 % is allocated to class participation]

• Make groups (4-5)
• IoT Application Development and Testing
• Interim project progress reports
• Presentation/demonstration at the end of the course
• Final Project report submission at the end of the course

Midterm 30%
6
ESE 40%
 WEEK 1
 Course overview
 What is Internet of Things (IoT)?
 History of IoT?
 Why IoT?
 IoT Evolution
 Building Blocks of IoT
 IoT Verticals and Application Areas
 Challenges

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 To understand why IoT is important

 To learn the characteristics of IoT
 To understand the building blocks of IoT
 To learn various verticals and application areas of IoT
 To understand the challenges of IoT

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WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?

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 WHAT IS INTERNET OF THING
Start with a device ( a thing) – anything besides a traditional computer

Add computational intelligence to improve the functionality of device

Add a network connection to further enhance its function

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 EXAMPLE
Smart Car
• Automatic mode
• Rear and front cameras with distance information
with reference to the object
• Lower Fuel Consumption, eco mode
• Cruise Control
• Sensors on the doors to sense if any door is open,
alerts through beep
• Sensor with seat belt and generate alarm if it is not
fastened

IoT Car or Connected Car

• positioning and location-based services
• Bluetooth connectivity 11

• Infotainment system connectivity

 WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?....CONTD
 Smart phone-(example)

 Sense the location,

 knows how it is being held,

 knows how much light is there in the room,

 how close it is to your face,

 knows what you are saying to it,

 even has an eye so that it can see its surroundings and

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 Above all it has an ability to communicate over a wireless network.

 WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?....CONTD
 “The term Internet of Things generally refers to the interconnectivity of physical devices
and digital world using a plethora of sensing and actuating modules capable of
sending/receiving data via cloud either directly or through a gateway using a
communication protocol.”

 In IoT, “Things” refers to all real world entities which have computational intelligence
and are capable of connecting to internet while being aware of their environment and
are globally reachable at any time.

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 WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?....CONTD
To Connect physical world and digital world

Sensed
data

Sensed
data
Digital
World Sensed
Sensed
data
data
Sensed
data

Sensed
data

Physical 14

World
 WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?....CONTD

From any time , any place,

connectivity for anyone, we will now
have connectivity for anything

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 HISTORY OF IOT
 “Internet of Things” was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in
1999
 at Procter & Gamble (P&G) while optimizing an inventory system of
supply chain based on RFID technology

 During that period, conceiving IoT was not possible as Kevin Ashton is the co-founder of the
 wireless communication was not matured and cellular technology Auto-ID Center at MIT and
did not fully embraced the IP based configuration currently President & CEO at Onnit, Inc
and a Columnist @ RFID Journal

 IoT devices mainly depend on IP networking to transmit and

receive data as compared to RFID technology
 As RFID did not required IP addresses or direct internet access, so it
turned out to be a more convenient and less costly option for 16

connecting things
 HISTORY OF IOT…..CONTD
 In June 2000, LG introduced first refrigerator comprising a LAN
port for IP networking
 In 2008, collaboration of industry partners appreciated the
concept of deploying IoT in manufacturing industries
 In 2010, Chinese government declared to include IoT in their
upcoming strategic plan
 Gartner, invented the famous “hype cycle for emerging
technologies” and included IoT in their list in 2011
 In 2010, Ericsson predicted that 50 billion devices would be
connected by 2020, a prediction echoed by Cisco in 2011
 According to survey by IoT Analytics Research, global number
of connected IoT devices will ramp up to 21.5 billion by 2025 17
 HISTORY OF IOT ….CONTD
In 2012, LeWeb which is one of the biggest Europe’s technology conference was also organized on Internet
of things

International Data Corporation (IDC) published a report stating that IoT is projected to increase from $656
billion in 2014 to $ 1.7 trillion in 2020

In 2013 IDC revised their predictions and stated that IoT has the potential to generate returns up to $8.9
trillion by 2020

In 2014, the technology magazine, Wired, reported that Google declared to purchase Nest, a company for
manufacturing smoke detectors and thermostats, for $ 3.2 billion 18
 HISTORY OF IOT ….CONTD
In 2015, IoT became the theme for a conference organized by
Salesforce in San Francisco

In 2016 and 2017, Gartner presented three trends in their hype

cycle for emerging technologies, where IoT platforms were
placed under the trend of “Digital Platforms”

In 2018 IoT Analytics Research forecasted the global market

share of IoT to be $1,567 billion by 2025

Microsoft Azure and Amazon AWS grew 93% and 49%

respectively (within the last 12 months)

In 2021, Gartner predicted that the number of IoT device will 19

approach to 30.9 billion by 2025 leading to billions of dollar of

economic growth and utilities in all facets of life
 TRENDS IN THE ADOPTION OF IOT
Cost
• Cost of hardware has decreased
• ENIAC 1945: $500,000
• Generic Laptop Computer today : $500

Hardware Size
• Smaller size and less weight needed to incorporate computation into
devices
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
• ENIAC 1945, 1800 sq ft, 27 tons
• Laptop computer today: 0.05 sq ft, under 3 pounds

Computational Ability
• Many IoT devices need significant computation and speed
• Speech to text, audio processing, network communication Laptop Computer

• ENIAC, 1945: instruction per second ->5000 20

• Laptop today: instruction per second ->18 billion
 TRENDS IN THE ADOPTION OF IOT

Internet Access
• Internet is available almost everywhere in the developed world
• Some parts of the world still lack access, but this is being addressed
• Wireless access (cell phone, Wi-Fi) enables networking with cheap infrastructure
• Less need to install physical cables
• Data costs are fairly low
• This point is arguable, but many can afford it
• Data bandwidth is high
• Can stream multiple movies in real time

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 IOT IS POWERFUL AND PERVASIVE

IoT is pervasive
Cloud is big powerful compute servers that are accessed through the internet
• IoT devices are windows or interface to the cloud
• Example
• Siri – you ask questions from siri, it searches big data servers to fetch the right answer
• Window to massive computational resource
• IoT devices act as an access point to the large databases and large computational service in the
cloud
• Example
• Streaming Netflix videos 22
 IOT IS POWERFUL AND PERVASIVE
IoT is pervasive
Networking is pervasive, IoT is pervasive, which means it is everywhere
It is embedded in devices and you're not necessarily aware of that, but
they're are all over the place

TV/game machine can Home automation system

At home listen to your commands can control your appliances

Motion sensors detect your RFID readers detect

At work presence entry/exit

On your Cell phones

Insulin Health trackers, 23

person pumps pacemaker

 WHY IOT ?
Fourth industrial IoT will touch Everything will
revolution everything have IoT

Gaining
Continuously Connected
IoT revolution Digital Increased widespread
dominating devices are
is transforming transformation reliance on acceptance to
industries with becoming
how people, of industries digital devices provide
a wide range of more
devices and and reshaping for carrying out smarter and
smart intelligent and
data interact of businesses complex tasks affordable
applications immersive
solutions

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 IDEAL IOT

Smart Agile On demand Secure Low Maintenance

Fast Upgradable Adaptable Ubiquitous Growing

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CONSTRAINED ENVIRONMENT

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 IOT CHARACTERISTICS

Efficient, scalable

Unambiguous naming and addressing

Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile and non-IP devices

Intermittent connectivity
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IOT MARKET SHARE

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 IOT EVOLUTION

Product Smart Product

Smart & Connected Product Product System

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System of Systems
EVOLUTION OF CONNECTED DEVICES

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 EVOLUTION OF CONNECTED DEVICES

ATM • These ubiquitous money dispensers went online for the first time
way back in 1974

• World Wide Web made its debut in 1991 to revolutionize

WEB computing and communications

• The first power meters to communicate remotely with the grid were
SMART METERS installed in the early 2000s

• Smartphones can be used to lock and unlock doors remotely, and

DIGITAL LOCKS business owners can change key codes rapidly to grant or restrict
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access to employees and guests
 EVOLUTION OF CONNECTED DEVICES
▪ Devices connect to hospitals, doctors and relatives to alert them of
SMART HEALTHCARE medical emergencies and take preventive measures.

• Vehicles self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system

SMART VEHICLES failures.

• City-wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for

SMART CITIES unified and synchronized operations and information
dissemination.

• Computers smaller than a grain of sand can be sprayed or injected almost

SMART DUST anywhere to measure chemicals in the soil or to diagnose problems in the
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human body.
IOT WILL BE THE NEXT BIG THING

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Major Technology Cycles = 10x More Users 7 Devices
Driven by: 1) Lower Price, 2) Improved Functionality & Services
 DRIVING FORCES FOR IOT

Sensor
Cheap Capable
Technology – Low Power Power of the
Miniature Mobile
Tiny, Cheap, Connectivity Cloud
Computers Devices
Variety

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 COMPLETE IOT CYCLE

03

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IOT ENABLERS

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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT

 Sensors and Actuators

 Communication
Technologies
 Gateway/Edge devices
 Data storage
 Edge/Fog computing
 Data Analytics
 Data Visualization
 Power Management 38
BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT…CONTD
Sensors

Cloud

Analytics
Sharing
Aggregate

IoT Gateways

control Controllers

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Actuators
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
Sensors Actuators
 They are mainly input components  They are mainly output components
 Sense and collect data from their environment and  In contrast to the sensor, the actuator behaves in
act as a data source an inverse fashion
 Convert the sensed energy (such as light, heat,
 Takes electrical data as input and transform it into
sound, motion, etc) into electrical signals
mechanical energy or motion
 Data collected can be processed, stored and used
in various context to derive useful inferences from  They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
it  Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
 Commonly used sensors are temperature sensors,  Controlling motors to move objects
motion sensors, smoke sensors, blood glucose &
pressure sensor, heart rate sensor, voltage sensor  Displaying messages
and acoustic sensors to name a few 40

 and others…
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…

 Examples of Sensors and Actuators

(a) Temperature Sensor (b) Temperature measuring devices
Soil moisture Sensor and the sprinkler as an actuator
Applications of Motion Sensor

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Radar operated doors (a) Burglar Alarm, (b) Smart Lights, (C) Infrared based water taps
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Gateway-(Switch)
 A networking device used to connect two or more
networks

 It may be a router, firewall, server or any other device that

enable traffic to flow in and out of the network

 If devices are connected within the same network then a

switch is used as a gateway, regulating the network traffic

 Operates at data link layer of OSI model and uses MAC

address of devices to transfer data 42
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Gateway-(Router)
 Devices working in two different networks cannot directly
communicate with each other

 For such type of communication, centralized device

known as router is used to enter into different networks
 Router will play the role of gateway and is the main
access point to move into different network

 Router operates at network layer of OSI model and uses

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IP addresses to transfer data
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…

 Gateway
 Router can link two different networks
running on same protocol
 Gateway device connects two different
networks running on two different
protocols and
 For this reason, the gateway is also called a
protocol converter such as VOIP to PSTN or
network access control
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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 IoT Gateway
 Differs from traditional gateway in terms of
 Degree of intelligence and the number of functions it performs other than protocol
conversion and translation

 It is a physical device or a software program that connects the IoT

devices such as sensors, actuators to a cloud, a network computer
or an intelligent device
 Single point of connection for IoT devices
 No need to connect individual devices to application software
 The functions performed by IoT gateway include
 Device management and configuration, gathering data from the sensors, send it to the
cloud for storage, processing or performing analytics to make smart decisions , provide 45

security
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…

 IoT Gateway
 Some of the off the shelf IoT gateways available
in market
 Although these solutions are commercially
available but some degree of customizations is
required to meet real business needs

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BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
IoT Communication Architecture

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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
• Used for M2M
 IoT Communication Protocols communication
• Less secure
 CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol)

 MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)

• Used for web
communication
• More Secure
 XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)

 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer protocol)

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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Communication Technologies

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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Communication Technologies

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CONNECTIVITY LAYERS

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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Data storage ( Cloud or Server)
 Collected data needs to be stored and processed somewhere known as
IoT platforms, these are typically cloud-based infrastructures which:
 receive and send data via standardized interfaces, known as API
(Application Programming Interface)
 Store, process and analyse data.
 Many commercial platforms are available today e.g, Microsoft Azure,
Amazon AWS, IBM cloud, google cloud, salesforce.com etc 52
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Data storage ( Cloud or server)
 Google Cloud IoT, Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT and Microsoft Azure IoT Suite provide intelligent IoT
solutions
 Services include secure and reliable connection and data management services such as storing, updating,
processing, analyzing and visualizing data in real time.
 Saleforce.com IoT Cloud is driven by Thunder,
 Handle large volumes of events occurring at real time
 Data can be from sensors, websites, mobile apps, device etc. and user can specify conditions for these
events to take appropriate actions
 IBM Watson IoT cloud platform is an Artificial Intelligence based cloud platform
 Offer machine learning services on its Bluemix Platform as a service (Paas) 53

 Provides solutions such as sentiment analysis, weather prediction, image and text recognition and so on
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Data Analytics
 Internet of things (IoT) generate large amount of data which is typically stored on cloud
 Large chunks of data is of no value without analytics
 Analytics add power and context to the data so that useful inferences can be drawn
and a deeper insight can be gained to drive actionable outcomes for improving
business
 Primary objective of running analytics on big data is to support and enable
organizations to have enriched knowledge of data for improved decision making
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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Data Analytics
 Traditional data analytic tools have limited
 Storing, processing and analytic capabilities and thus cannot handle large bulk of
data whereas big data analytics empower data scientists to analyze large volume
and variety of data which is generated at a high velocity
 Big data analytics tools are generally available today, which stretch from simple
statistical tools to more sophisticated machine learning approaches, with deep
learning being the latest trend
 Data analytics has also revolutionized health care, agriculture, automotive, military,
aerospace and manufacturing industry 55
 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…
 Types of Data Analytics

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 BUILDING BLOCKS OF IOT CONTD…

 User Interface
 User Interface is the component that how the data is presented to the
final users.
 IoT product needs to have a very appealing user interface, both web
based as well as smart phone or tablet based
 Multiple users capable

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 IOT VERTICALS

Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart

Homes Healthcare Industry Cities Vehicles Farming Aviation Military

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 CHALLENGES
▪ Estimated 20-50 billion devices by 2030
▪ Reason is the integration of existing devices, smart devices as well as
constrained nodes in a singular framework.
▪ Integration of various connectivity features such as cellular, Wi-Fi,
ethernet with upcoming ones such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE),
DASH7, Insteon, IEEE 802.15.4, etc.
▪ The ITU vision is approaching reality as the present day networked
devices have outnumbered humans on earth.
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 CHALLENGES
 Privacy and Security
 One of the most important and addressable issues of IoT systems

 IoT devices not only gather personal data but also monitor and track your location and activities

 Users are skeptical of storing personal information in public or private clouds

 Pacemakers and Insulin Pumps can be hacked to cause lethal attacks, killing the victim

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 CHALLENGES
 Ever increasing growth of IoT
sensors
 Adding more variety and complexity to data

 Integration of data from multiple sources in variable

formats make IoT big data analytics more complex
 Drawing inferences and other contextual
information to discover patterns and correlations in
real-time is a challenge
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 CHALLENGES CONTD..
 Power management
 IoT devices must be fed with constant power to perform their
operations without interruption in real time
 Conventional communication network have permanent power source
for the connected devices
 However, IoT devices are based on small data transfer & low power
devices which are typically battery operated or powered by solar cells
 To fully realize the potential of IoT, an indefinite power supply is 63

required but technology for doing that is not yet arrived

 SUMMARY
 In this lecture we have covered
 Why IoT is important
 Key characteristics of IoT
 IoT enablers and building blocks of IoT
 IoT verticals and application areas of IoT
 challenges of IoT

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 Various contents in this presentation have been taken from different books,
lecture notes and the web. These solely belong to their owners, and are here
used only for clarifying various educational concepts. Any copyright
infringement is not intended.

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Thank You!
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