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Historical Antecedents: In Ancient Time, Middle and Modern

Period
Science, Technology, and Society
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OVERVIEW

Science and technology play a significant role in your daily life. It

encourages difficult and complicated tasks and allows people to do more with too
little effort and time. The advances you observed are not only results of the
creativity of people or a one-time cycle of thinking; they are often brought on by
incremental changes to earlier works from various periods of time. The driving
force behind this continuous progress is the need to improve people's quality of
life.
You will find out in this section how science and technology influenced and
shaped social environments over three historical periods. This section examines
the complex relationships between various social influences and science and
technology through the introduction of the historical antecedents of science and
technology.
This section also contains a discussion on significant Philippine inventions
and innovations, along with the discussion of these antecedents using the ancient
era, middle ages and modern ages. This illustrates the complex social, cultural,
technological, and political impacts of science and technology advancement across
history.
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you will:

Identify inventions and discoveries that have changed the world.

Explain the effect of science and technology on society and environment, and vice versa
Discuss the scientific andtechnological developments in the Philippines.
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LEARNING EXPERIENCE AND SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAAs)

An antecedent is described as a precursor to the unfolding of something, or life.

Historical backgrounds in science and technology are therefore influences which paved
the way for advanced and sophisticated advancements in science and technology that are
present today.
Awareness of science and technology history is useful in today 's evaluation of
such inventions. Through recognizing how previous generations affected and were
affected through scientific and technological advances, today's generation will come up
with educated decisions on the correct application of science and technology to everyday
life.

In the ancient, times, people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, safety and
protection, as well as hygiene, aesthetics, and architecture.

At that time
Communication was also
transportation was important
important for their attempts to
as people wanted to go to places
explore new places and to
and explore new horizons. They
occupy them. They needed a
traveled to find food, and to
way to communicate with the
find better places for their
inhabitants of the areas they
settlements. They even traveled
were visiting to promote trade
in return for items they needed
and avoid future conflicts.
to sell their surplus goods.
Record-keeping was also
Navigation helped them on
important, as they needed to
their journeys to exotic and
remember the places they had
unknown areas of the world.
been to and record each
other's trades they had made.

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Guns and armors have also been Different diseases and

important in exploring new places illnesses, both natural and
or in forming new alliances with man-made, hindered a human
other tribes. There was also a being's full ability. Science and
chance of confrontation at that technology played a significant
moment, when people interacted
with different cultures and role in the development of
orientations. Conflicts were treatments for, if not the
popular particularly if cultures prevention of.
and orientations differed.

People moved into what is now In the ancient times intricate

known as the engineering sector architectural structures were
in order to combine their needs – signs of a particular civilization's
for better transportation, the technical development.
establishment of systems to Architecture will be seen as a
defend against human attacks and status symbol among nations in
natural disasters and the future generations of how
development of larger and advanced their technology is.
stronger infrastructures. This can also form a nation's
identity.

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SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 1

Why is it important to study the history of Science and Technology?

Having all this in mind, you may infer that, aside from influencing people's
lives, the advances in science and technology were the product of many prior
precedents. People in ancient times were able to discover and invent inevitably
things that would affect modern people's lives.
You will encounter in this module the various great technological
developments of the ancient times, including some of the early civilization
accomplishments such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It explains
the incremental application of knowledge up to the present time.
ANCIENT PERIOD

CUNEIFORM. The invention of the first writing

system known as cuneiform is one of the Sumerians'
main contributions. It is a device that makes use of
word representations and triangular symbols carved on
clay using wedge instruments and left to dry.
Cuneiform enabled the Sumerians to keep records of
historically important items, or their daily lives.

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WHEEL. The Sumerians have been able to invent the

wheel in the latter part of their history, as the
advanced tools required to build it were already
available. The first wheels were not designed for
transport but mass manufacturing with the use of the
wheel and axle. Farmers managed to mill grain in less
time with less effort.

PAPER OF PAPYRUS. A welcome advancement was

the Egyptian discovery of a paper or papyrus. Papyrus
was a plant in Egypt which grew abundantly along
the river Nile. They were able to process the plant to
create thin sheets that one could write stuff down on.
Because papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay
tablets, the carrying and storage was simple.

HIEROGLYPHICS. Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also

established a writing system that used symbols, known as
hieroglyphics. Some claim that hieroglyphics were adapted
from the early writing system that formed by Mesopotamia
as a result of trade between civilization. The Egyptians
claimed that their gods provided this writing system to
them. Hieroglyphics was a language which tells the
modern world of the ancient Egyptians' history and
culture. Their documents were well-preserved as they were
carved at pyramid walls and other important structures of
Egyptians.
WATERMILLS. Watermills were considered one of the
greatest contributions of the Greek civilization to the
world. They were widely used in agricultural processes
such as the milling of grains, a type of food processing.
The use of watermills made milling possible, mass
production of grains, cereals, flours and the like.
Watermills were considered better than farm animal-
powered mills because the less effort and time needed to
operate because the farmer had no chance to raise
animals. They only required
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access to rivers or flowing water where a large wheel mechanism could be

installed with small "buckets" of water attached to it.

NEWSPAPER. One of the Romans' greatest

contributions is newspaper. The first articles,
known as gazettes, published people's reports of
the Roman Empire. Such gazettes, made before
the invention of paper, were etched in metal or
stone tablets and then displayed in public. When
paper was invented, it became easier for the
Romans to "publish" matters which required the
attention. Roman 's

CODEX. With the advent of paper, civilizations

were made easier to write down anything that
happened in their time. Record-keeping was much
simpler because paper didn't crack easily, was
lightweight, and didn't take a lot of space. As a
result, societies were fond of record-keeping, in
particular recording past events and newly passed
legislation. The ancient Roman Empire was able to
produce the first books or codex,
with the papyrus pages bound together and covered with animal skin.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

PRINTING PRESS. Johann Gutenberg managed to

invent the printing press after the Chinese
invented woodblock printing, a more efficient
method of printing using a cast type. He used
wooden machines which extracted fruit juices,
attached a metal impression of letters to them,
pressed the cast metal firmly into a piece of
paper and then made an exact impression on
paper.
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MICROSCOPE. Another optical innovation of the Middle Ages.

Growing immigrants have during this time triggered
significant migration and urbanization. More and more
people were heading to dirty and crowded urban areas,
contributing to more people becoming ill and seeking
medical care. Experts need to understand the condition
through an examination to establish the best drugs for
illnesses. They wanted a tool capable of magnifying objects
that were invisible to the eye. In earlier years, Zacharias
Janssen was able to create the first compound
microscope, led by the
principles used for the invention of eyeglasses.

TELESCOPE. The need for nautical innovations

was strong, as the Middle Ages was also regarded
as the Age of Discovery. Given the vast and
barren oceans that divided the countries, it was
important for ship captains to see far and wide
for them to navigate or escape danger at sea. The
telescope's invention, an optical instrument that
helps to view distant objects, has been of great
benefit to navigators

WAR WEAPONS. Since wars during

the Middle Ages were widespread,
there was also great progress in the
technology of guns. Both sides need
to grow weapons not only as
offensive instruments but also as
defensive instruments. People built
cross bows and long bows for open-
area battles so that they could target
the enemy at long distances, keeping
themselves protected with the
defense of walls and fortifications
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MODERN PERIOD

PASTEURIZATION. People must establish

better production means to meet the needs
of the population, food security and food
safety became an issue. With dairy
products, particularly milk, the challenge to
keep processed food from rotting was
greater because they typically spoiled
faster. Such products had to be consumed
almost immediately after delivery, or they
would cause disease such as diphtheria,
food
poisoning and typhoid fever. French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist Louis
Pasteur has found a way to solve the problem. He developed pasteurization, the
method of heating dairy products to destroy harmful bacteria, which helps them
to spoil more easily
PETROLEUM REFINERY. Animal oils production
could not keep up with the demand. In the face of
this problem, kerosene was invented by Samuel
M. Kier by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later
referred to as the "illuminating oil," since at first it
was used to provide home illumination. It was
applied for heating purposes after a certain time.
The petroleum refinery industry was founded with
kerosene production (Skrabec, 2010). Petroleum
currently is widely used, among others, in
powering automobiles, factories, and power
plants.

TELEPHONE. The more people got acquainted

through trade and discovery, the more they wanted a
way to keep these links securely and communicate
with each other in real time. Governments also
required some form of communication system that
would enable them to better administer their states.
Relevant day-to-day decisions need to be discussed
and answered as soon as possible. Thus, Alexander
Graham Bell 's telephone development was one of
the most significant developments at the time.
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CALCULATOR. Calculator had already been

built, and circumstances in modern times
demanded a quicker way of calculating more
complex equations. Computing tools do need
to be easy to handle, because they can be
used every day. The invention of modern
calculators not only paved the way for
simpler arithmetical calculations, but also
created more complicated processing
machines

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE.
Converting transport vehicles to something
more useful has become commonplace for
Filipinos. An example is the conversion of
American military jeeps used in World War
II to jeepneys, adding a sidecar to a vehicle,
turning it into a tricycle with more
passengers to handle. In several parts of the
world flooding is a normal occurrence
during the rainy season. Tricycles have a
really hard time
navigating the streets. Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies have
been able to develop the Salamander, but also rivers and lakes, to answer the
problem. This can also be used for Island-to-Island travel. Since the
Philippines is an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful innovation with
much promise.

SALT LAMP. As a developing country, one of

the big needs in the Philippines is
electrification. Electricity powers different
machine types, including light sources.
Activities in many rural areas of the world will
stop when it is dark. Traveling too becomes
more dangerous. Luckily, a young scientist
from Philippines named Aisa Mijeno was able
to develop a lighting device using a plentiful
resource in the Philippines-saltwater. She
developed the Sustainable Alternative
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Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environmentally friendly source of light that works and
does not emit harmful gases. Apart from people living in coastal areas, it can also
help those from far-flung barrios because by adding two tablespoons of salt and a
glass of tap water, they can make their own saltwater.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR. High mortality rates
of newborn babies are a major issue in the
Philippines. One explanation for this
problem in the 20th century was the lack of
available incubators, due to a lack of
resources and electricity, particularly in far-
flung rural areas.
Dr. Fe del Mundo, a pediatrician from the
Philippines and the first Asian women
admitted to Harvard Medical School, built a
medical
incubator made of indigenous and inexpensive materials that do not operate on
electricity. The incubator was made by Dr. del Mundo by placing a native laundry
basket inside a larger one. In order to provide ventilation, hot water bottles were
placed between baskets and an improvised hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its
main purpose was to maintain suitable conditions for a newborn, normally a
preterm baby

MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/ ARVICIDAL TRAP

SYSTEM.In 2010, the Institute for Development
of Science and Technology-Industrial
Technology (DOSTI-ITDI) was able to introduce
the Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System,
also known as OL Trap. This trap device consists
of naturally occurring components that are
deadly to mosquitoes but safe for people and
climate.

E-JEEPNEY. The Jeepney ruled the streets of

the Philippines and is known as the primary
form of transportation for most Filipinos.
Nevertheless, the diesel-powered jeepney
emits huge amounts of black smoke, and due
to its rudimentary exhaust system is typically a
major contributor to noise pollution. The
electric Jeepney (ejeepney) was developed to
combat these disadvantages. This new method
of transportation uses
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electricity rather than costlier diesel. It is environmentally friendly because there is no

smoke ad noise it releases.

SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 2

IF I WERE AN INVENTOR….
Instructions: In this task, you will address the question: “If you were an
inventor, what would you invent?” On the space provided at the end of this
module sketch a draft of your invention then answer the questions below.

1. What is your invention? Describe it and what does it do?

2. Explain the effect of that invention to the society and environment.

KEY POINT/ SUMMARY

You have discovered that the mother of creativity and innovation is necessity. Not
only are innovations made but they are inspired by various social, political, cultural and
economic contexts.
One of STS 'main concerns as an academic field is the science and technology past,
which focuses on how science and technology have evolved over time. This also examines
the impacts of scientific and technological advances throughout history on the dominant
social, cultural, political, and economic contexts. Conversely, the circumstances that
influenced science and technology are now being paid attention to. Generally, interests lie
in the context history of scientific and technical advances.

SELF ASSESSMENT KEY

SAA 1

It is necessary to study history, as it helps us to understand our

past, which in effect allows us to understand our present. Studying
history will give us insight into our original cultures, as well as
cultures that we may be less acquainted with, thus growing cross-
cultural knowledge and understanding. (write your own opinion)

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END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Instruction: Answer the following questions. Observe correct spelling,
grammar, and punctuation mark. Use given rubric at the end of this module.
1. What are the top three inventions that have an impact to you? Why?

2. Explain the effects of the different inventions on the society

and environment and vice versa on the following aspects.
a. Transportation

b. Communication

c. Health

3. Discuss at least 3 scientific and technological developments in

the Philippines that support Science and Technology.

REFERENCES

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REFERENCES

Books and Online

Qunito, E.J., Nieva, A. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. C & E Publishing,
Inc.
Quezon City.
Prieto, N., Vega, V., Felipe, E., Meneses, J. (2019). Science, Technology and Society.
Lorimar Publishing Inc. Quzon City.
McNamara Sr. D.J., Valverde, V.M., Beleno III, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and
Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
PHOTOGRAPHS
Google. (n.d.). Transportation Cartoon PNG Image.
https://pngtree.com/so/transportation-cartoon
Google. (n.d.) Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics Cartoon Set.
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set_5295409.html
Bigstock. (2020). Different Weapons used in Ancient Times American Indians.
https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-59346077/stock-vector-set-of-
weapons-american-indian
Wisegeek. (2020). What are the Different Methods of Traditional Healing?
https://www. wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-methods-of-traditional-
healing.htm

Steemit. (2017). Breathtaking And most Impressive Civil Engineering Marvels

Of All Time. https://steemit.com/travel/@geek.phoenix/top-10-breathtaking-
and- most-impressive-civil-engineering-marvels-of-all-time

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Ancient Greek Architecture.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_ Greek_architecture
Khan Academy. (2020). Cuneiform Image. https://www.khanacademy.org/
humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the-ancient-near-
east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform
Amazing Facts and Interesting Stuff. (n.d.) Sumerian Wheel Image.
http://didyouknow stuff.com/the-sumerians-a-civilization-in-ancient-

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mesopotamia-invented-the-wheel.-the-wheels-were-used-to-connect-on-
chariots.-it-made-it-easier-for-them-to-get-places-faster
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020) Hieroglyphs Image. https://www.britannica.com
/topic/hieroglyph
Google (n.d.) Papyrus Paper Imagehttps://www.der-roemer-shop.de/Papyrus-
paper-25-sheets-Din-A4-printed-paper-in-papyrus-look
CGTrader. (n.d.) Watermill/3D Model Image. https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-
models/ exterior/other/watermill--2
Ancient Origin. (2020). Roman writing tablets, 1 st – 2 nd century
ADhttps://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/newly-
discovered-ancient-roman-writing-tablets-provide-snapshots-roman-era-
020857
Ancient Origin. (2020) Codex Image. https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-
ancient-writings/ancient-text-baffled-researchers-indecipherable-rohonc-
020160
Realm of History. (2016) Researchers discover the world’s oldest tea specimen
inside an ancient Chinese tomb.
https://www.realmofhistory.com/2016/02/01/worlds-oldest-tea-discovered-
inside-ancient-chinese-tomb/

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Printing Press Image.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press
Pinterest. (n.d.). Microscope
Image.https://www.pinterest.ph/andersen6331/microscope/
Google. (n.d). Telescope Image. https://favpng.com/png_view/scientist-sidereus-
nuncius-galileo-national-telescope-museo-galileo-history-of-the-telescope-
png/39MgMuNk
Google. (n.d.). Medieval Warfare & Medieval arms.
https://www.google.com/imgres? imgurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.medievalwarfare.info%2Fpics%2Fbalista.jpg& imgrefurl=http%3A
%2F%2Fwww.medievalwarfare.info%2F&tbnid=C5CjMow
vPVAY3M&vet=12ahUKEwiojsG3vIXrAhVNTZQKHavNBowQMygGegUIARCwA
Q..i&docid=Jcoyaj12srOZZM&w=300&h=237&q=war%20weapons%20mediev

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al%20period&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwiojsG3vIXrAhVNTZQKHavNBowQMygGeg
UIARCwAQ
Google. (n.d.) Modern Pasteurization. https://www.google.com/search?
q=pasteurization+
modern+period&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiojsG3vIXrAhVNTZQKHavNBowQ2c
CegQIABAA&oq=pasteurization+modern+period&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoGCAA
QBxAeOggIABAIEAcQHjoGCAAQCBAeUIf5KViWwSxguMosaARwAHgAgAGMAo
gB5BKSAQYxNi4yLjOYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei
=GIrX6iyLs2a0QSrm5vgCA&bih=608&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=nbP1cSkieDA
40M&imgdii=CMMrZH4mQ8IfQM
Wikipedia. (n.d.) Oil Refinery Image. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery
Wikipedia. (n.d.) Telephone Image. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ the_
telephone
Interesting Engineering. (2020). The People’s Bestfriend: The Calculator’s Brief
History. https://interestingengineering.com/brief-history-calculators
New Atlas. (2015). Amphibious three-wheeler could keep flood-stricken
Filipinos mobile
https://newatlas.com/salamander-amphibious-trike/36947/

Elite Readers. (2020). Salt lamp Imgae. https://www.elitereaders.com/salt-water-

lamp-mijeno/

Esquire. (2020). Amazing Inventions by Filipinos That Are Still Being Used
Today. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/amazing-
inventions-by- filipinos-a00204-20200529

Department Of Science and Technology. (2016). OL TRAP TO FIGHT

DENGUE http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/45-
2016- news/1094-ol-trap-to-fight-dengue.html
Google. (n.d.) E-jeepney Image. https://rappler.com/nation/economic-benefits-
electric-vehicles-philippines

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LOOKING AHEAD

After you learned the historical antecedents of Science and Technology. The
following module will discuss the Intellectual Revolutions that shaped society across time.
You will encounter here how scientist transformed the views of the society.

SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY ANSWER SHEET

SAA 1

Name: Course/Year/Section: _ Date:

Why is it important to study the history of Science and Technology?

MODULE EVALUATION

SAA 2
IF I WERE AN INVENTOR….
Instructions: In this task, you will address the question: “If you were an inventor,
what would you invent?” On the space provided below sketch a draft of your
invention then answer the questions below.

1. What is your invention? Describe it and what does it do?

2. Explain the effect of that invention to the society and environment.

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SAA 2

Name: Course/Year/Section: _ Date: IF I WERE AN INVENTOR….

_________________________________________________________________________
__________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________
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MODULE EVALUTION

It is really important to us to obtain feedback from you about this module. Your
feedback will be used to review this module and to plan for the future. Please select your
response by checking ( )each statement that best reflects your opinion.

4 – Strongly Agree 3 – Agree 2 – Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree

INDICATORS 4 3 2 1

1. The module was well organized and worked well.

2. I found the module interesting.

3. The module was academically challenging.

4. The presentation of the content helped me to learn.

5. The assessment requirements were clear.

6. I had the opportunity to engage with formative feedback.

7. Feedback on summative work was provided with the

time specified.

8. The use of technology enhanced my learning.

9. I would recommend this module to another student.

10. Overall I was satisfied with my experience of this

module

Comment _

Thank you!

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