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Working For Quality
evsjv‡`k D›g³
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2
†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 2533

weGW †cÖvMÖvg

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cÖ_g gy`ªY
Ryb, 2009
cÖ_g cwigvwR©Z gy`ªY
†m‡Þ¤^i, 2010
cyb gy`ªY
Rvbyqvwi, 2012
wW‡m¤^i, 2013

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ISBN: 984-34-0080-1

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2 ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv: AvbyôvwbK
18
I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB
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4 ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB 28
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6 e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
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9
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Awa‡ekb- 1 : g~j¨hvPvB wK Ges g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ

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AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB
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cix¶v Kiv
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11
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv

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g~j¨vqb c×wZ/†KŠkj wk¶v_©xi KiYxq
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mviYx- 6-1.2

g~j¨vqb c×wZ/†KŠkj wk¶v_©xi KiYxq

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12
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j¨vqb c×wZ/†KŠkj wk¶v_©xi KiYxq

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ce©- M: wk¶Y-wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZi myweav I

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K‡i w`‡eb|

2| cÖwk¶K g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Avcbv‡`i cÖwZ MÖƇci mbv³K…Z wewfbœ c×wZi
myweav, mxgve×Zv MÖæc cÖavb‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb Ges cwi‡k‡l wZwb cÖvß
Z‡_¨i Dci Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

cÖwk¶K KZ©„K cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vqb: [cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g Ges cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i

ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g GwU Kiv m¤¢e|]
 cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv G Awa‡ekb †_‡K wK wkL‡jb?
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Av‡jvPbvq mwµqZv †Kvb ch©v‡qi wQj?
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i cÖ‡kœvˇii gvb †Kgb wQj?

13
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

GKK ev `jMZ KvR- 6-1.1

wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ

j¶¨
wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú©‡K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c×wZ
m¤¢e n‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K GKwU `j MVb Ki‡eb| cÖwZ `‡ji GKRb `j‡bZv wbev©Pb
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K `j Zv‡`i KvR Kivi aviv I wb‡`©kbvmg~n wb‡RivB w¯’i K‡i
wb‡eb| bZzev cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwk¶Yv_x© evwo‡Z e‡m wb‡RB KvRwU Ki‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
wb‡gœi avcmg~n AbymiY K‡i Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡eb|
 wk¶Y wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZmg~n wK Zv D‡jøL Ki‡eb|
 cÖwZwU c×wZi myweav I mxgve×Zvmgyn wK Zv D‡jøL Ki‡eb|

evwo‡Z e‡m cvV †kl Kivi †¶‡Î cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›` Avcbviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K KvRwU m¤úv`b K‡i
cieZx©‡Z Avcbvi wbKUZg mncvVxi gva¨‡g Avcbvi Kv‡Ri ¸Yv¸Y wPwýZ Kwi‡q wb‡Z
cv‡ib|

14
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Kg©cÎ- 6-1.1

cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avcbviv cÖwZ R‡b ev `jMZfv‡e ev ¯^-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î wb‡RB wb‡Pi

mviYxwU Avcbvi LvZvq wj‡L wbb, Gici Lvwj Ask c~iY Kiæb| mviYx- 6-1.1 c~iY
Kivi ci GB KvRwU wbðq mnR I DbœZZi n‡e|

mviYx- 6-1.3
c×wZ ïaygvÎ wk¶v_©xi mgq mv‡c¶ †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b
AskMÖnY Avek¨K wKbv? cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e
wKbv? wKbv?
ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ n¨vu bv n¨vu
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
†cv÷vi cÖ`k©b
†KBm ÷vwW
B›UviwfD
mZx_© Av‡jvPbv
cÖKí
wi‡cvU© wjLb
†kªwY‡Z Dc¯’vcb
IqvK©mc
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

15
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 1
g~j wkLbxq welq
g~j¨hvPvB wK Ges g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ

g~j¨hvPvB wK?
 wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ ev wkLbdj KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h
c×wZ ev cÖwµqv e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K g~j¨hvPvB e‡j| wk¶Y wkL‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ mKj
Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ g~j¨hvPvB AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| g~j¨hvPvB wewfbœ wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i Áv‡bi
cwiwa cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i|

g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZmg~n‡K cÖavbZ 4wU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: wbw`©ó
cÖwZwµqv, iPbv, `¶Zv g~j¨vqY I e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM| wewfbœ wkLbdj hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
cÖwZwUiB wKQz myweav i‡q‡Q| †hgb- wbw©`ó cÖwZwµqvq ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœgvjvi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_©x‡`i Áv‡bi mKj †¶‡Îi cwigvc Kiv hvq hw`I cÖK…Zc‡¶ Gi gva¨‡g ïay
wk¶v_©xi †hŠw³K ¶gZvB ‡ekx cÖ`wk©Z nq|

ÔÔcix¶v MÖnY Kiv g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi GKwU c×wZÕÕ, GwU GKwU fyj aviYv| wk¶v_©x‡`i
`¶Zv wKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv n‡e, cix¶v c×wZ Zvi kZ© wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| GwU
mvaviYZ: g~j¨hvPvB †Kv_vq Ges KZ mg‡q n‡e Zv wbw`©ó K‡i| cix¶v c×wZi kZ©mg~n
g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi mKj cÖKvi †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡gB cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
wb‡gœ Q‡Ki (6-1.1) gva¨‡g g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ †KŠkj Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
K) wbw`©ó cÖwZwµqv ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ mwVK DËi wPwýZKiY|
msw¶ß cÖ‡kœvËi msw¶ß, mxwgZ eY©bv, ¸YMZ, GK kã
n‡Z GK c„óv Aewa DËi, Qwemn
weeiY|
L) iPbv iPbv Kv‡Ri wjwLZ weeiY †hLv‡b wk¶v_©xiv
Zv‡`i avibv Ges hyw³ZK© cÖgvYmn
Dc¯’vcb K‡i|
†cv÷vi cÖ`k©b M‡elYvg~jK cÖK‡íi djvdj cÖ`k©b
K‡i|
wi‡cvU© wjLb ¯^xK…Z †Kvb c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i
M‡elYv ev cÖK‡íi wjwLZ weeiY
M) `¶Zv g~j¨vqb †KBm ÷vwW GKwU wbw`©ó NUbv ev wel‡qi eY©bv Ges
Zvi wewfbœ cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©xi

16
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

K) wbw`©ó cÖwZwµqv ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ mwVK DËi wPwýZKiY|

gZvgZ mshy³ Kiv|
IqvK©mc MÖnY‡hvM¨ cwi‡e‡k e¨envwiK Áv‡bi
g~j¨ hvPvB|
cÖKí GKwU wbw`©ó welq ev †¶‡Î myMfxi
AbymÜvbg~jK weeiY|
N) e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM †kªwY‡Z Dc¯’vcb cÖK‡íi ev M‡elYvg~jK Kv‡Ri wewfbœ
Kg©Kv‡Ði †gŠwLK wi‡cvU©|
B›UviwfD wk¶K Ges wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ †gŠwLK
cÖ‡kœvËi|
mZx_© Av‡jvPbv mZx‡_©i KvR m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©xi gZvgZ
Ges wePvi we‡kølY|

g~j¨vqb
 1| g~j¨hvPvB †K KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Ges wK wK? Avcbvi we`¨vj‡q msMwVZ `yB
GKwU cÖK…Z D`vniY Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
2| †Kvb †Kvb cÖK…wZi g~j¨hvPvB msw¶ß mg‡q n‡q _v‡K? `yB GKwU D`vniY w`b|
3| mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi myweav I mxgve×Zv wK wK?
Dˇii cÖwZ ms‡KZ: Av‡jvPbv †mkb mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j
wek„•Ljvi m„wó n‡e|
 Av‡jvPKe„›` Ges g~j¨vqbKvix Df‡qi c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ _vK‡Z n‡e| mZx_© Av‡jvPbv
g~j¨vq‡bi hš¿cvwZ cÖv_wgK cix¶v-wbix¶vi ci ÎæwUgy³ K‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

17
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 2

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv

AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB
f~wgKv

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ gva¨wgK wk¶vµ‡g ÔÔKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÕÕ welqwU AšÍfy©³ Av‡Q
Ges Ab¨ GKwU ICT wk¶vi cvV¨m~wP(GKgyLx) wk¶vµ‡gi Lmovi m‡½ cÖYxZ Ae¯’vq
Av‡Q| hw` KL‡bv GwU Aby‡gvw`Z nq Z‡e beg-`kg †kªwYi wk¶v_©xiv ICT m¤ú‡K© †h
Ávb jvf Ki‡e Zvi Dc‡hvMx wkLb-wk¶Y cÖwµqvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨
wk¶K‡K GB welq wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Ávb jvf Ki‡Z n‡e| Ávb mÂvjb cÖwµqv
mv_©K Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ `¶ZvI wk¶K‡K †m mgq AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡bi
Kvh©Kjvc GKRb cÖwk¶Yv_©x-wk¶K‡K GB mKj wel‡q cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© eY©bv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kªwYK‡¶ AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †¶‡Î

1| GB c‡e©i KvR g~jZ cÖwk¶K wbæewY©Z Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Øviv m¤úbœ
Kiv‡eb| wZwb GB av‡c AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB wK G m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i
Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
hw` GB Awa‡ekbwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b Av‡jvwPZ n‡e w¯’i nq †m‡¶‡Î evwo e‡m
cÖwk¶Yv_©x wb‡RB ÒAvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB wKÓ G m¤ú‡K© wjwLZ DËi ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

18
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 AvbyôvwbK wk¶vi †¶‡Î AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB g~jZ cwVZ wel‡q wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ
hvPvB ev g~j¨vqb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
 ICT wel‡qi wk¶v_©x‡`i †¶‡Î GKwU †QvU cix¶v A_ev †Kvb e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g G KvR m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î GKwU mnR
I Zvr¶wYK g~j¨vqb Kv‡R wb‡gœv³ cÖKv‡i cix¶v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i- GKwU †jLv
†evì, AvÛvijvBb, d›U mvBR †QvU eo BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv|

2| GB av‡c cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡K‡Ri

Dci g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy KvR ˆZwi Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
3| cÖwk¶K 4/5 Rb cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K wb‡q MÖæc ˆZwi K‡i w`‡eb| Gici cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K
AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ KvR ˆZwi Ki‡Z w`‡eb|
4| AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi myweav mxgve×Zv wb‡qI cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
ej‡eb Ges `‡ji g‡a¨ msw¶ß gZ wewbgq Kivi civgk© ‡`‡eb|
5| cÖwk¶K MÖæc cÖav‡bi wbKU †_‡K DËimg~n msMÖn Ki‡eb|
6| cwi‡k‡l cÖwk¶K Zvi wb‡Ri gšÍe¨ †ck Ki‡eb|
¯^-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î Avcwb wb‡RB evwo e‡m wjwLZ DËi ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
AvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cix¶v Lye `ªæZ †bqv hvq Ges Zvi g~j¨vqbI Lye `ªæZ Kiv
hvq wKš‘ GKRb cix¶v_©x G‡Z mKj `¶Zv cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM cvq bv|

ce©- L: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© wek`

 Av‡jvPbv
1| cÖwk¶K GB av‡c AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© †kªwYK¶ wfwËK Av‡jvPbv ïiæ
Ki‡eb|

wewfbœ †KŠkj:
AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB c×wZ cÖ‡qvMKv‡j QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i cÖkœ-DËi Avnevb, Qv·`i KvR
†`Lv-†kvbv BZ¨vw` ‡KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †¯cÖWwkU †cÖvMÖvg †kLv‡bvi
mgq GKwU †m‡j dg~©jv e¨envi K‡i A_ev GKwU †m‡j WvUv Avc‡WU K‡i MÖv‡di/Pv‡U©i
cwieZ©b Avbq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wkL‡bi AMÖMwZi g~j¨hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

19
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

2| GB av‡c Avcbv‡`i we`¨vj‡q ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y †¯cÖWwkU c¨v‡K‡Ri Dci

g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy KvR ˆZwi Ki‡Z ej‡eb cÖwk¶K|
3| 4/5 Rb mZx_© wb‡q `j ˆZwi Ki‡eb Avcbviv| G‡¶‡Î Avcbv‡`i AMÖMwZi ch©vq
AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ KvR ˆZwi Ki‡Z w`‡eb cÖwk¶K|
4| AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi myweav, mxgve×Zv wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv n‡e G mgq|

Av‡jvPbvi m¤¢ve¨ w`K wb‡`©kbv:

AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cix¶v †bqv GKUz mgq mv‡c¶ e¨vcvi Z‡e †h †Kvb
wel‡q cvV`vbKv‡j wk¶K Zvi wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K †QvU †QvU cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i cv‡Vi
Kvh©KvwiZv Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i `¶Zv AR©b m¤ú‡K© AwZ `ªæZ aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

5| MÖæc cÖav‡bi wbKU †_‡K DËimg~n msMÖn Ki‡eb cÖwk¶K|

6| cwi‡k‡l cÖwk¶K wb‡Ri gšÍe¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

GKK ev `jMZ KvR

MÖvg/kn‡ii †Kvb GKwU we`¨vj‡q †hLv‡b ÒKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÓ welqwU beg-`kg †kªYx‡Z
cov‡bv n‡”Q †m iKg GKwU we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡K wRÁvmvev` K‡i wZwb g~j¨ hvPvB-G wK
ai‡bi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡ib †m m¤^‡Ü GKwU msw¶ß cÖwZ‡e`b ev †Kvb GKwU w`‡bi eY©bv
cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb|

Kg©cÎ- 6-2.1
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡KR Gi g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GKwU KvR wb‡gœ †`qv n‡jv:

Make this bold

Underline this

Align this to the right

Centre this

Print this page

20
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

÷vwW †m›Uvi/wUD‡Uvwiqvj †K‡›`ª e‡m cÖwk¶Yv_©x `jMZfv‡e Ges ¯^-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î evwo
e‡m GKvKx wjwLZ gšÍe¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb|

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K wbgœwjwLZ wel‡qi Dci Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ej‡eb cÖwk¶K-

 Dc‡iv³ g~j hvPvB KvRwU AvbyôvwbK bv AbvbyôvwbK?

wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Abyiƒc Av‡iv K‡qKwU KvR ˆZwi Ki‡Z w`b|

Dc‡iv³ KvRwU Kivi mgq Zviv wK wK KvR Ki‡jb Zv cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g †R‡b wbb|

AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ cÖkœmg~‡ni `jwfwËK DËi ˆZwi Kivi gva¨‡g
`¶Zv e„w× Kiv m¤¢e-

 GKwU WKz‡g‡›U KZ¸‡jv kã Av‡Q Zv wKfv‡e Rvbv hvq?

 †Ue&j (Table) ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq wKfv‡e?
 d›U mvBR (Font Size) wKfv‡e evov‡bv hvq?
 wKfv‡e wewfbœ cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv hvq?
 wKfv‡e MvwYwZK mgxKiY †jLv hvq?
 wKfv‡e Qwe e¨envi Kiv hvq?

21
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 2

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi f~wgKv:
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨ hvPvB

†h †Kvb welq wkLb-wk¶‡Yi b¨vq ICT wkLb I wk¶‡Y g~j¨hvPvB GKwU Acwinvh© Ask|
 ICT wk¶vq g~j¨hvPvB Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU wk¶v_©xi e¨w³MZ AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© fvj aviYv
jv‡fi d‡j cwiKíbv, fwel¨r wk¶v`vb I wi‡cvU© ˆZwi‡Z `¶Zv e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| cÖwZ
BDwbU †k‡l wk¶v_x©‡`i Ávb ev `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡j wk¶v_©xiv cvV
†k‡l Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM cvq| g~j¨hvPvB A‡bKfv‡eB Kiv hvq| †hg:
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK, MVbKvjxb I cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB BZ¨vw`| AvbyôvwbK I
AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB
AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB GKwU †QvU cix¶v A_ev e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb: IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î Gfv‡e GKwU mnR cix¶v †bqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i- GKwU ‡jLv
†evì, AvÛvijvBb, d›U mvBR †QvU eo BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z w`‡q|

GB cix¶vi gva¨‡g GKRb wk¶K Zvi Qv·`i ICT m¤ú‡K© Áv‡bi cwiwa mbv³ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GB ai‡bi cix¶v Lye `ªæZ †bqv hvq Ges Lye `ªæZ Feedback cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|

†h †Kvb wel‡q cvV †k‡l wk¶v_©xiv D³ cvV †_‡K wK wkL‡Z cvij Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mgq w`‡q KvRwU Kwi‡q wb‡q Zvi g~j¨vqb Ki‡j wk¶K †hgb Zvi wk¶Y
c×wZ cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b I ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM cvb †Zgb wk¶v_x©‡`i `¶ZvI wk¶K
cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZwU cvV †k‡l G Kvi‡Y 15/20 wgwb‡Ui GKwU KvR w`‡q gyj¨
hvPvB Kivi cÖwZ wk¶K‡`i †Lqvj ivLv DwPr|

22
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB

AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB cvV`vb Kv‡j QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i cÖk-œ DËi Gi gva¨‡g, Qv·`i KvR
†`Lv-†kvbvi gva¨‡g Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †¯cÖWwkU †cÖvMÖvg †kLv‡bvi mgq GKwU
†m‡j dg~©jv e¨envi K‡i A_ev GKwU †m‡j WvUv Avc‡WU K‡i MÖv‡di/Pv‡U©i cwieZ©b
cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z ejvi gva¨‡g GB g~j¨hvPvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†h †Kvb wel‡q cvV`vbKv‡j wk¶K Zvi wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K †QvU †QvU cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i cv‡Vi
Kvh©KvwiZv Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i `¶Zv AR©b m¤ú‡K© AwZ `ªæZ aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

23
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 3

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y MvVwbK g~j¨ hvPvB

f~wgKv
Avcbviv B‡Zvg‡a¨B †R‡b †M‡Qb †h wk¶v_©xi cv‡Vi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Kivi †¶‡Î
cÖwZwbqZ ev MvVwbK Ges †Kvm© ev †cÖvMÖvg †k‡l P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb- GB `yB cÖKv‡ii c×wZB
cÖ‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi wewea D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q- †hgb, †Kvb wk¶v_©x †hb
G‡Kev‡i wcwQ‡q bv c‡o, Kv‡iv AMÖMwZ †hb e¨nZ bv nq| GB Awa‡ek‡b we‡kl K‡i
ICT wk¶Y-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xi MvVwbK AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbvmn
nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR _vK‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wK Zvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi Kivi †KŠkj wPwýZ ev cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi myweav Ges Amyweav mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wK?
 cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:
1| GB av‡c MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB kãwU †ev‡W© wjLyb Ges 2/3 Rb wk¶v_©x‡K
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wK G m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z ejyb|
2| Zv‡`i DËi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ mwVK DËi:

cvV`v‡bi ïiæ‡Z A_ev gvSvgvwS mg‡q GB ai‡bi g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU
wk¶K‡K Zvi cieZ©x cvV`v‡bi cwiKíbv MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| GB KvR AvbyôvwbK
I AbvbyôvwbK Dfqfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i|

24
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi


cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:
1| GB av‡c 4/5 Rb cÖwk¶Yv_©x mnKv‡i MÖæc ‰Zwi Kivi K_v ejyb|
2| Zv‡`i Kg©cÎ-6-3.1 wb‡R wb‡R co‡Z ejyb| MVbKvjxb gyj¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
GKwU †kªwYwfwËK ¯^í mg‡qi Kv‡Ri bgybv ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
3| cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i wbKU †_‡K KvRwU msMÖn Kiæb|

ce©- M: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi myweav I

 mxgve×Zv

cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:

1| GKvwaK cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i wbKU †_‡K MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ myweav I

Amyweav m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Kiæb|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q ICT wk¶Y-wkL‡b †¯cÖWkxU c¨v‡K‡Ri Dci g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ wKQy bgybv KvR ‰Zwi Ki‡Z ejyb|

25
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 6-3.1

†¯úªWkxU c¨v‡KR Gi g~j¨hvPvB Dc‡hvMx GKwU KvR wb‡gœ †`qv n‡jv:

Make a bar chart with the follwing data and add more
rows to observe the chart:

Age group Annual Income (Taka)

30-40 5,00,000.00
40-50 7,50,000.00
50-60 6,00,000.00

cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avcbviv Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i cÖwZ `„wó w`b Ges wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i w¯’i Kiæb-

 Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ ev WvUv e¨envi K‡i Avi wK ai‡bi MÖvd ev PvU© ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb wPÎwU h_vh_ n‡e|
 MÖvd ev PvU©wU‡K wKfv‡e IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡K‡R e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 MÖv‡di is wKfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|

26
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 3

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y MvVwbK g~j¨ hvPvB

ICT wk¶Y I wk¶‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ †KŠkj/c×wZi g‡a¨ MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB
 wk¶v_©x‡`i `¶Zv hvPvB, cv‡Vi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB BZ¨vw`‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L|
cvV`v‡bi ïiæ‡Z A_ev gvSvgvwS mg‡q GB ai‡bi g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU
wk¶K‡K Zvi cieZ©x cvV`v‡b cwiKíbv MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| GB KvR AvbyôvwbK
I AbvbyôvwbK Dfqfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ: GKRb wk¶K wb‡RB wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡Kb
wZwb wK AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡eb bvwK AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡eb| c~‡e© cÖkœcÎ
‰Zix K‡i g~j¨hvPvB GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨
hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î Zvr¶wYK wk¶Ydj cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î hw`I mKj wk¶v_©x
Zv‡`i c~Y© `¶Zv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î †h KvR †`qv n‡e Zv cv‡Vi ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wKbv,
KvRwU m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i cwi¯‹vi aviYv Av‡Q wKbv, ‡h ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ KvRwU wba©viY Kiv
n‡q‡Q, †m ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ KvRwUi fvlv I MvwYwZK `¶Zv mwVK n‡q‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw` wk¶K
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwðZ n‡q †b‡eb|

g~j¨vqb
 1. MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB KLb n‡q _v‡K?
2. MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi m~weav Ges Amyweavmgyn wK wK?
m¤¢ve¨ Dˇii Bw½Z: mKj wk¶v_x©‡K cÖkœ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv GwU †hgb GKwU
mxgve×Zv †Zgwb mwVK DËi ï‡b †h wk¶v_x©i g‡b ZL‡bv mwVK DËi m¤^‡Ü ¯úó
aviYv wQj bv †m wb‡Ri aviYv ï× K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|
3. Avcbvi we`¨vj‡q †h †Kvb GKwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK fv‡e MVbKvjxb g~j¨
hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GKwU KvR ˆZwi Kiæb|
beg-`kg †kªwYi ÔÔKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÓ eBwU msMÖn K‡i KvRwU Kiæb|
4. GKBfv‡e †h †Kvb GKwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi
Rb¨ GKwU cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi Kiæb|
GwU GiKgI n‡Z cv‡i: Intell Processor †h Avi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e bv (2010 Gi
ci) GwU KZRb wk¶v_x© Rv‡b?

27
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 4

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB

f~wgKv
Avcbviv Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v_©xi w`bwfwËK ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K©
Zvr¶wYK Ávb Avni‡Yi ch©vq hvPvB Kv‡R wk¶K‡K mnvqZv K‡i|

Avcbv‡K cÖwZwU wel‡qi cÖwZ Aa¨vq †k‡l gvwmK, lvb¥vwmK ev evwl©K cix¶vq wewfbœ
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i cÖwZ wk¶v_©xi welqwfwËK Áv‡bi ev `¶Zvi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z
nq ev g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡Z nq|

ICT welq wkLb-wk¶‡Y Avcwb wKfv‡e wk¶v_©xi cÖvwšÍK AMÖMwZ ev mvwe©K g~j¨hvPvB
Ki‡eb †m m¤^‡Ü wKQy Av‡jvPbv, wKQy KvR _vK‡Q GB Awa‡ek‡b|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡R cÖ¯‘ZK…Z DcKi‡Yi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB wK?
 wUD‡Uvwiqvj †K‡›`ª cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:
1| GB av‡c cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB kãwU †ev‡W© wjLyb Ges 2/3 Rb wk¶v_©x‡K cÖvwšÍK
g~j¨hvPvB wK Ges G m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i avibv wK Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb|
2| Zv‡`i DËi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i msMÖn Ki‡eb |
3| GB av‡c cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß cvV w`‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
GB †Kvm©eB-Gi †¶‡Î ejv hvq cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB GKwU wm‡g÷v‡ii cvV`vb
†k‡l AbywôZ mgvcbx cix¶v|

28
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨?


wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †¶‡Î
1| cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, GB av‡c 4/5 Rb K‡i GK GKwU MÖæc K‡i GKRb cÖavb wbe©vPb
K‡i wbb|
2| `jMZfv‡e we`¨vj‡q ICT wk¶Y wkL‡bi cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨ Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb Ges G wel‡q D‡Ï‡k¨i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 m¤ú~Y© cvV¨µ‡gi wkLbdj m¤ú‡K© ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©fv‡e Kv‡Ri `¶Zv AR©b Kivi
Rb¨|
 wk¶v_x©iv cvV`vb †k‡l KZUzKy wk¶v jvf Ki‡Z cvij Zv eY©bv Kivi Rb¨|
 cv‡Vi †h ‡h As‡k wk¶v_©x‡`i `~e©jZv i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨|
 cvV cwiKíbvq wk¶K‡`i `~e©jZv mbv³ Kivi Rb¨|
 wk¶v_©xi Áv‡bi wbR¯^ ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ cvVwU KZUzKz mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q
Zv mbv³ Kivi Rb¨|
 AwffveK‡`i wi‡cvU© ˆZwi K‡i †`Iqvi Rb¨|

cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:
1| GKvwaK cÖwk¶Yv_©xi wbKU †_‡K cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv
Ki‡eb|
2| MÖæc cÖav‡bi wbKU †_‡K DËimg~n msMÖn Ki‡eb|
3| cwi‡k‡l wbR¯^ gšÍe¨ †ck Ki‡eb|

ce©- M: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB Kivi †KŠkj?

 1| cÖwk¶K GB c‡e© cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Dcvq ev ‡KŠkj
m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡eb|
(cÖwk¶Yv_©xi) ¯^-wkL‡bi †¶‡Î
Avcwb wb‡Ri LvZvq cÖ‡kœi DËi ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Pi Dˇii mv‡_ wgwj‡q †b‡eb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 cvV`vb †k‡l GKwU cix¶vi gva¨‡g
 cvV`vb Kv‡j m¤úbœ Kiv GKwU Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g
 cvV`vb †k‡l wk¶v_©xi wbKU cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨‡¶‡Î ICT Gi e¨envi g~j¨vq‡bi
gva¨‡g

2| cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Gici Avcbviv `jMZfv‡e Kg©cÎ- 6-4.1 cvVc~e©K Gi welqe¯‘

wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

29
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 6-4.1

IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡K‡Ri Dci g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wb‡P GKwU bgybv KvR †`qv n‡jvt

cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›` Avcbviv GKvKx (evwo‡Z e‡m) ev `jMZfv‡e (wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b)

e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri Ask wn‡m‡e wbgœwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ Ki‡eb Ges wUD‡Uvwiqvj|

†K‡›`ªi †¶‡Î Avcbv‡`i KvR m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶K‡K Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ej‡eb|

 gvB‡µvmd&U Iqv‡W© KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡eb|

 WKz‡g›UwU GKwU dvBj †bg w`‡q nvW© wW‡¯‹ †mf Ki‡eb|
 AZ:ci dvBjwU wcÖ›U w`‡q †`Lyb KvRwU ‡Kgb nj|

30
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 4

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB

AvbyôvwbK wk¶v e¨e¯’vq Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi gZ ICT wkLb I wk¶‡YI cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB
 GKwU Acwinvh© Ask| cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB mvaviYZ: GKwU BDwb‡Ui ev Aa¨v‡qi wKsev
wk¶vel© †k‡l Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB wbgœwjwLZ D‡Ï‡k Kiv n‡q _v‡K-

- m¤ú~Y© cvV¨µ‡gi wkLbdj m¤ú‡K© GKwU cwic~Y© aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨|

- wk¶v_x©iv cvV`vb †k‡l KZUzKy wk¶v jvf Ki‡Z cvij Zv Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨|
- wk¶v_©x‡`i `~e©jZv †h ‡h As‡k i‡q‡Q Zv Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨|
- cvV cwiKíbvq wk¶K‡`i `~e©jZv †Kv_vq Zv Rvbvi Rb¨|
- wk¶v_©x ‡h ¯Í‡ii †m ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ cvVwU KZUzKz mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv
Rvbvi Rb¨|
- AwffveK‡`i wi‡cvU© †`qvi Rb¨|

m¤ú~Y© cvV¨ welq m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqvi Rb¨
g~j¨vqb wbgœwjwLZ Dcv‡q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

- cvV`vb †k‡l GKwU cix¶vi gva¨‡g|

- cvV`vb Kv‡j m¤úbœ Kiv GKwU Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g|
- cvV`vb †k‡l Ab¨‡¶‡Î ICT Gi e¨envi g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g|

cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK Dfq cÖKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i|

 g~1.j¨vqb
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB KLb Kiv n‡q _v‡K?
2. cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi m~weav Ges Amyweavmg~n wK wK? beg-`kg †kªwYi
ÔÔKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÓ eBwUi cvV¨m~wPi cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L wjLyb|
3. MÖvg I kn‡ii `yBwU we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_x©‡`i Avcwb ÒKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÓ wel‡qi
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB-Gi Rb¨ wK ai‡bi ZË¡xq I e¨envwiK cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi
Ki‡eb? cÖwZ cÖKv‡ii GKwU K‡i bgybv cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiæb|

31
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 5
GK¸”Q g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb
f~wgKv
†Kvb wbw`©ó welq ev †Kvb GKwU †kªwY‡Z cwVZ welqmg~‡n wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ mbv³ Kiv ev
g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K †h c×wZ ev †KŠkjB Aej¤^b Kiæb bv †Kb Zv‡K cÖwZwbqZ
Gi DrKl©Zv e„w×i Rb¨ m‡Pó _vK‡Z nq| cÖ_gw`‡K wk¶K hLb g~j¨hvPvB Gi DcKiY
ˆZwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib ZLb Zv Lye DbœZ cÖK…wZi bv nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ †ckvMZ
DrKl©Zv e„w×i Rb¨ wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡K cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri gv‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡Z n‡e| GB
Awa‡ek‡b Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z wKQy Av‡jvPbv _vK‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ we‡eP¨ welqvejx m¤úwK©Z aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡eP¨ welqvejx wb‡q wek`
Av‡jvPbv

cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:

1| GB av‡c wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q ICT wk¶Y wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi

Rb¨ we‡eP¨ welqvejx wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ 4/5 wk¶v_©x wb‡q MÖæc ˆZwi K‡i
w`b Ges MÖæc cÖavb wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2| Kg©cÎ- 6-5.1 cvVc~e©K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb|
3| Zvici MÖæc cªavb‡K Dˇii GKwU mvivsk ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
4| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvivsk †kvbvi ci Avcbvi gšÍe¨ cÖ`vb Kiæb|

ce©- L: wKQz g~j¨hvPvB KvR A_ev cÖkœgvjv cÖ`k©b

1| cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›` GB av‡c c~‡e© ˆZwi Kiv MÖæc mnKv‡i Kg©cÎ- 6-5.1 cvV Ki‡eb|
2| we`¨vj‡q ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Yi AMÖMwZ g~j¨hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wK wK cÖkœ K‡i KvR
hvPvB Kiv hvq Zvi wKQy bgybv ˆZwi Ki‡eb Avcbviv|
3| Zvici MÖæc cÖavb DËimg~n msMÖn K‡i cÖwk¶K‡K †`‡eb|

32
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡bi g~j¨vqb:

GB cvV cÖ`v‡bi mgq wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~n we‡ePbv Ki‡eb-

 Avcbvi wk¶v_©xMY G cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wK wkL‡Z cvi‡jb? Avcwb Zv wKfv‡e Rvb‡Z

cvi‡jb?
 MÖæ‡c KvR Kivi mgq Zv‡`i AskMÖnY †Kgb wQj?
 MÖæ‡c Zv‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gvb †Kgb wQj?

Kg©cÎ- 6-5.1
GK¸”Q g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb

j¶¨:
g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb wKfv‡e Kiv hvq †m m¤ú©‡K eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx:

wb‡gœi avcmg~n AbymiY K‡i cÖwZwU `j Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡eb|

1| g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Rb AwaKZi Dbœqb Kivi K‡qKwU welq D‡jøL Ki‡eb|

2| Kg©cÎ- 6-5.2 Abyhvqx `jwfwËK bgybv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

33
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 6-5.1

KvRwU wkLb-
wk¶Y Dc‡hvMx wm‡jev‡mi mv‡_ cÖ`Ë
wKbv KvRwU mivmwi m¤úK©hy³
wKbv
Qv·`i hv Kiv DwPr Zv
KvRwU wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖ`Ë Kv‡R ¯úófv‡e ewY©Z
†hvM¨Zv cÖ`©k‡b h‡_ó n‡q‡Q wKbv
wKbv

KvRwU BDwbU cv‡Vi ¯Í‡ii

KvRwU m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i
mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wKbv
cwi¯‹vi aviYv Av‡Q wKbv

†h ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ KvRwU wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m ¯Í‡ii

mv‡_ KvRwUi fvlv I MvwYwZK `¶Zv mwVK n‡q‡Q
wKbv
KvRwU †h j‡¶¨ ˆZix Kiv
cÖ`Ë KvRwU ev¯Íem¤§Z
n‡q‡Q Zv h_v_© n‡q‡Q wKbv
wKbv

34
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

AviI Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡ii wPÎwU‡Z wK wK hy³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb?

µwgK bs weeiY

Kg©cÎ- 6-5.2
wb‡æi KvRwU‡Z AviI wKQz hy³ K‡i wKfv‡e Gi AviI Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq Zv wb‡Pi
Q‡K wjLyb:

Make this bold

Underline this

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Centre this

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Colour this text red

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Write your name here

Print your work.

35
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Dc‡ii KvR¸‡jvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wK wK hy³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb?

µwgK bs weeiY

36
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 5

g~j wkLbxq welq

GK¸”Q g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri Dbœqb

g~j¨hvPvB Kivi c×wZ cvV¨µ‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| g~j¨hvPvB
 Kv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb fvj g~j¨vqb c×wZ, Kvh©Ki DcKiY djvd‡ji mv‡_
m¤úK© Ges wm‡jev‡mi wba©vwiZ KvVv‡gv AbymiY BZ¨vw`i Dci †Rvi †`qv DwPr|

wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~n wk¶K‡K g~j¨ hvPvBKiY KvR ˆZwi‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i-

- KvRwU wkLb-wk¶Y Dc‡hvMx wKbv|

- wm‡jev‡mi mv‡_ cÖ`Ë KvRwU mivmwi m¤úK©hy³ wKbv|
- Qv·`i hv Kiv DwPr Zv cÖ`Ë Kv‡R ¯úófv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv|
- KvRwU h_vmg‡q mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e wKbv|
- KvRwU wk¶v_©x‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖ`©k‡b h‡_ó wKbv|
- †h welq¸‡jv hvPvB Kiv n‡e Zv g~j¨vqb KvRwUi g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv|
- KvRwU wk¶v_©x‡`i ¶gZv cÖ`k©‡bi h‡_ó my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i wKbv|
- cÖ`Ë KvRwU ev¯Íem¤§Z wKbv|
- KvRwUi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x Zvi mKj `¶Zv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKbv|
- KvRwU †h j‡¶¨ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv h_v_© n‡q‡Q wKbv|
- wfbœ gZvej¤^x‡`i Rb¨ KvRwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡q‡Q wKbv|
- KvRwU BDwbU cv‡Vi mswkøó ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wKbv|
- KvRwU m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i cwi¯‹vi avibv Av‡Q wKbv|
- †h ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ KvRwU wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ KvRwUi fvlv I MvwYwZK
`¶Zv mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv|
- KvRwU cÖ`Ë mg‡q m¤úbœ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv cybivq cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM †`qv n‡q‡Q
wKbv|
- GKB wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡K wfbœ KvR cQ›` Kivi my‡hvM ‡`qv n‡q‡Q wKbv|
- GKB wel‡q g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x wfbœ GKwU MÖƇc mgvb djvdj jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡e wKbv|
- KvRwU wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ mnR I ‡evaMg¨fv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv|
- KvRwU wk¶v_©x‡`i †`qvi cy‡e© GwU †Kvb c×wZ‡Z Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q
wKbv|

†Kvb GKwU KvR Dbœq‡bi †k‡l hw` Zv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c djvdj jv‡f m¶g bv nq †m †¶‡Î
Zv c~Y© dj jv‡fi Rb¨ cwieZ©b/cwieZ©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb KvR
wba©vi‡bi c~‡e© Zv cv‡Vi j¶¨ AR©‡b m¶g wKbv Zv cix¶v Kiv DwPr|

37
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 6

e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_

m¤úwK©Z †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cix¶vi cÖkœ
f~wgKv
Avcbviv mK‡j wbðq Rv‡bb †h, eøy‡gi U¨v‡·vbwg Abymv‡i wk¶v_©xi wZbwU w`‡Ki
AMÖMwZi cÖwZ Avcbv‡`i mRvM `„wó w`‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv n‡”Q ÁvbMZ `¶Zv, †ckvMZ
`¶Zv Ges `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva| G mKj w`‡Ki g~j¨ hvPvB-Gi Rb¨ wKfv‡e †gŠwLK I
wjwLZ cÖkœ Kiv hvq Zv Abykxjb Kiv m¤¢e eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ mwVK cÖkœ iPbv Kivi
†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ cÖkœ iPbv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ e¨envi Kivi
 †¶‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
1| e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶K cÖ_‡g Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K g~j¨ hvPvBq Kv‡R e¨eüZe¨ †gŠwLK I iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z we‡eP¨ welqmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡eb cÖwk¶K|
3| Av‡jvPbvq cÖvß Z_¨ mgš^q K‡i cÖwk¶K cwi‡k‡l Zvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡eb Ges
Zv cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ LvZvq wj‡L wb‡Z ej‡eb|

ce©- L: bgybv cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi

 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`-
 GB av‡c Kg©cÎ- 6-6.1 GKevi bxi‡e c‡o wb‡R‡K wUD‡Uvwiqvj Awa‡ek‡b mwµq
AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
 Gici wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbvc~e©K 3/4 Rb K‡i GKwU MÖæc ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K MÖæc cwi‡k‡l wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci cÖ`Ë bgybv cÖkœcÎ Abyhvqx wKQy cÖkœcÎ
ˆZix Ki‡eb|

38
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 Ae‡k‡l wb‡R‡`i cÖkœcÎ msMÖn K‡i mw¤§wjZfv‡e G¸‡jv‡Z we`¨gvb `ye©jZv

`~ixKi‡Yi †Póv Ki‡eb|

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i wkL‡bi ¯^-g~j¨vqb:

GB cvV ‡k‡l Avcbvi wb‡gœv³ cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb-

 Avcbviv G cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wK wkL‡Z cvi‡jb?

 MÖæ‡c KvR Kivi mgq Avcbv‡`i AskMÖnY †Kgb wQj?

Kg©cÎ- 6-6.1
1| mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPü () w`b|
K) me‡P‡q kw³kvjx I `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi †KvbwU?
1. j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi
2. wgwb Kw¤úDUvi
3. gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi
4. mycvi Kw¤úDUvi|

L) gwbUi‡K Kx ai‡bi wWfvBm ejv nq?

1. BbcyU wWfvBm
2. AvDUcyU wWfvBm
3. BbcyU AvDUcyU wWfvBm
4. wm‡÷g wWfvBm|

2| mZ¨ n‡j ÕmÕ Ges wg_¨v n‡j ÕwgÕ wjLyb|

K) †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi mn‡R enb‡hvM¨|
L) GKwU iæ‡gi g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ †bUIqvK©‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© e‡j|
M) GKwU gwbU‡ii †i‡R¨vjykb hZ †ewk, gwbUiwU ZZ fvj|
N) ig-G †jLv-cov DfqB Kiv hvq|
O) wcÖ›Uvi GKwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm|

3| GK K_vq ev ev‡K¨ DËi w`b|

K) BbcyU wWfvBm wK?
L) AvDUcyU wWfvBm wK?
M) ig wK?
N) i¨vg wK?

39
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 6

g~j wkLbxq welq

e¨w³MZ I †eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai

mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cix¶vi cÖkœ

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv I wjwLZ DËi ˆZwi
 Ki‡Z ejv GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| Gi gva¨‡g hvPvBKi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z nq Ges
mwVK DËi cvIqv m¤¢e| cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv I wjwLZ DËi Avnevb Kivi gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ
I ‡eŠw×K `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw`i cÖKvk N‡U| cÖkœ ˆZwii ci Zv ms‡kvab
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hZ¶Y ch©šÍ cÖkœwU GKwU cwi¯‹vi A_© enb bv K‡i|

ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv I wjwLZ DËi Avnevb Kiv
g~jK cÖkœ ˆZwi Kivi †¶‡Î wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv DwPr-

 †gŠwLK cÖkœ I wjwLZ cÖkœ mnR fvlvq Ges †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e|
 wjLv cwi¯‹vi Ges A_©en n‡Z n‡e|
 cÖkœ msw¶ß n‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZwU cÖkœ GKwU aviYven n‡Z n‡e|
 cÖfvweZ cÖkœ Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e|
 welqwfwËK mvgÄm¨ cÖkœ n‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v_©x‡`i Dc‡hvMx cÖkœ n‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡kœi aib Ges Dˇii MVb wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

†gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ gy³ (Open Ended) Ges e× (Close Ended) `yfv‡eB n‡Z
cv‡i| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi j¶¨ AR©‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i ‡Kvb ai‡bi cÖkœ n‡e Zv cy‡e©B
wba©viY Ki‡Z nq Ges G wel‡q wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq|

g~j¨vqb
 1| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î cÖkœ wRÁvmv I wjLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK?
2| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ e¨envi Kivi myweav I Amyweavmg~n wK
wK?

40
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 7

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶v Kiv

f~wgKv
ICT wkLb-wk¶Y GKwU nv‡Z-Kj‡g e¨envwiK KvR wbf©i †Kvm©| Av`k© A‡_© †kªwYK‡¶
Kvh©Kifv‡e AwWI-wfwWI K¨v‡mU-Gi e¨envi, Kbdv‡iwÝs Kv‡R e¨eüZ Kw¤úDUvi,
†Uwjwfkb, †bUIqvwK©s BZ¨vw` mKj cÖKvi DcKiY e¨envi Kivi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq
wk¶K‡K| GKBmv‡_ wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb-wk¶Y Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqbI Ki‡Z nq ¸iæZ¡
mnKv‡i| AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Kg mg‡q avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kiv
m¤¢e| GB Kv‡Ri GKwU Kvh©Ki †KŠkj nj ÔÔmZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨ hvPvBÕÕ| G
†KŠ¨kj e¨envi K‡i Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkLb msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx m¤ú„³ n‡q‡Q GB Awa‡ek‡b|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡bi g~j hvPvB Kv‡R
 mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi myweav, Amyweav mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n

 ce©- K: g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi we‡eP¨ welqmgyn

wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
1| cÖwk¶K GB av‡c cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi
we‡eP¨ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ 4/5 Rb cÖwk¶Yv_©x mnKv‡i MÖæc ‰Zix
Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi we‡eP¨ welq wb‡q G‡K
Ac‡ii m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z w`‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
 mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi KvR cÖ`k©b `yBfv‡e n‡q _v‡K K) †QvU MÖæ‡c I L) eo MÖæ‡c|
whwb cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb, wZwb Zvi †miv wk¶Y †KŠkj cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb hv‡Z mZx_©MY
wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Ges mgm¨v DÌvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ G†¶‡Î cÖ`k©b
cieZ©x mg‡q K‡_v‡cvK_‡bi Rb¨ mgq wba©viY Kiv nq|
 wkLb-wk¶Y wel‡q cÖ`k©K Ges ch©v‡jvP‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖ`Ë welq, †cÖw¶Z, Ae¯’vb

41
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

m¤ú‡K© ïiæ‡Z Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i|

 wkLb-wk¶Y wel‡q cÖ`k©K Ges ch©v‡jvPK ïiæ‡Z K¬vk iæg, mgq, e¨vwß, D‡Ïk¨
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb| wk¶v_©xMY K¬v‡k ch©v‡jvP‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ _vK‡e|
 cÖ`k©‡bi ci wi‡cvU©wUi Kwc ch©v‡jvPK cÖ`k©K‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
 m¤¢e n‡j cieZ©x‡Z wkLb-wk¶Y wel‡q Av‡iv GKwU Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i,
†hLv‡b ch©v‡jvPK GKwU MVbg~jK gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
 ch©v‡jvPK Avevi cÖ`k©‡Ki f~wgKvq Ges cÖ`k©K Avevi ch©v‡jvP‡Ki f~wgKvq
AeZ©xY© n‡q c~‡e©i avc¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡e|

3| cÖwk¶K MÖæc cÖavb‡K mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi wewfbœ we‡eP¨ welq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb
Ges cwi‡k‡l wZwb cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

ce©- L: g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi myweav Amyweavmgyn

wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

cÖwk¶‡Ki KiYxq:
1| GB av‡c cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K we`¨vj‡q ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi myweav
Amyweav wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ 4/5 Rb cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K wb‡q MÖæc ‰Zix K‡i
w`‡eb|
2| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi ‡¶‡Î mZx_© Av‡jvPbv †KŠk‡ji myweav Amyweav wb‡q
G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z DØy× Ki‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi myweavmg~n:
 GwU wk¶v_©x‡K ¯^vaxb, `vwqZ¡kxj AskMÖn‡Y AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j|
 GwU wk¶v_x©‡K Ab¨vb¨ mZx_©‡`i Kv‡Ri mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wkLvq|
 GwU g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi kZ©mg~n m¤ú‡K© avibv jvf Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 GwU wk¶v_©x‡`i e¨vcK djveZ©b (wdWe¨vK) cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
 wk¶K‡K b¤^i cÖ`vb Kv‡Ri ev †MÖwWs Kivi †¶‡Î mvnvh¨ K‡i|

42
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi Amyweavmg~n:

 GwU wk¶v_©xi c‡¶ mZx_©‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi ¶gZv n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 g~j¨hvPvB wbi‡c¶ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶v_©x KvRwU ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i bv wb‡j KvswLZ djvdj AR©b m¤¢e bvI n‡Z
cv‡i|
 wk¶‡Ki n¯Í‡¶c Qvov wk¶v_©xiv G‡K Ab¨‡K fyj eyS‡Z cv‡i|

3| MÖæc cÖavb‡K mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi wewfbœ we‡eP¨ welqmg~n Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb
Ges cwi‡k‡l cÖwk¶K cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

ce©- M: mZx_© Av‡jvPbvg~jK bgybv †mkb AbywôZ Kiv


1| GB av‡c cÖwk¶K cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K wewfbœ MÖƇc wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU MÖæc‡K GKwU
K‡i bgybv mZx_© Av‡jvPbv †mkb Abyôvb Ki‡Z ej‡eb|

2| wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi Dci mZx_© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ej‡eb|

 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡KR wKfv‡e mnRfv‡e wkLv hvq|
 †¯úWkxU c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e PvU© ev MÖvd ˆZix Kiv hvq|

cÖwk¶K KZ…©K cÖwk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡bi g~j¨vqb:

GB cvV cÖ`v‡bi mgq wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~n we‡ePbv Ki‡eb-
 Avcbvi cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY G cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wK wkL‡Z cvi‡jb? Avcwb Zv wKfv‡e
Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb?
 MÖæ‡c KvR Kivi mgq Zv‡`i AskMÖnY †Kgb wQj?
 MÖæ‡c Zv‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gvb †Kgb wQj?

43
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

¯^-wkLbg~jK KvR- 6-7.1

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶v Kiv

j¶¨:
mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú©‡K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GB aviYvi Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb mZx_© cÖwk¶Yv_x©i m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wba©viY
Ki‡eb we`¨vj‡q wKfv‡e wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ ÒmZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvÓ KvR Abyôvb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

beg-`kg †kªwYi ÔÔKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÕÕ eB-G KZ¸‡jv ZË¡xq KvR KZ¸‡jv e¨envwiK KvR
i‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zviv ˆZwi Ki‡e| c‡i GB ZvwjKv Zviv G‡·j Gi gva¨‡g
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Ki‡e|

Kvh©cÖYvjx:
cÖwZwU `j ev cÖwZ cÖwk¶Yv_©x GKvB wbR¯^ Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡eb| G‡Z wb‡gœv³ welqmg~n
AšÍfy©³ _vK‡e-

 mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv wK Zv D‡jøL Ki‡eb|

 mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi we‡eP¨ welqmg~n wK Zv D‡jøL Ki‡eb|
 mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi myweav I Amyweavmgyn wK Zv D‡jøL Ki‡eb|

44
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 7

g~j wkLbxq welq

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶v Kiv
ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Kv‡R cix¶vi wewfbœ †KŠkj I c×wZi g‡a¨ mZx_©
 ch©v‡jvPbv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj| MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡q Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg Z‡e
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qI mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbv †KŠkj e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
mZx_©‡`i †QvU †QvU MÖƇc fvM K‡i KvR Ki‡j fvj dj cvIqv hvq| G‡Z KvswLZ
djvdj cÖvwßi †¶‡Î SuzwK n«vm cvq Ges AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq|

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivLv DwPr:

 ch©v‡jvPKMY †KŠk‡ji e¨envi cª`k©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Avnevb Ki‡eb Ges
mgq wba©viY Ki‡eb| mvaviYZ: cÖ`k©b `yB fv‡e n‡q _v‡K- (K) †QvU `‡j I (L)
eo `‡j| whwb cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb, wZwb Zvi †miv wk¶Y †KŠkj cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb hv‡Z
mZx_©MY wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Ges mgm¨v DÌvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ G†¶‡Î
cÖ`k©b cieZ©x mg‡q K‡_vK‡cvK_‡bi Rb¨ mgq wba©viY Kiv nq|

 wkLb-wk¶Y wel‡q cÖ`k©K Ges ch©v‡jvP‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖ`Ë welq, †cÖw¶Z, Ae¯’vb
m¤ú‡K© ïiæ‡Z Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i|

 wkLb-wk¶Y wel‡q cÖ`k©K Ges ch©v‡jvPK ïiæ‡Z K¬vk iæg, mgq, e¨vwß, D‡Ï¨k
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© c~‡e© AeMZ n‡eb| cÖwk¶Yv_©xMY K¬v‡k ch©v‡jvP‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ _vK‡e|

 cÖ`k©‡bi ci wi‡cvU©wUi Kwc ch©v‡jvPK cÖ`k©K‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡e|

 m¤¢e n‡j cieZ©x‡Z wkLb-wk¶Y wel‡q Av‡iv GKwU Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b
ch©v‡jvPK GKwU MVbg~jK gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡e|

 ch©v‡jvPK cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ`k©‡Ki f~wgKvq Ges cÖ`k©K cÖ‡qvR‡b ch©v‡jvP‡Ki f~wgKvq

AeZ©xY© n‡q c~‡e©i avc¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡e|

45
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi myweavmg~n:

 GwU wk¶v_©x‡K ¯^vaxb, `vwqZ¡kxj AskMÖn‡Y AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j|

 GwU wk¶v_x©‡K Ab¨vb¨ mZx_©‡`i Kv‡Ri MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wkLvq|
 GwU g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi kZ©mg~n m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 GwU wk¶v_©x‡`i e¨vcK djveZ©b (wdWe¨vK) cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
 wk¶v_©x‡K b¤^i cÖ`vb Kv‡Ri ev †MÖwWs Kivi †¶‡Î mvnvh¨ K‡i|

mZx_© ch©v‡jvPbvi Amyweavmg~n:

 GwU wk¶v_©x KZ…©K mZx_©‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi ¶gZv n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i|

 g~j¨hvPvB wbi‡c¶ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶v_©x KvRwU ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i MÖnY bv Ki‡j KvswLZ djvdj AR©b m¤¢e bvI n‡Z
cv‡i|
 wk¶‡Ki MVbg~jK n¯Í‡¶c Qvov wk¶v_©xiv G‡K Ab¨‡K fyj eyS‡Z cv‡i|

g~j¨vqb
 1| ICT wkLb-wk¶Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡q mZx_© Av‡jvPbvq we‡eP¨ welqmgyn wK wK?
2| ICT wkLb-wk¶Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡q mZx_© Av‡jvPbvi myweav I Amyweav wK wK?

46
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 8

AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv

f~wgKv

Avcbviv mK‡jB Rv‡bb AYywkÿY ev Microteaching ej‡Z wK †evSvq| wk¶KZvi

cÖwk¶Y MÖnYKvjxb wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g cvV`vb AbykxjbKvjxb c‡e© wk¶‡Yi wewfbœ `¶Zv
AR©b Ki‡Z nq| GB mg¯Í `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K we`¨vj‡qi †kªwYK‡¶ hLb cvV`vb
K‡ib ZLb wZwb †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡ib Zv n‡”Q AYywkÿY ev Microteaching| GB
Awa‡ek‡b ÔÔg~j¨ hvPvBÕÕ Kv‡Ri Abykxj‡b ÔÔAYywkÿYÕÕ c×wZi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
_vK‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 ÔÔg~j¨ hvPvBÕÕ Kv‡R e¨eüZ Dchy³ †KŠkj wkL‡b AYywk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K©
eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AYywk¶‡Yi myweav Amyweav m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: AYywkÿY wK?

1| GB av‡c AYywkÿY kãwU †ev‡W© wjLyb Ges 2/3 Rb wk¶v_©x‡K AYywkÿY wK Ges G
m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i avibv wK Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb|
2| Zv‡`i DËi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i msMÖn Ki‡eb |
3| GB av‡c AYywkÿY m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß cvV w`‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
AYywkÿY wK?

AYywkÿY nj GKwU mw¤§wjZ e¨envwiK wk¶v| G c×wZ GKRb wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶

msMwVZ mKj wØ-cvw¶K KvR `¶Zvi mv‡_ AvqËKi‡Y AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j|
mvaviYZ: GwU GKRb wk¶K wewfbœ `¶Zv AR©‡bi Abykxjb Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i
_v‡Kb| A_©vr AYywkÿY nj GKwU `ªæZ, `¶ I cix¶xZ c×wZ hv wk¶K‡`i wkLb-
wk¶‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZ ev †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î AvZœwek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j|

47
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: wKfv‡e AYywkÿY †mkb Kiv hvq?

 1| GB av‡c wKfv‡e AYywkÿY †mkb Kiv hvq Zvi GKwU weeiY w`‡eb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
GKwU wel‡qi A_ev mggv‡bi wel‡qi AšÍZ: Qq Rb wk¶K wg‡j GKwU AYywkÿY
†mkb Kiv hvq| †Kvm© cÖavb, wKQy AwfÁ wk¶K Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvixiv Gi
mvnvh¨Kvix n‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ‡Z G‡Ki ci GK Rb cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K Ges Ab¨vb¨iv we`¨vj‡qi Qv‡Îi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G †¶‡Î
hviv Qv‡Îi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Zviv †hŠw³K cÖkœ-DËi K‡i _v‡Kb| cÖwZwU `¶Zv
cÖ`k©‡bi †¶‡Î GB ce© 5 †_‡K 10 wgwbU P‡j| Zvici Gi mgv‡jvPbv P‡j Ges
fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K ms‡kvab K‡i †bb| cÖ‡qvR‡b D³ †mkb wfwWI †Uc K‡i
ch©v‡jvPbv c‡e© e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

ce©- M: AYywkÿY c×wZi gva¨‡g bgybv ‡mkb AbywôZ Kiv

 1| GB av‡c cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K 4/5 K‡i wewfbœ MÖƇc wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU MÖæc‡K
ÔÔbgybv hvPvBÕÕ Kv‡Ri wkLb-wk¶Y c×wZ AvqË Kiv Kv‡R e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx GKwU
AYywkÿY cv‡Vi cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z w`‡eb|

2| wbgœwjwLZ c×wZ ev †KŠkj AvqË Kivi Dci AYywkÿY cvV cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ej‡eb:
 e¨envwiK KvR c×wZ e¨envi K‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡KR †KŠk‡j wKfv‡e GKwU
†cBR‡K mnRfv‡e wewfbœ iK‡gi di‡gU Kiv hvq|
 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e GKwU WKz‡g›U‡K mnRfv‡e wcÖ›U
†`qv hvq GwU cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z AvqË Kiv|
 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e GKwU WKz‡g›U mgxKiY wjLv hvq Zv
gvwëwgwWqvi gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Kiv|
 †¯úWkxU c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e PvU© ev MÖvd ‰Zix Kiv hvq Zvi wk¶v_©x
wg_w¯ŒqvKvix †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Kiv|
 †¯úWkxU c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e WvUv GbvjvBwmm Kiv hvq Zv wUwf cv‡Vi
gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡`i wbKU Dc¯’vcb Kivi †KŠkj AvqË Kiv|
 †¯úWkxU c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e PvU© ev MÖvd wcÖ›U †`qv hvq Zv OHP
cv‡Vi gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b Kiv|
 cÖ‡kœvËi †KŠk‡ji e¨envi wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡`i sms myweav e¨envi Kivi †KŠk‡ji
gva¨‡g gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j e¨envi K‡i GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv hvq|

48
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j e¨envi K‡i GKwU †Uwe‡j WvUv Gw›Uª Kiv hvq| GB KvRwU
wk¶K evwo‡Z cÖ¯‘Z wb‡R GKwU wmwW cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g Ki‡eb|
 gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvi c‡q›U e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e GKwU my›`i †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb dvBj
ˆZwi Kiv hvq Zv wUwf cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv|

3| bgybv AYywkÿY †mkb †_‡K cÖvß wdWe¨v‡Ki Dci gšÍe¨ Kiæb|

49
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 8

g~j wkLbxq welq

AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv

AYywkÿY nj wkLb-wk¶Y Kv‡R e¨eüZ wewfbœ c×wZ ev †KŠkj AvqË Kivi GKwU
 e¨envwiK c×wZ| G c×wZ GKRb wk¶K‡K wewfbœ `¶Zv AvqË Kiv c~e©K †kªwY wk¶‡Y
AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j| AYywkÿY nj GKwU `ªæZ, `¶ I cix¶xZ c×wZ hv wk¶K‡`i
†K wb‡Ri †ckvi †¶‡Î AviI AvZœwek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j|

GKwU wel‡qi A_ev mggv‡bi wel‡q AšÍZ: Qq Rb wk¶K wg‡j GKwU AYywkÿY †mkb
Kiv hvq| †Kvm© cÖavb, wKQy AwfÁ wk¶K Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvixiv Gi mvnvh¨Kvix
n‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ‡Z G‡Ki ci GK Rb cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K
Ges Ab¨vb¨iv Qv‡Îi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G †¶‡Î hviv Qv‡Îi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
Zviv †hŠw³K cÖkœ-DËi K‡i _v‡Kb| wk¶KZv `¶Zvi cÖwZwU e¨env‡ii ce© 5 †_‡K 10
wgwbU P‡j| Zvici †KŠkj e¨env‡ii gvb m¤ú‡K© mgv‡jvPbv P‡j Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨
wb‡R‡K ms‡kvab Kivi †¶‡Î †bvU MÖnY Kiv nq ev wfwWI aviY Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›` GKvKx ev `jMZfv‡e wb‡R‡`i Abykxj‡bi gvb m¤ú‡K© †Lvjv‡gjv
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj wb‡Ri wk¶Y `¶Zvi gvb Dbœqb|

g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj cÖ`k©‡bi c~‡e© †h wel‡q g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡e †m wel‡qi Rb¨ c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ
wn‡m‡e wKQy DcKiY ˆZwi K‡i ivLv fvj| g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj A‡bKfv‡eB cÖ‡qvM Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i Z‡e †hwU me‡P‡q †ekx Dc‡hvMx ZvB Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
GwUi Abykxjb Kiv m¤¢e|

g~j¨vqb

1| ICT wk¶Y wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB †KŠkj e¨enviK‡í AYywkÿY ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2| ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨hvPvB †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qv‡M wKfv‡e AYywkÿY mvnvh¨ K‡i?

50
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 9

QÙwk¶Y gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶Y Ges djveZ©b

wk¶‡Ki †kªwY wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g †h mKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ckvMZ ¸Yvejx _vKv cÖ‡qvRb
Zvi g‡a¨ g~j¨hvPvB-Gi `¶Zv Ab¨Zg| GKRb wk¶K Zvi †kªwY‡Z cvV`vb Kvh©µg
KZUzKz mdj n‡q‡Q Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i wk¶v_x©i wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g| GRb¨ GKRb
cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki g~j¨vqb `¶Zv cix¶v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges G cix¶Y Kvh©µ‡g
wPwýZ `ye©jZvmg~n djveZ©b Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶K‡K Rvbv‡bv nq| G
Awa‡ek‡b cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg I cix¶Y I djveZ©b wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 QÙwk¶Y-Gi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 QÙwk¶Y-Gi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi ÎæwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi ÎæwUmg~n djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g `~i Kivi e¨e¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: QÙwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cix¶Y
Avgiv Rvwb wk¶Y-wkLb Gi wewfbœ `¶Zv AR©‡bi †¶‡Î QÙwk¶Y GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ|
G‡Z GKRb cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶K wk¶v`vb Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU ¶z`ª Ask GKwU ¯^xK…Z c×wZ
†KŠkj Aej¤^‡b Zvi mZx_© wk¶v_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi wk¶Y
ch©‡e¶Yc~e©K g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ GK/GKvwaK we‡klÁ ch©‡e¶Y `j mnKv‡i Dcw¯’Z
_vK‡eb| G‡Z D³ cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi mej I `ye©j w`K Dcw¯’Z
we‡klÁMY wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cieZx©‡Z cvV`vbKvix cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡K †m Abymv‡i Zv
`~ixKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z Aby‡iva Kiv nq| wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb Gevi Avgiv wk¶‡Ki g~j¨vqb
Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ GKwU QÙwk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv Kwi Ges wb‡P Zv wjwce× Kwi|

51
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: QÙwk¶‡Y g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi djveZ©b


Avgiv Rvwb MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡b wk¶v_x©i wPwýZ `ye©jZvmg~n `~i Kivi e¨e¯’v †bIqv nq hv
djveZ©b wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GKBfv‡e cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki QÙwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvi
g~j¨vqb `¶Zvi `ye©jZv¸‡jv wPwýZ I `~ixKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v †bIqv hvq| wcÖq wk¶v_x©
djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi `ye©jZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU
cwiKíbv K‡i wb‡P wjwce× Kiæb|

52
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 9

g~j wkLbxq welq

QÙwk¶Y gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB Kv‡Ri cix¶Y Ges djveZ©b

QÙwk¶Y g~jZ: g~j¨hvPvB cwiKíbv‡K cyb:MVb Ges wbix¶‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| GwU
 wk¶v_©x‡K GKwU wel‡qi g~j¨vq‡bi aiY m¤ú‡K© we‡kl evZ©v cÖ`vb K‡i| wk¶v_©x‡K
GKwU wel‡q mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨ KiYxq Kv‡Ri m~Î cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖwZwU †kªwbi wfbœ
gZvj¤^x wk¶v_©x‡`i wb‡q ˆ`e fv‡e wbe©vwPZ K‡i GKwU QÙwk¶Y `j MVb Kiv nq| GB
`‡ji mKj wk¶v_©x AwZgvÎvq g~j¨vqY wbf©i nq, d‡j wm×všÍ MÖn‡b AskMÖnbKvix‡`i
cÖwZwµqv AZ¨šÍ fvj nq| QÙwk¶‡Yi d‡j GKRb wk¶K Zvi wk¶Y c×wZ I g~j¨hvPvB
c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AviI Mfxi avibv jvf K‡i| hw`I wel‡qi D‡Ïk¨, wk¶v_©x‡`i Kg©cwiwa
Ges djveZ©b Gi Dci Dchy³ mgZv ¯’vcb Kiv wk¶‡Ki Aek¨ Kibxq|

wk¶v_©xiv GKwU cv‡V GKB ai‡bi fyj hv‡Z cybivq bv K‡i Ges cÖwZwU cÖ`‡¶‡c hv‡Z
DbœwZ jvf K‡i †m Rb¨ djveZ©b mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| djveZ©b hw` wk¶v_©xiv cv‡Vi gv‡S
bv †c‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Zviv Gi †Kvb dj †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvavibZ: wk¶v_x©iv
cieZ©x av‡c hvIqvi c~‡e© djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ A‡c¶v K‡i| cix¶v ‡K djveZ©‡bi AvIZvq
‡bqv hvq bv †Kbbv GwU cv‡Vi †k‡l n‡q _v‡K Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i fyj ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM
_v‡K bv|

wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ D”P gv‡bi djveZ©b wb‡gœi wZbwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj-

 †h wel‡qi Dci g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡e Zvi Dci ¯^”Q avibv _vK‡Z n‡e|

 wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Ri cwiwai g‡a¨ we¯ÍvwiZ Ges m¤úK©hy³ gšÍe¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|

 gšÍ‡e¨ AMÖMwZi w`K wb‡`©kbv _vK‡Z n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1| ICT wk¶Y wkL‡b QÙwk¶Y c×wZ wb‡q msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2| ICT wk¶Y wkL‡b djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ we‡eP¨ welq mgyn wK wK?

53
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 10

g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶vµ‡gi wbw`©ó cvV

wk‡ivbvg wk¶‡Yi ch©v‡jvPbvi cwiKíbv

f~wgKv
g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wkLb dj hvPvB Kiv hvq| wk¶v_©xi wkLb dj hvPvB‡qi
wbwg‡Ë g~j¨ hvPvB‡q GKwU wbw`©ó iƒc‡iLv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| KLb I wKfv‡e g~j¨hvPvB Kiv
n‡e Zv c~e© wba©vwiZ nIqv Riæix| †mB mv‡_ g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wk¶vµ‡gi wbw`©ó
cvV/wk‡ivbv‡gi weeiY _vK‡Z n‡e| weeiYK…Z cvV/wk‡ivbv‡gi Dci wbw`©ó mg‡q
g~j¨hvPvB msMwVZ n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi RwUjZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 g~j¨ hvPvB‡q myweavmgyn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ICT wk¶Y -wkL‡b g~j¨hvPvB‡qi ch©v‡jvPbvi cwiKíbv

1| wk¶v_©x eÜziv Avmyb Kg©cÎ- 6-10.1 G mieivnK…Z Q‡K GKwU cvV ev wk‡ivbvg
wba©vwiZ Kwi|
2| cÖ`Ë Q‡K Avcbvi gZvgZ wjLyb|
3| cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Avcbvi wjwLZ gZvgZ hvPvB Kiæb|

54
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: ICT wkLb-wk¶‡Y g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi ch©v‡jvPbvi cwiKíbvi

 GKwU bgybv QK ˆZwi Kiv

1| wk¶v_©x eÜziv Gevi Avcwb wb‡R GKwU bgybv QK ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Kiæb|
2| wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi Dci QK ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms c¨v‡KR †hgb gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© (Microsoft Word) e¨envi
K‡i wKfv‡e evbvb ï× Kiv hvq|
 gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e WvUv mU© Kiv hvq|
 gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e GKwU †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb dvBj ˆZwi
Kiv hvq|
 gvB‡µvmdU AvDUjyK G·‡cÖm e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e B-‡gBj Kiv hvq|
 B›Uvi‡bU G·‡cøvivi (Internate explorer) e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e Bqvû †gBj
(Yahoo mail) A_ev ¸Mj †gBj (Google mail) †PK Kiv hvq BZ¨vw`|
7| cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Avcbvi gZvgZ hvPvB Kiæb|

Kg©cÎ- 6-10.1

wb‡gœ GKwU wbw`©ó cvV/wk‡ivbvg ÔÔwk¶Y Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbvÕÕ cwiKíbvi QK †`qv nj|
Avcbviv GKwU welq wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡q D³ welqe¯‘i Dci ch©v‡jvPbvi cwiKíbv ˆZwi
Ki‡eb|

55
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ch©v‡jvPbvi cwiKíbvi QK
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg:
welq cwiwa:
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨:
cv‡Vi mgq:
cv‡Vi ¯’vb:
cv‡Vi cwi‡ek:
GKK g~j¨vqb A_ev
`jMZ g~j¨vqb
g~j¨hvPvB c×wZ 1|
2|
3|
4|
gšÍe¨:

56
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 6 Awa‡ekb- 10

g~j wkLbxq welq

g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶vµ‡gi wbw`©ó cvV/wk‡ivbvg
wk¶‡Yi ch©v‡jvPbvi cwiKíbv
g~j¨hvPvB Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wkLbdj hvPvB Kiv nq Ges hvi
 gva¨‡g wKfv‡e wkLbdj AR©b Kiv hvq †m e¨vcv‡i avibv jvf Kiv nq| g~j¨hvPvB
cÖwµqv‡Z KLb Ges wKfv‡e wba©vwiZ mg‡q cvV¨µ‡gi wbw`ó© cvV/wk‡ivbv‡gi Dci
wk¶v_©xi wkLbdj hvPvB Kiv n‡e Zvi weeiY _vK‡Z n‡e|

cvV¨µ‡gi wbw`©ó cvV/wk‡ivbv‡gi g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi cwiKíbvq wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZ

fv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z n‡e-
1| cvV¨µ‡gi cv‡Vi wKQz g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi KvR ïiæ‡ZB wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤¢ve¨
Dcvq n‡”Q-
 GKB cv‡V c~‡e© †h g~j¨hvPvB KvR †`qv n‡qwQj Zvi c~bive„wË Kiv|
 QvÎve¯’vq wk¶K †h hvPvBKiY KvR K‡iwQj Zvi c~bive„wË Kiv|
 cvV¨cy¯ÍK ev mnvqK cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z KvRwU Kiv|
 we`¨vj‡qi cÖPwjZ g~j¨ hvPvBKiY KvR Abymib Kiv|
 Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi GKB cv‡V cÖPwjZ hvPvBKiY KvR AbymiY Kiv|

2| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi `yBwU D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e, cvVwUi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i AwR©Z Ávb
wbiƒcb Ges wk¶v_©x‡K cv‡V mvnvh¨ Kiv|

3| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi cªwµqvwU wewfbœ cÖKvi KvR wewfbœfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †`qv DwPr|
D`vniY¯^iƒc,

57
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

 KvRwU GKwU wm‡góvi PjvKvjxb mg‡q, wm‡góv‡ii c‡i Ki‡Z n‡e

 KvRwU cix¶v cwi‡e‡k m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i
 KvRwU wk¶v_©x GKKfv‡e ev `je×fv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i

4| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi cªwµqvwU g~j D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx †kªwbwefvM Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb,
wk¶v_©x‡K Kv‡Ri dj cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g, wk¶v_©xi wk¶‡Yi djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g A_ev
Dfq cÖwµqvq|
5| KvRwUi gva¨‡g †Kvb †¶‡Î g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡”Q Zv eb©bv Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| †Kvm©wUi g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi cÖwµqv‡Z GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g D‡jøwLZ mKj Z_¨ _vK‡Z
n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1| g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ ICT wk¶Y wkL‡bi Dci GKwU cvV cwiKíbvi QK ˆZwi
Ki|
2| wk¶vµ‡gi wbw`©ó cvV/wk‡ivbv‡gi g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi cwiKíbvq †Kvb †Kvb welq _vKv
DwPZ?

58
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU 7
Awa‡ekb- 1 : †kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi
m¤úwK©Z Ávb I `¶Zvi cÖ‡qv‡M m¶g
K‡i †Zvjv
Awa‡ekb- 2 : wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv mbv³KiY I
my¯úóKi‡Y MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi
e¨envi
Awa‡ekb- 3 : wkLb m¶gZvi ˆewP‡Î¨i AeZviYvq `jxq
KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y
Awa‡ekb- 4 : wkLb m¶gZvi ˆewP‡Î¨i AeZviYvi Rb¨
ewa©Z Kvh©µg
Awa‡ekb- 5 : AMÖMwZ cwiex¶Y I AR©b wbY©q
Awa‡ekb- 6 : ICT wel‡q †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_x©i
AvMÖn m„wó
Awa‡ekb- 7 : ICT wel‡q AYywkÿY

59
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

60
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 1

†kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi m¤úwK©Z Ávb I

`¶Zvi cÖ‡qv‡M m¶g K‡i †Zvjv
f~wgKv
wcwm (PC) ev cv‡mv©bvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii aviYvUvB Ggb †h, GKRb Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix
e¨w³MZfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡i ¯^vej¤^x _vK‡e| AZGe, cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwk¶Yv_©x
Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Ggbfv‡e wkL‡e †h, GKv GKv Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡i †m h‡_ó `¶ I
m¶g n‡e| GB †¶‡Î e¨envwiK K¬vm¸‡jv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨envwiK K¬v‡mB
cÖwk¶Yv_©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Ges i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi mvwe©K aviYv AR©b Ki‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 †kªwYi Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii myweav m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kw¤úDUvi i¶Yv‡e¶Y m¤ú‡K© avibv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iqvi, md&UIqvi I Avbylw½K DcKiY m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
1| cÖwk¶Yv_x© eÜziv Avmyb wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wPšÍv Kwi|
2| Avcbvi wPšÍv¸‡jv WvBix‡Z wjwce× Kiæb|
3| cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Avcbvi gZvgZ wgwj‡q †`Lyb|

ce©- L: †kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq

 nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨vi Ges Avbylw½K DcKi‡Yi weeiY
1| wk¶v_©x eÜziv Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq nvW©Iq¨vi I md&Iq¨vi m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiæb|
2| Kg©cÎ 7-1.1 e¨venvi Kiæb|

61
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

3| wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi Dci Wv‡qix‡Z wjLyb|

 nvW©Iq¨vi
 md&UIq¨vi
 Avbylw½K DciKY|

7| cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Avcbvi gZvgZ hvPvB Kiæb|

 nvW©Iq¨vi:
Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ,gwbUi, ¯‹¨vbvi, g‡Wg, gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i
 md&UIq¨vi:
Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbvi Rb¨ mnvqK †cÖvMÖvg, †hgb-IqvW© cÖ‡mwms,
md&UIq¨vi, †¯cÖWmxU, MÖvwd· md&UIq¨vi BZ¨vw`|
 Avbylw½K DcKiY:
Kw¤úDUvi †Uwej, †Pqvi, †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi mvnvh¨ A_ev
†gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM, cÖ‡qvRbxq
KwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqvK©|

ce©- M: †kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUv‡ii DB‡ÛvR

 bfvBib‡g›U msµvšÍ wKQz mvaviY Ávb I `¶Zvi weeiY
8| wk¶v_x eÜziv Kg©cÎ- 7-1.2 e¨envi Kiæb|

Kg©cÎ- 7-1.1
wb‡gœi †Uwe‡ji k㸇jv j¶¨ Kiæb| Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi m¤úwK©Z wKQz bvg D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
Avcwb wK G¸‡jv wb‡gœi ZvwjKv Abyhvqx Avjv`v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb? Avcwb B”Qv Ki‡j
ZvwjKvq AviI kã mshy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Virtual learning environment, Electronic message board, Integrated

virtual bearing environment, Networking, E-mail, Microsoft word,
Windows 2000, Digital camera, Adobe Photoshop, Multimedia projector,
Webcam, Mouse, Keyboard, Printer, Scanner, Speaker.

62
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Kvh©KvwiZv I‡qe wbf©i Kvh©KvwiZv I‡qe wbf©i bq

63
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 2

wk¶v_©x‡K Zvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ DB‡ÛvR m¤úwK©Z wb‡gœi welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Aek¨B Rvbv
DwPr-

 Windows and its components

 Desktop
 Taskbar
 Start menu
 Minimize/Maximize/Close buttons
 My Computer

hLb wk¶v_©x gvDm e¨envi Ki‡e ZLb Zv‡K †jdU evUb Pvc‡j wK nq, ivBU evUb
Pvc‡j wK nq, `y‡Uv evUb GKmv‡_ Pvc‡j wK nq Zv Rvb‡Z n‡e|

†kªwb‡Z KvR Ki‡Z †h‡nZz wk¶v_©x‡K †U· GwWUi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †m‡nZz Zv‡K
AšÍZ: wbgœwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e-

 Highlight
 Copy/Cut and Paste text
 Standard and Formatting toolbars
 Save and/or Save As
 Print command

Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j wk¶v_©x‡K †h‡nZz dvBj wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e ‡m‡nZz
wk¶v_©x‡K wb‡gœi wel‡q Ávbv©Rb Ki‡Z n‡e-

 bZzb †dvìvi evbv‡bv|

 GK †dvìvi n‡Z Ab¨ †dvìv‡i dvBj Kwc Kiv|
 dvBj Drag I Drop Kiv|
 wewfbœ ai‡Yi dvBj evbv‡bv|
 eûj e¨eüZ dvBj ev G¨vcwj‡Kkb¸wji kU©KvU ˆZwi Kiv|
 dvBj e¨e¯’vcbvq nvW© wW¯‹, †cBb WªvBf e¨envi Kiv |
 dvBj ev †dvìv‡ii bvg cwieZ©b Kiv|
 dvBj ev †dvìvi gy‡Q †djv|
 wimvB‡Kj web (Recycle bin) Gi gva¨‡g cy‡iv‡bv dvBj Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|

wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z Zv Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y msµvšÍ Kv‡R wb‡gœi `ywU wel‡q
Aek¨B Ávb _vKv AZ¨vek¨Kxq-

64
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvBivm msµvšÍ- wKfv‡e Gw›UfvBivm mdUIqvi BbmUj Kiv hvq Ges
Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
 DB‡Ûv‡Ri wm‡÷g Uyjm& e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e wW¯‹ wWd«vM‡g›U Ki‡Z nq|

GQvovI I‡qe GbfvBib‡g‡›U KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv‡K wb‡gœi welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b
Ki‡Z n‡e-

 ISP
 URL
 Web site
 Home page
 Bookmark
 Search Engine

Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jvi evB‡i hw` Avcwb wKQz Rvbv we‡kl Riƒix g‡b K‡ib Zvn‡j Zv
wb‡gœi Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb-

g~j welq we¯ÍvwiZ welq

65
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 1

g~j wkLbxq welq

†kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi m¤úwK©Z Ávb

I `¶Zvi cÖ‡qv‡M m¶g K‡i †Zvjv

eZ©gvb hy‡M wk¶vi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi µgk †e‡o P‡j‡Q| G‡Z e¨envwiK wk¶vi
 ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cv‡”Q| Avi G Rb¨B Kw¤úDUvi welq Aa¨qbiZ cÖwZwU wk¶v_©xi wbR¯^
Kw¤úDUvi _vKv Avek¨K| wk¶v_©x‡`i K¬v‡m Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ GKwU wfbœ
Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m¤cbœ Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| AvaywbK myweav ms‡hvRb K‡i
cÖwZwU wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b GwU cvV¨m~wPi AšÍf~©³ Kiv DwPZ| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb cÖwZwU
wk¶v_©xB GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i GKKfv‡e e‡m Zvi welq¸wj KivqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cix¶vMvi ev j¨v‡e B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKkbmn AZ¨vek¨Kxq nvW©Iq¨vi Ges md&UIq¨vi _vKv

evÃbxq| †gvU K_v j¨v‡ei cwi‡ek Aek¨B wk¶v_©x‡`i fxlYfv‡e AvK„óKvix n‡Z n‡e|
j¶¨Yxq †h, j¨v‡e ¯^v¯’¨nvbxKviK hš¿cvwZi Ae¯’v Abwf‡cÖZ| GQvovI j¨v‡e a~gcvb I
LvIqv-`vIqv eR©bxq nIqv DwPZ| j¨v‡ei wfZi a~jvwenxb I cwi‡ek kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z
nIqv hyw³hy³| GwU m¤¢e bv n‡j cøvw÷‡Ki g¨vU ¯’vcb K‡i a~jvevwjg~³ Ges A‡c¶vK…Z
kxZj ivLvi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUv‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U DB‡ÛvR _vKv fvj| Z‡e Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU AwdmI Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| GQvovI Mvb, K_v BZ¨vw` †iKW© Kiv
Ges †kvbvi Rb¨ wgDwRK GwWwUs Ges †iKwW©s mdUIq¨vi _vK‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡bU
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKkb _vKv DwPr Ges I‡qi mvBU eªvBwRs Gi Rb¨ B›Uv‡bU
G·‡cøvivi _vK‡Z n‡e| Qwe m¤^wjZ wK¬c-AvU© †cÖvMÖvg wk¶v_©xi Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Kiv
_vK‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z wk¶v_©x Zv‡`i WKz‡g›U G cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx G¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †jLwPÎ, evi MÖvd, cvB-PvU© BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi MÖvwd·
mdUIq¨vi _vK‡Z cv‡i|

g~j¨vqb
 1. Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z K¬vm iæ‡g wK wK nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨vi
cÖ‡qvRb?
2. K‡¶i Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z nIqvi Rb¨ wK wK Kiv DwPZ?

66
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BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 2

wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv mbv³KiY I my¯úóKi‡Y

MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi e¨envi

f~wgKv
AvBwmwU wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i GKwU my¯úó aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| eZ©gv‡b wk¶v_©x‡`i wbKU
AvBmwU A‡bKUv A¯úó, msw¶ß I RwUj| ZvB AvBwmwU‡K mnR‡eva¨ I MÖnYxq Kivi
cvkvcvwk we`¨gvb aviYvi mbv³ KiY I g~j¨vqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡Z mwVK aviYv cÖ`v‡b
cieZ©x‡Z KiYxq wbe©vPb mnR n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v_©x‡`i AwR©Z Ávb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv mbv³ Ki‡Yi wewfbœ Dcvq wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB wK?
1| cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi AwfgZ WvBix‡Z wjwce× Kiæb|
2| cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Avcbvi gZvgZ hvPvB Kiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
cÖvwšÍK g~j¨hvPvB wK?
ICT wk¶Y I wkL‡b g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB
wk¶v_©x‡`i `¶Zv hvPvB, cv‡Vi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB BZ¨vw`‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv
iv‡L| cvV`v‡bi ïiæ‡Z A_ev gvSvgvwS mg‡q GB ai‡bi g~j¨hvPvB Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
GwU wk¶K‡K Zvi cieZ©x cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| GwU AvbyôvwbK
I AbvbyôvwbK Dfq fv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i| GKRb wk¶K wb‡RB wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡Kb wZwb
wK AvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡eb bvwK AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨hvPvB Ki‡eb| c~‡e© cÖkœcÎ
ˆZix K‡i g~j¨hvPvB GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K AbvbyôvwbK
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î Zvr¶wYK wk¶Ydj cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î hw`I mKj
wk¶v_©x Zv‡`i c~Y© `¶Zv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

67
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

MvVwbK g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi ‡¶‡Î †h KvR †`qv n‡e Zv cv‡Vi ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wKbv,
KvRwU m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i cwi¯‹vi avibv Av‡Q wKbv, ‡h ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ KvRwU wba©viY
Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ KvRwUi fvlv I MvwYwZK `¶Zv mwVK n‡q‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw`
wk¶K‡K m¤ú~Y© fv‡e †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e|

ce©- L: wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv mbv³Ki‡Yi Dcvq

 1| G c‡e© wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv mbv³Ki‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wewfbœ D`vniY Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2| Avcbvi Dc¯’vwcZ D`vniY m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ Rvbvi †Póv Kiæb|
3| wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖ`Ë DËi¸wj we‡kølY Kiæb|

ce©- M: wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv my¯úóKi‡Yi c×wZ


1| G ch©v‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i 4/5 Rb K‡i MÖƇc wef³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2| GZ`&msµvšÍ wewfbœ cªkœ Kiæb Ges Zuv‡`i `jMZ DËi AvnŸvb Kiæb|
3| cÖ`Ë DËi¸wj msKwjZ K‡i wjwce× Kiæb|
4| †mk‡bi Dcmsnvi Uvbyb Ges †mk‡b DwjøwLZ mKj wel‡qi Dci Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q G welqwU cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Rvbvb|

68
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Kg©cÎ- 7-2.1

wb‡P ICT msµvšÍ wKQz msÁv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| †Kvb msÁv¸wj mswkøó wel‡qi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z Zv wPwýZ Kiæb| G QvovI Avcbvi g‡Z AviI msÁv _vK‡j Zv wjwce× Kiæb
Ges Zv cÖ`Ë †Uwe‡j nuv ev bv †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiæb|

1| wk¶v gv‡bB ICT wk¶v|

2| ICT wk¶v G mg‡qi Pvwn`v|

3| ICT wk¶v Z_¨ cÖhyw³, †Uwj‡dvb cÖhyw³ Ges WvUv †bUIqvwK©s cÖhyw³i GKxf~Ziƒc|
4| ICT wk¶v Avgv‡`i‡K AZx‡Z wbgw¾Z K‡i|
5| ICT ej‡Z gvby‡li wbw`ªZ Ae¯’v eySvq
6| `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b ICT wk¶vi f~wgKv Acwimxg|
7| ICT ej‡Z Information and Computer Technology eySvq|
8| ICT ej‡Z Information and Communication Technology eySvq|

µwgK mZ¨ wg_¨v

1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|

69
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 7-2.2
wb‡gœ wKQz Qwe Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| Qwe¸‡jv †`‡L wk¶v_x©‡`i wb‡Pi Q‡Ki k~b¨¯’vb c~iY
Ki‡Z ejyb |

Qwe- 1 Qwe- 2

Qwe- 3 Qwe- 4

Qwe- 5 Qwe- 6

70
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Qwe QwewU wK AvBwmwU msµvšÍ DËi n¨vu n‡j †Kb?

Qwe- 1

Qwe- 2

Qwe- 3

Qwe- 4

Qwe- 5

Qwe- 6

71
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 2

g~j wkLbxq welq

wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv kbv³KiY I my¯úóKi‡Y
MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi e¨envi

ICT wk¶v mymsnZ mgvR MVb I Dbœq‡bi GKwU gReyZ nvwZqvi| ICT wk¶vi gva¨‡g
 DbœZ Rxeb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I RvZxq ¯^v_© msi¶Y Kiv m¤¢e| ICT wek¦‡K nv‡Zi
gy‡Vvq G‡b‡Q| ICT wk¶vi gva¨‡g wek¦‡K Rvbv GLb GKwU AwZ mnR wel‡q cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| ICT welqK cÖPwjZ aviYvq wKQz åvwšÍ i‡q‡Q| G wel‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvÜvZv Avg‡ji wPšÍv-†PZbv| GwU MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î wKQz †MvovgxI i‡q‡Q|
AviI i‡q‡Q GZ`msµvšÍ hvwš¿K wfwZ|

ICT wk¶v n‡”Q g~jZ Information and Communication Technology e¨env‡ii

wk¶v jvf| wk¶v jv‡fi †¶‡Î ICT-Gi e¨envi wK Avgv‡`i Rvbv Avi wK Avgv‡`i bv
Rvbv †m wel‡q aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Áv‡bi gvb`Û MÖw_Z K‡i‡Q|

wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨gvb aviYv mbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡b¥v³ welq¸‡jvi Dci cÖkœ Kiv DwPr-

 wk¶v_©xiv ICT Uzjm& m¤ú‡K© avibv iv‡L wKbv|

 wk¶v_©xiv ICT Uzjm& Gi e¨envi Rv‡b wKbv|
 wewfbœ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i avibv Av‡Q wKbv Ges Zv wKfv‡e Acv‡iU,
KbwdMvi Ges KvógvBR Ki‡Z nq Zv Rv‡b wK bv|
 wKfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY Avbylw½K hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
 wKfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
 wk¶v‡¶‡Î ICT Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
 wPwKrmv ‡¶‡Î ICT Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
 e¨emvq ‡¶‡Î ICT Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|

72
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j¨vqb
 1| ICT m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi c~‡e©i aviYv Kx wQj?

2| eZ©gv‡b ICT ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?

3| Avcbvi g‡Z ICT wk¶v Kx? eY©bv Kiæb|
4| ICT wk¶v jv‡fi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?

73
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 3

wkLb m¶gZvi ˆewP‡Î¨i AeZviYvq `jxq KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y

f~wgKv
`jxq KvR wk¶v_©x‡`i wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖn evovq Ges ci¯úi mn‡hvMxZv wkLb‡K mnR
I Zivwb¥Z K‡i| AvBwmwU wel‡qi `jxq KvRmg~n AvBwmwU wk¶‡Yi cwiwa‡K we¯ÍvwiZ
K‡i| B‡gBj, dvBj †kqvwis BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jvi `jxq cÖ‡Póv wk¶v_©x‡`i AvBwmwU
aviYv‡K A‡bK †ekx m¤úó I `¶ K‡i Zz‡j|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 `jxq KvR m¤ú‡K© eY©bv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mZx_© wk¶Y wK? †mB m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ: wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b G Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbv Kv‡R mnvqZv Kivi cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i

†cv÷vi †ccvi I gvK©vi †cb m‡½ Avb‡Z n‡e|

ce©mg~n

ce©- K: `jxq KvR m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ w`K Dc¯’vcb

74
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv wb‡Pi `jxq Kv‡Ri wPÎwU j¶ Kiæb| GwU `jxqfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii
KvR Kivi Qwe|
Qwe‡Z `„k¨gvb e¨w³iv wK Ki‡Qb? e¨w³M‡Yi m‡½ Zuv‡`i e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZi Kvh©KiY
m¤ú‡K©i eY©bv Avcbvi Wv‡qix‡Z wjwce× Kiæb|

ce©- L: mZx_© wk¶Y m¤úwK©Z eY©bv Dc¯’vcb

 1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv wb‡æi welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiæb I Wv‡qix‡Z wjLyb|
 mZx_© wk¶Y Kx?
 mZx_© wk¶‡Yi e¨w³MZ I †ckvMZ mydj Kx?
2| 4 ev 5 Rb wb‡q MwVZ MÖæc¸wj‡K g‡a¨ mZx_© wk¶Y welqK †cv÷vi ‡ei Ki‡Z
ejyb| cÖ‡Z¨K MÖæc‡K gvK©vi †cb w`‡q GZ`wel‡q Zuv‡`i aviYvmg~n †cv÷v‡i
wjwce× Ki‡Z ejyb|
3| MÖƇci KvR j¶¨ Kiæb, †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b civgk© w`b ev mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
4| MÖæc¸wj‡K Zuv‡`i †cv÷vimg~n cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z ejyb Ges Avcbvi MÖæc¸wj‡K †cv÷vi
†`‡L †mLv‡b wjwce×K…Z wewfbœ ˆewkó¨mg~n wjwce× Ki‡Z ejyb|
5| †cv÷v‡ii wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wel‡qi AeZviY NwU‡q G c‡e©i mgvwß Uvbyb|

ce©- M: `jxq KvR I mZx_© wk¶Y wel‡q †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb

 1| `jxq KvR Kx?
2| mZx_© wk¶Y ej‡Z wK eySvq? Dc‡iv³ cÖkœ¸wji Dˇi cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv wK e‡jb?
3| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i †`qv mgMÖ DËi¸wj MÖnY Kiæb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶Y g~j¨vqb: [GwU wbM~pfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y I cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢e ]
 cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv G †mkb n‡Z wK Rvb‡jb?
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Av‡jvPbvq mwµqZv †Kgb wQj?
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i cÖ‡kœvˇii gvb †Kgb wQj?

75
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

wb‡`©kbvg~jK KvR:
1| `jxq KvR I mZx_© wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© msÁv wbiæcY|
2| Kg©c‡Î DwjøwLZ aviYvi m‡½ Avcbvi c~‡e©i aviYvi wgj Av‡Q wK bv?
3| g~L¨ †bvU co–b Ges Gi Dci n‡Z cv‡i Ggb cÖkœ m¤úwK©Z DËi wbR cvV¨MÖƇci
m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

76
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wb‡`©wkZ KvR- 7-3.1

(Directed Study)

j¶¨:
`jxq KvR Ges mZx_© wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

msMVb I c×wZ:
cÖ_gZt cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K Av`©k `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zb¥‡a¨ cÖwZwU `j †_‡K GKRb
`j‡bZv wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K `j KvR Kivi aviv I wb‡`©kbvmg~n wb‡RivB w¯’i
K‡i wb‡eb Ges cÖwZwU `j Zv‡`i KvR m¤úv`b K‡i GKwU Kgb mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡e|
`j‡bZv wk¶K cÖwk¶K‡K cÖwZ‡e`b msMÖn Ki‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx:
wb‡gœi avcmg~n AbymiY K‡i cÖwZwU `j Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡eb|

1. MwYZ wk¶vq AvBwmwUi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

2. imvqb wk¶vq AvBwmwUi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
3. Bmjvg ag© wk¶vq AvBwmwUi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
4. †Ljvayjvq AvBwmwUi e¨envi wb‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
5. cieZx© wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b mZx_©‡`i mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

77
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 7-3.1
`jxq KvR:
 GKwU MÖæc ej‡Z me©wbgœ wZb R‡bi mgvnvi‡K eySvq|
 †QvU MÖæc ej‡Z Kgc‡¶ wZb Ges †ekx †¶‡Î evi ev c‡bi R‡bi mgvnvi‡K eySvq|
 AwZ eo MÖæ‡ci m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ mve©¶wYK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kvb mgm¨v †bB|
 MÖƇci †Kvb wbw`©ó MšÍe¨ †bB|

mZx_© wk¶Y:
 mZx_© wk¶Y mvaviYZ mZx_© wUDUwis eySvq|
 mZx_© wk¶Y-Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv Ávb Av`vb-cÖ`vb, aviYv Ges AwfÁZv
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ mÂvwjZ Ki‡Z cvwi|
 mZx_© wk¶Y-Gi †Zgb †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
 wk¶vi †¶‡Î mZx_© wk¶vi Ae`vb Acwimxg|

Dc‡ii Z_¨¸wj mwVK wKbv Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K mwbœ‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|

µwgK mZ¨ wg_¨v

1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
7|
8|

78
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 3

g~j wkLbxq welq

wkLb m¶gZvi ˆewP‡Î¨i AeZviYvq`jxq
KvR, mZx_© wk¶Y

`jxq KvR ej‡Z mw¤§wjZ KvR‡K eySvq| †QvU `j ej‡Z wZb, evi R‡bi mgvnvi‡K
 eySvq| j¶Yxq †h, †QvU `‡ji m`m¨‡`i wb‡R‡`i gv‡S mve©¶wYK †hvMv‡hvM ivLv m¤¢e
n‡jI eo `‡ji m`m¨‡`i gv‡S Zv Kiv †gv‡UI m¤¢e bq| `jMZ Kv‡Ri mdjZv ev
e¨_©Zv †Kvb GKR‡bi Dci eZ©vq bv, †h‡nZz mK‡jB G cÖwµqvi m‡½ mshy³ _v‡Kb|

GKwU Kvh©Ki `jxq Kv‡Ri we‡eP¨ welqmgyn-

 `jxq ¸Yvejx wPwýZKiY Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K `jxq Kv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
AewnZKiY|
 `jxq KvR †`qvi c~‡e© wk¶v_©x‡`i G ai‡bi c~e© AwfÁZv Av‡Q wKbv Zv †R‡b Zv
†_‡K cÖvß AwfÁZv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv|
 `jxq Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ I myweavmg~n wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Rvbv‡bv hv‡Z K‡i
wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶bdj cy‡ivcywi AwR©Z nq|
 `jxq KvR †`qvi c~‡e© wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ Ges wbqgvejx m¤ú‡K© AewnZ
Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡K †KD GKK fv‡e KvR bv K‡i mK‡j wg‡j mgwš^Zfv‡e KvRwU m¤úbœ
K‡i|
 `‡ji m`m¨ msL¨v mvaviYZ: 3-5 R‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivL‡Z n‡e|
 `jxq KvR ïiæi c~‡e© Ggb mgq w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i `‡ji mKj m`m¨ G‡K A‡b¨i
m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
 `jxq KvR †`qvi c~‡e© `‡ji mK‡j wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e Zvi Dci avibv w`‡Z n‡e|
†hgb: `j ‰Zix wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e, `‡ji m`m¨‡`i `vwqZ¡ Ges wbqgvejx wK n‡e,
wKfv‡e KvRwU‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq, `‡ji †bZv n‡e, `‡ji mgq †K i¶v Ki‡e,
wi‡cvU© †K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e BZ¨vw`

79
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

mZx_© wk¶YI GKwU †hŠ_ e¨e¯’v hvi gva¨‡g GKvwa‡Ki GK m‡½ KvR Kiv‡K eySvq|
eZ©gvb hy‡M wk¶vi †¶‡Î mZx_© wk¶Y e¨e¯’vi GKwU eo f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| G e¨e¯’vq
A‡b‡Ki mgwš^Z †Póvi ewntcÖ‡qvM N‡U| hvi d‡j †Kvb GKR‡bi e¨e¯’vcÎ Kvh©Kix bv
n‡jI Kv‡iv bv Kv‡iv e¨e¯’vcÎ Aek¨B Kvh©Kix Ges hyw³MÖvn¨ n‡e|

wb‡gœ mZx_© wk¶Y m¤úwK©Z wKQz Qwe Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-

g~j¨vqb
 1| Avcbvi g‡Z `jxq KvR Kx? eY©bv Kiæb|
2| mZx_© wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx?
3| mZx_© wk¶Y m¤úwK©Z Dc‡iv³ Qwe¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gZvgZ wK?

80
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 4

wkLb m¶gZvi ˆewP‡Î¨i AeZviYvi Rb¨ ewa©Z Kvh©µg

f~wgKv
AvBmwUwi e¨envi A‡bK we¯Z…Z I e¨cK| ZvB wk¶v_©x‡`i GB e¨vcKZv Abyave‡bi Rb¨
ewa©Z Kvh©µg LyeB djcÖmy n‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva‡g wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i wewfbœ
welq¸‡jvi Z_¨ mÜvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †`kx we‡`kx wewfbœ ¯‹z‡ji I‡qe mvBW †_‡K DbœZ
wk¶v e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| wewfbœ Drm‡e `vIqvZcÎ Dcnvi KvW© ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GB mKj ewa©Z Kvh©µg wk¶v_©x‡`i `¶Zv evovq I Avcb m¶gZv m¤ú‡K© wek¦vmx
K‡i †Zv‡j|

D‡×k¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ewa©K Kvhµg m¤ú‡K© aviYv c‡eb|
 wkLb m¶gZvi ˆewP‡Îi AeZviYvi Rb¨ ewa©Z Kvh©µ‡g e¨envwiK AskMÖn‡Y AvMÖnx
n‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ewa©Z KvR m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ w`K Dc¯’vcb
 1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i m¤§y‡L AvBwmwU wbf©i wKQz ewa©Z Kv‡Ri wPÎ Dc¯’vcb Kiæb| †hgb:
wb‡Pi QwewU

Qwe‡Z `„k¨gvb wk¶v_©xiv wK Ki‡Qb? Zv‡`i cwi‡e‡k I KvR m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`b|

81
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

2| ewa©Z Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i wewfbœ D`vnib w`b| †hgb: ewa©Z KvR wn‡m‡e
wk¶v_©xiv Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i Mí wjL‡Q Ges D³ M‡íi Rb¨ Zviv cÖ‡qvRbxq
Qwe B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K Lyu‡R Zv M‡íi g‡a¨ e¨envi Ki‡Q BZ¨vw`|

ce©- L: ewa©Z Kvh©µg m¤úwK©Z eY©bv Dc¯’vcb

 1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i ewa©Z Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM w`b|
 ewa©Z Kvh©µg Kx?
 ewa©Z Kvh©µ‡gi mydj Kx?
2| 4 ev 5 Rb wb‡q MwVZ MÖæc¸wj‡K ewa©Z Kvh©µg welqK †cv÷vi ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb|
cÖ‡Z¨K MÖæc‡K gvK©vi †cb w`‡q GZ`wel‡q Zuv‡`i aviYvmg~n †cv÷v‡i wjwce×
Ki‡Z ejyb|
3| MÖæ‡ci KvR j¶¨ Kiæb, †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b civgk© w`b ev mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
4| MMÖæc¸wj‡K Zuv‡`i †cv÷vimg~n cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z ejyb Ges G‡K A‡b¨i wjwce×K…Z
wewfbœ ˆewkó¨mg~n wjwce× Ki‡Z ejyb|
5| †cv÷v‡ii wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wel‡qi AeZviYv NwU‡q G c‡e©i mgvwß Uvbyb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶Y g~j¨vqb: [GwU wbM~pfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y I cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢e}
 cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv G †mkb n‡Z wK Rvb‡jb?
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Av‡jvPbvq mwµqZv †Kgb wQj?
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i cÖ‡kœvˇii gvb †Kgb wQj?

82
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wb‡`©wkZ KvR- 1
(Directed Study)
j¶¨:
 ewa©Z Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki g~`ªvi gvb Rvbv|
 MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv|

msMVb I c×wZ:

cÖ_gZt cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K Av`©k `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zb¥‡a¨ cÖwZwU `j †_‡K GKRb
`j‡bZv wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K `j KvR Kivi aviv I wb‡`©kbvmg~n wb‡RivB w¯’i
K‡i wb‡eb Ges cÖwZwU `j Zv‡`i KvR m¤úv`b K‡i GKwU Kgb mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡e|
`j‡bZv wk¶K cÖwk¶K‡K cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx:

wb‡gœi avcmg~n Abymib K‡i cÖwZwU `j Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡eb|

1| wewfbœ I‡qe mvBU e¨envi K‡i evsjv‡`kx 1000 UvKvq BDGm Wjv‡i KZ nq,
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88
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 Course Evaluation Module

 Instruction Strategy Module

g~j¨vqb
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91
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96
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wKbv|

Avwg †g‡q‡`i ICT, MwYZ I

weÁv‡b fvj Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kwi|

Avwg mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb

c×wZ‡Z wek¦vm Kwi, ZvB K‡Vvi I
euvavaiv k„s•Ljvi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb
†bB|
†g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †h me wk¶v_©x eo
Ges †jLv-covq fvj Ki‡Q
Zv‡`i‡K w`‡q Rywbqi †g‡q‡`i
†kLv‡bvi Kv‡R jvwM‡q †`B|
Avwg K¬v‡mi me wk¶v_©x‡K wbR wbR
gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †`B Ges g~j
cwVZe¨ wel‡q mdj n‡Z mvnvh¨
Kwi|

97
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 6

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_©xi AvMÖn m„wó

ICT wel‡qi Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i mvg¨ i¶v:


ICT wel‡q Ô†Q‡j‡`i KvR/†g‡q‡`i KvRÕ e‡j †Kvb we‡f` †bB| mvgvwRKfv‡e m„ó

†hme Kv‡R †Q‡j-†g‡q we‡f` Kiv n‡q _v‡K, ICT wel‡q Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| weÁvb I
cÖhyw³ mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e DcKvix| GB wel‡q Ávb jvf Kiv mK‡ji mgvb
AwaKvi| ZvQvov †g‡q‡`i‡K wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mxgve× K‡i ivL‡j Zviv
mvgMÖxKfv‡e ICT-i mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges Zv‡`i wkLb Am¤c~Y© i‡q hv‡e|
GKvi‡Y ICT wel‡qi mKj Kv‡R †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i mgvb AskMÖn‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z
n‡e| Zv‡`i‡K †Q‡j-†g‡q mgš^‡q `j MVb K‡i GKmv‡_ KvR K‡i wkL‡b Drmvn w`‡Z
n‡e| ICT welq mswkøó mKj KvR †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i w`‡q cvjvµ‡g m¤úv`b Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z n‡e|

wk¶K ev ¯‹zj KZ©„c¶ A‡bK mgq ARv‡šÍB Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i e¨vcv‡i
wKQy Mreuvav KvR K‡i _v‡Kb, †hgb:

 cÖk-œ Dˇii †¶‡Î †g‡q‡`i †P‡q †Q‡j‡`i cÖvavb¨ †`qv;

 †g‡q‡`i cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZv KvR Ges †Q‡j‡`i hš¿cvwZi KvR †`qv;
 fyj Dˇii Rb¨ †g‡q‡`i mgv‡jvPbv Kiv;
 mwVK Dˇi ev Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Q‡j‡`i cyi¯‹…Z Kiv, wKš‘ †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î Zv memgq bv
Kiv;
 †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i †ekx `vwqZ¡ †`qv;

98
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 c¶cvZ`yó cvV¨eB I Ab¨vb¨ wkLb DcKiY e¨envi Kiv|

wKš‘ wkL‡b †g‡q-†Q‡j we‡f` ev ˆelg¨ †bB| †Q‡jiv memgq †g‡q‡`i †P‡q eyw×gvb ev
†g‡qiv †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q Kg wkL‡Z cv‡i, G aviYv wVK bq| Rb¥ MÖn‡Yi mgq †Q‡j I
†g‡qiv mgvb ¶gZv wb‡q Av‡m| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z mgvR m„ó †RÛvi ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK
†¶‡ÎB †g‡qiv Zv‡`i mnRvZ †gav I ¶gZv nvwi‡q †d‡j| GKvi‡Y ICT welq wk¶‡Y
†Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i Kv‡R †Kvb we‡f` Kiv hv‡e bv| eis †Q‡j Ges †g‡qiv †hb GKB mv‡_
mgvb AvMÖn wb‡q ICT welqe¯‘ AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jv‡Z hZœevb n‡Z n‡e:

 ICT wel‡qi K¬v‡m †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i wgwj‡q `j MVb K‡i w`‡q `jxqfv‡e wkL‡b
DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 `j‡bZv wbe©vP‡b cvjvµ‡g ‡Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wb‡Z n‡e;
 Kw¤úDUvi K¶ cwi¯‹vi Ges hš¿cvwZ wb‡q mKj KvR mKj wk¶v_©x cvjvµ‡g Ki‡e;
 ICT welqK wk¶v-DcKiY e¨env‡ii mgq wk¶K †g‡q-†Q‡j Dfq wk¶v_©xi mgvb
mn‡hvMxZv †b‡eb;
 wcwQ‡qcov †g‡q‡`i GwM‡q wb‡Z Ges Zv‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z wbqwgZfv‡e
†g‡q‡`i Øviv †bZ„Z¡g~jK KvR Kiv‡eb;
 †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi fyj Ki‡j KvD‡KB (†Q‡j ev †g‡q) j¾v bv w`‡q mn‡hvMxZvi
gva¨‡g fyj ms‡kvab K‡i w`‡Z n‡e;
 †kªwY‡Z ev j¨ve‡iUix‡Z Ô†Q‡j‡`i KvRÕ ev Ô†g‡q‡`i KvRÕ e‡j †Kvb KvR‡K c„_K
Kiv hv‡e bv| eis ch©vqµ‡g †g‡q I †Q‡j‡K GKB KvR Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z n‡e|

99
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ICT wel‡qi wk¶vµg I wkLb DcKi‡Y †Q‡j-†g‡q mvg¨ i¶v:

A‡bK mgq Avgv‡`i wk¶vµ‡g ev wkLb DcKi‡Y Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e Kzms¯‹vi ev ˆelg¨

wPwýZ n‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i f~wgKv ev wfbœ †cÖ¶vcU I ¶gZv m¤úbœ
gvbyl †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| A_P †g‡q-†Q‡j mevi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mgvb
cÖwZfv I mvgvwRK `¶Zv| Kv‡RB Avgv‡`i wk¶vµg I wk¶-DcKiY hZ †ewk wewfbœ
†cÖ¶vcU I ¶gZv m¤úbœ ev ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mevi K_v mgvbfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡e ZZB
Zv mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e Ges me wk¶v_©xi Rxe‡bi m‡½ cÖvmw½K n‡e|

we‡klZ: Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †g‡q‡`i f~wgKv wb‡q bvbv weZK© i‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ aviYvi Kvi‡Y
A‡bK mgq †g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j hvIqv‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i Zv‡`i N‡ii Kv‡R †ewk jvMv‡bv
nq| †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ GB ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY Avgv‡`i wk¶v I wkLb DcKi‡YI A‡bK
†¶‡Î cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| hLb †g‡qiv †`‡L †h cvV¨ cy¯Í‡K †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i
Kg mwµq †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q ZLb Zv Zv‡`i Ae‡PZb g‡b cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e KwVb welq †hgb MwYZ, weÁvb ev ICT wel‡q †g‡qiv Lvivc dj Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †g‡q‡`i aviYv n‡Z cv‡i Gme welq Zv‡`i Rb¨ bq eis G¸‡jv †Q‡j‡`i welq|
GRb¨ wk¶vµg cÖYq‡b wj½ mgZv Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

ICT wkL‡b †RÛvi m‡PZbZv cÖwZdjb:

†g‡q‡`i‡K ¯‹z‡j mvejw¤^ n‡Z †Q‡j‡`i gZ mgvb my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| GR‡b¨ wk¶Ke„›`
Ges ¯‹z‡ji cÖkvmK‡`i wb‡Pi welqmg~n we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e:

1| wkLb DcKi‡Y †Kvb ai‡Yi †RÛvi c¶cvwZZ¡ (Bias) _vK‡j Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î e¨w³ wk¶K‡K we‡klfv‡e m‡PZb n‡Z I D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| c¶cvZ`yó
wkLb mvgMÖx wPwýZ K‡i Zv †Kb c¶cvZ`yó G wb‡q †kÖwY‡Z GKwU MVbg~jK
Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡i Zv mgvav‡bi †Póv wb‡Z n‡e|

100
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

2| †g‡qiv evwo‡Z Ni †Mi¯’vwji Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ev †QvU fvB †evb‡`i †`Lv‡kvbv Kivi
Rb¨ mgqvfv‡e K¬v‡m wbqwgZfv‡e Dcw¯’Z bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ GKwU wkw_j
wk¶vµg I ¯^-wb‡`©wkZ wkLb DcKiY Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡`
cwiev‡ii mevB‡K mevi mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z nq, †mRb¨ `wi`ª cwiev‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡qiv
¯‹z‡ji Kv‡R mgq Kg w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ¯‹z‡ji mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ wkLb KvR †kl
Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges evwoi KvR Kivi e¨vcv‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i B”Q-Awb”Qv‡K
¸iZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

3| †ewki fvM we`¨vj‡q wk¶‡Kiv mvaviYZt †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i mv‡_ †ewk
K_v e‡jb, †ewk cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡ib Ges †ewki fvM mgq †Q‡j‡`i †_‡K DËi
MÖnY K‡ib| G‡Z †g‡qiv ax‡iax‡i wb‡R‡`i ¸wU‡q †bq, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ RoZv KvR
K‡i Ges cov‡kvbvq wcwQ‡q c‡o| ZvB j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †Q‡j I †g‡q Df‡qi
Rb¨ GKwU mgZvwfwËK I ev¯ÍegyLx wkLb cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv m¤¢e nq|

G mg¯Í cÖ‡Póvq evev, gv I AwffveK ev cwiPh©vKvix‡`i mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|

GKvi‡Y mn‡hvwMZvi G welqmg~n ¯‹zj KwgwUi mfvq Av‡jvPbv nIqv DwPZ Ges G
msµvšÍ ev¯Íem¤§Z GwU Kg©cwiKíbv _vKv DwPZ| k„•Ljv‡eva ev †RÛvi c¶cvwZ‡Z¡i
welqwU ¯‹zj bxwZgvjvq AšÍf©~³ n‡j ¯‹z‡ji mg¯Í wk¶K I AwffveK Zv Aby‡gv`b Ki‡j
¯‹z‡j †g‡q Ges †Q‡j‡`i mgZv wfwËK wkLb cwi‡ek m„wó n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1| ICT wel‡q †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Ri we‡f` `~i Kiv hvq wKfv‡e?
2| wKfv‡e ICT welq wkL‡b †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_©x‡`i AvMÖnx Kiv hv‡e?
3| ICT welqK wk¶v-DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZ Ges e¨env‡i †Q‡j I †g‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i mgvb
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z wK wK e¨e¯’v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i?
4| ICT wel‡q †kªwY‡Z wk¶Y-wkLb Kv‡R †Q‡j I †g‡q Dfq wk¶v_©x‡`i wKfv‡e
†RÛvi m‡PZb Kiv hvq?

101
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Z_¨m~Î (Reference):

1| GwKf~Z wkLb-evÜe cwi‡ek ‰Zixi †KŠkj mg~n (UzjwKU), BD‡b‡¯‹v XvKv|

2| http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/programs/stere
otypes/.
3| http://www.unescobkk.org/index.php?id=40.

102
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 7

ICT wel‡q AYywkÿY

f~wgKv

GB Awa‡ek‡b ICT welq wk¶‡Y AYywkÿY cÖwµqvq wewfbœ wk¶Y †KŠkj Abykxjb
Ki‡e| cÖwk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbv I mnvqZvq cÖwk¶Yv_©xMb GB wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡e Ges
Zv Abykxjb Ki‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 AYywkÿY aviYv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT welq wk¶‡Y AYywk¶‡Yi †¶Î wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ICT K¬v‡m cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv cvV`vb ch©‡e¶Y I djveZ©b †KŠkj
AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n

 ce©- K: AYywk¶‡Yi aviYv

GB c‡e© cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv Kb‡mÞ g¨vc (gvBÛ g¨vc) c×wZ‡Z AYywk¶‡Yi aviYv wel‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K cÖwk¶K wb‡gœv³ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

1| †ev‡W© ÔAYywkÿYÕ K_vwU wjLyb Ges G wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i aviYv wRÁvmv Kiæb|
2| ÔAYywkÿYÕ K_vwU‡K wN‡i cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i gZvgZ msw¶ßvKv‡i ‡ev‡W© wjLyb|
cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡`i gZvg‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab K‡i wjLyb|
3| Gfv‡e cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i gšÍe¨ Ges g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K AYywk¶‡Yi aviYv
ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

103
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

m¤¢ve¨ DËi: wk¶Y Abykxjb

cÖwµqv

¯^í mg‡q
wk¶Y-djveZ©b-cyYtwk¶Y P‡µ ¯^í cwim‡i
evievi Kiv nq Kiv nq

AYywkÿY

Gi D‡Ïk¨
AwfÁZv AR©b
Kiv, fyj aiv bq

GKwU wbw`©ó
`¶Zv ev †KŠkj
Abykxjb Kiv nq

ce©- L: ICT welq wk¶‡Y AYyk¶‡Yi †¶Î wPwýZKiY


GB c‡e© cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv ICT welq wk¶‡Y wewfbœ cvi`wk©Zv wPwýZ Ki‡e hv Zviv cieZ©x‡Z
AYywkÿY cÖwµqvq Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g AR©b Ki‡e| GB Kv‡R cÖwk¶K wb‡gœv³ wb‡`©kbv
†`‡eb|

1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i 3/4 R‡bi `j MVb K‡i w`b|

2| Kg©cÎ- 7-7.1 cÖ`vb Kiæb Ges KvRwU h_vmg‡q †kl Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`b|

104
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- M: AYywkÿY cÖwµqvq ICT K¬v‡m cvV`vb ch©‡e¶Y I djveZ©b †KŠkj

 AvqZ¡ Kiv

GB c‡e© Kg©cÎ- 7-7.1-G cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv ICT welq wk¶‡Y †h me `¶Zv/cvi`wk©Zv

wPwýZ K‡i‡Q, cÖwk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbvg‡Zv †m¸‡jv †_‡K K‡qKwU wbe©vPb K‡i Zviv
AYywkÿY cÖwµqvq Abykxjb Ki‡e| AvR‡Ki Awa‡ek‡b ICT K¬v‡m ÔcvV †NvlYvÕ Ges
Ô†kªwY‡Z cÖkœ KivÕ †KŠkj Abykxjb Ki‡e| GB Kv‡R cÖwk¶K wb‡gœv³ wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb|

1| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K ICT wel‡qi gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii †h‡Kvb GKwU Aa¨vq wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
ejyb|

2| K‡qKRb cÖwk¶Yv_©xi cÖ‡Z¨K‡K (AšÍtZ 5 Rb‡K) 3 wgwbU mgq w`‡q AYywkÿY

cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i wbe©vwPZ welqwUi cvV †NvlYv Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`b| G mgq †kªwY‡Z
Dchy³ cÖkœ Kivi `¶ZvI cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i‡K Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

3| evwK cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Kg©cÎ- 7-7.2 cÖ`vb K‡i †m Abyhvqx cvV ch©‡e¶Y K‡i
cv‡Vi mej w`K I `ye©j w`K D‡jøL K‡i djveZ©b w`‡Z ejyb|

4| m¤§vbxZ cÖwk¶KI cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© ‡`‡eb|

5| Gevi djveZ©‡bi mv‡c‡¶ c~‡e©i †mB cÖwk¶Yv_©x cybivq AYywkÿY cÖwµqvq cvV`vb
Ki‡eb| Gevi wZwb Zvi `ye©j w`K¸wj ms‡kvab K‡i AviI fv‡jv cvV`v‡bi †Póv
Ki‡eb| GeviI Zv‡K 3 wgwbU mgq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|

6| evwK cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv cybivq Kg©cÎ- 7-7.2 Abyhvqx cvV ch©‡e¶Y K‡i cv‡Vi mej
w`K I `ye©j w`K D‡jøL K‡i djveZ©b †`‡eb|

7| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i GB `yB cv‡Vi Zzjbv Ki‡Z ejyb| Gfv‡e cvV ch©‡e¶Y I

djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv wewfbœ wk¶Y `¶Zv I †KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|

105
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 7-7.1
ICT wk¶‡Y AYywk¶‡Yi †¶Î wbY©q
ICT wel‡q †kªwY‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq GKRb wk¶‡Ki †hme `¶Zv AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g AR©b Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi wKQy ZvwjKv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv| Gi AwZwi³ AviI †hme `¶Zv AR©b Kiv DwPr e‡j
g‡b K‡ib, †m¸‡jv Q‡Ki duvKv N‡i wjLyb|

cvV †NvlYv Kiv wk¶v_©x‡`i `j MVb †evW© e¨envi

†g‡q Ges †Q‡j‡`i mgvb AskMÖnY AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡ikb
B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi `¶Zv MS Word-G Kv‡Ri `¶Zv OHP-e¨envi `¶Zv

Dc‡ii `¶Zv¸‡jv we‡ePbv K‡i †h¸‡jv AR©b Kiv AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ Riæix e‡j g‡b K‡ib
†m¸‡jv ÔAwZ RiæixÕ N‡i, †h¸‡jv Lye kxNÖB AR©b Kiv DwPZ, †m¸‡jv ÔRiæixÕ N‡i Ges †h¸‡jv
wKQyw`b c‡i AR©b Ki‡jI Pj‡e e‡j g‡b K‡ib, †m¸‡jv ÔKg RiæixÕ N‡i wb‡Pi Q‡K web¨vm
Kiæb|

AwZ Riæix Riæix Kg Riæix

106
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Kg©cÎ- 7-7.2
cÖwk¶Yv_©xi AYywk¶‡Yi g~j¨vqb
GKB cÖwk¶Yv_©x-wk¶K `yBevi K‡i AYywkÿY cÖwµqvq cvV`vb Ki‡eb| Zv‡`i `yB wk¶‡Yi
mej w`K I `ye©j w`K wPwýZ K‡i †mB `yB cv‡Vi Zzjbv K‡i †`Lyb Zv‡`i wk¶‡Y KZUv
Dbœqb n‡q‡Q|
cvV-1 cvV-2
mej w`K `ye©j w`K mej w`K `ye©j w`K
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .

`yBwU cv‡Vi Zzjbv

107
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 7

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q AYywkÿY

AYywkÿY
 kvwãK A‡_© AYywkÿY n‡jv ¶`ªvKv‡i msMwVZ wk¶Y cÖwµqv| GwU GKwU we‡kl wk¶K-
cÖwk¶Y cÖwµqv| wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ wk¶v_©x Øviv wk¶K wn‡m‡e wk¶vjv‡fi AbykxjbB nj
AYywkÿY| GKRb wk¶K Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g µgvš^‡q Zuvi cyi‡bv wk¶Y `¶Zvi DKl©
mvab ev bZzb `¶Zvi weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡ib|

AYywkÿY †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v`v‡bi †Kvb c×wZ bq, eis †kªwYK‡¶ †Kvb wel‡qi Ici
cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© `¶ wk¶K ˆZwii GKwU cÖwµqv gvÎ| †kªwYK‡¶ †Kvb wel‡qi Ici
cvV`v‡bi mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv‡K K‡qKwU ¶z`ª ¶z`ª wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨ wef³ Kiv nq| wewfbœ
cÖwk¶Yv_©x-wk¶K ‡mB me ¶z`ª ¶y`ª wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g AR©b K‡i _v‡K|
cÖwk¶Yv_©x-wk¶K c~‡e© wba©vwiZ GKwU cvV ev wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wbw`©ó wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i
Ici cvV cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| Avi wk¶‡Yi mvgwMÖK AvPi‡Yi †h †Kvb GKwU gvB‡µv
ev Aby, †hgb- wk¶v`vbKv‡j wk¶‡Ki cÖKvkfw½, Kɯ^‡ii IVv-bvgv, fvlvi-cÖ‡qvM,
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cÖwµqv cwiPvwjZ nq|

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cÖwk¶‡Y Abykxjb cvV`vb PjvKv‡j GB c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i cÖwZwU AvPiwYK `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb Kiv‡bv nq| G‡Z mvaviYZ
cuvP †_‡K `k R‡bi GKwU ¶z`ª `j MVb Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU wkLb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
wZb †_‡K cuvP wgwbU Abykxj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ mgq wba©vwiZ nq|

108
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

AYywkÿY GKwU Ave©Z ev PµvKv‡i msMwVZ nq| PµwU n‡jvt

cwiKíbv  wk¶b  djveZ©b  cybcwiKíbv  cybwk¶Y  cybdjveZ©b|

cÖwZwU P‡µ GKwUgvÎ we‡kl `¶Zv Abykxjb ev cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó _v‡K| Z‡e wk¶Y
`¶Zvi cwic~Y© mv_©KZv jv‡fi Rb¨ G P‡µi GKvwaK cÖ‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwk¶Yv_©x
wk¶K wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx AvPiwYK `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM
cvb| AYywk¶‡Y cÖwk¶Yv_©x wewfbœ †KŠkj I `¶Zv AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j wk¶v`vb
†¶‡Î wb‡Ri cÖwZ AvZ¥wek¦vm R‡b¥| AYywk¶‡Yi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ AwfÁZv AR©b Kiv
(Rewarding Experience), fyj aiv (Fault Finding) bq|

AYywkÿY cÖwµqv‡K e¨wóK wk¶Y c×wZ wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| lv‡Ui `k‡K
Av‡gwiKvi ÷¨vb‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q gB‡µv wUwPs ev AY~wk¶Y ïiæ nq| AYywkÿY‡K †KD
†KD AbycvV`vb wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡K|

GKwU wel‡qi A_ev mggv‡bi wel‡qi AšÍZt Qq Rb wk¶K wg‡j GKwU AYywkÿY †mkb
Kiv hvq| †Kvm© cÖavb, wKQz AwfÁ wk¶K Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvixiv Gi mvnvh¨Kvix
n‡Z cv‡ib| G c×wZ‡Z GKR‡bi ci GKRb wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb Ges
Ab¨iv Qv‡Îi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| G †¶‡Î hviv Qv‡Îi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Zviv
†hŠw³K cÖkœ-DËi K‡i _v‡Kb| GB ce© 5 †_‡K 10 wgwbU P‡j| Zvici Gi mgv‡jvPbv
P‡j Ges cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K ms‡kvab K‡i †bb|

cvV `v‡bi c~‡e© †h wel‡q cvV `vb Kiv n‡e †m wel‡qi Rb¨ c~e© cÖ¯‘ywZ wn‡m‡e wKQy
DcKiY ˆZwi K‡i ivLv fvj| bZzev cvV `v‡bi c~‡e© mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cvV`v‡bi mvgwMÖK
w`K wPšÍv K‡i †bqv fvj| ïay cvV¨ wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡j Pj‡e bv, †mB mv‡_ wKfv‡e
Zv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡e, wKfv‡e m¤ú~Y© †kªwYK¶ e¨e¯’vcbv Kiv n‡e Ges wKfv‡e
wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K D³ cvv‡V AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv hvq BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jvI we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
GKwU cvV A‡bKfv‡eB †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i Z‡e †hwU me‡P‡q †ekx Dc‡hvMx ZvB w`‡Z n‡e

109
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Ges GwU KivB AYywk¶‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨|

GKwU AYywkÿY cvV ˆZwi Kivi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wb‡b¥v³ welqmg~‡ni cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z
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 cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ A_©vr cvV †_‡K wk¶v_©x‡`i wK ‡kLv‡bv n‡e Ges wKfv‡e wk¶Y c×wZ
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 djveZ©‡bi mgq †mk‡b Dcw¯’Z mK‡ji wbKU †_‡K Zv‡`i gšÍe¨ I mgv‡jvPbv
Avg‡j wb‡Z n‡e|
 cy‡iv †mkbwU hv‡Z ¯^Z:ù‚Z© Ges cÖvbešÍ nq Zvi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

cvV †NvlYv:
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mnR mij fvlvq AvšÍwiKfv‡e wZwb cvV ïiæ Ki‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡b mnR D`vniY I
DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡eb| wk¶‡Ki †cÖlYv m„wói Dci cvV †NvlYv ce©wU eûjvs‡k wbf©i
K‡i| †kªwY I welq Gi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L cwiKwíZfv‡e †cÖlbv m„wói gva¨‡g wk¶K bZzb
c‡e©i †Nvlbv w`‡eb| cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvgwU †ev‡W© wj‡L w`‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ eyS‡Z myweav
nq|

cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkj:

wk¶Y Kv‡R cÖkœ-DËi †KŠkj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| KZ¸‡jv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨‡K
mvg‡b †i‡L wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡K cÖkœ K‡i _v‡Kb| G D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1| wk¶v_©xi c~e©-Ávb hvPvB Kiv|
2| ¯§iY ¶gZv e„w× Kiv|
3| wPšÍvkw³i weKvk mvab Kiv|

110
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

4| cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv|

5| wkLbdj jv‡f gvbwmKfv‡e memgq cÖ¯‘yZ ivLv|
6| wewfbœ wel‡q wk¶v_©xi †KŠZznj m„wó Kiv|
7| cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ AbymiY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
8| mwµq Ask MÖnY wbwðZ Kiv I Zv a‡i ivLv|
9| wk¶v_©xi `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kiv|
10| wkLb cÖwµqvq mn‡hvwMZv jvf Kiv|

Z‡e cÖkœ-DËi †KŠk‡j wk¶v_©x‡KI cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM †`qv nq| wk¶v_©x‡K mwµq ivLv
Ges cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ ‡evaMg¨ K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ G my‡hvM †`Iqv nq|

wk¶‡Yi GKwU †KŠkj wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡K cÖkœ Kivi mgq wk¶K‡K K‡qKwU welq we‡kl
we‡ePbvq ivL‡K nq| †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i cª_‡g cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici wbw`©ó wk¶v_©x‡K
cÖ‡kœi DËi wR‡Ám Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| cÖkœ Kivi mgq mKj wk¶v_©xi cÖwZ mgvb ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb|
3| cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqvi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡`i wPšÍv Kivi mgq †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb|
4| me mgq mnR-mij fvlvq cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| cÖkœ n‡Z n‡e ¯úó|
6| wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb AwfÁZv we‡ePbvq †i‡L cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| cÖkœ cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mswkøó n‡Z n‡e|
8| GKB m‡½ GKvwaK cÖkœ Kiv wVK bq|
9| cÖkœ me mgq Avb›``vqK nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
10| ¯^vfvweK fve-fw½ eRvq †i‡L cÖkœ Kiv evÃbxq|

111
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

g~j¨vqb
 1| AYywkÿY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| ICT welq wk¶‡Y AYywk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3| AYywk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ICT K¬v‡m cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i cvV`vb ch©‡e¶Y I djveZ©b †KŠkj

Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

112
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU 8
Awa‡ekb- 1 : Afx¶v cwiwPwZ
Awa‡ekb- 2 : Afx¶v cÖYqb
Awa‡ekb- 3 : Afx¶v hvPvB I cÖ‡qvM
Awa‡ekb- 4 : b¤^i cÖ`vb I djvdj msi¶Y
Awa‡ekb- 5 : ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK cix¶v
Awa‡ekb- 6 : ICT wel‡q iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ
ch©v‡jvPbv
Awa‡ekb- 7 : ICT wel‡q ‰be©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ
ch©v‡jvPbv

113
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

114
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 1

Afx¶v cwiwPwZ
f~wgKv

AvbyôvwbK wk¶vq cvV`vb Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kivi ci wk¶v_x©iv KZUzKz wk¶vMÖnY Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv nq| Avi GB g~j¨vqb Kivi †¶‡Î
wk¶v_x©‡`i AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zv KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Zvi cwigvY wbY©q Kiv GKvšÍ
cÖ‡qvRb| KviY AwR©Z Áv‡bi cwigvY †_‡KB Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©‡b
KZUzKz mdjZv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zv Ggb †Kvb
`„k¨gvb e¯‘ bq †h Avgiv mivmwi †`‡L ev †g‡c Zvi cwigvY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvie| Z‡e
wk¶v_x©‡`i AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zvi cwigvY mivmwi wbY©q Kiv bv †M‡jI wKQz †KŠkj
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq| †m mKj †KŠkj‡KB Afx¶v ejv nq| †hgb-
†Kvb wk¶v_x© MwYZ Rv‡b wKbv Zv wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K wKQz MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvavb
Ki‡Z †`Iqv hvq| hw` D³ wk¶v_x© cÖ`Ë MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e
Avgiv eyS‡Z cvie †h †m MwYZ Rv‡b| myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g
wk¶v_x©i AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i cwieZ©b cwigvc Kiv nq ZvB Afx¶v| G
Awa‡ek‡b ICT wel‡qi Afx¶v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Afx¶v I cix¶v Kx eY©bv I e¨vL¨v ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q Afx¶v m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT welq g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi Afx¶v cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi cix¶vi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©mg~n
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wk¶v_x©‡`i AwR©Z Ávb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq| †hgb:
iPbvg~jK cÖkœc‡Îi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡`i †Kvb wel‡q eY©bv ev e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq|
wk¶v_x©‡`i eY©bv I e¨vL¨v †_‡K Zv‡`i AwR©Z Ávb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| GLv‡b
wjwLZ cix¶vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z cÖkœcÎB Afx¶v Ges G‡K iPbvg~jK Afx¶v ejv nq|
Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wk¶v_x©‡`i nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR Kivi `¶Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ e¨envwiK
KvR Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq| G‡¶‡Î e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv ev cÖkœcÎ n‡”Q e¨envwiK
Afx¶v| Avmyb Gevi Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKvi Afx¶vi GKwU PvU© cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

ce©- L: cix¶vi aviYv

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Ask| AvbyôvwbK wk¶vq wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi cix¶vi Av‡qvRb
Kiv nq| cix¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Z nq Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Afx¶v
cÖ¯‘ZKiY, cix¶vi ZvwiL wba©viY BZ¨vw`| wk¶v_x©iv Gevi Avmyb cix¶vi mv‡_
m¤úK©h³
y welq¸‡jv wb‡q GKwU aviYv wPÎ ˆZwi Kwi|

116
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Afx¶vc`
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cix¶v

ce©- M: ICT wel‡q Afx¶v cÖ¯‘wZ


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g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e Zv hvPvBKiY| AZ:ci G wk¶Y D‡Ïk¨wUi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i
GKwU Dchy³ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj A_©vr Afx¶v cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| †hgb: wkLb D‡Ïk¨ hw`
ÁvbMZ †¶‡Îi nq Z‡e wjwLZ Afx¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P D`vniY
wn‡m‡e K‡qKwU wkLb D‡Ïk¨ †`Iqv nj| G D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wk¶v_x©iv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q
wKbv Zv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKiƒc Afx¶v cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e wjLyb|

117
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

wkLb D‡Ïk¨ g~j¨vq‡bi †KŠkj/Afx¶v

 wk¶v_x©iv ICT Gi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z

cvi‡e|

 wk¶v_x©iv wmwW I d¬wc wW¯‹ e¨envi

Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

 wk¶v_x©iv e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b ICT e¨env‡i

AvMÖnx n‡q DV‡e|

ce©- N: ICT wel‡q cix¶v Av‡qvRb


Avgiv mevB cix¶vi mv‡_ cwiwPZ| AvbyôvwbK wk¶vq wk¶v_x©i wkLb AMÖMwZ g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ wewfbœ cix¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| wKQz wKQz wel‡q ïay ZvwË¡K cix¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq
Avevi wKQz wel‡q ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK cix¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| cix¶vi
Av‡qvRb/e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q cÖavb wk¶K Ab¨vb¨ wk¶K‡`i wb‡q GKwU
Kg©cwiKíbv Ki‡eb| GK Kg©cwiKíbvq wK wK welq _vK‡e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z
Kiæb|

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118
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BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 1

g~j wkLbxq welq

Afx¶v cwiwPwZ
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 cwigvc Kiv nq, Zv‡KB Afx¶v e‡j| †h mKj DcKiY ev nvwZqvi ev †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨
wk¶v_x©‡`i AwR©Z Ávb, K…wZZ¡ ev cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB K‡i Zv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii wk¶vMZ cv_©K¨
wbiƒcb Kiv nq, Zv‡`i wk¶vg~jK Afx¶v e‡j|

cix¶v: †Kvb wbw`©ó cvV¨µ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨m~Pxi mvgwMÖK aviYv cwigvc Kivi j‡¶¨
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nq Zv‡K cix¶v e‡j| cix¶v mvaviYZ mb` wfwËK n‡q _v‡K|

cix¶v I Afx¶vi ‰ewkó¨MZ cv_©K¨:

cix¶v Afx¶v

c×wZMZ †KŠkjMZ

mvaviY D‡Ïk¨g~Lx we‡kl D‡Ïk¨g~Lx

Kg© cwiwa e¨vcK Kg© cwiwa msKxY©

mvgMÖxK cvV¨m~Px g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v cvV¨m~Pxi wbw`©ó Ask g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v

D”PZi †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡gvkb †`qv nq wbw`©ó welq ev welqvs‡ki mvdj¨ wba©vib K‡i

AwR©Z Ávb I `¶Zv wbiƒcb K‡i wk¶v_©xi mvg_© I `¶Zv wePv‡ii †KŠkj

AvbyôvwbK e¨e¯’vq `xN©¯’vqx Zzjbvg~jK ¯^í¯’vqx

mb` wfwËK mb` wfwËK bq

119
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

cix¶v g~jZt c~e©cwiKwíZ `xN©‡gqv`x c×wZMZ Kvh©µg| wk¶vi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨¸wj‡K

mvg‡b †i‡L wbw`©ó ¯Í‡ii mvgMÖxK cvV¨m~Px g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡`i AwR©Z Ávb I
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cÖ`vb, Zv‡`i †gav Abyhvqx †kªwYweb¨vm, e„wË wbe©vPb wKsev wk¶v_©x‡`i ÎæwU wbY©q Ges
ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨I cix¶v c×wZ `xN© w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q|

Aciw`‡K Afx¶v n‡jv cix¶v MÖn‡Yi GKwU †KŠkj ev DcKiY (Tool)| Zzjbvg~jK ¯^í
mg‡q we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ cvV¨m~Pxi wbw`©ó Ask m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©xi mvg_© I `¶Zv wePv‡ii Rb¨
Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiv nq| Wt kvnRvnvb Zcb I Ab¨vb¨iv Zuv‡`i Ôwk¶v g~jv¨vqbt bxwZ I
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1| Afx¶v n‡jv GK‡mU cÖkœ ev Kv‡h©i wb‡`©k hv wk¶v_©x‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

2| wk¶v_©x‡`i ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Afx¶vi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z nq Ges Kvh©vejx m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|

3| cÖvß dj wk¶v_©x‡`i ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wk¶vMZ cv_©K¨ wbiƒc‡b e¨envi Kiv nq|

4| Afx¶vi dj msL¨vq cÖKvk‡hvM¨|

wk¶v_©x‡`i Ávbg~jK ¯Í‡ii AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b ev D‡Ïk¨ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ cvi`wk©Zv
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Kiv nq| g‡bv‡ckxR ev wµqvg~jK ¯Í‡ii D‡Ïk¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ e¨envwiK cix¶v ev
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Rb¨ wbY©vqK Afx¶v (Diagnostic Test) e¨envi Kiv nq| wk¶v_©x‡`i fwel¨r
c~e©vfvmg~jK Afx¶v (Prognostic Test) Ges wk¶Y cÖwµqvi m‡½ mshy³ Ab¨vb¨
wel‡qi (†hgb- DcKiY, Avmb-e¨e¯’v, we`¨vjq K¶, AwaK msL¨K wk¶v_©x BZ¨vw`)
Kvh©KvwiZv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK Afx¶v (Survey Test) e¨envi Kiv nq|

120
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

cix¶v MÖn‡Yi c×wZ Abymv‡i K…wZ‡Z¡i Afx¶v‡K wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq, h_v:
1| wjwLZ Afx¶v
2| †gŠwLK Afx¶v
3| e¨envwiK Afx¶v|
wjwLZ Afx¶v Avevi `yB cÖKvi, h_v:
1| iPbvg~jK Afx¶v
2| ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v|
iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi DËi`v‡bi †¶‡Î cix¶v_©x‡`i ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| DËi`v‡bi G ¯^vaxbZv
Abymv‡i iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi c`¸‡jv‡K `y'‡kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq, h_v:
1| we¯Í…Z-DËi cÖkœ
2| mxwgZ-DËi cÖkœ
†h mKj Afx¶vi MVb, cÖ‡qvM, dj wbY©q ev b¤^i cÖ`v‡b cix¶‡Ki †Kvb e¨w³MZ cÖfve
_v‡K bv, Zv‡`i ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v e‡j| wb‡Pi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi
†kªwYwefvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

ˆbe©¨w³K
Afx¶v

g‡b Kiv wPb‡Z cviv

RvZxq RvZxq

mn‡R g‡b Kiv k~b¨ ¯’vb nu¨v-bv mbv³KiY

RvZxq c~iY/m¤c~Y© KiY
mZ¨-wg_¨v m`„k¨KiY

ï×-Aï× DËg DËi

msw¶ß wee„wZKiY DÏxcK wgjKiY †kªwYweb¨vm

DËi RvZxq RvZxq
cÖkœ eûwbe©vPbx c~bwe©b¨vmKiY

wPÎ: ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vi †kªwYwefvM|

121
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

†gŠwLK Afx¶v (Oral Test):

†h ai‡bi cix¶vq cix¶K wk¶v_©x‡K mvgbvmvgwb cÖkœ K‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©iv mivmwi
†gŠwLKfv‡e DËi †`b ZvB †gŠwLK cix¶v| GB †gŠwLK cix¶vq cix¶K †gŠwLKfv‡e †h
mKj cÖkœ K‡ib ZvB †gŠwLK Afx¶v|

†gŠwLK Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨:

1| cix¶K wk¶v_©x‡K mvgbvmvgwb cÖkœ K‡ib hv c~e© †_‡K cÖwYZ nq bv Ges GmKj
cÖkœ iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi b¨vq mgxw¶Z bq|

2| wewfbœ wk¶v_©x‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

3| wk¶v_x©‡`i mvgbvmvgwb cÖkœ Kiv nq d‡j e¨w³MZ cÖfve civi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|

4| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi evPbfw½ I D”PviY cwigvc Kiv hvq|

5| †gŠwLK Afx¶v wk¶v_©x‡`i Dcw¯’Z eywׇK cwigvc Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

6| wewfbœ KvwVb¨gv‡bi cÖkœ Kiv hvq|

ICT wk¶vq †gŠwLK Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:

1| wk¶v_©xi wjwLZ Afx¶vi fyj-ÎæwUi `ye©jZv †gŠwLK Afx¶vi gva¨‡g aiv c‡o|
†mRb¨ †gŠwLK Afx¶vi ÎæwU wbY©vqK ¶gZv Av‡Q|

2| wk¶v_©x wbR Ávb‡K KZUv mymsnZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q, AwR©Z Ávb‡K cÖ‡qvRbgZ
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z m¶g wKbv ev †mB cÖ‡qv‡Mi djvdj cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv Zv
Rvbvi Rb¨ †gŠwLK Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvRb|

3| Gi gva¨‡g cix¶v_©xi kvixwiK, gvbwmK Ae¯’v, e¨w³Z¡ Ges mvgwMÖK K…wZ‡Z¡i

GKwU cwiPq cvIqv hvq|

4| ICT wk¶vi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xiv †hLv‡b bv ey‡S cÖ‡kœi DËi gyL¯’ K‡i, †mLv‡b †gŠwLK
Afx¶vi Øviv wk¶v_©xi Ávb cwigvc Kiv hvq|

5| hviv wbi¶i ev wbPz K¬v‡mi wk¶v_©x, Zviv †jLvq `¶ bq weavq G Afx¶v Zv‡`i
Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx|

122
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

†gŠwLK Afx¶vi mgv‡jvPbv:

†Kvb wk¶v_©x KZUv Ávb AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ †gŠvLK Afx¶v AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
wKš‘..

1| †gŠvwLK Afx¶v †kªwYi me wk¶v_©xi cÖwZ mgvb wePvi Ki‡Z A¶g|

2| G Afx¶v we¯Í…Zfv‡e Ges wbLuyZfv‡e wkLb cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

3| GwU wk¶‡Ki c¶cvwZZ¡, †Lqvjxcbv I h‡_”QvPvwiZv †`v‡l `yó|

4| GKRb GKRb K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i †gŠwLK cix¶v †bIqv nq e‡j †gŠwLK Afx¶vi
gva¨‡g wkLb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

5| G Afx¶vq mKj wk¶v_x©i †¶‡Î cÖkœ¸‡jvi KvwV‡b¨i gvÎv w¯’i ivLv hvq bv|

ICT wk¶vq wjwLZ Afx¶v:

1| wk¶v_©x hv ey‡S‡Q Aev‡a Zvi DËi Ki‡Z cv‡i, d‡j bZzb ICT welqK Ávb †m
KZUv AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv Zvi wjLvi gva¨‡g eySv hvq|

2| ICT welqe¯‘ †m KZUv Abyaveb K‡i‡Q Ges KZUv gyL¯Í K‡i‡Q Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|

3| wk¶v_©xi we‡kølY ¶gZv cwigvc Kiv hvq|

4| ICT welqK bZzb Ávb cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq|

5| ICT welqK AwR©Z Ávb fvlvq cÖKv‡ki ¶gZv hvPvB Kiv hvq|

6| wk¶v_©xi g‡bvfve I `„wófw½ cÖKvk cvq|

7| wk¶_©x Zvi weg~Z© wPšÍv, ZzjbvKiY, Zvrch© wbY©q, Kíbvkw³ cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw` wb‡Ri
hyw³gZ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j wjwLZ cvix¶vi gva¨‡g Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv ¸Yvejx
hvPvB Kiv hvq|

ICT wk¶vq e¨envwiK Afx¶v:

†h Afx¶vq GKwU wbw`©ó mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ wk¶v_©x‡K †Kvb wba©vwiZ KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z
†`qv nq Ges wk¶v_©x mwVK c×wZ AbymiY K‡i KvRwU m¤úv`b K‡i wKbv cix¶K Zv
ch©‡e¶b K‡ib Ges GKB m‡½ Kv‡Ri djvd‡ji g~j¨vqb K‡ib, Zv‡K e¨envwiK Afx¶v
e‡j|

123
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

1| ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK Afx¶vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi cvkvcvwk e¨envwiK
Kv‡Ri `¶Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq|

2| wk¶v_©xi ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi ¯^”QZv cwigvc Kiv hvq|

3| wk¶v_©xiv AwR©Z Áv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Dcjw× Ki‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|

4| wk¶v_©x‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R/Kg©Rxe‡b ICT wel‡q AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qv‡Mi ¶gZv eySv
hvq|

5| e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡`i bZzb aviYv ev `¶Zvi Avwe¯‹vi N‡U| ZvB
ICT wel‡q bZzb †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡b wk¶_©xi `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|

6| wk¶v_©x‡`i myk„•Ljfv‡e I avivevwnKfv‡e KvR Kivi `¶Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|

7| wk¶v_©xiv KZUzKz myôfv‡e I wbcybZvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv cwigvc Kiv nq|

8| bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii RoZv `~i n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|

9| Kw¤úDUvi I Ab¨vb¨ ICT m¤úwK©Z hš¿cvwZi msMVb `¶Zv Ges †QvULvU mgm¨vi
mgvav‡b cvi`k©xZv wbY©q Kiv hvq|

10| nvW©Iqvi Gi wewfbœ As‡ki KvR I e¨envi m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©xi Ávb I `¶Zv cwigvc
Kiv hvq|

g~j¨vqb
 1| Afx¶v I cix¶vi Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
2| ICT wel‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v c‡`i D`vnviY w`b|

3| ICT wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †gŠwLK I e¨envwiK cix¶vi ¸iæZ¡

Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

124
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 2

Afx¶v cÖYqb

f~wgKv
AvbyôvwbK wk¶vq g~j¨vqb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| gvbm¤úbœ AvbyôvwbK
wk¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb gvbm¤úbœ g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi| Avi GB g~j¨vq‡bi gvb wbf©i K‡i
Afx¶vi gv‡bi Dci| myZivs ejv hvq gvbm¤úbœ wk¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb gvbm¤úbœ Afx¶v
cÖ¯‘ZKiY| G Awa‡ek‡b Afx¶v cÖYqb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨

GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-

 Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi c~e© cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i iPbvg~jK Afx¶v MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i e¨envwiK Afx¶v MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi c~e© cwiKíbv

Afx¶v cÖYqb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| Afx¶v cÖYqb mwVK bv n‡j g~j¨vqbI mwVK n‡e
bv| myZivs Afx¶v cÖYqb mwVKfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ GKwU c~e© cwiKíbv _vKv DwPZ| G c~e©
cwiKíbvq †h mKj wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i Ki‡Z nq Zvi g‡a¨ wkL‡bi D‡Ïk¨, wkLb
D‡Ï‡k¨i †¶Î, wk¶v_x©i wkLb AwfÁZv, welqe¯‘ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ welq hy³ _v‡K|
wk¶v_x©iv Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi cwiKíbvi mv‡_ Avi †Kvb †Kvb welq hy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i Zvi
GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

125
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi cwiKíbv

 g~j¨vq‡bi cÖK…wZ/D‡Ïk¨ wba©vwiY|

 wkLb D‡Ïk¨ evQvB|







ce©- L: wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i iPbvg~jK Afx¶v cÖYqb


g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Afx¶v cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB wkLb D‡Ïk¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| AZtci
wba©vwiZ wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i Afx¶v wKiƒc n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| hw`
Ávbg~jK †¶‡Îi wkLb D‡Ïk¨ nq Z‡e wjwLZ Afx¶vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_xi wkLb cwigvc
Kiv hvq| wkLb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©iv †h wkLb AwfÁZv †c‡q _v‡K A_©vr H
D‡Ï‡k¨i mwnZ mswkøó cvV¨vs‡ki cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i wjwLZ Afx¶vI wewfbœ iKg
n‡Z cv‡i| hw` welqe¯‘ eY©bvagx© nq Z‡e iPbvg~jK Afx¶v n‡Z cv‡i|

wb‡Pi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb¸‡jv iPbvg~jK Afx¶v Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv
wPwýZ Kiæb|

126
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wkLb D‡Ïk¨
 ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ICT-Gi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk¶v‡¶‡Î ICT-Gi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 B-†gBj wKfv‡e KvR K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©- M: ICT wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v cÖYqb


ICT wel‡q g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î I ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v e¨envi Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ wel` eY©bv

I e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB Giƒc wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e Afx¶v
Aek¨B wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ m¤úK©h³
y n‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb¸‡jv
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|

wkLb D‡Ïk¨
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki KvR eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

127
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 2

g~j wkLbxq welq

Afx¶v cÖYqb
Afx¶v cwiKíbvi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv:

mv_©K g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ my®úó cwiKíbv _vKv `iKvi| †h †Kvb wkLb-dj g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z
n‡j Zvi Rb¨ c~e© cwiKíbv _vK‡Z nq| cwiKíbvq g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv‡K D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_
msMwZc~Y© K‡i Zzj‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j wkLb d‡ji g~j¨vqb h_v_© nq bv| wk¶v_x©i
AvPi‡Yi Kvw•LZ cwieZ©b KZUv mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv wbiƒc‡bi R‡b¨ g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbvi c~‡e© †h Kg© cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K bxj bKkv e‡j| G ¯Í‡i cvV¨
wel‡qi †¶Î (Area) wbe©vPb, welqmg~n‡K wewfbœ cvV¨ GK‡K wef³KiY, wkLb D‡Ïk¨
wba©viY, wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L c`msL¨v wba©viY, Afx¶vi †gvU c`msL¨v
wba©viY, cÖwZwU c‡`i c~Y©gvb wba©viY I Afx¶vi mgqKvj wbw`©ó Kiv nq|

cvV¨ wel‡qi †¶Îmg~n wPwýZKiY:

cÖ_g ch©v‡q †h †kªwYi hZUzKz As‡ki Rb¨ Afx¶v ˆZwi Kiv n‡e Zvi †¶Îmg~n wPwýZ
Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- 9g †kªwYi Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡qi †¶Î mg~n n‡e- Kw¤úDUvi I
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm, Kw¤úDUvi msMVb, Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi I Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g,
msL¨v c×wZ I Kw¤úDUvi jwRK BZ¨vw`|

welqe¯‘mg~n‡K cvV¨ GK‡K wef³KiY:

wel‡qi †¶Îmg~n wVK Kivi ci welqe¯‘mg~n‡K wewfbœ cvV¨ GK‡K wef³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hgb- beg †kªwYi Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡qi wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi
msMVb| G‡K wewfbœ cvV¨ GK‡K wef³ Kiv hvq, †hgb- Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb Askmg~n,
cÖ‡mmi ev wmwcBD, cÖavb ¯§„wZ I cÖavb ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`, ¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv, mnvqK
¯§„wZ I mnvqK ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`, BbcyU I AvDUcyU BDwbU, cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi I Zvi
ˆewkó¨, Kw¤úDUv‡ii cwiPh©v BZ¨vw`|

128
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wkLb D‡Ïk¨ wba©viYt

welqe¯‘ Abyhvqx cÖwZwU cvV¨ GK‡Ki wkLb D‡Ïk¨ (AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨) wba©viY Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hgb- beg †kªwYi Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡qi wØZxq Aa¨vq ÔKw¤úDUvi msMVbÕ
wel‡qi Ab¨Zg cvV¨ GKK n‡jv- gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, GB cvV¨ GK‡Ki wkLb D‡Ïk¨ n‡e-
(1) gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii KvR ej‡Z cvi‡e, (2) gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii MvwYwZK hyw³ As‡ki
KvR e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e BZ¨vw`|

wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i Av‡jv‡K c‡`i msL¨v wba©viYt

wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i Dci wfwË K‡i ¸iæZ¡vbyhvqx wewfbœ cvV¨ GK‡Ki Rb¨ KqwU c` wbe©vPb
Kiv n‡e Zv wk¶K wba©viY Ki‡eb| G‡¶‡Î Ávbg~jK, Abyavebg~jK, cÖ‡qvMg~jK Ges
cÖ‡qv‡Mi D”PZi ch©vqg~jK (ms‡kølY ¶gZv, we‡kølY ¶gZv I g~j¨vqb ¶gZv) cÖkœ
mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv‡K h_v_© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- beg †kªwYi
Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡qi wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi Rb¨ 10wU c` wba©viY Ki‡j, Ávbg~jK c‡`i
Rb¨ 4wU, Ávb Abyavebg~jK c‡`i Rb¨ 3wU, Ávb cÖ‡qvMg~jK c‡`i Rb¨ 2wU, Áv‡bi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi D”PZi ch©v‡qi Rb¨ 1wU cÖkœ wba©viY Kiv hvq| wb‡Pi mviYxi gva¨‡g c`msL¨v
wba©viY Kiv n‡jv|

c‡`i msL¨v
Ávb
welqe¯‘ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †gvU
Ávb g~jK Abyaveb cÖ‡qvMg~jK
D”PZi ch©vq
g~jK
Kw¤úDUvi
4 4 1 1 10
msMVb

cÖwZwU c‡`i g~j¨gvb (b¤^i eÈb) wba©viYt

wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i Dci wfwË K‡i c‡`i ¸iæZ¡vbyhvqx cÖwZwU c‡`i Rb¨ KZ b¤^i avh© Kiv
n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-

129
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

c`msL¨v I wba©vwiZ gvb

Ávb cÖ‡qvM D”PZi
welqe¯‘ Ávbg~jK cÖ‡qvMg~jK
AbyaveYg~jK ch©vq †gvU c` me©‡gvU
c` c` c` msL¨v gvb
b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i c` msLv b¤^i
msLv msLv msLv
1. cÖ‡mmi 4 8 4 8 1 4 1 5 10 25
2. Kw¤úDUv‡ii
3 6 3 6 1 4 1 4 8 20
¯§„wZ

wba©vwiZ gvb‡K wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ fvMKiYt

wba©vwiZ gvb‡K wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ fvM Ki‡Z nq, †hgb- beg †kªwYi Kw¤úDUvi
wk¶v wel‡qi Kw¤úDUvi msMVb Aa¨v‡qi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë gvb‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq:

wkLb D‡Ïk¨
welqe¯‘ msÁv
kbv³KiY cv_©K¨KiY †kªwYKiY †gvU
cÖ`vb
1 cÖ‡mm‡ii weKvk 1 3 3 1 8
2. gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii Dcvsk 2 2 2 1 7
3. gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii wewfbœ
2 3 3 2 10
KvR
me©‡gvU = 25

Afx¶vc‡`i aiY wba©viY:

Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi G ch©v‡q Afx¶vi bxj bK&kv Abyhvqx Afx¶v c‡`i aiY wba©viY Ki‡Z
n‡e| A_©vr †Kvb ai‡Yi c` Afx¶vq AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
iPbvg~jK (msw¶ß, Db¥y³, KvVv‡gve× BZ¨vw`) I ˆbe¨©w³K (eûwbe©vPbx, k~b¨¯’vb c~iY,
wgjKiY, GK K_vq DËi, mv`„k¨KiY BZ¨vw`) cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ †Kvb c` KqwU _vK‡e Zv
cwiKíbvq _vK‡Z n‡e Ges cwiKíbv mviYx‡Z mwbœ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vnviY¯^iƒc wb‡Pi
wb‡`©kK Q‡K wewfbœ wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i wecix‡Z wewfbœ Afx¶v c‡`i msL¨v I Zv‡`i b¤^i
eȇbi cwiKíbv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q:

130
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

c`msL¨v I wba©vwiZ gvb

Ávbg~jK Abyaveb cÖ‡qvM ms‡kølY we‡kølY g~j¨vqb †gvU

‡gvU
c` c` c` c` c` c` c`
b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i
Afx¶vi aiY msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v msL¨v msLv msL¨v

msw¶ß
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 6
iPbvg~jK

D›gy³
1 4 1 5 2 9
iPbvg~jK

eûwbe©vPbx 2 2 2 2 1 1 5 5

k~b¨¯’vb
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
c~ib

wgjKiY 3 3 3 3

GK K_vq
1 1 1 1 2 2
DËi

cybwe©b¨vm 1 1 1 1 2 2

(Ab¨vb¨)

me©‡gvU 20 30

Afx¶vi Lmov ˆZwiKiY:

Afx¶v c‡`i aiY wba©vi‡Yi ci mswkøó wel‡qi Dci wbw`©ó msL¨K c` mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i
Afx¶vi GKwU Lmov ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| G Lmov †_‡K cieZx©‡Z Afx¶vwUi cix¶vg~jK
cÖ‡qvM (First try out Ges Experimental try out)-Gi gva¨‡g hvPvB evQvB K‡i
P~ovšÍ Afx¶v c` wbw`©ó Kiv nq|

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 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

bgybv iPbvg~jK Afx¶v

ce© L-G D‡jøwLZ D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Dci †_‡K 4_©wU ev‡` Ab¨me¸‡jv D‡Ïk¨B
iPbvgyjK Afx¶v Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i †evSvi myweav‡_© wb‡P GKwU
bgybv iPbvg~jK Afx¶v †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

bgybv iPbvg~jK Afx¶v

Ávb (Knowledge)-g~jK cÖk:œ 1| Kw¤úDUvi Kx Zv eY©Yv Ki|
Abyaveb (Comprehension)-g~jK cÖkœ: 2| Kw¤úDUvi †Kgb K‡i KvR K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖ‡qvM (Application)-g~jK cÖkœ: 3| wk¶v‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi wKfv‡e Kv‡R jv‡M?
we‡kølY (Analysis)-g~jK cÖkœ: 4| Kv‡Ri ˆewkó¨ Abyhvwq wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
cwiPq `vI|
ms‡kølY (Synthesis)-g~jK cÖkœ: 5| wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg
avivevwnKfv‡e mvwR‡q wjL|

bgybv ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v

ce©- M-G D‡jøwLZ D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ 3q D‡Ïk¨wU ˆbe©¨w³K Afxÿv Øvi g~j¨vqb Kiv
hv‡e| cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i †evSvi Aci c„ôvq GKwU bgybv ‰be©¨w³K Afx¶v GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv
n‡jv:

132
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

bgybv ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v

MCQ ai‡bi: 1| wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU AvDUcyU BDwbU?

K) Kx-†evW© L) gvDm M) ¯‹¨vbvi N) gwbUi

c~bwe©b¨vm ai‡Yi: 2| gvB‡µvmd‡Ui wb‡gœv³ mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K Avwe¯‹vi mg‡qi

avivevwnKZv Abymv‡i mvRvI: BASIC, COBOL, DOS,

WINDOWS
................................

†kªwYKiY ai‡Yi: 3| wb‡gœv³ bvg¸‡jv‡K cÖv_wgK I mnvqK ¯§„wZ wn‡m‡e c„_K Ki|
RAM, ROM, EPROM, Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD, DVD
.................................

DwÏcK ai‡Yi: 4| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi-Gi wb‡gœv³ Ask¸‡jvi 1wU K‡i KvR bv‡gi cv‡k wjLt
K) MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L) GKzgy‡jUi †iwR÷vi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L) BÝUªvKkb †iwR÷vi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k~Y¨¯’vb cyiY: 5| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ˆZix cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg n‡jv . . . . . . . . |

wgjKib: 6|

evg cv‡k¦©i hš¿¸‡jvi mv‡_ Wvb cv‡k¦©i KvR¸‡jv wgwj‡q

wjL:
gvB‡µv‡dvb Z_¨ †cÖiY I MÖnY
g‡Wg kã MÖnY
OMR kã cÖKvk
wPý cvV I djvdj cÖ`vb

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 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

g~j¨vqb

1| Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ wKfv‡e cwiKíbv Ki‡eb?
2| Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ wkLb D‡Ïk¨ wbe©vPb Ges †m Abyhvqx Afx¶v c` MV‡bi
cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| ICT wel‡qi wkLbdj Dc‡hvMx GKwU bgybv iPbvg~jK Afx¶v MVb Kiæb|
4| ICT wel‡qi wkLbdj Dc‡hvMx GKwU bgybv ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v MVb Kiæb|

134
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 3

Afx¶v hvPvB I cÖ‡qvM

wk¶v_x©‡`i AwR©Z Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i cwieZ©b KZUzKz mdj n‡q‡Q Zv wbY©‡qi
Rb¨B g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| mwVK g~j¨vq‡bi DciB wbf©i K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i mdjZv mwVKfv‡e
wbY©q Kiv| g~j¨vqb mwVK n‡e ZLbB hLb g~j¨vq‡b e¨eüZ Afx¶v¸‡jv Av`k© gv‡bi
nq| myZivs mwVK I MÖnY‡hvM¨ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Av`k©gv‡bi Afx¶vc` cÖ¯‘Z
Ki‡Z n‡e| G Awa‡ek‡b wKfv‡e Afx¶v Av`k©vqb Kiv nq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Afx¶vi ˆewk󨸇jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb (Standardization) Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q †kªwY Afx¶v I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨ wPwýZKiY

Avgiv Rvwb Av`k© Afx¶vi ˆewk󨸇jv n‡”Q- (K) h_v_©Zv (L) wbf©ikxjZv (M)
ˆbe©¨w³KZv I (N) cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Zv| h_v_©Zv n‡”Q †h welq g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Afx¶v cÖ¯‘Z
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i wKbv? wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv n‡q Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j cÖvß djvdj
MÖnY‡hvM¨ wKbv?

ˆbe©¨w³KZv n‡”Q Afx¶v e¨w³ wbi‡c¶ wKbv? A_©vr †h †Kvb cix¶K Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv
nDK bv †Kb djvd‡j †Kvb e¨w³MZ cÖfve c‡o bv| cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Zv n‡q G Afx¶v ev¯Í‡e
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq wKbv?

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 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

wb‡P 6ô †kªwYi wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ICT wel‡q Afx¶v/cÖkœ¸‡jvi ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ
Kiæb|

Afx¶v/cÖkœ ‰ewkó¨
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki bvg wjL| Afx¶vwU h_v_©, wbf©i‡hvM¨, ˆbe©¨w³K I
cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨|
 GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii CPU-Gi wewfbœ
As‡ki bvg wjL|
 cix¶vi djvdj cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †Kvb
ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv hvq?

ce©- L: Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb


Av`k©gv‡bi Afx¶v cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Afx¶vi wewfbœ ÎæwU wePz¨wZmg~n wPwýZ Kiv
nq| AZ:ci GmKj ÎæwU wePz¨wZmg~n `~i K‡i Av`k©gv‡bi Afx¶v cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| †h
cÖwµqvq Afx¶vi ÎæwUwePz¨wZ wPwýZ K‡i Zv `~i Kiv nq ZvB Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| Afx¶vi Av`k©vq‡bi Rb¨ wK wK c`‡¶c †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi GKwU
aviYvwPÎ wb‡P †`Iqv nj| aviYvwP‡Îi dvKv Ask¸‡jv wk¶v_x©iv wb‡Riv c~iY Kiæb|

136
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wk¶v_x©i
c~e©Ávb eq‡mi
mv‡_
mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv cÖv_wgK
hvPvBKiY Kvh©KvwiZv
hvPvB

Afx¶vi
Av`k©vqb

ce©- M: †kªwY Afx¶v I AMÖMwZ Afx¶v


gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K †kªwY wk¶K cÖwZw`bB cvV`vb Kvh©µg PjvKv‡j ev
cvV`vb †k‡l KLbI cÖkœ K‡i, KLbI ch©‡e¶Y K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb
K‡i _v‡Kb| Gfv‡e †kªwY‡Z cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ wk¶v_x©‡`i gyj¨vq‡b †h Afx¶v
e¨envi Kiv nq ZvB †kªwY Afx¶v| †kªwY Afx¶vi welqe¯‘i e¨vwß Aí nq Ges GwU
AbvbyôvwbK| Avevi †h Afx¶vi gva¨‡g †Kvb wel‡qi mg¯Í cvV¨µ‡gi Dci Ges
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq ZvB AMÖMwZ Afx¶v| wk¶v_x©e„›` Avmyb Avgiv †kªwY
Afx¶v Ges AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq wjwL|

137
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

†kªwY Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨ AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨

138
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 3

g~j wkLbxq welq

Afx¶v hvPvB I cÖ‡qvM

Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb

GK †mU cÖkœ ev Afx¶v iPbv Ki‡jB †mUv wk¶v_©x‡`i Dci cÖ‡qvM Kivi Dc‡hvMx Zvi
†Kvb wbðqZv †bB| GRb¨ hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z nq †h Zv †mB wbw`©ó wk¶v_©x‡`i eqm,
†gav I gvbwmK cwic°Zvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ Afx¶vwUi c`¸wji
cÖ_g Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB, welqe¯‘ hvPvBKiY, cix¶Yg~jK cÖ‡qvM, c` we‡kølY, wb‡`©kbv
ˆZwiKiY Ges b¤^i cÖ`vb c×wZ BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv c~Yivq we‡ePbv K‡i †`L‡Z nq| wb‡P
Afxÿvi Av`k©vq‡bi wewfbœ Ask avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM ev Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB (First Try out)
Afx¶vi Lmov ˆZwi Kivi ci c`¸‡jv‡K KvwV‡Y¨i gvÎv Abyhvqx mvwR‡q wb‡q Zv GKwU
wbe©vwPZ †QvU `‡ji Dci cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wbe©vwPZ `jwU n‡e, †h ¯Í‡ii cix¶v_x©‡`i
Rb¨ Afx¶vwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q †m ¯Í‡ii GKwU bgybv `j| mvaviYZt 100 R‡bi GKwU
`j MVb K‡i †m `‡ji Dci Afx¶vwU cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| cÖ_g cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
Afx¶vwUi wb‡`©kvejx, D`vniY Ges Afx¶vi AvcvZt h_v_©Zv wbiƒcb Kiv nq| ZvQvov
`~iƒn c`mg~n mbv³Ki‡Y cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i| Gi d‡j c`¸‡jv‡K
KvwV‡b¨i gvÎvbyhvqx cybtmw¾Z Kiv nq|
welqe¯‘ hvPvBKiY
Afx¶vi cÖ_g cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j wba©vwiZ Afx¶v c`¸‡jvi ÎæwU wePz¨wZmgyn wPwýZ nq| G
ÎæwU wePz¨wZmg~n `~i Kivi Rb¨ welqe¯‘ hvPvB Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| hvPvB evQvB‡qi ci
KwVb welqe¯‘ m¤^wjZ c`¸‡jv Afx¶vi c` †_‡K ev` †`Iqv nq| G ch©v‡q
welqe¯‘wfwËK Afx¶v c‡`i msL¨v mgvšÍivj ivLvi †Póv Kiv nq|

139
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

cix¶Yg~jK cÖ‡qvM (Experimental Try-out)

cix¶Yg~jK cÖ‡qvM Afx¶v wbg©v‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi ev ch©vq| G ch©v‡q c~e©eZx©

ch©vqmg~‡ni ¯’yj ÎæwUmg~n kbv³ K‡i wØZxq Lmov ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| G LmovwU GKwU
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK `‡ji Dci cÖ‡qvM K‡i Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvM c×wZ, wb‡`©kvejx, c‡`i
KvwV‡b¨i gvÎv, mvdj¨vsK Ges mgqmxgv wba©viY Kiv nh| G ch©v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ c`
we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|

c` we‡kølY (Item Analysis)

G ch©v‡q cix¶Yg~jK ch©v‡q cÖvß Z‡_¨i mnvqZvq Afx¶vi cÖwZwU c` we‡kølY K‡i
P~ovšÍ c` wbe©vPb Kiv nq| c` we‡kølY n‡jv Ggb wKQy MvwYwZK †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvM
†h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g h_v_©, mwVK I Dchy³ c` mg~n wbe©vPb Kiv hvh| c` we‡kølY Øviv
c‡`i KvwV‡b¨i gvÎv wbiƒcY Kiv hvq, c‡`i h_v_©Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|

c` we‡køl‡Yi D‡Ïk¨mg~n:

1| c‡`i KvwV‡b¨i gvÎv wbiƒcY|

2| KvwV‡b¨i gvÎv Abyhvqx c` mw¾ZKiY|
3| c‡`i h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY|
4| c‡`i MVbMZ ÎæwU wbY©q|
5| c‡`i wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi gvb wbY©q|
6| c‡`i KvwV‡b¨i cÖK…wZ wbY©q|
7| c` m¤ú‡K© cix¶v_x©‡`i cÖwZwµqv Rvbv|
8| m‡e©vrK…ó c` evQvB Kiv|
9| Afx¶vi MVb we‡kølY Kiv|
10| Afx¶vi cÖK…wZ wbY©q|
11| Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb|
12| c‡`i h_v_©Zvi gvb wbY©q|

140
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

13| Afx¶vi cwimi msw¶ßKiY|

14| Afx¶v MV‡b bZzb aviYv D™¢e|

wb‡`©kbv ˆZwiKiY
G ch©v‡q Afx¶vwU wKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e, wk¶v_x©iv wK cÖwµqvq DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges
Dˇii mxgv KZUzKz n‡e BZvw` wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv _v‡K| wb‡`©kbvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨
n‡jv-Gi gva¨‡g b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi bxwZ, KLb †Kvb Ae¯’vq b¤^i KvUv n‡e Ges †Kvb ai‡bi
†cwÝj ev Kjg e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` Z_¨ wk¶v_x©i †MvPixf~Z Kiv nq|
b¤^i cÖ`vb (Scoring)
G ch©v‡q †Kvb ai‡Yi Dˇii Rb¨ wk¶v_x© kZKiv KZ b¤^i cv‡e, fyj Dˇii Rb¨ KZ
b¤^i KvUv n‡e ev Av‡`Š KvUv n‡e wKbv Gme Z_¨ AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq|

Afx¶vc` mw¾ZKiY
G ch©v‡q Afx¶vi P~ovšÍ c`¸‡jv kbv³ Kiv nq Ges c`¸‡jv‡K welqe¯‘ I KvwV‡b¨i
gvÎv Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv nq| mvaviYZt welqe¯‘wfwËK µg AbymiY K‡i mnR †_‡K KwVb
c`¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g mvRv‡bv nq| KvwV‡b¨i gvb Abyhvqx mw¾Z c`¸‡jvB Av`k©vwqZ
Afx¶vi c` iƒ‡c cwiMwYZ nq|

mgqmxgv wba©viY
c` mw¾ZKi‡Yi ci c~e© cix¶Yjä djvd‡ji Av‡jv‡K Afx¶vi me©‡gvU mgqmxgv KZ
n‡e Zv wbaviY Kiv nq| c`¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ, Dˇii ˆ`N©¨ Ges GKRb ga¨g gv‡bi
wk¶v_x©i Rb¨ Afx¶vwUi me¸‡jv DËi `v‡b KZ mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i G me welq
we‡ePbvq G‡b mgqmxgv wba©viY Kiv nq|

cÖ‡qvM c×wZ I b¤^i `v‡bi g‡a¨ mvgvÄm¨ weavb

Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Afx¶vwUi cÖ‡qvM c×wZ wK n‡e Zv †hgwb
my®úófv‡e D‡jøL _vK‡e †Zgwb cÖ‡qvM c×wZi mv‡_ b¤^i `v‡bi bxwZ wK n‡e ZvI

141
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

wjwce× _vK‡e| mvaviYZt cÖ‡qvM c×wZi ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB mwVK b¤^i †_‡K ewÂZ
nb| A_ev mgqgZ DËi cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nb| ZvB G ch©v‡q cÖ‡qvM c×wZ I b¤^i `v‡bi
gv‡S mvgÄm¨ weavb Kiv nq|

Afx¶vi h_v_©Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv wbY©q

Afx¶vi h_v_©Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi gvb D”P bv n‡j †Kvb Afx¶viB mvdj¨vsK †ewk n‡Z
cv‡i bv Ges †m Afx¶v‡K Av`k©vwqZ Afx¶v ejvi †Kvb AeKvk _v‡K bv| ZvB GKwU
Afx¶v‡K Av`k©vwqZ Kivi cÖavbZg kZ© n‡”Q Gi h_v_©Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi m‡e©v”P gvb
wbwðZ Kiv|

†kªwY Afx¶v I AMÖMwZ Afx¶v:

†kªwY Afx¶v: †kªwY Afx¶v ej‡Z mvavbiYZt wm‡jev‡mi †Kv‡bv cwi‡”Q‡`i †k‡l,
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Aa¨v‡qi ‡k‡l ev †Kv‡bv BDwb‡Ui Kv‡Ri †k‡l wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ wjwLZ cix¶v‡K eySvq|

†kªwY Afx¶vi g~j¨vq‡bi †¶Î¸‡jv n‡jv:

 hv wk‡L‡Q Zv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cviv|
 hv wk‡L‡Q Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cviv|
 jä aviYv wb‡Ri fvlvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
 Z_¨‡K †kªwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z cviv|
 mvims‡¶c ˆZwi A_ev m¤cÖmviY ev e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv|
 AwR©Z Ávb‡K bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cviv|
 aviYv ev hyw³‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv|
 †Kv‡bv wel‡q hyw³ mnKv‡i wbR¯^ gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z cviv|

wm‡jev‡mi cieZ©x cwi‡”Q‡` hvIqvi c~‡e© wk¶‡Ki wk¶v`vb †ewkifvM wk¶v_©xi Rb¨
mdj n‡q‡Q wKbv, †kªwY Afx¶v Zv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| fv‡jv †kªwY Afx¶vq

142
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Ggb me cÖkœ AšÍf©~³ _v‡K hv cwVZ wm‡jev‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i MwVZ n‡jI wk¶v_©x
cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mivmwi DËi cv‡e bv, Zv‡K wPšvÍ K‡i DËi †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| †kªwY Afx¶vq
bvbv ai‡bi cÖkœ AšÍf©~³ Kiv hvq, h_v: eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ (MCQ), mZ¨-wg_¨v cÖkœ, msw¶ß
DËi cÖkœ, iPbvg~jK cÖkœ Ges KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ BZ¨vw`|

AMÖMwZ Afx¶v: †h Afx¶vq †Kvb wel‡qi mgMÖ wm‡jev‡mi Dci g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ
Kiv nq, cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwˇZ K…ZKvh©Zv I AK…ZKvh©Zv wba©viY Kiv nq, cÖ‡qvRbxq
†¶‡Î mb`cÎ cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq, mvd‡j¨i ¯Íi wba©viY Kiv nq Ges wbw`©ó
wm‡jev‡mi Dci g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi mgvwß Uvbv nq Zv‡K AMÖMwZ Afx¶v ejv nq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’vq cÖPwjZ P~ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ cix¶v¸‡jv‡Z
AMÖMwZ Afx¶v cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K-
(1) evwl©K cix¶v, (2) cÖv_wgK I Rywbqi e„wË ciw¶v, (3) GmGmwm cix¶v, (4)
GBPGmwm cix¶v, (5) mœvZK cix¶v, (6) mœvZ‡KvËi cix¶v, (7) fwZ© cix¶v, (8) e„wË
wbe©vPbx cix¶v|

AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨:

1| wk¶v_©x‡`i †gavi µggvb wba©viY Kiv hvq|

2| wk¶v_©x‡`i †MÖ‡Wkb Kiv hvq| A_©vr gvb Abyhvqx †kªwY wefvM Kiv hvq|
3| `ye©j I mej wk¶v_©x mbv³ Kiv hvq|
4| mb`cÎ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
5| cÖvß b¤^‡ii wfwˇZ wk¶v_©xiv e„wË wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM cvq|
6| D”P wk¶vi c_ myMg nq|
7| PvKwii my‡hv‡Mi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
8| Áv‡bi MfxiZv cwigvc Kiv hvq|
9| wk¶v_©xi mvd‡j¨i mvwe©K w`K cwigvc Kiv hvh|
10| D”P wk¶vi †¶‡Î welq wbe©vPb Kiv hvq|

143
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

†kªwY Afx¶v I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨:

†kªwY Afx¶v AMÖMwZ Afx¶v

1| GwU AwfÁZv AR©bKvjxb g~j¨vqb, ZvB 1| mvgwóK ev P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb avivevwnK cÖwµqv
GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| bq|

2| msKxY© cwim‡i mgvß nq| 2| e¨vcK cwim‡i m¤úbœ nq|

3| wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi AeKvk _v‡K| 3| wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi AeKvk _v‡K
bv|

4| Awba©vwiZ I bgbxq n‡Z cv‡i| 4| wba©vwiZ I Abgbxq cÖK…wZi|

5| Bnv g~j¨vq‡bi ci we‡køl‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K| 5| Bnv g~j¨vq‡bi ci we‡køl‡Yi my‡hvM Kg

_v‡K|

6| mb`wfwËK bq| 6| mb`wfwËK n‡Z cv‡i|

7| DËxY© †NvlYvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| 7| DËxY© †NvlYvi my‡hvM _v‡K|

8| evievi †bIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K| 8| evievi †bIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|

9| GwU g~j¨vq‡bi AvswkK cÖwµqv| 9| GwU g~j¨vq‡bi P~ovšÍ cÖwµqv|

10| G g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj P~ovšÍ bq| 10| G g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj P~ovšÍ|

11| `ye©j wk¶v_©xi `ye©jZvi †¶Î wPwýZ Kiv 11| wk¶v_©x‡`i `ye©jZvi †¶Î wPwýZ Kiv hvq
hvq| bv|

12| G g~j¨vq‡b wk¶v_©x‡`i ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM 12| wk¶v_©x‡`i ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
_v‡K|

†kªwY Afx¶v I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi MVb †KŠkj:

fv‡jv †kªwY Afx¶vq Ggb me cÖkœ AšÍf©~³ _v‡K hv cwVZ wm‡jev‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i
MwVZ n‡jI wk¶v_©x cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mivmwi DËi cv‡e bv, Zv‡K wPšÍv K‡i DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
beg-`kg †kªwYi ÔKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÕ wel‡qi GKwU Aa¨q ÔKw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM I

144
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

gvwëwgwWqvÕ, GLv‡b GKwU Aby‡”Q` Av‡Q ÔcÖKvkbvq Kw¤úDUviÕ| GB Aby‡”Q‡`i wkLb

gyj¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †kªYx Afx¶vi GKwU c` n‡Z cv‡i-
ÔK‡qK eQi Av‡MI eo eo hš¿ I avZe g~`ªv¶‡ii Qvcv Lvbv e¨cK cÖPwjZ wQj, wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi e¨vcK e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †Kb ? Õ

AMÖMwZ Afx¶vq mvaviYZt mivmwi welqwfwËK Ávb hvPvB Kiv n‡q _v‡K, †hgb-
ÔcÖKvkbv wk‡í Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|Õ

myZivs wk¶v_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z I Zv‡`i fyjÎæwU ms‡kvab Ki‡Z †kªwY Afx¶v I
AMÖMwZ Afx¶v iPbv Kivi mgq we‡kl `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1| GKvU Av`k© (Standard) Afx¶vi ˆewk󨸇jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| ICT wel‡qi Afx¶vi Av`k©vqb wKfv‡e Kiv hvq?

3| ICT wel‡qi †kªwY Afx¶v I AMÖMwZ Afx¶vi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

145
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 4

b¤^i cÖ`vb I djvdj msi¶Y

g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi c‡iB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡”Q cwigvc ev DËic‡Î b¤^i
cÖ`vb A_ev wk¶v_x©i e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri Dci b¤^i cÖ`vb| G b¤^i cÖ`vb hZ wbLyZ n‡e
g~j¨vqbI ZZ wbLyuZ n‡e| myZivs b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj A_©vr wK cÖwµqvq Ges †Kvb
†Kvb welq we‡ePbv K‡i b¤^i cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq Zv GKRb wk¶‡Ki Rvbv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î A‡bK mgq wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ cQ›` AcQ‡›`i cÖfve c‡i| d‡j
g~jvq‡bi ˆbe©¨w³KZv bó n‡q hvq| G Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
gvb`Ð AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| GRb¨ wk¶K‡K gvb`Ð cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| G
Awa‡ek‡b b¤^i cÖ`vb, b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Ð cÖYqb Ges djvdj msi¶‡Yi Dci Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT wel‡q Afx¶vi g~j¨vq‡bi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT Afx¶vi DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi gvb`Ð cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT Afx¶vq h_vh_fv‡e b¤^i cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡`i djvdj msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: DËicÎ g~j¨vqb I b¤^i cÖ`vb
DËicÎ g~j¨vqb K‡i b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv Avgv‡`i mevi Kv‡QB GKwU cwiwPZ e¨vcvi| wKš‘
DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wK wK Kjv‡KŠkj e¨envi Kiv nq Ges †Kvb †Kvb k‡Z©i Dci
b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv Avgv‡`i Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov †Kvb †¶‡Î KZ b¤^i cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e ZvI Avgv‡`i Rvbv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶v_x©e„›`, DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡b wK wK †KŠkj
†bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi †Kvb †Kvb welq we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ Zvi GKwU
ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

DËicÎ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi kZ©

146
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Ð


iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq b¤^i cÖ`v‡b cÖvqB †`Lv hvq †h, GKB DËic‡Î wewfbœ cix¶K wewfbœ
iKg b¤^i cÖ`vb K‡ib| ïay ZvB bq A‡bK †¶‡Î GKB Dˇii Rb¨ GKRb cix¶K wfbœ
wfbœ mgq wfbœ wfbœ b¤^i cÖ`vb K‡ib| A_©vr †`Lv hvq iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq DËic‡Î b¤^i
cÖ`vb wk¶K‡K e¨w³MZ g‡bvfve Øviv cÖfvweZ nIqvi GKwU cÖeYZv Av‡Q| G Amyweav
`~i Kivi Rb¨ GKwU gvb`Ð wba©viY K‡i Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
wk¶v_x©e„›`, iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq DËic‡Î b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wK wK welq gvb`‡Ð hy³ Kiv
hvq Zvi GKwU aviYvwPÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

Amgvß DËi
Av‡jvPbvi
avivevwnKZv

147
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- M: djvdj msi¶Y


g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj msi¶Y Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| GB djvdj wewfbœfv‡e msi¶Y
Kiv hvq| wk¶v_x©‡`i djvd‡ji GKwU QK ˆZwi K‡i Zv msi¶Y Kiv GKwU cÖPwjZ
c×wZ| wbivcËvi Rb¨ Giƒc djvd‡ji GKvwaK bKj (Copy) ˆZwi K‡i wfbœ wfbœ ¯’v‡b
msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b ICT-Gi Dbœq‡bi d‡j AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z djvdj
msi¶Y Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v_x©e„›`, djvdj msi¶‡Y e¨envi Dc‡hvMx GKwU bgybv QK
cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

148
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 4

g~j wkLbxq welq

b¤^i cÖ`vb I djvdj msi¶Y

iPbvg~jK Afx¶vq DËicÎ hvPvB Kivi mgq ˆbe©¨w³KZv Avbvi Dcvq:


wZb Dcv‡q DËicÎ †`Lvi mgq ˆbe©¨w³KZv Avbv Kiv hvq-
1. cÖPwjZ c×wZ (Traditional Method).

2. ch©vqµwgKfv‡e cÖ‡kœvËi hvPvB c×wZ (Question by Question Method).

3. b¤^i wba©viY c×wZ (Point Scale).

1. cÖPwjZ c×wZ (Traditional Method): cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z DËicÎ hvPvB‡qi

avc¸‡jv n‡jv-
K. cÖkœ ˆZwi Kivi mgq cÖkœKZ©v DËicÎ ˆZwi Ki‡eb Ges Zvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i
cix¶K DËicÎ hvPvB Ki‡eb|
L. mKj cix¶v_x©i DËicÎ 2q I 3q evi †`‡L c¶cvwZZ¡ `~i Kivi †Póv
Ki‡eb|
M. GKvwaK cix¶K LvZv †`L‡eb (1g cix¶K, 2q cix¶K I 3q cix¶K)|
G c×wZ‡Z ˆbe©¨w³KZv Avbvi m‡e©vËg Dcvq nj- Face Reading ev GKevi Dc‡i
Dc‡i cov Ges me¸‡jv DËic·K D”P Mo (Above Average), Mo (Average) I
wbgœ Mo (Below Average)-G wZbwU †kªwb‡Z fvM Kiv Ges †m Abyhvqx b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv|

2. ch©vqµwgKfv‡e cÖ‡kœvËi hvPvB c×wZ (Question by Question Method): G

c×wZ‡Z mKj cix¶v_x©i GKB cÖ‡kœi DËi GKmv‡_ †`L‡Z n‡e| Ges G‡¶‡Î kZ©
nj cÖwZwU cÖkœ wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q †`L‡Z n‡e| c×wZwU mgq mv‡c¶ n‡jI G‡Z b¤^‡ii

149
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ˆelg¨ Kg _v‡K| G c×wZi ÎæwU n‡jv-wk¶K mr bv n‡j wbfy©j cwigvc cvIqv hvq
bv| ZvQvov ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM mgqmv‡c¶ e‡j cix¶K G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M AvMÖnx nb bv|

3. b¤^i wba©viY c×wZ (Point Scale): G c×wZ‡Z Kx g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU
cÖ‡kœi †Kvb As‡ki Rb¨ KZ b¤^i _vK‡e Zv cÖkœKZ©v wba©viY K‡i †`‡eb| †hgb-
cÖkœ –(1) - c~Y© b¤^i 25 (Ávb Abyaveb- 5, welqe¯‘- 15, msMVb ¶gZv- 5)|
cÖkœ (2) - c~Y©gvb 20 (cÖ‡qvM- 10, welqe¯‘- 5, msMVb ¶gZv- 5)|

Dc‡iv³ c×wZ‡Z cÖkœKZ©v me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi Dˇii wewfbœ As‡ki Rb¨ b¤^img~n wefvRb
K‡i †`‡eb|
GQvovI iPbvg~jK Afx¶v ˆZixi mgq wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e:

1| cÖ‡kœi D‡Ïk¨ ¯úó n‡Z n‡e|

2| cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wb‡q cvV¨m~Px Abyhvqx cÖkœ Kiv|
3| cÖkœc‡Î Option ev evQvB‡qi my‡hvM Kg †`qv|
4| cÖkœ KZ©vi welqwfwËK Ávb I `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
5| mg‡qi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L cÖkœ msL¨v wba©viY Kiv|
6| mnR †_‡K KwVb ¯Í‡i cÖkœmg~n mvRv‡bv|
7| cÖ‡kœi KvwV‡b¨i gvÎv wba©viY Kiv|
8| welqwfwËK Ávb hvPvBg~jK cÖkœ n‡Z n‡e|
9| cÖ‡kœi ¸iæZ¡ Abyhvqx c~Y©gvb wba©viY Kiv|
10| cÖ‡kœi DËi hv‡Z `xN© bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L †ewk msL¨K cÖkœ †mU Kiv|
11| †h mKj wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K g~j¨vqb mnR †m †¶‡Î iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi cÖkœ bv Kiv|
12| cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Kiv|

150
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

iPbvg~jK Afx¶vi DËicÎ hvPvB‡q wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ `„wóevb n‡Z n‡et

K. cix¶v_x©i LvZvq cÖ_‡gB †KvW b¤^i †`qv|

L. GK`j cix¶K GK‡Î e‡m GK-GK-Rb GK-GKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
Ges whwb †h cÖ‡kœi DËi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb wZwb †m cÖ‡kœi me¸‡jv DËic‡Îi DËi
g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
M. cÖKvkf½x Ges eY©bvi PvZz‡h© gy» bv n‡q welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K DËicÎ hvPvB Ki‡eb|
N. DËi c‡Îi cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi Z_¨¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwiKiY|
O. g~j¨vq‡bi c×wZi Dci Afx¶K‡`i cÖwk¶Y `v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
P. m‡e©vËg b¤^i `vb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
Q. AsmMwZc~Y© DËi Av‡Q wK bv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|

b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û:

iPbvg~jK DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi mgq wb‡Pi gvb`Û¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i:

b¤^‡ii we‡eP¨ welq

nvi

33 %  Amgvß DËi  `~‡e©v× fvlv/†jLv

Gi Kg  weK…Z Z_¨  AmsMwVZ Dc¯’vcbv

 AcÖvmw½K e³e¨  DËi cÖ`v‡b Ae‡njv ¯úó

33 - 39  DËi h_vh_ bq  DËi wjLvi wb‡`©wkZ wbqg

%  Dˇi gv‡Sgv‡S A‡bKUvB †g‡b Pjv nq bvB

A_©nxb/AcÖ‡qvRbxq e³e¨ Av‡Q  cÖ`Ë hyw³¸‡jv wKQyUv A_©c~Y©

 A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB Av‡jvPbv mymsMwVZ g‡b n‡jI Am¤c~Y©

151
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

b¤^‡ii we‡eP¨ welq

nvi

I avivevwnK bq  fv‡jv Kivi cÖ‡Póv †bB

ej‡jB P‡j

40 - 49  DËi A‡bKvs‡kB h_vh_ bq|

%  Dˇii c‡¶ hyw³ Acwi¯‹vi ev Abycw¯’Z|

 evûj¨ e³e¨ †ewk|

 e³e¨ wKQyUv cÖvmw½K n‡jI cwi¯‹vi/m¤c~Y© bq|

 DËi wjLvi wb‡`©kbv wKQyUv †g‡b Pjv n‡q‡Q|

50-  †kªwY cvV, e³…Zv ev cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K welqe¯‘i Av‡jvPbv †ewk|

59%  †kªwY‡Z ev cy¯Í‡K †`qv D`vnviY¸‡jvB ûeû D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk eY©bvg~jK hv cÖ‡kœi cÖvmw½KZv‡K Acwi¯‹vi K‡i‡Q|

 bv ey‡SB RwUj ZZ¡ K_vi AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© cÖ‡kœi
mv‡_ AmvgÄm¨c~Y©|

 e³e¨ mymsMwVZ I avivevwnK bq|

 cy¯Í‡Ki/†kªwY cv‡Vi evB‡i ‡`qv wbR¯^ hyw³¸‡jv †Zgb cwi¯‹vi bq;

KLbI KLbI åvšÍ hyw³|

 DËi wjLvi wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pjv n‡q‡Q|

60-  cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡b wbR¯^ ¯^Zš¿ wPšÍvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q, hw`I Zv †kªwY
69% Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ|

 mvgMÖxK wel‡qi cÖwZwU Ask m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|

152
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

b¤^‡ii we‡eP¨ welq

nvi

 mwVK cÖgvb/D`vnviY D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|

 wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvmw½K I h_vh_ Z_¨-DcvË Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q (Drm I m~Î

D‡jøLmn)|

 DËi A‡nZzK eY©bvg~jK bv n‡q we‡kølYvZ¥K n‡q‡Q|

 k‡ãi e¨envi I evK¨MVb h_vh_, nv‡Zi †jLv cvV-Dc‡hvMx|

 myk„•Lj I avivevwnKfv‡e DËi K‡i‡Q|

 wb‡`©kbv †g‡b h_vh_ wbq‡g DËi K‡i‡Q|

70-  cÖ`Ë Dˇi †gŠwjK, ¯^Zš¿ I cÖvmw½K wPšÍv I hyw³i cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
74%  ALÛ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q; cÖ`Ë D`vnviY mwVK n‡q‡Q|

 Dˇi welqe¯‘i mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|

 Drm D‡jøLc~e©K cÖvmw½K Z_¨ I DcvË Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q hv Zvi hyw³ I

Av‡jvPbv‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q|

 e³e¨ myk„•Lj, mymsMwVZ I avivevwnK|

 cÖ‡qvRbxq cv`UxKv, Z_¨m~Î D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|

 wb‡`©kbv I Ab¨vb¨ wbqgbxwZ †g‡b DËi K‡i‡Q|

75 - 84 70-74% b¤^i cÖvwßi me ¸YvewjB Av‡Q; GQvovI-

%  e³‡e¨ D”PZi Áv‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q hv Ab¨‡`i †_‡K c„_K|

 e³e¨ GZUvB DbœZ hv mPivPi †`Lv hvq bv|

85% 75-84% b¤^i cÖvwßi me ¸YvewjB Av‡Q; GQvovI-

153
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

b¤^‡ii we‡eP¨ welq

nvi

Ges Gi  e³‡e¨ D”PZi Áv‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q hv cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ †hvM¨|

†ewk  e³e¨ GZUvB DbœZ †h Zv‡K D”PZi †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡gvkb †`evi Rb¨ mycvwik
Kiv hvq|

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djvdj msi¶Y †KŠkj:

wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb AMÖMwZ ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ djvd‡ji msi¶Y Riæix| wk¶v_©xi djvdj myk„•Lj I myweb¨v¯Í K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
Q‡Ki g‡Zv K‡i myweavRbK Q‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †h‡Z cvi| GB Kv‡R MS Excel mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

we`¨vjq wfwËK g~j¨vqb Gi djvdj msi¶Y

†kªwY Afx¶v †kªwY I e¨venvwiK KvR evwoi KvR wba©vwiZ KvR ‡gŠwLK `jMZ KvR †Kvm©
Dc¯’vcbv IqvK©
wk¶v_©xi Afx¶v Afx¶v ‡gvU SBA* KvR KvR †gvU SBA* †gvU SBA* †gvU SBA* †gvU SBA* †gvU SBA* †gvU
bvg 1 2 1 2 b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i b¤^i
(eivÏK…Z
10 10 20 5 10 10 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 30
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155
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

wk¶v_©xi K…wZ‡Z¡i evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b

¯‹z‡ji bvg: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ermi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

wk¶v_©xi bvg:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . †kªwY: . . . . . . . . . . kvLv: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mvgwqK-1 mvgwqK-2 mvgwqK-3 ‡gvU

cix¶v †Kvm©IqvK©* †gvU cix¶v †Kvm©IqvK©* †gvU cix¶v †Kvm©IqvK©* †gvU cix¶v ‡Kvm©IqvK©* ‡gvU
(70%) (30%) b¤^i (70%) (30%) b¤^i (70%) (30%) b¤^i (210) (90) b¤^i
(100%) (100%) (100%) (300)
(100
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welq)

ICT
(Ab¨
welq)

* †Kvm©IqvK© n‡jv †gvU GmweG b¤^i|

156
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
1. ICT wel‡qi Afx¶vi DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡b wKfv‡e ˆbe©¨w³KZv eRvq ivLv hvq?

2. DËi cÎ g~j¨vqb K‡i b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi mgq wK wK welq j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e?
3. ICT wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i djvdj msi¶Y Kivi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb|
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 5

ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK cix¶v

f~wgKv
ICT GKwU dwjZ welq| G Kvi‡Y ICT wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡`i ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
e¨envwiK Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| GB e¨envwiK Ávb I `¶Zv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb e¨envwiK cix¶v| GB e¨envwiK cix¶vq Ggb †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq hv‡Z ICT
wel‡qi AR©b‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~n cwigvc Kiv hvq| GRb¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶K‡`i Rb¨ ICT
wel‡qi e¨envwiK Afx¶v cÖYqb Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G Awa‡ek‡b
ICT e¨envwiK cix¶vq cwigv‡ci Rb¨ `¶Zv wPwýZKiY, ICT e¨envwiK Afx¶v cÖYqb,
e¨envwiK Afx¶vq wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv cÖ¯‘ZKiY I e¨envwiK cix¶vq g~j¨vqb wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT e¨envwiK cix¶vi Rb¨ cwigvc‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT welq e¨envwiK Afx¶v cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK Afx¶vi wb‡`©kbv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡qi e¨envwiK Afx¶vi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡qi e¨envwiK Afx¶vi g~j¨vq‡bi †PKwj÷ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ICT wel‡qi cwigvc‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~n wPwýZKiY

ICT wel‡qi e¨envwiK cix¶vi Rb¨ Afx¶v cÖ¯‘wZ/cÖYq‡bi c~‡e©B †Kvb †Kvb wkLb `¶Zv
g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici G mKj wkKb `¶Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i
g~j¨vqb †KŠkj ev Afx¶v cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr cwigvc‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~‡ni cÖK…wZi Dci
wbf©i Ki‡Q wKfv‡e ev †Kvb †KŠk‡j Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| myZivs ICT wel‡qi e¨envwiK
cix¶vq e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ_‡gB cwigvc‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| cwigvc‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~n g‡bv‡ckxR wkLb †¶‡Îi AšÍM©Z A_©vr G¸‡jv wPšÍb I
kvixwiK †hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ hy³ †hgb- Kw¤úDUv‡ii gvDm Gi e¨envi| wel‡qi e¨envwiK
cix¶vq cwigvc‡hvM¨ `¶Zvmg~n wb‡q GKwU aviYvwPÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
158
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Kw¤úDUv‡i
wmwW ¯’vcb I
gvDm-Gi
†ei K‡i
e¨envi,
†bIqv
wK¬K, Wvej
wK¬K

ICT wel‡qi
`¶Zvmg~n

ce©- L: ICT wel‡qi e¨envwiK Afx¶v cÖYqb


wPwýZ e¨envwiK `¶Zvmg~‡ni Dci wbf©i K‡iB e¨envwiK Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiv nq| A_©vr †h
`¶Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq Afx¶vwU Ggb n‡e †hb †mB `¶ZvwU g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq| aviv hvK, d¬wc wW¯‹-Gi e¨envi-Gi `¶Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v_x©‡`i Ggb
GKwU KvR w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z d¬wc wW¯‹-Gi e¨env‡ii mv‡_ hy³ mKj `¶Zvmg~n m¤ú„³ _v‡K|
wk¶v_x©e„›`, GKwU e¨envwiK Afx¶v cÖYqb Kiæb hv‡Z d¬wc wW¯‹-Gi e¨envi msµvšÍ

159
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

`¶Zvmg~n g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|

160
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ce©- M: ICT wel‡qi e¨envwiK cix¶vi wb‡`©kbv cÖ¯‘wZ

 e¨envwiK cix¶vi Afx¶v cÖkœc‡Îi mv‡_ wb‡`©kbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G wb‡`©kbv AbymiY
K‡iB wk¶v_x© Zvi e¨envwiK KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡e| Kv‡RB G wb‡`©kbv Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
mKj wk¶v_x© mn‡RB Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov G wb‡`©kbv Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wk¶v_x©i wK
KiYxq Zv ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL _vK‡e| GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ e¨envwiK cÖkœ I wb‡`©kbv wK?
e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖkœ: cix¶‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z gvDm e¨env‡ii `¶Zv cÖ`k©b|

[wb‡`©kbv: †W·Uc-G GKwU dvBj Wvej-wK¬K K‡i I‡cb Kiv, ivBU-wK¬K K‡i dvBj Kwc
Kiv ........ ]

wk¶v_x©e„›`, Gevi Avcbviv wmwW-Gi e¨env‡ii `¶Zvi Dci GKwU e¨envwiK cÖkœ I wb‡`©kbv
cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

ce©- N: e¨envwiK KvR g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †PKwj÷ cÖ¯‘Z


e¨envwiK KvR mvaviYZ cix¶‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©i m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ g~j¨vq‡bi
myweav‡_© cix¶K GKwU †PKwj÷ e¨envi K‡i wk¶v_x©i KvR ch©‡e¶Y K‡i mv‡_ mv‡_
g~j¨vqb K‡i _v‡Kb| wk¶v_x©e„›`, wmwW-Gi e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î †Kvb †Kvb `¶Zv¸‡jv
cwigvc‡hvM¨ Zv wPwýZ K‡i GKwU g~j¨vqb †PKwj÷ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

161
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

wmwW-Gi e¨envi g~j¨vqb †PKwj÷

`¶Zv wk¶v_x©i ˆbcyY¨Zv

162
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 5

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK cix¶v

ICT wel‡q cwigvc‡hvM¨ e¨envwiK `¶Zv:

ICT g~jZt e¨envwiK GKwU welq| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R ICT I‡ZvcÖ‡Zvfv‡e RwoZ n‡q
Av‡Q Ges h‡Zv w`b hv‡”Q ZZB †ewk Avgiv ICT-i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q hvw”Q| GKvi‡Y ICT
wel‡q e¨envwiK cix¶vq †h welq¸‡jv Avgiv ch©‡e¶Y Kwi †m¸‡jv g~jZt Avgv‡`i ‰`bw›`b
Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkøó| ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK cix¶vi Øviv Avgiv †hme `¶Zv hvPvB Kwi
†m¸‡jv wb‡Pi WvqvMÖv‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

ICT wel‡q AwR©Z

Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM
¶gZv hvPvB

ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R ICT ICT wel‡q

e¨env‡ii `¶Zv ZZ¡MZ Áv‡bi
hvPvB Dcjw× hvPvB

wk¶vq
ICT ICT mswkøó
wewfbœ ai‡Yi DcKiY
nvW©Iq¨vi/wWfvBm e¨envwiK cix¶vi e¨envi `¶Zv
e¨env‡ii `¶Zv cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wewfbœ ai‡bi ICT mswkøó

mdUIq¨vi mgm¨vi mgvavb
e¨env‡ii `¶Zv †hvM¨Zv hvPvB

myk„•Lj I
avivevwnKfv‡e Kg©
m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv
hvPvB

163
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

e¨envwiK cix¶vq wk¶v_©x‡`i KvR ch©‡e¶Y:

e¨envwiK cix¶vq wk¶v_©x‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi e¨vcv‡i cÖvqktB c¶cvwZZ¡/Awbq‡gi ev Amg-

g~j¨vq‡bi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GB mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ cix¶K hw` cy‡e©B wVK K‡i iv‡Lb †h
wZwb g~j¨vq‡bi mgq wk¶v_©x‡`i †Kvb †Kvb `¶Zv¸‡jv hvPvB Ki‡eb, Zv n‡j g~j¨vqb AwaK
ˆbe©¨w³K I mylg n‡e| GLv‡b GKwU bgybv ch©‡e¶Y wj÷ †`qv n‡jv:
AwZ †gvUv- AwZ
DËg `~e©j
ch©‡e¶‡Yi †¶Î DËg gywU `~e©j

1. cix¶vi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kbv Abymib `¶Zv

2. myk„•Lj I avivevwnKfv‡e Kg©m¤úv`b `¶Zv

3. wbLuyZfv‡e djvdj cÖ`k©b `¶Zv

4. `jxq Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kivi `¶Zv

5. DcKiY I hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii `¶Zv

6. wk¶v_©xi m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb `¶Zv

7. KvRwU cybivq Kivi `¶Zv

8. cÖ`Ë Kv‡Ri mswkøó †gŠwjK aviYv/g~jbxwZ

m¤ú‡K© Áv‡bi ¯^”QZv

9. cÖ`Ë Kv‡Ri wewfbœ Ask/¯Í‡i mgš^q mvab `¶Zv

10. cÖ`Ë KvRwU h_vh_fv‡e m¤c~Y© Kivi `¶Zv

. . . (Abyiƒc Ab¨vb¨) . . .

164
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j¨vqb
 1. ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK Afx¶vi gva¨‡g wK wK `¶Zv cwigvc Kiv nq?

2. ICT wel‡q e¨envwiK Afx¶vq wk¶v_©x‡`i g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ch©‡e¶Y †PKwj÷

ˆZix Kiæb|

165
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 6

ICT wel‡q iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

ICT wel‡q wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡b iPbvg~jK Afx¶v GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| ICT wel‡q

ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©b KZUzKz mdj n‡q‡Q Zv wbfy©jfv‡e wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î iPbvg~jK Afx¶v e¨envi
Kiv nq| myZivs G‡¶‡Î wk¶v_x©i wkL‡bi mwVK g~j¨vqb wbf©i K‡i e¨eüZ iPbvg~j K
Afx¶vi gv‡bi Dci| Avi iPbvg~jK Afx¶v KZUzKz gvbm¤úbœ n‡q‡Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv `iKvi| G Awa‡ek‡b ICT wel‡q iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT wel‡qi iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ wkLb †¶Î (Domain) Abymv‡i †kªwYKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkLb D‡Ïk¨ I wkLb AwfÁZvi mv‡_ cÖkœc‡Îi mvgÄm¨Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q Afx¶v c`¸‡jvi ÎæwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q AZxZ Afx¶v c`¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î Gi ÎæwU ms‡kvab
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: iPbvg~jK cÖkœ wkLb †¶Î Abymv‡i †kªwYKiY

wcÖq wk¶v_x© Avcwb gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wk¶Y cvV¨cy¯ÍK msMÖn Kiæb| Zvici
GB eB‡qi Aa¨vq/cvV †k‡l †h Abykxjbx cÖkœgvjv Av‡Q Zv †_‡K †h †Kvb GKwU evQvB
Kiæb| Gevi cÖkœ¸‡jv †h wkLb †¶‡Îi AšÍM©Z †m Abymv‡i wb‡Pi Q‡K ZvwjKvf~³ Kiæb|

166
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Ávbg~jK g‡bv‡ckxR †¶Î Av‡ewMK †¶Î

167
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: AZx‡Zi iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv


wcÖq wk¶v_x© Avcwb c~‡e© K‡qK erm‡ii SSC cix¶vi ICT wel‡qi iPbvg~jK cÖkœgvjv msMÖn
Kiæb| Gevi cÖwZwU cÖkœc‡Îi †¶‡Î wb‡P D‡jøwLZ welq¸‡jv cÖwZwU cÖkœc‡Îi Rb¨ GKwU
wi‡cvU© cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

 cvV¨ eB‡qi mg¯Í Aa¨vq †_‡K cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv|

 hw` cÖkœmsL¨v Aa¨vq msL¨v †_‡K Kg nq Z‡e wKfv‡e Aa¨vq¸‡jv evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q
(†hgb: 1g, 3q, 5g, 8g ... BZ¨vw`)|
 cÖkœ¸‡jvi KvwVb¨ gvb †Kgb?
 cÖkœ¸‡jv wKfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q? (†hgb: mnR †_‡K KwVb, eY©bvg~jK †_‡K
we‡kølYagx©)|
 eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ msL¨v I we‡kølYagx© cÖkœmsL¨v KZ?
 wk¶Y †¶Î (Domain) Abymv‡i †Kvb wkLb †¶‡Î cÖkœ msL¨v KZ?
 cÖkœc‡Îi cÖwZwU cÖkœ wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ m¤úK©h³
y wKbv?
 cÖkœ¸‡jvi gvb eÈb cÖ‡kœi KvwVb¨gvb Abymv‡i mwVK wKbv?

168
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Kg©cÎ- 2: GKwU AZxZ iPbvg~jK cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbv

wb‡P GKwU wk¶v‡ev‡W©i AZx‡Zi SSC cix¶vi Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡hi GKwU cÖkœcÎ Zz‡j
†`qv n‡jv| ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ejyb †Kvb cÖkœ Øviv wk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡bi Ávbg~jK (Cognitive
domain) †¶‡Îi 6wU Dc‡¶Î †_‡K †Kvb Ávb hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

µ.bs Afx¶v c` b¤^i

1| (K) AvKvi I ¶gZvi wfwˇZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªwYwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
(L) GwbqvK (ENIAC) Gi ˆewkó¸‡jv wjL| 1
2| (K) `yÕwU BbcyU I `yÕwU AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi bvg wjL| 1
(L) wbqš¿Y BDwb‡Ui KvR¸‡jv wjL| 2
(M) †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2
3| (K) ÷vU© Avc wW· wK? 1
(L) mdUIq¨vi KwcivBU AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) UvB‡Uj evi I †gbyevi Gi KvR wK? 2
4| (K) (AB, CD)10 msL¨vwUi mgZ’j¨ AKUvj gvb wbY©q Ki? 2
(L) eywjqvb G¨vj‡Reivi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, 2
( A  B  C ) BC  A.B.C
(M) BwewmwWAvBwm (EBCDIC) †KvW wK? 1
5| (K) IqvW©cÖ‡mwms ej‡Z wK eyS? `yÕwU IqvO©cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨v‡ii bvg wjL| 2
(L) wWwUwc wK? †gBjgvR© m¤ú‡K© wjL| 3
6| (K) †¯cÖWwm‡U PvU©/MÖvd ˆZwii c×wZ m¤ú‡K© wjL| 2
(L) dg©~jv Ges dvskb Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 1
(M) IqvK©wm‡Ui †Kvb N‡i FALSE †jLv I‡V †Kb? 2
7| (K) WvUv‡eR e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖv_wgK KvR¸‡jv wK wK? 2
(L) wdì I †iK‡W©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? 1
(M) m¤úK©hy³ WvUv‡eR wK? WvUv‡eR cÖkvm‡Ki `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wjL? 2
8| (K) ‡cÖvMÖvg iPbvi wewfbœ avc¸‡jv wK wK? my‡Wv †KvW wK? 2
(L) wPývw`i ÎæwU (Syntax Error) ej‡Z wK eyS? 1
(M) †cÖvcvwU© I †g_‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? 2
9| (K) †bwU‡Rb wK? HTML Ges HTTP ej‡Z wK eyS? 2
(L) Star Ges Ring U‡cvjwRi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? 1
(M) WWW wK? `yÕwU I‡qe‡cR eªvDwRs mdUIq¨vi bvg wjL| 2
10| (K) Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Kivi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ myweav¸‡jv wK wK? 2
(L) gvwëwgwWqv wcwmi msMVb m¤úwK© wjL| 2
(M) B-Kgvm© (E-commerce) m¤ú‡K© wjL| 1

169
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 6

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q iPbvg~jK cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

Afx¶v cÖYq‡bi mgq Ávbg~jK †¶‡Îi wewfbœ DcwefvM †_‡K cÖkœKivi Rb¨
 kã/wµqvc‡`i e¨envi:
cÖkœ Kivi mgq Bloom-Gi †kªwY web¨vmK…Z wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨i wewfbœ wefvM †_‡K wk¶v_©x‡`i
g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi mgš^‡q cÖkœcÎ cÖbqb Ki‡Z nq| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡kœi
gvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ mwVK Wording ev kãvqb Ki‡Z n‡e| mwVK kãvqb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU
ZvwjKv †`Iqv nj-
1| Ávb cwigvcg~jK cÖ‡kœi kãvqb: Identify (kbv³ Ki), Define (msÁvwqZ Ki),
Name (bvgKiY Kiv), Describie (eY©bv Ki), List (ZvwjKve× Ki), Match (wgj

Ki), Select (wbe©vPb Ki), Out-line (ms‡KZ `vI) BZ¨vw`|

2| Áv‡bi Abyaveb kw³ hvPvBg~jK cÖ‡kœi kãvqb: Classify (†kªwYe× Ki), Explain
(e¨vL¨v Ki), Summarize (mvimsw¶ß Ki), Convert (cwieZ©b Ki), Predict
(fwel¨revbx Ki), Distinguish (cv_©K¨ Ki) BZ¨vw`|

3| Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK cÖ‡kœi kãvqb: Demonstrate (cÖ`k©b Ki),

Compute (DcvË mwbœ‡ek Ki ev MYbv Ki), Solve (mgvavb Ki), Modify

(cwigvwR©Z Ki), Arrange (mvRvI), Operate (Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki), Relate (m¤úK©
¯’vcb Ki) BZ¨vw`|

4| we‡kølY ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK cÖ‡kœi kãvqb: Differentiate (ˆewkó¨vbyhvqx c„_KKiY),

Diagram (cÖwZcv`¨ wPÎ ev bKkv AvuK), Estimate (wnmveKi, g~j¨ wePvi Ki),

170
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Seperate (Avjv`v Ki), Infer (wm×všÍ `vI), Order (µg Ki), Sub-divide (Dc-

wefvM Ki) BZ¨vw`|

5| ms‡kølY Kivi ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK cÖ‡kœi kãvqb: Combine (mshy³ Ki), Create (m„wó
Ki), Formulate (m~ÎvwqZ K‡i MVb Ki), Design (bKkv Ki), Compose (web¨¯Í
K‡i MVb Ki), Construct (MVb Ki), Rearrange (cybt mw¾Z Ki), Revive (cybt
wePvic~e©K ms‡kvab Ki) BZ¨vw`|

6| Evaluation ev g~j¨vqb ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK cÖ‡kœi kãvqb: Judge (wePvi Ki),

Criticise (mgv‡jvPbv Ki), Compare (Zzjbv Ki), Justify (†hŠ³KZv hvPvB Ki),

Conclude (Dcmsnvi wjL), Discriminate (cv_©K¨ j¶¨ K‡i wePvi Ki), Support

(¯^c‡¶ hyw³ `vI) BZ¨vw`|

Kg©cÎ- 2 Gi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb:

Ávbg~jK †¶Î DcwefvM Afx¶v c‡`i µwgK b¤^i

Ávb (Knowledge) 1(L), 2(K), 3(K), 4(M), 5(K), 9(K), 9(M),
10(M)
Abyaveb (Comprehension) 1(K), 2(L), 8(K), 8(L)
cÖ‡qvM (Application) 2(M), 4(L), 6(K), 7(K), 10(K)
we‡kølY (Analysis) 3(M), 5(L), 6(L), 7(L), 8(M), 9(L)
ms‡kølY (Synthesis) 4(K), 10(L)
g~j¨vqb (Evaluation) 3(L), 6(M), 7(M)

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 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 7

ICT wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

ICT wel‡qi wk¶v_x©i AwR©Z Ávb g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶vI e¨envi Kiv nq|
GRb¨ ICT wel‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †h G‡Z myAfx¶vi
ˆewk󨸇jv Av‡Q wKbv? ZvQvov cÖkœ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †h mKj ÎæwU cvIqv hvq Zv `~i Kivi
e¨e¯’v †bIqv hv‡e| G Awa‡ek‡b ICT wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT wel‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœc‡Îi ÎæwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 SSC cix¶vi ICT wel‡qi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©- K: ICT wel‡qi ˆbe©¨vw³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

 ICT wel‡qi ‰be©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î †`L‡Z n‡e cvV¨m~wPi mKj As‡ki welqe¯‘
†_‡K cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv? ZvQvov wkLb †¶‡Îi †Kvb †Kvb Ask †_‡K cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvI
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| AviI GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q G‡Z myAfx¶vi ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q wKbv?
ZvI ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡P GKwU bgybv ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ †`Iqv nj| wk¶v_x©e„›`, G
cÖkœcÎwUi ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

bgybv ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ

wb‡P GKwU wk¶v‡ev‡W©i AZx‡Zi SSC cix¶vi Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡hi GKwU ‰be©¨ w³K
cÖkœcÎ Zz‡j †`qv n‡jv| ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ejyb †Kvb cÖkœ Øviv wk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡bi Ávbg~jK
(Cognitive domain) †¶‡Îi 6wU Dc‡¶Î †_‡K †Kvb Ávb hvPvB Kiv hv‡e| [we‡kl `ªóe¨:
cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]

172
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

1| (1101)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j KZ nq?

K. (29)10
L. (16)10
M. (11)10
N. (13)10|

2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gŠwjK †cU bq?

K. Avi
L. A¨vÛ
M. bU
N. bi|

3| 1100 msL¨vwU‡Z KqwU weU Av‡Q?

K. 2wU
L. 4wU
M. 8wU
N. 32wU|

4| A
B -x= A+B+C
C
Dc‡i bKkvwU †Kvb& jwRK †M‡Ui?
K. Avi †M‡Ui
L. bi †M‡Ui
M. G¨vÛ †M‡Ui
N. b¨vÛ †M‡Ui|

5| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms k‡ãi A_© wK?

K. kãwefvRb
L. †iLv
M. kã cÖwµqvKiY
N. eY©gvjv cÖwµqvKiY|

173
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

6| gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW©-G Ò†mfÓ KgvÛ †Kvb †gby‡Z _v‡K?

K. GwWU †gby‡Z
L. wfD †gby‡Z
M. dig¨vU †gby‡Z
N. dvBj †gby‡Z|

7| †gBj gvR© KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ KqwU WvUv dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq?
K. 1wU
L. 2wU
M. 3wU
N. 4wU|

8| evsjv‡`k †W¯‹Uc cÖKvkbvi KvR ïiy nq KLb?

K. 1971 mv‡j
L. 1979 mv‡j
M. 1983 mv‡j
N. 1987 mv‡j|

9| †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi ci c`©vq AmsL¨ Ni wewkó GKwU wnmv‡ei QK †`Lv †Mj| G‡¶‡Î
wnmv‡ei QKwU‡K ejv nq?
K. †¯cÖWmxU
L. IqvK©mxU
M. K¨vjKz‡jkb
N. IqvK© †¯cÖWmxU|

10| wnmv‡ei QK wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vi Kbvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ dg©yjvi bvg wK?
K. jwRK¨vj
L. MvwYwZK
M. di‡gwUs
N. †U·U|

174
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

11| †jvUvm 1-2-3 †Kvb& Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨eüZ nq?

K. WindowsXP
L. DOS
M. Unix
N. Windows98|

12| Kw¤úDUvi‡K †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ekx ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q?
K. WvUv‡eR
L. IqvK©mxU
M. †¯cÖWmxU
N. IqvW© mxU|

13| wd‡ìi bvg- MÖvg

WvUv - ivYxcyi
wd‡ìi aiY wK n‡e?
K. eY©
L. msL¨v
M. BbwURvi
N. wURvi|

14| wWw÷ªweD‡UW WvUv‡eR e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ †Kvb c×wZ‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq?
K. MÖvwdK AvU©m
L. K¬v‡q›U mvf©vi
M. IqvK© †÷kb
N. Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g|

15| A¶im¤^wjZ Z_¨ †Kvb& ai‡Yi WvUv?

K. †UK&m
L. b¤^i
M. †g‡gv
N. Kv‡iwÝ|
175
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

16| Kw¤úDUv‡ii K‡qKwU †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR nj (i) †gwgb j¨vs¸‡qR (ii) c¨vm‡Kj
(iii) †Kvej (iv) G¨‡m¤^jx j¨v¸‡qR Gi g‡a¨ nvB †j‡fj j¨v½y‡qR nj-
K. (i) I (ii) bs
L. (ii) I (iii) bs
M. (iii) I (iv) bs
N. (i) I (iv) bs|
17| B›Uvi wcÖ›Uvi wK?
K. Drm †KvW
L. Ae‡R± †KvW
M. Abyev`K
N. wPýv`x|
18| wfRy¨qvj †ewm‡K Kq ai‡bi aªæeK i‡q‡Q?
K. GK ai‡bi
L. `yB ai‡bi
M. wZb ai‡bi
N. Pvi ai‡bi|
19| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU Ae‡R±-Iwi‡q›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi wfw˯^iƒc bq?
K. †cÖvcvwU©
L. B‡fb
M. †g_W
N. wֻs|
20| Z_¨ cÖev‡ni bZzb `ywbqvi bvg wK?
K. LAN
L. WAN
M. WWW
N. G-II.
21| Ab¨ Z‡_¨i mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi c×wZi bvg
wK?
K. Modem
L. ISP
M. Hyper text
N. WWW.
176
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

22| E-mail wVKvbq @ wP‡ýi c‡ii cÖ_g kãwU nj-

K. Domain name
L. Host machine name
M. Name of organization
N. Country Name.

23| cÖv_wgKfv‡e gvwëwgwWqv KZ cÖKvi?

K. 2 cÖKvi
L. 3 cÖKvi
M. 4 cÖKvi
N. 5 cÖKvi|

24| e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î Kw¤úyUvi †h AvaywbK aviYvwU wb‡q G‡m‡Q Zvi bvg wK?
K. E-mail
L. WWW
M. WAN
N. E-commerce.

25| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Kg©wefvM wb¤œiƒc:

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

wbqš¿Y †mevg~jK
†cÖvMÖvg †cÖvMÖv
* cÖwµqvKiY

* (ZviKv) wPwýZ ¯’v‡b †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨?

K. Dc‡hvM
L. G Gj BD
M. †cÖvMÖvwgs
N. mvwf©wms|

177
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: ICT wel‡qi AZxZ Afx¶vi c` we‡kølY


wcÖq wk¶v_x© c~e©eZx© K‡qK erm‡ii SSC cix¶vi ICT wel‡qi cÖkœcÎ msMÖn Kiæb| Zvici
cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi †¶‡Î wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv K‡i †Kvb ÎæwU Av‡Q wKbv Zv wPwýZ Kiæb|

nuv bv
 cÖ‡kœ GKwU gvÎ ï× DËi Av‡Q|
 cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËiwU I weKí DËi¸‡jv GKB iKg|
 cÖkœc‡Î mwVK DËi¸‡jv K, L, M I N Gi g‡a¨ mgvbfv‡e ewÈZ
Av‡Q|
 mwVK DËi I weKí DËi¸‡jvi ˆ`N©¨ mgvb|
 cÖkœ¸‡jv mivmwi cÖkœ wn‡m‡e Av‡Q|

178
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 8 Awa‡ekb- 7

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv

GB Awa‡ek‡b g~jZ: cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv Awa‡ekb 6 Gi g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K AZx‡Zi

 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœc‡Îi ch©v‡jvPbvi Abykxjb Ki‡e|

Kg©cÎ- 1 Gi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb:

Ávbg~jK †¶‡Îi DcwefvM Afx¶v c‡`i µwgK b¤^i

Ávb (Knowledge) 2, 6, 8, 10, 18, 20,23

Abyaveb (Comprehension) 5, 9, 15, 17, 22

cÖ‡qvM (Application) 11, 12, 21, 24

we‡kølY (Analysis) 1, 7, 13, 19

ms‡kølY (Synthesis) 3, 4, 14, 16

g~j¨vqb (Evaluation) 25

179
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Kg©cÎ- 2 Gi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb:

ÁvbMZ †¶‡Îi wewfbœ Dc‡¶Î c` msL¨v †gvU b¤^i kZKiv nvi

Ávb (Knowledge) 7 7 28%

Abyaveb (Comprehension) 5 5 20%

cÖ‡qvM (Application) 4 4 16%

we‡kølY (Analysis) 4 4 16%

ms‡kølY (Synthesis) 4 4 16%

g~j¨vqb (Evaluation) 1 1 4

180
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU: 9

Awa‡ekb- 1: ICT wk¶vq ¯^-wkLb

Awa‡ekb- 2: ICT wel‡q mycVb
Awa‡ekb- 3: ICT wel‡q cybAa¨qb
Awa‡ekb- 4: ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœqb
Awa‡ekb- 5: ICT wk¶Y I Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv
Awa‡ekb- 6: ICT wel‡q bZzb aviYvq †KZv`yi¯Í _vKv

181
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

182
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 1

ICT wk¶vq ¯^-wkLb

f~wgKv
¯^-wkLb ej‡Z mvaviYZ: ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v MÖnY †evSvq| ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqvq wk¶v_©x‡`i
wkL‡bi cÖwZ g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½i Dbœqb N‡U| `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj GB hy‡M gvbyl‡K my›`ifv‡e
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ wbZ¨bZzb Ávb I `¶Zv
AR©b AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Rxebe¨wc †kLv m¤¢e bq| GKvi‡Y wb‡R †_‡KB †kLvi
Pvwn`v m„wó Ges †m wel‡q ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e c`‡¶c MÖnY Kivi cÖwµqv n‡”Q ¯^-wkLb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ¯^-wkL‡bi aviYv I cÖK…wZ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ci‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi wewfbœ †KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¯‹zj-wk¶v_©x‡`i ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ¯^-wkLb I ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v MÖnY Kiv‡KB ¯^-wkLb e‡j| ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqvq wk¶v_©xiv wb‡R‡`i wkLb
Pvwn`v wb‡RivB wPwýZ K‡i, A_©vr Zviv wK wkL‡e, †mUv Zviv wb‡RivB wVK K‡i Ges ‡mB
Abyhvqx Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i| `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj GB hy‡M gvbyl‡K my›`ifv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi
Rb¨ bZzb bZzb Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ wbZ¨bZzb Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Rxebe¨vcx †kLv m¤¢e bq| GKvi‡Y wb‡R †_‡KB †kLvi Pvwn`v
m„wó Ges †m wel‡q ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e c`‡¶c MÖnY Kivi A_v©r ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q|

183
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: ¯^-wkL‡bi †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b

Dc‡ii Qwe¸‡jv Avev‡iv fv‡jv K‡i j¶¨ Kiæb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b:

1. †Kvb Qwe‡Z Kviv wK Ki‡Q ejyb|

2. Zviv wK ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Q? Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ w`b|
3. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib GB ai‡bi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv Avb‡›`i mv‡_ †k‡L?
Avcbvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ †`Lvb|

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avcbviv wb‡gœ cÖ`wk©Z †cv÷vi mg~n fvjfv‡e j¶¨ Kiæb Ges G †cv÷vi mgy‡n
†h wewfbœ wkLb †KŠkj †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv wPwüZ Kiv †”óv Kiæb|

184
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- M: ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, wb‡Pi Q‡K ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ wee„wZ †`qv
Av‡Q| Avcwb †m¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ Abymv‡i cv‡ki Kjv‡g 1,2 ev 3 wjLyb| wb‡Pi Q‡Ki Ô¸iæ‡Z¡i
ch©vqÕ N‡i ¸iæZ¡vbymv‡i 1, 2 I 3 wjLyb | Avcwb hw` AviI †Kvb gvb`Û wePvi Ki‡Z Pvb
Zvn‡j †m¸‡jv Q‡Ki wb‡Pi duvKv mvwi‡Z (Row) wjLyb|

[1=Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 2=†gvUvgywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, 3=†ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©]

ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkLb cÖ‡qvRb KviY: ¸iæ‡Z¡i
ch©vq
1. wb‡Ri ICT `¶Zvi Dbœqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

2. wk¶v cÖwZôvb †_‡K mKj welq †kLv m¤¢e bq|

3. ICT welqwU cÖwZw`b bZzb aviYv I `¶Zvq mg„× n‡”Q|

4. ICT welqwU QvovI Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨|

5. Avgv‡`i wk¶v cÖwZôvb Avgv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwk¶Y †`q bv|

6. wb‡R‡K ICT wel‡q †KZv`yi¯Í (up to date) ivL‡Z PvB|

7. AvaywbKZvi my‡hvM-myweav Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z PvB|

8. wb‡Ri †ckvMZ Dbœqb Kivi Rb¨|

9. K¨vwiqvi cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ †ckvq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvM Ki‡Z|

10. D”P wk¶vi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z PvB|

185
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- N: ¯^-wkL‡bi GKwU Mí

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avmyb Avgiv wb‡Pi MíwU cwo Ges †k‡li cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`‡Z †Póv Kwi|

kvšÍv `kg †kªYx‡Z weÁvb wel‡qi QvÎx| Zvi eo fvB mv‡Rg wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb
wel‡q cÖ_g e‡l© c‡o Ges †QvU †evb KvšZv wØZxq †kªwY‡Z c‡o| wKQyw`b Av‡M Z‡`i gv-
evev mv‡R‡gi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi wK‡b w`‡q‡Qb| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wel‡q kvšÍv I KvšÍvi AvMÖ‡ni
†kl †bB| Aemi mg‡q kvšÍv Kw¤úDUv‡i e‡m Qwe Auv‡K, Mvb †kv‡b, wewfbœ †Mg †L‡j| KvšÍv
I kvšÍvi mv‡_ e‡m Qwe Avu‡K, †Mg †L‡j Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i 'A,B,C....' wj‡L Avb›` cvq|

GKw`b mv‡Rg Zvi GK wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q Rb‡Z cvi‡jv †h, weªUvwbKv, Iqvì© eyK BZ¨vw`
wek¦‡Kvl¸‡jvi (Encyclopedia) wWwRUvj fvm©b CD/DVD-†Z cvIqv hv‡”Q| GQvovI
gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ÔGbKvU©vÕ bvgK wek¦‡Kvl Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ Microsoft
Student bvgK wkLb mnvqK mdUIq¨vi CD/DVD-†Z cvIqv hvq, †hLv‡b AwWI, wfwWI,

Gwb‡gkb I w¯’iwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cvV¨ welq¸‡jv‡K mnR I AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv

n‡q‡Q| †mw`bB mv‡Rg evRvi †_‡K †mB mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv msMÖn Ki‡jv Ges evmvq Zvi
Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Ki‡jv| mv‡Rg AZ¨šÍ we®§q I Avb‡›`i mv‡_ †`L‡jv ‡h †mB
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ Ávb-weÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Aby-cigvbyi MVb, †mŠiRM‡Zi web¨vm, gvbe‡`‡ni MVb, MwY‡Zi m~Î , f~‡Mv‡ji welqe¯‘,
BwZnvm-HwZn¨ BZ¨vw` Ávb weÁv‡bi welq¸‡jvi A¨vwb‡gkb wPÎ, ev¯Íe wfwWI wPÎ, wKsev
Qwe Øviv welqe¯‘MZ Ávb AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e wk¶v_©x‡`i mn‡R †evSvi gZ K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| kvšÍv‡KI mv‡Rg †mBme mdUIq¨v‡ii e¨envi wkwL‡q w`j| kvšÍvI †`L‡jv †h, †m
†hme welq Av‡M eyS‡Zvbv, †m¸‡jv A¨vwb‡gkb wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ my›`i K‡i †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
†m GLb Zvi covi A‡bK welq Kw¤úDUv‡i e‡m †k‡L|

KvšÍvi Rb¨I mv‡Rg †QvU‡`i wk¶vg~jK mdUIq¨vi wK‡b Av‡b‡jv| †mB mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡Z

186
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

eY© cwiPq, kã MVb, evK¨ MVb, QovMvb, wewfbœ M‡íi KvU©ybwPÎ BZ¨vw` †QvU‡`i Dc‡hvMx
K‡i A¨vwb‡gkb wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| KvšÍvI GLb Kw¤úDUv‡i e‡mB cov wkL‡Z Pvq
Ges Aí mg‡qB Avb‡›`i mv‡_ †m Zvi cov wk‡L †d‡j|

wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B mv‡Rg B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wbj| GLb †m Zvi covi welqmn †h †Kvb Z_¨
B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K msMÖn K‡i †bq| cvkvcvwk Zvi wk¶K I eÜz‡`i mv‡_ B-†gB‡ji mvnv‡h¨
wewfbœ †bvU, A¨vmvBb‡g›U I Ab¨vb¨ wkLb mvgMÖx Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i| Zvi evev-gvI B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi K‡i †`k-we‡`‡ki †ccvi-cwÎKv-g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw` cvV K‡i|

wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B †`Lv †Mj kvšÍvi cwiev‡ii mevB Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Dci h‡_ó
wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o‡Q| . . . . . .

MíwU cov n‡j wb‡Pi cÖkœM‡jvi DËi w`b:

1. kvšÍv‡`i cwievi wKfv‡e ICT-i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡qwQj?

2. wewfbœ eq‡mi wk¶v_©x‡`i ¯^-wkL‡b ICT wKfv‡e f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i?

187
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 1

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wk¶vq ¯^-wkLb

¯^-wkLb:
¯^-wkLb ej‡Z mvaviYZt ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v MÖnY †evSvq| ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqvq wk¶v_©xiv
 wb‡R‡`i wkLb Pvwn`v wb‡RivB wPwýZ K‡i, A_©vr Zviv wK wkL‡e, †mUv Zviv wb‡RivB wVK
K‡i Ges †mB Abyhvqx Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i| GB cÖwµqvq wk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡bi cÖwZ g~j¨‡eva
I `„wófw½i Dbœqb N‡U| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, wk¶v_©xiv wb‡gœv³fv‡e wkL‡Z cQ›` K‡i-

 Zviv hv Ki‡Z fv‡jvev‡m, †mB me Kvh©vejxi gva¨‡g;

 †KvbI Kv‡R mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡bi gva¨‡g;
 DËg djveZ©b (Feedback) cvevi gva¨‡g;
 Zviv hv wk‡L‡Q Zvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi my‡hvM ‡c‡j;
 Zv‡`i wb‡Rig‡Zv K‡i KvR Kivi my‡hv‡Mi w`‡j;
 wb‡R‡`i cQ›`g‡Zv ¯’vb I mg‡q Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g;
 Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z, we‡klZ †hme Kv‡R mevB `jxqfv‡e GKB cÖwµqvq Ask ‡bq;
 †KvbI cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Zvj‡gjv‡bvi Abyf~wZi gva¨‡g|

¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
¯^-wkL‡bi `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj GB hy‡M gvbyl‡K my›`ifv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ wbZ¨bZzb Ávb I `¶Zv AR©b
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Rxebe¨vcx †kLv m¤¢e bq| GKvi‡Y wb‡R
†_‡KB †kLvi Pvwn`v m„wó Ges †m wel‡q ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e c`‡¶c MÖnY Kivi
cÖwµqv n‡”Q ¯^-wkLb| GQvovI †hme Kvi‡b ¯^-wkLb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †m¸‡jv n‡jv:

188
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 ¯^-wkLb GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv; c~‡e©i mKj wkLb cÖwµqvi †P‡q GwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviY GB cÖwµqvq gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †k‡L e‡j †mB
wkLb ev¯Íem¤§Z nq;
 wk¶v_©xiv mwµqfv‡e †k‡L e‡j wkLb ¯’vqx nq;
 ¯‹zj ce© †k‡l cieZ©x wk¶vRxe‡bi AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB wk¶v_©x‡`i
GKKfv‡e KvR K‡i wkL‡Z nq hv ¯^-wkL‡biB AšÍf©y³;
 Kg©‡¶‡Î mvaviYZt ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z, AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Ges `¶ Kg©Rxwe PvIqv
nq e‡j ¯^-wkL‡b Af¨¯Í e¨vw³MY AwaK my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡Kb;
 mKj ¯Í‡i wk¶v_©xiv ¯^-wkLb †KŠk‡j wkL‡Z AvMÖnx nq hw` wk¶K Zv
Dchy³ K‡i wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z cv‡ib;
 GB cÖwµqvq wkL‡bi cÖwZ wk¶_©x‡`i AšÍt¯’ DÏxcbv m„wó nq Ges
wkL‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡`i g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ nq;
 ¯^-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V;
 ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqv Abymib K‡i wewfbœ wk¶v_©xi wkLb Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wfbœ
wfbœ wk¶vµg cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e nq|

¯^-wkL‡bi cÖK„wZ:
¯^-wkL‡bi  ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqvwU wk¶v_©x‡`i wbKU mnR n‡e A_©vr ¯^-wkLb Kvh©vejx
cÖK„wZ
AcÖ‡qvRbxq wbqg-k„•Ljvi e܇b Ave× n‡e bv| wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i
cQ›`g‡Zv KvR Ki‡e|
 wk¶v_©xiv wb‡RivB cwiKíbv Ki‡e †h Zviv †Kvb welq wkL‡e Ges
KLb, †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
 wk¶v_©xi wkLb Kvh©vejx‡Z GKRb wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv A‡bKUv civgk©‡Ki
gZ ev Facilitator-Gi g‡Zv| wZwb wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡R †Kvb iKg
n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡eb bv hw`I Zviv †Kvb fyj K‡i, KviY fyj Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB

189
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Zviv mwVK welqwU AvqZ¡ Ki‡e| eis wk¶K †`L‡eb wba©vwiZ mg‡q
Zv‡`i KvR/wkLb †kl n‡”Q wKbv, Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb ïay civgk©
†`‡eb|
 welqe¯‘MZ Ávb AR©b Kiv †hgb †Zgwb ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqv‡Z Af¨¯Í
nIqvI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© |
 ¯^-wkLb cÖwµqv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡K Aek¨B †KŠZznjc~Y© I m`v wRÁvm¨ gb
wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq|
 wk¶v_©xiv †hfv‡eB KvR KiæK bv †Kb, Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri mv‡c‡¶ wkL‡bi
cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯ŒqvB GB cÖwµqvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

¯^-wkL‡b ICT-i f~wgKv:

¯^-wkL‡b
ICT-i f~w gKv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶v †¶‡Î e¨vcK my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q| Áv‡bi wewfbœ
†¶‡Î Z_¨ I ZZ¡ GLb mevi Rb¨ D›gy³ n‡q‡Q ICT-i Kj¨v‡Y| ÁvbvR©‡bi
Rb¨ N‡i e‡mB AvR gvbyl †fŠMwjK mxgvbv AwZµg Ki‡Q| `~iwk¶‡Yi
gva¨‡g wbR †`‡k ‡_‡KB we‡`kx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWMÖx AR©b Ki‡Q| GQvovI
gvby‡li Rxebe¨cx wkL‡bi Pvwn`vI c~iY Ki‡Q ICT| N‡i e‡mB gvbyl Zvi
Pvwn`vg‡Zv hv Rvb‡Z PvB‡Q, Zv †c‡q hv‡”Q gyû‡Z©i g‡a¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
mvnv‡h¨|
mKj eq‡mi me iKg Pvwn`v gvwdK wkLb mvgMÖx GLb ICT-i Kj¨v‡Y
Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| †ccvi-cwÎKv, †Ljv-ayjv, welqwfwËK ZZ¡ I Z_¨,
we‡bv`bg~jK mvgMÖx BZ¨vw` mewKQyB GLb Avgiv N‡i e‡mB †c‡Z cvwi|

wk¶v‡¶‡Î mv¤cÖwZK †h †Kvb Z_¨, ZË¡, M‡elYv, Rwi‡ci djvdj BZ¨vw`I

Avgiv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e‡`Šj‡Z †c‡q hvw”Q gyû‡Z©B| wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq I wk¶v
cÖwZôv‡bi I‡qe mvB‡U wewfbœ welqwfwËK eB, Rvb©vj, AvwU©‡Kj BZ¨vw`

190
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

cvIqv hvq, hv nq‡Zv ICT-i Ae`vb Qvov KLbI m¤¢e n‡q DV‡Zv bv|

myZivs ICT wk¶v‡K †hgb mnR K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb Gi ¸YMZ gvbI e„w×
K‡i‡Q| wek¦e¨vcx wk¶K, wk¶v_©x I wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó
K‡i‡Q, my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q Ávb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Ges wek¦e¨cx wk¶vi|

wk¶v_©x‡`i ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY:

wk¶v_©x‡`i ICT
wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi wk¶vRxe‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jI hw` GB cÖwµqvq wk¶v_©x‡`i
Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv bv nq Z‡e mvgMÖxKfv‡e ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡PóvwU e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ n‡Z
cv‡i| †h‡nZz wk¶v_©xiv wb‡RivB wewfbœ KvR Ki‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
msMÖn Ki‡e, ZvB wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z
wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e:

 ICT wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb I `¶Zv m¤ú‡K© wk¶‡Ki Rvbv _vK‡Z

n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i wZwb mevB‡K GKB gv‡b cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
†¶‡Î we‡kl `„wó w`‡Z cv‡ib|
 wk¶v_©x‡`i Z_¨ cÖhyw ³MZ cÖv_wgK aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| hw` bv _v‡K
Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K cÖv_wgK aviYv I `¶Zv w`‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v_©x‡`iI cwi¯‹vi Dcjw× _vK‡Z n‡e †h Zviv wK wkL‡Z Pvq, †Kb
wkL‡Z Pvq Ges wKfv‡e wkL‡Z Pvq|
 ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡b †h‡nZz cÖvqktB B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e,

ZvB B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wKfv‡e cÖvmw½K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq Ges
AcÖvmw½K Z_¨ ev` †`qv hvq, †mB `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K wb‡RI hw` wk¶v_©x‡`i mv‡_ Kv‡R Ask †bb, Z‡e wk¶v_©xiv
AwaK DrmvwnZ n‡e Ges wkLb AwaK djcÖm~ n‡e|
 ¯^-wkL‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v_©xiv †hme Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡e †m¸‡jv g~j

191
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

j¶¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡c‡¶ A_©c~Y© I cÖvmw½K n‡Z n‡e|

 hw` mvgwMÖKfv‡e we`¨vj‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi cwiek _v‡K A_©vr we`¨vjq
cÖkvmb hw` ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`q, Z‡e Zv wk¶v_©xi wkL‡b AwaK
mnvqK n‡e|
 we`¨vj‡qi cwi‡ek wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb mnvqK n‡Z n‡e| we`¨vj‡qi
jvB‡eªix, j¨ve‡iUix, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` myweav _vK‡Z n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1| ¯^-wkL‡bi aviYv I cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Gi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| ICT wel‡q ¯^-wkL‡bi Rb¨ wK wK †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv hvq?

192
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 2

ICT wel‡q mycVb

f~wgKv

†Kvb wKQy c‡o Zvi A_© Dcjw× Kiv‡K cVb ejv nq| Avi mycVb n‡jv †Kvb wKQy
D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cvV K‡i Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ welqe¯‘ Dcjw× K‡i cieZ©x‡Z ¯§iYK‡i AwR©Z
Ávb cÖ‡qvM Kivi `¶Zv| mycV‡bi ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv cV‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ welqe¯‘ Dcjw× Kiv Ges
wbR¯^ c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡c‡¶ welqe¯‘‡K we‡kølY Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 mycV‡bi aviYv I ‰ewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GKRb mwµq cvV‡Ki ¸Yvejx ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cV‡bi †KŠkj wb‡`©wkZ cVb-wPšÍb Kvh©vejx (DR-TA) e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK cV‡bi †KŠkj DR-TA c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z ci‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: mycV‡bi aviYv I ˆewkó¨
†Kvb wKQy c‡o Zvi A_© Dcjw× Kiv‡K cVb ejv nq| A‡b‡KB Aviex, D`©y, Bs‡iRx BZ¨vw`
fvlvi A¶i wP‡b co‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ A_© ey‡S bv| GUv‡K cVb ejv hvq bv| Ggwbfv‡e
A‡b‡KB Z_¨-cÖhyw³ welqK eB covi mgq G wel‡qi bZzb kãfvÛvi eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv ev
bZzb ZË¡K_v Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, d‡j mvgMÖxK welqe¯‘i Dcjw× Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
GKvi‡b ICT wel‡q cVb `¶Zv AR©b Kiv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Avevi A‡bK mgq welqe¯‘ fvmvfvmvfv‡e c‡o †gvUvgywU aviYv †bevi †Póv Kiv nq Ges
welqe¯‘i Mfx‡iI hvIqvi †Póv Kiv nq bv, d‡j wKQyw`b ci cwVZ wel‡qi AwaKvsk fy‡j
hvq| GUv‡K mycVb ejv hv‡e bv| mycVb n‡jv †Kvb wKQy D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cvV K‡i Zvi
AšÍwb©wnZ welqe¯‘ Dcjw× K‡i cieZ©x‡Z ¯§iYK‡i AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qvM Kivi `¶Zv|

193
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

mycV‡bi ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv:

1| cV‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ welqe¯‘ Dcjw× Kiv;
2| D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cvV Kiv, A_©vr †Kb cvV Kiv n‡”Q †mB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cov;
3| covi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv;
4| wbR¯^ c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡c‡¶ welqe¯‘‡K we‡kølY Kiv;
5| covi mgq wbR¯^ wPšÍv I †hŠw³K ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i bZzb aviYv MÖnY ev eR©b Kiv;
6| †Kvb ¶z`ª ¯^v_© (†hgb- cix¶vi) wPšÍv bv K‡i wb‡Ri weKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ cvV Kiv;
7| cv‡Vi GKUv eo j¶¨ _vK‡e Avb›` jvf, wb‡Ri cQ›`g‡Zv welq c‡o Avb›` jvf
Kiv|

ce©- L: cvV‡Ki `„wófw½ hvPvB


wk¶v_©x eÜziv, wb‡Pi Q‡Ki wee„wZ¸‡jv co–b Ges Avcwb †hBwUi mv‡_ ÔGKgZÕ †mwUi cv‡k
wUK wPý w`b Ges †hwUi mv‡_ GKgZ bb †mwUi cv‡ki ÔGKgZ bBÕ N‡i wUK wPý w`b|
cVb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gšÍe¨ GKgZ GKgZ bB
1. cv‡Vi me¸wj welqB eyS‡Z n‡e, Avwg Zv g‡b Kwi bv|
2. covi mgq Avwg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv †cwÝj/Kjg w`‡q wPý
w`‡q ivwL|
3. c‡o eySvi †P‡q cix¶vq fv‡jv dj KivUvB Avvgvi Kv‡Q
¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
4. cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †P‡q Avwg evRv‡ii †bvU eB co‡Z cQ›`
Kwi|
5. Avwg GKwU Aa¨‡qi cÖ_g c„ôv †_‡K co‡Z ïiæ Kwi Ges
†kl ch©¯Í GKUvbv cwo|
6. Avwg hv cwo Zv wek¦vm Kwi|
7. Avwg covi mv‡_ mv‡_ LvZvq †bvU Ki‡Z _vwK|
8. covi mgqB Avwg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv gyL¯Í K‡i †dwj|
9. Avwg †h AskUzKz eywS bv Zv evievi c‡o eySvi †Póv Kwi|
10. Avwg †h AskUzKz eywS bv Zv wj‡L ivwL Ges ciewZ©‡Z A‡b¨
mvnvh¨ wb‡q eySvi †Póv Kwi|
11. Avwg covi mgq hv eywS bv, †mUv gyL¯Í Kwi|
194
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- M: wb‡`©wkZ cVb-wPšÍb Kvh©µg (DR-TA)


cvV¨cy¯ÍK covi GKwU Kvh©Kwi †KŠkj n‡jv wb‡`©wkZ cVb-wPšÍb Kvh©µg (Directed
Reading-Thinking Activities ev DR-TA)| GB c‡e© Avcbviv GB †KŠkjwU Abywkjb
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, wb‡Pi cvVUzKz K‡qKwU As‡k fvM K‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKwU K‡i Ask co–b
Ges mshy³ cÖ‡kœi DËi LvZvq wjLyb Ges Zvici cieZ©x Ask co–b| Gfv‡e µgvš^‡q cvVwU
†kl Kiæb|

Ask 1: Kw¤úDUvi hš¿ µgcwieZ©b I weKvk iv‡fi wewfbœ ch©vq AwZµg K‡i eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq
G‡m †cŠ‡Q‡Q| cwieZ©b Ges weKv‡ki G‡KKwU ch©vq ev avc‡K G‡KKwU cÖRb¥ wnmv‡e wPwýZ
Kiv nq| GK Ae¯’v †_‡K Ab¨ Ae¯’vq DËi‡Yi gvSLv‡bi mgqUv‡K µvwšÍKvj wnmv‡e aiv
nq|

cÖkœ: 1. GLv‡b Kx wel‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i? Avcbvi Abygv‡bi c‡¶ hyw³ Kx?

Ask 2: cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki Kw¤úDUvi‡KB cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Gmgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j hš¿vsk wQ‡jv evqyk~b¨ wUDe ev f¨vKzg wUDe| BDwbf¨vK- 1 †K cÖ_g
cR‡b¥i cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi wn‡mv‡e aiv nq|

cÖkœ: 2. GB As‡k †Kvb welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q? Avcbvi Abygv‡bi mv‡_ wgj Ly‡R
†c‡q‡Qb wK? – bv †c‡j GLb Avcbvi Abygvb Kx?

cÖkœ: 3. Gic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Avi †Kvb †Kvb welq Avm‡Z cv‡i? †Kb Avcbvi Zv g‡b n‡”Q?

Ask 3: 1948 mv‡j UªvbwR÷i Avwe®K…Z nIqvi ci Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i Rb¨ GK bZzb
m¤¢vebvi w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ nq| fvjf ev e¨vKzg wUD‡ei cwie‡Z© UªvbwR÷ e¨envi K‡i h‡š¿i
AvKvi Ges wbg©vY e¨q eû¸‡Y Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e nq| wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i GKwU mdj wgwb‡d«g
Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q wcwWwc- 8|

195
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

cÖkœ: 4. GB AskUzKz‡Z wK wK welq Av‡jvPbvq Gm‡Q? †mLvb †_‡K Avcwb Kx eyS‡jb?

cÖkœ: 5. Avcbvi c~e© Abygvb wK wVK Av‡Q?
cÖkœ: 6. Gic‡ii As‡k Avi wK wel‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Abygvb Ki‡Qb?

Ask 4: lv‡Ui `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS g‡bvwjwLK mvwK©U e¨envi K‡i AvBweGg Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i
Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i cÖeZ©b K‡i| AvBweGg Gi wm‡÷ 360 Kw¤úDUvi w`‡qB Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i
Kw¤úDUv‡ii hvÎv ïiæ|

cÖkœ: 7. m¤ú~Y© cvV †k‡l Avcbvi wK g‡b n‡jv? GLv‡b ‡Kvb welq Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q?
cÖkœ: 8. Avcbvi Abygvb wK wVK n‡q‡Q? Abygvb mwVK n‡j hyw³ †`Lvb?
cÖkœ: 9. Avcbvi Abygvb mwVK bv n‡j bZzb †Kvb †Kvb welh Avcwb Rvb‡jb? Avcbvi GB
bZzb Ávb‡K wKfv‡e Avcbvi c~e© †Kvb Áv‡bi m‡_ m¤úK©h³
y K‡i‡Z cv‡ib?

196
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 2

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q mycVb

mycVb mycVb:
†Kvb wKQy c‡o Zvi A_© Dcjw× Kiv‡K cVb ejv nq| A‡b‡KB Aviex, D`©y, Bs‡iRx
BZ¨vw` fvlvi A¶i wP‡b co‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ A_© ey‡S bv| GUv‡K cVb ejv hvq bv|
 Ggwbfv‡e A‡b‡KB Z_¨-cÖhyw³ welqK eB covi mgq G wel‡qi bZzb kãfvÛvi eyS‡Z
cv‡ib bv ev bZzb ZË¡K_v Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv, d‡j mvgMÖxK welqe¯‘i Dcjw×
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| GKvi‡b ICT wel‡q cVb `¶Zv AR©b Kiv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Avevi A‡bK mgq welqe¯‘ fvmvfvmvfv‡e c‡o †gvUvgywU aviYv †bevi †Póv Kiv nq Ges
welqe¯‘i Mfx‡i hvIqvi †Póv Kiv nq bv, d‡j wKQyw`b ci cwVZ wel‡qi AwaKvsk fy‡j
hvq| GUv‡K mycVb ejv hv‡e bv| mycVb n‡jv †Kvb wKQy D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cvV K‡i Zvi
AšÍwb©wnZ welqe¯‘ Dcjw× K‡i cieZ©x‡Z ¯§iYK‡i AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qvM Kivi `¶Zv|
mycV‡bi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv:
 cV‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ welqe¯‘ Dcjw× Kiv;
 D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cvV Kiv, A_©vr †Kb cvV Kiv n‡”Q †mB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cov;
 covi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv;
 wbR¯^ c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡c‡¶ welqe¯‘‡K we‡kølY Kiv;
 covi mgq wbR¯^ wPšÍv I †hŠw³K ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i bZzb aviYv MÖnY ev eR©b Kiv;
 †Kvb ¶z`ª ¯^v_© (†hgb- cix¶vi) wPšÍv bv K‡i wb‡Ri weKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ cvV Kiv;
 cv‡Vi GKUv eo j¶¨ _vK‡e Avb›` jvf, wb‡Ri cQ›`g‡Zv welq c‡o Avb›` jvf
Kiv|
197
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

mwµq cVb:
mwµq cVb
†Kvb wKQy c‡o Zvi welqe¯‘ AvqZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z n‡q wewfbœ c`‡¶c
MÖnY K‡i cvV Kiv n‡jv mwµq cVb| mwµq cV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ôc‡o †kLvi D‡Ï‡k¨
gvbwmK B”QvÕ Ges ÔwbR¯^ wKQy †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i cvV `¶ZvÕ| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ GKRb
mwµq cvVK cv‡Vi mgq wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgb:

K. cv‡Vi Av‡M welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z Ges wb‡R gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z nevi Rb¨--

1. welqe¯‘i wk‡ivbvg Ges AšÍf©~³ wewfbœ Dc-wk‡ivbvg cov;

2. m~Pbv Ges Dcmsnvi cov;
3. cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q‡`i cÖ_g evK¨wU cov;
4. GKwU KvMR ev LvZvq cv‡Vi wel‡qi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv wj‡L †bqv Ges mgq fvM K‡i
wb‡q †Kvb AskwU KZ mg‡q c‡o †kl Kiv n‡e Zvi cwiKíbv Kiv|

L. cv‡Vi mgq welqe¯‘‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Abyaveb Kivi Rb¨-

1. DwjøwLZ D`vnviY¸‡jv evievi cov;
2. h_vm¤¢e cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q‡`iB wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i GKwU bZzb Dc-wk‡ivbvg †`qv †hb †mB
bZzb Dc-wk‡ivbvg †`‡LB †mB Aby‡”Q‡`i AšÍM©Z welq g‡b c‡o;
4. covi mgq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨¸‡jv‡Z †cwÝj ev Kjg Øviv wPý †`qv;
5. wbR¯^ c~e© Áv‡bi mv‡c‡¶ bZzb welq‡K we‡kølY Kiv|

M. cv‡Vi †k‡l mvgMÖxK welqe¯‘ ü`q½g Kivi Rb¨-

1. mKj bZzb Z_¨ I ZË¡¸‡jv‡K GKmv‡_ K‡i KvM‡R †jLv;
2. mvgMÖxK welqe¯‘i Dci GKwU mvims‡¶c †jLv;
3. wbR¯^ wPšÍv I †hŠw³K ¶gZv e¨envi K‡i wePvi K‡i †`Lv bZzb AwR©Z Ávb m¤ú‡K©
†Kvb Am¤c~Y©Zv ev AÁZv Av‡Q wKbv Ges Zvici Zv MÖnY ev eR©b Kiv|

198
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wb‡`©wkZ cVb-wPšÍb Kvh©µg:

wb‡`©wkZ cVb-
wPšÍv Kvh©µg cvV¨cy¯ÍK (Textbook) covi GKwU Kvh©Kwi †KŠkj n‡jv wb‡`©wkZ cVb-wPšÍv Kvh©µg
(Directed Reading-Thinking Activity) ev ms‡¶‡c DR-TA| GwU Ggb GKwU
wkLb †KŠkj hv wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K cv‡Vi welq m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges
cvV‡k‡l Zv‡`i Abygvb KZUzKz mwVK Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi gva¨‡g cv‡Vi cÖwZ wk¶v_©x‡`i
†cÖlYv I AvMÖn m„wó K‡i|

GB c×wZ‡Z cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv cv‡Vi welqe¯Í m¤ú‡K© GKwU c~e© Abygvb K‡i †bq|
Gici Zviv co‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i Abygv‡bi c‡¶ hyw³ LyuR‡Z _v‡K| wKQy~`~i covi
ci Abygv‡bi mZ¨Zv Ly‡R bv †c‡j Zviv Zv‡`i Abygvb ms‡kvab K‡i A_ev bZzb K‡i
Abygvb K‡i| Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g Zviv cvV †kl K‡i| Gfv‡e co‡j wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ cv‡Vi
cÖwZ †cÖlYv m„wó nq Ges Zviv cv‡V AvMÖnx nq| welq m¤ú‡K© Abygvb K‡i cov Ges †mB
Abygv‡bi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv AwaK wPšÍvkxj I hyw³ev`x nq|

DR-TA c×wZwUi cÖ‡qvM D`vnviYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. cÖ_‡g cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki GKwU Aa¨v‡qi ev Aa¨v‡qi AšÍf~©³ Aby‡”Q‡`i wk‡ivbvgwU ejyb

A_ev wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K wk‡ivbvgwU co‡Z ejyb| †hgb- GKwU Aby‡”Q‡`i wk‡ivbvg n‡Z
cv‡i ÒGKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii AwZ mvaviY ˆewkó¨Ó|
2. GLb cÖkœ Kiæb-
K. GLv‡b Kx wel‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i? Avcbvi Abygv‡bi c‡¶ hyw³ Kx?
L. Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb †Kvb ˆewkó¨ GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avcbvi Abygvb nq|
-- wk¶v_©x‡`i Abygvb ïbyb Ges Zv‡`i Abygvb LvZvq wjL‡Z ejyb|
3. Gici ïiæ †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Ask ch©šÍ wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K co‡Z w`b| wbw`©ó Ask cvV
†k‡l Avevi cÖkœ Kiæb--
M. GLv‡b †Kvb welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q? Avcbvi Abygv‡bi mv‡_ wgj Ly‡R
199
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

†c‡q‡Qb wK? - bv †c‡j GLb Avcbvi Abygvb Kx?

N. Gic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Avi †Kvb †Kvb welq Avm‡Z cv‡i? †Kb Avcbvi Zv g‡b n‡”Q?
-- wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ I hyw³ ïbyb Ges Zv‡`i bZzb Abygvb LvZvq wj‡L ivL‡Z
ejyb|
4. Gici cieZ©x wbw`©ó Ask ch©šÍ co‡Z ejyb| cov †k‡l c~Yivq wRÁvmv Kiæb--
O. GB AskUzKz‡Z wK wK welq Av‡jvPbvq Gm‡Q? †mLvb †_‡K Avcwb Kx eyS‡jb?
P. Avcbvi c~e© Abygvb wK wVK Av‡Q?
Q. Gic‡ii As‡k Avi wK wel‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Abygvb Ki‡Qb?
5. Gfv‡e cv‡Vi AskwU‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª As‡k wef³ K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K co‡Z w`b| c_‡g
Zviv Abygvb Ki‡e, Zvici c‡o Zv‡`i Abygv‡bi mZ¨Zv LyR‡e Ges hyw³ w`‡q wm×všÍ
†b‡e& m¤c~Y© cvV †k‡l wk¶K cÖkœ Ki‡eb--
R. m¤ú~Y© cvV †k‡l Avcbvi wK g‡b n‡jv? GLv‡b ‡Kvb welq Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q?
S. Avcbvi Abygvb wK wVK n‡q‡Q? Abygvb mwVK n‡j hyw³ †`Lvb?
T. Avcbvi Abygvb mwVK bv n‡j bZzb †Kvb †Kvb welh Avcwb Rvb‡jb? Avcbvi GB
bZzb Ávb‡K wKfv‡e Avcbvi c~e© †Kvb Áv‡bi m‡_ m¤úK©hy³ K‡i‡Z cv‡ib ?
Gfv‡e †Kvb welq cvV Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv AwaK gvbwmK mwµqZv wb‡q cv‡V AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges welqe¯‘ AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

g~j¨vqb
 1| mycV‡bi aviYv I ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
2| GKRb mwµq cvV‡Ki ˆewkô¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| ICT welq cV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©wkZ cVb-wPšÍb Kvh©vejx (DR-TA) D`vnviYmn e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

200
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 3

ICT wel‡q cyb:Aa¨qb

f~wgKv

cwVZ wel‡qi avibv‡K µ‡g µ‡g m~¯úó Kiv, bZzb Ávb‡K cyi‡bv AfxÁZvi mv‡_ mgš^q
Kivi D‡Ï‡k †Kvb KQz evievi Aa¨qb Kiv‡K cyY:Aa¨qb e‡j| cyY:Aa¨q‡bi d‡j welqe¯‘
mnR‡eva¨ nq Ges RwUj welq µ‡g mnR I cwi¯‹vi nq|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT wel‡q cybAa¨q‡bi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q cybAa¨q‡bi †KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK cybAa¨q‡bi †KŠkj SQ4R c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ci‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: cyb:Aa¨q‡bi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, wb‡Pi Q‡Ki wee„wZ¸‡jv co–b Ges Avcwb †hwUi mv‡_ ÔGKgZÕ †mwUi cv‡k
wUK wPý w`b Ges †hwUi mv‡_ GKgZ bb †mwUi cv‡ki ÔGKgZ bBÕ N‡i wUK wPý w`b|
cybAa¨qb m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ GKgZ GKgZ bB
1. Avwg †Kvb welq GKevi gvÎ cwo; wØZxqevi cwo
(cybAa¨qb) bv|

201
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

cybAa¨qb m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ GKgZ GKgZ bB

2. cv‡Vi me¸wj welq eySvi Rb¨ Avwg cyb cyb Aa¨qb Kwi|
3. cybAa¨q‡bi mgq Avwg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv †cwÝj/Kjg
w`‡q wPý w`‡q ivwL|
4. Avwg ïay cix¶vi Av‡M cvV¨cy¯ÍK cybAa¨qb (Revision)
Kwi|
5. cix¶vq fv‡jv dj KvivUvB Avvgvi Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, ZvB
cix¶vi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jvB Avwg cybAa¨qb Kwi|
6. cybAa¨q‡bi mgq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †P‡q Avwg n¨vÛ‡bvU ev
evRv‡ii †bvU eB co‡Z cQ›` Kwi
7. cybAa¨q‡bi mgq Avwg LvZvq †bvU Ki‡Z _vwK|
8. wkLb ¯’vqxKi‡Y cybAa¨qb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
9. †kªwY‡Z cvV`v‡bi Av‡M cÖwZeviB Avwg welqe¯‘ cybAa¨qb
Kwi|
10. wKQyw`b cici cybAa¨qb bv Ki‡j Avwg fy‡j hvB|

ce©- L: cyb:Aa¨q‡bi †KŠkj

 GB c‡e© wk¶v_©xiv eÜyiv cyb:Aa¨q‡bi wewfbœ †KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡eb| GLv‡b Avcbv‡`i
c~e©Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv wWfvB‡mi Qwe †`qv n‡jv hv ¯§iY K‡i A_ev eB †_‡K (gva¨wgK
¯Í‡ii ÔKw¤úDUvi wk¶vÕ cvV¨cy¯ÍK) †`‡L wb‡q Qwei bx‡P cÖ`Ë cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`‡Z †Póv
Ki‡eb|

202
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

(1)

(2)

(3)

203
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

(4)

(5)

(6)

204
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

205
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

cÖkœ:
1. Avcwb wK me¸‡jv wWfvBm wPb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb? †Kvb¸‡jv wPb‡Z cv‡ib bvB?
2. †h¸‡jv wPb‡Z cv‡ib bvB †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb e‡j g‡b Ki‡Qb?

ce©- M: ICT wel‡q cvV¨cy¯K

Í cV‡bi SQ4R c×wZ

GB c‡e© wk¶v_©x eÜziv cvV¨cy¯ÍK cV‡bi GKwU †KŠkj SQ4R c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb| eÜziv,
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii ICT mswkøó GKwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K GKwU Aa¨vq wbe©vPb Kiæb hv Avcwb c~‡e©
c‡o‡Qb Ges GLb cyb:Aa¨qb Ki‡Z Pvb| Gici wb‡Pi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx KvR Kiæb|

1| `yB wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Aa¨vqwUi cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ GK bRi †`‡L wbb (Rwic Kiæb) †h
GLv‡b Av‡jvwPZ g~j welq Kx?
2| Gevi Aa¨vqwUi wewfbœ g~j Ask ev Dc-wk‡ivbvg ¸‡jv‡K wb‡q Kgc‡¶ GKwU cÖkœ cÖ¯‘Z
Kiæb †hb †mB cÖ‡kœi Dˇi H As‡ki g~jK_v P‡j Av‡m|
3| Gevi †mB cÖ‡kœi DËi †LvRvi Rb¨ co‡Z ïiæ Kiæb|
4| covi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv LvZvq wjLyb|
5| cov †kl n‡j LvZvi Z_¨¸‡jv D”PviY K‡i cvV Kiæb|
6| bZzb †h Ávb AR©b Ki‡jb †mUv‡K Avcbvi cyiv‡bv Áv‡bi mv‡_ †hŠw³K µ‡g wePvi
K‡i ‡`Lyb Zv Avcbvi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq wKbv| bZzb AwR©Z Ávb Avcbvi Kx Kv‡R
jvM‡e, Zv wjLyb|

206
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 3

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q cyb:Aa¨qb

cybtAa¨qb cyb:Aa¨qb (Revision):

(Revision) mvaviY A‡_© cyb:Aa¨qb ej‡Z †Kvb wKQy evievi Aa¨qb Kiv‡K eySv‡jI g~jZt
cybAa¨q‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AviI e¨cK| cyb:Aa¨q‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv:

 cwVZ wel‡qi aviYv‡K µ‡g µ‡g my¯úó Kiv;

 

bZzb Ávb‡K cyi‡bv AfxÁZvi mv‡_ mgš^q Kiv;
bZzb Ávb I Z_¨ ¯^í ¯’vqx ¯§ywZ †_‡K `xN© ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ Kiv;
 AviI bZzb ZË¡ I Áv‡bi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nIqv;
 AwaZ wel‡qi ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK †¶‡Î cvi`k©x nIqv|

wkL‡b cyb:Aa¨qb wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †hgb:

 welqe¯‘i j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I wkLbdj m¤ú‡K© aviYv ¯^”Q nq;
 welqe¯‘ mnR‡eva¨ nq;
 RwUj welq µ‡g mnR I cwi¯‹vi nq;
 cvV‡Ki m„Rbxkw³i weKvk NUvq;
 Áv‡bi wfZ gReyZ nq|

cyb:Aa¨q‡bi cyb:Aa¨q‡bi †KŠkj:

†KŠkj ICT welqe¯‘ cyb:Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ cvV¨wel‡qi wewfbœ Qwe, D`vnviY, QK BZ¨vw` mvg‡b
wb‡q c~‡ei© cvV †_‡K ¯§iY K‡i wb‡R wb‡R Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b mZx_©‡`i
mv‡_ `jxq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j wkLb ¯’vqx n‡e|

cyb:Aa¨q‡bi SQ4R †KŠkj:

cvV¨cy¯ÍK (Textbook) cybAa¨q‡bi GKwU †KŠkj n‡jv SQ4R c×wZ| Gi c~Y©iƒc

n‡jv-

S = Servey (Rwic Kiv)

207
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

Q = Question (cÖkœ Kiv)

R = Read (cvV Kiv)
R = Record (wjwce× Kiv)
R = Recite (D”PiY K‡i cov)
R = Reflect (cÖwZdjb/cybiv‡jvPbv Kiv)

wb‡P we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e GB †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

Servey Servey (Rwic Kiv):

(Rwic Kiv) Rwic Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv covi c~‡e© welqwU m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv Ges c~e© Áv‡bi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i wb‡R‡K cv‡Vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| cÖ_‡g eBwUi mv‡_ mycwiwPZ n‡Z
n‡e| eBwUi cÖ”Q`, f~wgKv, m~PxcÎ, wbN©È (Index), †cQ‡bi cÖ”Q` BZ¨vw` fv‡jv K‡i
†`‡L I c‡o wb‡Z nq| G‡Z eBwUi web¨vm, MVb I welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv
nq| Gici †h Aa¨qwU cov ïiæ Kiv n‡e, †mwU Rwic Ki‡Z n‡e| Aa¨qwU wk‡ivbvg
I Zvi wewfbœ Aby‡”Q‡`i Dcwk‡ivbvg, wewfbœ As‡ki msMVb, c„ôv msL¨v BZ¨vw` c‡o
wb‡j GKcÖKvi gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ Avm‡e| `ªæZ Aa¨v‡qi f~wgKvwU c‡o wb‡Z n‡e, Zvici
cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q‡`i cÖ_g evK¨wU Ges me‡k‡l Aa¨‡qi mvims‡¶c co‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
Aa¨qwUi welqe¯‘ I †m¸‡jvi web¨vm m¤ú‡K© GKwU mvavib aviYv ˆZix n‡e| GB
KvRwU‡KB Aa¨q Rwic Kiv e‡j|

Question (cÖkœ Kiv):

Question (cÖkœ
Kiv) †Kvb GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q co‡j cV‡b AwaK g‡bv‡hvM I Drmvn m„wó nq| cv‡Vi
ïiæ‡ZB hw` wb‡Ri g‡b welqe¯‘i Dci cÖkœ ev †KŠZzn j m„wó Kiv hvq, Z‡e †mB cv‡V
GKvMÖZv I AvMÖn e„w× cvq, welqe¯‘ Dcjw× mnR nq Ges mn‡R g‡b ivLv hvq| covi
mgq g‡b g‡b wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e--
 G wel‡q wk¶K †kªwY‡Z/cix¶vq wK ai‡Y cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib?
 †kªwY‡Z Kg©cÎ, KzBR ev †kªwY Afx¶vq †Kgb cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i?
mgMÖ Aa¨‡qi wewfbœ Aby‡”Q` ev Dc-Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv‡K cÖkœ AvKv‡i wKfv‡e mvwR‡q wb‡q
†mB cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv‡K Ly‡R †ei Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e, †hgb- GKwU Aby‡”Q`
ÔB›Uvi‡bUÕ n‡j cvV ïiæi Av‡MB wb‡Ri g‡b cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiv- ÔB›Uvi‡bU Kx?Õ,
ÔB›Uvi‡bU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?Õ, ÔB›Uvi‡bU Avgv‡`i †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?Õ BZ¨vw` cÖkœ¸‡jv
g‡bi g‡a¨ †KŠZznj AvKv‡i m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|

208
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

cV‡bi mgq GB ai‡bi cÖkœ wb‡R †_‡KB K‡i †m¸‡jvi DËi †Kvb †bvUey‡K, LvZv ev
eB‡qi gvwR©‡b wj‡L ivL‡j cVb djcÖm~ n‡e| cV‡bi mgq cÖkœ Kivi hyw³ n‡jv
cvV‡Ki mgv‡jvPbvg~jK I †hŠw³K wPšÍ‡bi Abykxjb Kiv Ges cvV †k‡l wZwb Kx Kx
Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z Pvb, †m wel‡q ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ j¶¨ ivLv|

Read Read (cvV Kiv):

(cvV Kiv) covi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cvwVZ welq †_‡K Z_¨ I Ávb msMÖn K‡i †mB welqwU h_vh_
AvqZ¡ Kiv| Aa¨‡qi GKwU K‡i wefvM m¤úyY© c‡o †kl K‡i †mLvb †_‡K wb‡Ri ‰Zix
cÖ‡kœi DËi †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| ïayïay Z_¨ gyL¯Í Kivi A_© nq bv| covi mgq nv‡Zi
Kv‡Q KvMR-Kjg †i‡L cv‡Vi mg‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi †bvU wj‡L ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov
cv‡Vi mgq †h welq¸‡iv j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv:
 covi mgq †h welq¸‡jv eyS‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q †m¸‡jv GKwU KvM‡R wj‡L ivLv †hb
cieZ©x‡Z Avevi eyS‡Z †Póv Kiv nq;
 cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z †h cÖkœ¸‡jv g‡b g‡b ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj ‡m¸‡jvi DËi †ei Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cov;
 covi mgq †cwÝj w`‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ ev Ask¸‡jv‡K wPý w`‡q ivLv;
 cwVZ bZzb Z_¨/Ávb cyi‡bv Áv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i wkL‡j Zv AwaK g‡b
_v‡K;
 cÖ_gevi covi mgqB we¯ÍvwiZ †bvU bv K‡i g~j welq¸‡jv (Key Points) wj‡L
ivLv;

Record Record (Z_¨ wjwce× Kiv: cv‡Vi ci †bvU wjL‡j cwVZ welq I Z_¨ ¯§„w Z‡Z ‡ewk
(Z_¨ wjwce× Kiv) w`b ¯’vqx nq| cÖwZwU Aby‡”Q` ev Ask (Section) cov †k‡l Zvi g~j K_vwU †bvUey‡K
msw¶ßvKv‡i wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e| G‡Z welq m¤ú‡K© Abyaveb fv‡jv nq Ges cv‡Vi cÖwZ
AvKl©YI ev‡o|

Recite (D”PviY Recite (D”PviY K‡i cov: cv‡Vi mgq D”PiY K‡i cov fv‡jv| G‡Z wb‡RB wb‡R‡K
K‡i cov) cv‡Vi welq m¤ú‡K© †kvbv‡bv nq| Gici wb‡RB wb‡R‡K D”PviY K‡i cÖkœ Ki‡j Ges
wb‡RB D”PviY K‡i DËi ej‡j cv‡Vi welq¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ ¯§„wZ‡Z ¯’vqx nq| eÜz‡`i
mv‡_ `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cvV Ki‡j wkLb fv‡jv nq| M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h,
†hme wk¶v_©x D”PviY K‡i c‡o ev Av‡jvPbv K‡i c‡o, `yÕßvn ci Zviv cwVZ wel‡qi
209
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

80% g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avi hviv Zv K‡i bv Ges wbi‡e c‡o Zv‡`i AwaKvskB
`yÕmßvn ci gvÎ 20% g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Reflect Reflect (cÖwZdjb/ cyb¯’vcb Kiv: bZzb AwR©Z Ávb/`¶Zv‡K cye© Ávb/`¶Zvi mv‡_
(cÖwZdjb/ wgwj‡q ¯§„wZ‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| cvV †k‡l wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e-
cyb¯’vcb Kiv)
ÒwK‡mi wfwˇZ bZzb GB Z_¨/Ávb cÖwZwôZ?Ó
Òc~‡e©i †Kvb Áv‡bi wfwˇZ bZzb GB Ávb cÖwZwôZ?Ó
ÒbZzb GB Ávb Avwg wKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvwi?Ó

wb‡R‡K wb‡R GB ai‡bi cÖkœ K‡i Ges wb‡RB Gi DËi cÖ`vb Kivi gva¨‡g
m„RbkxjZv, `¶Zv I †hŠw³K wPšÍb ¶gZvi weKvk N‡U| cÖ_gevi cv‡Vi 24 N›Uvi
g‡a¨ Avi GKevi cybiv‡jvPbv (Review) Ki‡Z n‡e, G‡Z ¯^í¯’vqx ¯§„wZ (Short
Term Memory) †_‡K `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z (Long Term Memory) wkLb ¯’vqx n‡e|
GQvovI gv‡S gv‡S wiwfD Ki‡Z n‡e| hZ †ekx wiwfD Kiv hv‡e ZZ †ekx cvV g‡b
_vK‡e Ges Gi d‡j cix¶vi Av‡M †kl g~û‡Z© gyL¯Í Kivi D‡ØM Kg‡e|

cÖ_‡g †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q `yÕmßvn a‡i GB SQ4R c×wZ Abykxjb K‡i Af¨¯Í
n‡Z n‡e| Zvici ax‡i ax‡i Ab¨ wel‡q Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1. ICT wel‡q cybAa¨q‡bi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. ICT wel‡q cybAa¨q‡bi GKwU †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi
Awa‡ekb 3:

ce©- L:
wPÎ bs
1: ¯‹¨vbvi 2: wcÖ›Uvi 3: cøUvi 4: gvB‡µv‡dvb
5: gvDm 6: g‡Wg 7: jvBU †cb 8: Kx-†evW©
9: w¯úKvi 10: OMR

210
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 4

ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœqb

f~wgKv
ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡j gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶vµ‡g ICT wel‡q
D‡jøwLZ wkLb D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ I wkLbdj m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z
n‡e| ICT †h‡nZz cÖhyw³wfwËK welq, †mKvi‡b ICT wel‡qi GKRb wk¶K‡K Zvi †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ memgq wbZ¨bZzb `¶Zv AR©‡b m‡Pó _vK‡Z n‡e Ges GRb¨ Zv‡K wb‡RB
m‡Pó n‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨

GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-

 ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †¶Î wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z ci‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †cvU©‡dvwjI ˆZix Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †¶Î wPwüZKiY

wk¶v_©x eÜziv, GB c‡e© Avcbviv Avcbv‡`i ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †¶Î
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

eÜziv, ICT wel‡qi GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e wb‡Pi †Kvb‡Kvb `¶Zv Avcbvi wk¶KZv †ckvi
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b K‡ib? Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zvi cv‡k ÔGKgZÕ ev ÔGKgZ
bBÕ N‡i wUK wPý w`b| wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøwLZ `¶Zvmg~‡ni evwn‡i Ab¨ †Kvb `¶Zv cÖ‡qvRb
n‡j ‡m¸‡jv duvKv N‡i wjLyb|

211
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

µ. bs wewfbœ `¶Zvi weeiY GKgZ GKgZ bB

1 Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡ik‡b `¶ n‡Z n‡e|

2 †gvevBj †dvb Acv‡ik‡b `¶ n‡Z n‡e|

3 OHP e¨env‡i `¶ n‡Z n‡e|

4 gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i e¨env‡i `¶ n‡Z n‡e|

5 Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ wPc ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

6 †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e|

7 mdUIq¨vi ‰Zix Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

8 cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

9 Word-G Bs‡iRx I evsjv wjL‡Z cvi‡Z n‡e|

10 Excel-G wewfbœ wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

11 B-†gBj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

12 B›Uvi‡b‡U Z_¨ mvm© (Ly‡R †ei Kiv) Kivi `¶Zv _vK‡Z

n‡e|

13 Kw¤úDUv‡i †Mg †Lj‡Z cvi‡eb|

14 ....

15 ....

16 ....

17 ....

18 ....

19 ....

20 ....

212
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj


GB c‡e© Avcwb ce©- K-G †hme `¶Zv ev Dbœq‡bi †¶Î wbe©vPb K‡i wj‡L‡Qb, †m¸‡jv
wKfv‡e AR©b Kiv hvq, †m wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcwb g~j wkLbxq welq
†_‡K ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj GKUz †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|

ce©- 1 G Avcwb ICT wel‡q †hme ‡ckvMZ `¶Zv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv ARb© Kivi Rb¨
wK wK †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡eb? wb‡Pi Q‡K ewY©Z K‡qKwU †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ Avcbvi Rb¨
†h¸‡jv m¤¢e e‡j g‡b K‡ib †m¸‡jvi cv‡k wUK wPý w`b| wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøwLZ ‡KŠkjmg~‡ni
evwn‡i Ab¨ †Kvb ‡KŠkj Avcwb MÖnY Ki‡Z PvB‡j †m¸‡jv duvKv N‡i wjLyb|

µ.bs ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj wUK wPý w`b
1 wbR we`¨vj‡qi AfxÁ wk¶‡Ki mnvqZ I civgk©
2 Ab¨vb¨ we`¨vj‡qi AfxÁ wk¶‡Ki mnvqZ I civgk©
3 welq mswkøó ch©vß eB cov
4 wewfbœ †ccvi, cwÎKv I Rvb©vj cov
5 B›Uvi‡b‡U welqwfwËK AvwU©‡Kj/M‡elYvcÎ/eB Ly‡R cov
6 B›Uvi‡b‡U `¶ZvwfwËK wd« wUD‡Uvwiqj msMÖn K‡i Abykxjb Kiv
7 B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wewfbœ wk¶v DcKiY, wk¶vg~jK mdUIq¨vi,
gvwëwgwWqv †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb, A¨vwb‡gkb Qwe msMÖn K‡i e¨envi Kiv|
8 wbw`©ó mgm¨vwU Rvwb‡q †`k-we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯‹zj/K‡jR/wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
wk¶‡Ki civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv †P‡q B-†gBj Kiv|
9 wbR D‡`¨v‡M cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kiv
10 cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kiv
11 evRvi †_‡K wewfbœ wel‡qi wk¶vgyjK CD/DVD msMÖn Kiv Ges ICT
K¬v‡m e¨envi Kiv
12 ....

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 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

µ.bs ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj wUK wPý w`b
13 ....
14 ....
15 ....
16 ....
17 ....
18 ....
19 ....
20 ....

ce©- M: ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †cvU©‡dvwjI ˆZix


GB c‡e© Avcwb ce©- K-G †hme `¶Zv ev Dbœq‡bi †¶Î wbe©vPb K‡i wj‡L‡Qb Ges ce©- L-G
†h mKj †KŠkj wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, †m¸‡jv AR©b Kivi Rb¨ wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë bgybv †cvU©‡dvwjI-i
AbyKi‡Y Abiƒc †cvU©‡dvwjI cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcwb g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K ICT
wel‡q †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡b †cvU©‡dvwjIi e¨envi I MVb †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wb‡P GKRb ICT wel‡qi wk¶‡Ki AvZ¥Dbœqbg~jK †cvU©‡dvwjI †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wZwb ICT
wel‡q Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ges †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ GKwU
†cvU©‡dvwjI msi¶Y K‡ib| Zvi †cvU©‡dvwjIwU j¶¨ Kiæb Ges ICT wel‡q Avcbvi †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU `¶Zv wbe©vPb K‡i Zv AR©‡bi cwiKíbvwU wb‡Pi †cvU©‡dvwjIi 02 bs
N‡i wjLyb|

214
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

†ckvMZ eZ©gvb wdWe¨vK

AR©‡bi cwiKwíZ
`¶Zv cÖ¯‘wZ (AR©‡bi
µwgK bs, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †KŠkj mgq (KZ
(hv AR©b (GLb Avwg c‡ii
ZvwiL (†Kb `iKvi) (wKfv‡e AR©b Zvwi‡L, †Kvb
Ki‡Z wK c`‡·c Abyf~wZ,
Kie) mg‡q
PvB) MÖnY KiwQ) ZvwiL mn)
01. †`k-we‡`‡ki ¯‹z‡ji K‡QB AvMvgxKvj ¯‹zj †_‡K B-†gBj
10.11.07 B-†gBj wewfbœ wk¶K GKwU 11.11.07 †divi c‡_ Kiv
e¨envi I cÖwZôv‡bi Kw¤úDUvi ZwiL mܨv †hvMv‡hM wk‡LwQ|
mv‡_ mvwf©m †ejv K‡i mgq GLb Avwg
†hvMv‡hvM †m›Uv‡i wVK K‡i dvBj
K‡i Z_¨ wkL‡ev †be| A¨vUvP K‡i
Av`vb †gBj Ki‡Z
cÖ`v‡bi cvwi|
gva¨‡g Áv‡bi (12.11.07)
Dbœqb|
02. ... . .. ... .... .... .... ....
....

215
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 4
g~j wkLbxq welq
ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœqb

ICT wel‡q `¶Zv ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †¶Î:

I †ckvMZ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i ICT wel‡qi wk¶K wn‡m‡e †h me `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv:
Dbœq‡bi †¶Î
1| Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡ik‡b `¶ n‡Z n‡e|
2| †gvevBj †dvb Acv‡ik‡b `¶ n‡Z n‡e|
3| OHP e¨env‡i `¶ n‡Z n‡e|
 4| gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i e¨env‡i `¶ n‡Z n‡e|
5| †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR m¤ú‡K© b~b¨Zg aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
6| cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7| Word-G Bs‡iRx I evsjv wjL‡Z cvi‡Z n‡e|
8| Excel-G wewfbœ wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
9| B-†gBj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
10| B›Uvi‡b‡U Z_¨ mvm© (Ly‡R †ei Kiv) Kivi `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
11| Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ wk¶vg~jK †Mg †Lj‡Z cvi‡eb|
12| WvUv‡em ˆZwii `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|

†gvUK_v, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶vµ‡g ICT wel‡q D‡jøwLZ wkLb D‡Ïk¨,

welqe¯‘ I wkLbdj m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj:

ICT wel‡q
†ckvMZ `¶Zv eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Ávb-weÁvb e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii d‡j cÖwZw`b bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i
Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj D™¢veb NU‡Q| d‡j AvR hv bZzb, AvMvgxKvjB †mUv cyivZb n‡q hv‡”Q|
ICT †h‡nZz cÖhyw³wfwËK welq, †m Kvi‡Y ICT wel‡qi GKRb wk¶K‡K Zvi
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ memgq wbZ¨bZzb `¶Zv AR©‡b m‡Pó _vK‡Z n‡e

216
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Ges GRb¨ Zv‡K wb‡RB m‡Pó n‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡eb| †hgb:

1| wbR we`¨vj‡qi AwfÁ wk¶‡Ki mnvqZ I civgk© MÖnY;

2| Ab¨vb¨ we`¨vj‡qi AwfÁ wk¶‡Ki mnvqZ I civgk© MÖnY;
3| welq mswkøó ch©vß eB cov;
 4| wewfbœ †ccvi, cwÎKv I Rvb©vj cov;
5| B›Uvi‡b‡U welqwfwËK AvwU©‡Kj/M‡elYvcÎ/eB Ly‡R cov;
6| B›Uvi‡b‡U `Z¶vwfwËK wd« wUD‡Uvwiqj msMÖn K‡i Abykxjb Kiv;
7| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wewfbœ wk¶vDcKiY, wk¶vg~jK mdUIq¨vi,
gvwëwgwWqv †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb, A¨vwb‡gkb Qwe msMÖn K‡i e¨envi Kiv;
8| wbw`©ó mgm¨vwU Rvwb‡q †`k-we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯‹zj/K‡jR/wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
wk‡Ki civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv †P‡q B-†gBj Kiv;
9| wbR D‡`¨v‡M cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kiv;
10| cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kiv;
11| evRvi †_‡K wewfbœ wel‡qi wk¶vgyjK CD/DVD msMÖn Kiv Ges ICT
Kv‡m e¨envi Kiv|

ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ ICT wel‡q †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †cvU©‡dvwjI (Poftfolio) e¨envi:
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
†cvU©‡dvwjI †cvU©‡dvwjI n‡jv †Kvb e¨w³i †ckvMZ wewfbœ †¶‡Î m¶gZvi eY©bv|
(Poftfolio) e¨envi
wk¶v‡¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi †cvU©‡dvwjI e¨eüZ nq, †hgbt †Kvm© †cvU©‡dvwjI,
wk¶Y †cvU©‡dvwjI (wk¶KM‡Yi Rb¨), †ckvMZ †cvU©‡dvwjI BZ¨vw`|

wk¶Y-†cvU©‡dvwjI n‡jv GKRb wk¶‡Ki †kªwY wk¶‡Yi wewfbœ mg‡q, wewfbœ

wel‡q ev cÖ‡qvR‡b †ckvMZ `¶Zvi weeiY ev cÖgvbcÎ| wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi ch©vqµwgK wewfbœ mdjZv w`Kwb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq †cvU©‡dvwjI‡Z|
†h‡nZz PvKzixKv‡ji mv‡_ mv‡_ GKRb wk¶‡Ki AfxÁZvI e„w× cvq, †m‡nZz

217
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

†cvU©‡dvwjI‡Z †ckvMZ wewfbœ Kg©weeiY I AR©‡bi avivevwnK eY©bv msi¶Y

Ki‡j Zv AvZ¥-cÖwZdj‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`q Ges m‡e©vcwi †ckvMZ
µ‡gvbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|

wk¶Y-†cvU©‡dvwjIi D‡Ï‡k¨ n‡jv:

1| GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri j‡¶¨i cÖwZdjb N‡U;

2| †kªwY wk¶‡Y wb‡Ri mejZv I `~e©jZv¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv hvq, hv
cieZ©x‡Z Dbœq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv hvq;
3| GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri avivewnK AMÖMwZi WKz‡g›U wn‡m‡e Kv‡R
jv‡M;
4| GUv †`‡L fwel¨‡Zi †kªwYcv‡Vi Rb¨ Kvh©Kwi cwiKíbv Kiv hvq;
5| GKRb wk¶‡Ki wbR¯^ wk¶Y-÷vBj Rvbv hvq;
6| †cvU©‡dvwjI †`‡L Ab¨ wk¶KM‡Yi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i bZzb wKQy †kLv
hvq;
7| †cvU©‡dvwjIi me¸‡jv Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i eySv hvq wb‡Ri j‡¶¨i w`‡K
KZLvwb AMÖMwZ n‡”Q|

D‡Ï‡k¨ Abyhvqx †cvU©‡dvwjIi MVb wewfbœ iKg n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb †cvU©‡dvwjI
eY©bvg~jK, †KvbwU wbw`©ó Q‡K euvav, Avevi †KvbwU wewfbœ c‡q‡›U msw¶ß
eY©bvg~jK n‡q _v‡K| †kªw Ywk¶Y †cvU©‡dvwjI‡Z mvaviYZ: †h welq¸‡jv
AšÍfy©³ _v‡K, Zv n‡jv:

 wkL‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiv nq;

 †kªwY wk¶‡Yi wewfbœ Kvh©µg/c×wZ eY©bv Kiv nq;
 †Kv‡m©i AšÍfy©³ welqe¯‘i cwiwPwZ _v‡K;
 wk¶‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖgvb eY©bv Kiv nq, †hgb- wbR¯^ wdWe¨vK,

218
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wk¶v_©xi/Ab¨ wk¶‡Ki wdWe¨vK;

 AvZ¥-cÖwZdjb ev wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ Ges ciewZ©‡Z AviI Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
j¶¨ wba©vib|
wb‡P GKwU †kªwYwk¶‡Yi †cvU©‡dvwjIi bgybv †`qv n‡jv| Gi mv‡_ AviI
†Kvb Ni †hvM K‡i ev cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv cwieZ©b K‡i ICT wel‡qi GKRb wk¶K
Zvi †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

bvgt welqt
†kªwY wk¶‡Yi wk¶Y c×wZ welq wdWe¨vK AvZ¥-
j¶¨ I I †kªwY cwiwPwZ cÖwZdjb
D‡Ïk¨ Kvh©µg

ICT wel‡qi `¶Zv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kg©cÎ- 3-G GKwU bgybv †cvU©‡dvwjI
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡bI cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ Zv e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

g~j¨vqb
 1. ICT wel‡q `¶Zv I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
2. GKRb ICT wel‡qi wk¶K wKfv‡e Zvi †ckvMZ `¶Zvi Dbœq‡bi
Ki‡Z ci‡eb?

219
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 5

ICT wk¶Y I Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv

f~wgKv
ICT wk¶Y welqwU GLbI Avgv‡`i gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶vq bZzb GKwU welq|bZzb welq weavq

†kªwY wk¶‡Y bZzb wKQy mgm¨v m„wó nIqv A¯^vfvweK bq| ICT wk¶‡Y mvaviYZ †hmKj
mgm¨vi K_v AwaK †kvbv hvq Zv n‡jv cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLb mvgMÖxi AcÖZzjZv, wk¶‡Ki Afve
BZ¨vw`| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡b cÖ‡qvRb Kg©mnvqK M‡elbvi| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq †h‡nZz Z_¨
msMÖn I we‡kølY K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq, ZB GB Kv‡R Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ávb I `¶Zv
cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨cK my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT wk¶‡Y we`¨gvb mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wk¶Y wel‡q Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡R ICT welqK Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: ICT wel‡q †kªwYwk¶‡Y we`¨gvb mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv
GB c‡e© wk¶v_©x eÜziv ICT wel‡q wk¶v`v‡bi mgq (wbR we`¨vj‡q A_ev Teaching
Practice-Gi mgq) †h mKj mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb, †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡eb|

wbR we`¨vj‡q A_ev Teaching Practice-Gi mgq †kªwYK‡¶ ICT wel‡q wk¶v`v‡bi mgq
Avcwb †h mKj mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb, †m¸‡jv c„_Kfv‡e µgvš^‡q wjLyb|

220
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

µwgK b¤^i ICT wel‡q †kªwY‡Z wk¶v`v‡bi mgq mgm¨vmg~n

1 †hgb: wk¶v_©xi Zzjbvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii AcÖZzjZv|

2 ....

3 ....

4 ....

5 ....

6 ....

7 ....

8 ....

9 ....

10 ....

221
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

ce©- L: ICT wk¶Y wel‡q Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv


GB c‡e© Avcwb ce©- K-G †hme mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv †_‡K GKwU mgm¨v wbe©vPb
K‡i Zv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi †KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡eb| Gi Rb¨ Avcwb
g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K ICT wel‡q Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv m¤úv`‡bi †KŠkj ‡`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|

ce©- K-†Z Avcwb ICT wel‡q †kªw Y‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq †hme mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv
†_‡K †h‡Kvb GKwU mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z Avcwb wK wK
c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡eb, Zv D‡jøL Kiæb|

1. M‡elYv wk‡ivbvg: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Avcbvi mgm¨vwU‡K M‡elYvi wk‡ivbvg AvKv‡i wjLyb)
.............. ........... ........ ...................
2. mgm¨vi eY©bv: . . . . (GwU †Kb GKwU mgm¨v Zv hyw³mn eY©bv Kiæb). . . . . . . . . . . .
. ........... ............... ........... .............
.. ........... ............... ........... ............
... ........... ............... ........... ...........
3. M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨: . . . (M‡elYvwUi D‡Ïk¨ Kx? †Kb M‡elYvwU Ki‡Z Pvb?) . . . . . . .
......... ............... ...... ........... ..........
... ............... ...... ........... ................
4. M‡elYv c×wZ: . . . (M‡elYvwU wKfv‡e cwiPvibv Ki‡eb, bgybv`j Kviv n‡e, Z_¨
msMÖn I we‡kølY c×wZ †Kgb n‡e Zv D‡jøL Kiæb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......... ........ ............... ........... ........
.............. ........... ........ ...................
5. Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY: . . . . . . (wKfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY Ki‡eb wjL~b). . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
... ........ ......... ........ ......... ..............

222
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

6. wm×všÍ MÖnY I mycvwik: . . . . . . (Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi ci wKfv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges
mycvwik cÖ`v‡bi mgq wK wK welq j¶¨ ivL‡eb wjL~b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...... ......... ........ ......... .................. .
.......... ........ ............................ ......

ce©- M: Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡R ICT welqK Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qvM


wk¶v_©x eÜyiv, GB c‡e© Avcwb Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡R ICT-i Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi
†KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡eb|

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡R ICT-i Ávb I `¶Zv wKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq e‡j g‡b K‡ib?
Avcbvi gZvgZ wb‡P wjLyb|

1. Z_¨ msMÖn Kv‡R ICT-i e¨envi:

2. Z_¨ we‡kølY Kv‡R ICT-i e¨envi:

3. wi‡cvU© Dc¯’vcb Kv‡R ICT-i e¨envi:

4. M‡elYv m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R ICT-i e¨envi:

223
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 5

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wk¶Y I Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv

ICT wel‡q ICT wel‡q †kªwYwk¶‡Y we`¨gvb mgm¨v:

†kªwYwk¶‡Y
we`¨gvb mgm¨v ICT wk¶Y welqwU GLbI Avgv‡`i gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶vq bZzb GKwU welq|
bZzb welq weavq †kªwY wk¶‡Y bZzb wKQy mgm¨v m„wó nIqv A¯^vfvweK bq|
ICT wk¶‡Y mvaviYZ †hmKj mgm¨vi K_v AwaK †kvbv hvq, Zv n‡jv:

 1| cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLb mvgMÖxi AcÖZzjZv;

2| ICT wel‡qi wewfbœ eB-cy¯ÍK evRv‡i cvIqv †M‡jI gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq eB cy¯‘K GLbI evRv‡i AcÖZzj;

3| ICT wel‡qi AZ¨vek¨K Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K

Kw¤úDUv‡ii AcÖZzjZv;

4| Kw¤úDUvi QvovI Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY, †hgb: B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,

†bUIqvwK©s BZ¨vw`i Abycw¯’wZ;

5| cÖwk¶Y cÖvß wk¶‡Ki Afve;

6| bZzb welq wn‡m‡e ICT wel‡qi cÖwZ wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡`i ARvbv

AvZ¼;

7| A‡bK mgq bZzb welq AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡Póvi Afve †`Lv hvq
Ges GKvi‡Y wk¶‡Ki AbvMÖn j¶¨ Kiv hvq;

8| ICT wel‡qi wkLb mvgMÖx I DcKiY A‡c¶vK…Z e¨qeûj e‡j we`¨vjq

KZ©„c¶I DrmvwnZ nq bv;

9| Avgv‡`i RvZxq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi Kvi‡YI miKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨

I mn‡hvMxZv w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

mgm¨v hvB _vKzK bv †Kb, AvaywbK c„w_exi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z n‡j Ges
mg„w× I AMÖMwZi w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡j ICT wk¶v Avgv‡`i Rb¨

224
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

AZ¨vek¨K| †h‡nZz Avgv‡`i GB mKj mgm¨v ivZvivwZ mgvavb m¤¢e bq,

ZvB mKj mgm¨v‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Avgv‡`i GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i DwPZ
n‡e AwZmZ¡i ICT welqwU Avgv‡`i wk¶vcÖwZôv‡b Pvjy Kiv Ges µgvš^‡q
†mB me mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv|

ICT wel‡q mgm¨ ICT wel‡q mgm¨ mgvav‡b Kg©mnvqK:

mgvav‡b
Kg©mnvqK †kªwY wk¶‡Y wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i wb‡Ri †ckvMZ `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨
M‡elYv Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kwi GKwU Dcvq| ICT wel‡qi wewfbœ mgm¨vi
mgvavb K‡i †kªwY cvV`vb Kvh©µg‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z GB wel‡qi wk¶K
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Ki‡j A‡bK
mgq KZ©…c¶mn ¯’vbxq e¨w³ivI welqwU m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nq Ges Zv mgvav‡b
GwM‡q Av‡m| KZ…c‡¶i AvMÖn Ges wk¶KM‡Yi Z¨v‡Mi d‡j A‡bK eo eo
mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| we`¨vj‡q GKwU Kw¤úDUvi _K‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i
MÖƇc fvM K‡i Ges K¬v‡mi msL¨v e„w× K‡i ICT welqwU wk¶v`vb Kiv m¤¢e
n‡e| ZvB ICT wel‡qi eûgyLx mgm¨v mgvav‡b Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi
AZ¨šÍKvh©Kwi f~wgKv iv‡L|

Kg©mnvqK Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡R ICT-i Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qvM:

M‡elYv Kv‡R Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq †h‡nZz Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq, ZB
ICT-i Ávb I
GB Kv‡R Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨cK my‡hvM
`¶Zv cÖ‡qvM:
i‡q‡Q|

 Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, ch©‡e¶Y wj÷ ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw`
Kv‡R Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K;

 Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wewfbœ e¨w³i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnR I `ªæZ gva¨g
n‡jv B-†gBj| KvM‡Ri wPwVcÎ ev Ab¨vb¨ KvMR mvaviY Wv‡K cvVv‡bvi
†P‡q A‡bK Kg Li‡P I ¯^í mg‡q B-†gBj K‡i cvVv‡bv hvq|

 Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wekvj Drm n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡Ri

A‡bK cÖv_wgK Z_¨ B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cvIqv hv‡e|

 Avevi †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †`k-we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯‹zj, K‡jR ev

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡`i mvnvh¨, gZvgZ ev Zv‡`i
c×wZ MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
225
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

 Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi Kv‡R G‡·j, SPSS BZ¨vw` md&UIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i `ªæZ
djvdj cvIqv hvq|

 WvUv‡eR e¨envi K‡i Z‡_¨i eûgyLx e¨vL¨v †`qv hvq|

 M‡elYv Kv‡Ri djvdj Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ICT-i eûgyLx e¨envi i‡q‡Q|

wewfbœ PvU© I Qwe cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges cvIqvi c‡q›U-G KvR K‡i M‡elYvi
djvdj AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|

g~j¨vqb
 1. ICT wk¶‡Y we`¨gvb mgm¨v¸‡jv wK wK?
2. ICT wk¶Y wel‡q mgm¨vmg~n mgvav‡b Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv f~wgKv
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kv‡R wKfv‡e ICT welqK Ávb I `¶Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv
hvq?

226
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 6

ICT wel‡q bZzb aviYvq †KZv`yi¯Í _vKv

f~wgKv
ICT `ªæZ weKvkgvb Áv‡bi GKwU †¶Î| cÖwZwbqZ Gi we¯Í…wZ I weKvk NU‡Q| GwU Ggb
GKwU welq hv mKj eq‡mi mKj ¯Í‡ii gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq| weÁv‡bi Ab¨ kvLvi Ávb
mvaviY gvby‡li bv Rvb‡jI P‡j| wKš‘ Z_¨ cÖhyw³MZ (ICT) Ávb bv _vK‡j GKRb gvbyl
e¨w³MZfv‡e µgkt AvaywbK G c„w_ex †_‡K wcwQ‡q co‡Z _v‡K| Avi wk¶v †¶‡Î ICT-i
f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| Áv‡bi wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M ICT Qvov wk¶v Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| KvM‡Ri
eB-cy¯Í‡Ki w`b †kl n‡q Avm‡Q, GKwU wbw`©ó †kªwYK‡¶ wbw`©ó wk¶‡Ki Awa‡b MZvbyMwZK
wk¶vc×wZiI cwieZ©b Avm‡Q, gyL¯Í we`¨v Avi KíbvcÖm~Z Ávb Avni‡Yi gva¨gI eÜ n‡q
Avm‡Q wkNÖB, Avi G me wKQyB m¤¢e n‡”Q ICT-i Kvi‡Y| ZvB Áv‡bi aviK I evnK wn‡m‡e
wk¶KMY‡Zv e‡UB, †mB mv‡_ mKj †ckvi mKj e¨w³i Rb¨ ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í
(Up-to-date) ivLv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Dcvq wn‡m‡e
B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK wewfbœ mvP© Bwćbi (Search Engine) e¨envi Ges †`k-we‡`‡ki D›gy³
jvB‡eªix e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
GB c‡e© Avcbviv ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wel‡q aviYv jvf
Ki‡eb|

wb‡Pi Q‡Ki wee„wZ¸‡jv co–b Ges Avcwb GB KvR¸‡jv K‡ib wKbv †m wel‡q cv‡ki cÖ‡hvR¨
N‡i wUK wPý w`b|

227
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

gv‡S KLbI
ICT wel‡q †KZv`yi¯Í _vKvi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ wee„wZ memgq
gv‡S bq
1. ICT msµvšÍ welq¸wj Avgvi Kv‡Q RwUj gv‡b nq|

2. ICT welqviwj co‡Z Ges cov‡Z Avgvi fv‡jv

jv‡M|
3. Avwg ICT welqK eB/g¨vMvwRb/cwÎKv cwo|
4. ICT wel‡q hv Avwg eywS bv Zv D”PZi †kªw Yi eB

msMÖn K‡i cwo|

5. ICT wel‡q hv Avwg eywS bv Zv Ab¨ wk¶‡Ki mv‡_

Av‡jvPbv K‡i †evSvi †Póv Kwi|

6. ICT wel‡q hv Avgvi Kv‡Q `y‡e©v×, Zv Avwg AwfÁ I

Ávbx e¨w³‡`i Kv‡Q wPwV wj‡L Rvb‡Z PvB|

7. Avwg we`¨vj‡qi MwYZ, weÁvb I ICT wel‡qi
wk¶KMY‡K mv‡_ wb‡q wbqwgZfv‡e Av‡jvPbvq e‡m
bZzb Ávb, Z_¨ I wk¶Y c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
8. Avwg B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kwi Ges †mLvb †_‡K bZzb
Ávb, Z_¨ I wk¶Y c×wZ Ly‡R cwo|
9. †ccvi/cwÎKvq ICT welqK †hme wdPvi, AvwU©‡Kj
Ges wk¶v m¤úwK©Z Kjvg ‡jLv nq Zv Avwg cwo Ges
msi¶Y Kwi|
10. weÁvb, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ welqK wewfbœ mfv, †mwgbvi,
†gjv BZ¨vw`‡Z Avwg Dcw¯’Z _vwK|

228
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi †KŠkj

 GB c‡e© Avcbviv ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi †KŠkj AvqZ¡ Ki‡eb|

wb‡P K‡qKwU I‡qemvB‡Ui Qwe †`qv Av‡Q| G¸‡jv j¶¨ Kiæb Ges ejyb †KvbwU wK‡mi Qwe|
ICT wk¶Y wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivL‡Z G¸‡jv Avgv‡`i wKfv‡e DcKv‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i?
Avcbvi Rvbvg‡Z GiKg Avi wK wK I‡qemvBU Av‡Q?

(1)
(2)

(3) (4)

229
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 6

g~j wkLbxq welq

ICT wel‡q bZzb aviYvq †KZv`yi¯Í _vKv

ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K

ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
†KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ICT `ªæZ weKvkgvb Áv‡bi GKwU †¶Î| cÖwZwbqZ Gi we¯Í…wZ I weKvk
NU‡Q| GwU Ggb GKwU welq hv mKj eq‡mi mKj ¯Í‡ii gvby‡li Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq| weÁv‡bi Ab¨ kvLvi Ávb mvaviY gvby‡li bv Rvb‡jI P‡j| wKš‘
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³MZ (ICT) Ávb bv _vK‡j GKRb gvbyl e¨w³MZfv‡e µgkt
AvaywbK G c„w_ex †_‡K wcwQ‡q co‡Z _v‡K| Avi wk¶v †¶‡Î ICT-i f~wgKv
Ab¯^xKvh©| Áv‡bi wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M ICT Qvov wk¶v Kíbv Kiv hvq bv|
KvM‡Ri eB-cy¯Í‡Ki w`b †kl n‡q Avm‡Q, GKwU wbw`©ó †kªwYK‡¶ wbw`©ó
wk¶‡Ki Awa‡b MZvbyMwZK wk¶vc×wZiI cwieZ©b Avm‡Q, gyL¯Í we`¨v Avi
KíbvcÖm~Z Ávb Avni‡Yi gva¨gI eÜ n‡q Avm‡Q wkNÖB, Avi G me wKQyB
m¤¢e n‡”Q ICT-i Kvi‡Y| ZvB Áv‡bi aviK I evnK wn‡m‡e wk¶KMY‡Zv
e‡UB, †mB mv‡_ mKj †ckvi mKj e¨w³i Rb¨ ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K
†KZv`yi¯Í (Up-to-date) ivLv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Dcvq:

†KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi
t
Dcvq
ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Rb¨ †h KvR¸‡jv Kiv DwPZ, Zv n‡jv:

 ICT welqK eB/g¨vMvwRb/cwÎKv cov|

 ICT wel‡q aviYv cwi¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ D”PZi †kªwYi eB msMÖn K‡i cov|
 Ab¨ wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i G wel‡qi Ávb AR©b Kiv|
 ICT wel‡q hv `y‡e©v× g‡b n‡e, Zv AfxÁ I Ávbx e¨w³‡`i Kv‡Q wPwV
wj‡L Rvb‡Z PvIqv|
 we`¨vj‡qi MwYZ, weÁvb I ICT wel‡qi wk¶KMY‡K mv‡_ wb‡q
wbqwgZfv‡e Av‡jvPbvq e‡m bZzb Ávb, Z_¨ I wk¶Y c×wZ wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv|

230
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv Ges †mLvb †_‡K bZzb Ávb, Z_¨ I wk¶Y c×wZ
Ly‡R cov|
 †ccvi/cwÎKvq ICT welqK †hme wdPvi, AvwU©‡Kj Ges wk¶v m¤úwK©Z
Kjvg ‡jLv nq Zv cov Ges msi¶Y Kiv|
 weÁvb, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ welqK wewfbœ mfv, †mwgbvi, †gjv BZ¨vw`‡Z
AskMÖnY Kiv|

B›Uvi‡bU B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLv:

e¨envi K‡i
B›Uvi‡bU AvR mviv we‡k¦i gvbyl‡K RvwZ, ag©, eY©, †Mvwô BZ¨vw` †f‡` GK
ICT wel‡q
wb‡R‡K K‡i‡Q| †mB mv‡_ GKB †ckvi gvbyl‡K Z_¨, Ávb I AfxÁZv eȇbi
†KZv`yi¯Í ivLv gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx GKB iKg cøvUdig cÖwZôvi cÖ‡Póv wb‡q‡Q| ZvB wb‡R‡K
wek¦gv‡bi GKRb †ckvRxwe K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi GLb h‡_ó
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wb‡P B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi KZ¸‡jv
†KŠkj D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mvm© BwÄb e¨envi: B›Uvi‡b‡U mviv we‡k¦i mKj wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cvIqv hvq|
ïay `iKvi nq h_vh_fv‡e †m¸‡jv Ly‡R †ei Kivi `¶Zv| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K
Z_¨ Ly‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ mvm© BwÄb i‡q‡Q| ‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
wKQy mvm© Bwćbi wVKvbv n‡jv: www.google.com,www.yahoo.com,
www.searchengineguide.com BZ¨vw`|

wWwRUvj wek¦‡Kvl e¨envi: we‡k¦i mKj wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ wb‡q wek¦‡Kvl
iwPZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wek¦‡Kv‡li wWwRUvj fm©b
evRv‡i wmwW/wWwfwW AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivL‡Z GmKj
wWwRUvj wek¦‡Kvl h‡_ó mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvovI DBwKwcwWqv
(www.wikipedia.com) bvgK B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK GKwU D›gy³ wek¦‡Kvl
Av‡Q †hLv‡b webvLi‡P †h‡Kvb Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b Kwc ev wcÖ›U †bqv
hvq|

wk¶Y-wkLb mnvqK I‡qe mvBU e¨envi: †`k we‡`‡ki wewfbœ I‡qe mvBU
Av‡Q †h¸‡jv wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨, ZË¡, wk¶Y
c×wZ, wk¶v DcKiY BZ¨vw` mieivn K‡i| wbqwgZ GB mKj I‡qe mvBU-G
231
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk¶Y- 2

cÖ‡ek Ki‡j wk¶KZv †ckvq wb‡R‡K AviI `¶ Kiv hv‡e Ges AvaywbK I
AvšÍR©vwZK a¨vb-aviYvq wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLv m¤¢e n‡e| GiKg wKQy
I‡qe mvB‡Ui wVKvbv n‡jv: www.teachervision.fen.com,
www.schoolworld.com, www.sitesforteachers.com,
www.education-world.com BZ¨vw`|

B-jviwbs (e-learning): †ckvMZ wel‡q ev wk¶vMÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev Ávb

jv‡fi cÖ‡qvR‡b B-jviwbs GLb h‡_ó RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ welq
wewËK eB-cy¯ÍK K‡¤úvR K‡i wWwRUvj fvm©b AvKv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡U Kgg~‡j¨ ev
A‡bK mgq webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hv‡”Q| welqwfwËK GB eB¸‡jv msMÖn K‡i c‡o
wb‡Ri Ávb‡K mg„× Kiv hvq| GiKg K‡qKwU I‡qe mvBU n‡jv: www.e-
learningforkids.org,www.e-learningguru.com,
www.knowledgepresenter.com BZ¨vw`|

`~i-wkLb (Distance learning): we‡k¦i wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq I K‡jR

B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK `~i-wk¶Y †Kvm© Pvjy K‡i‡Q| G‡Z †h †Kvb †`‡ki wk¶v_©x
Zvi wbR †`‡k e‡m Ab¨ †`‡ki wek¦we`¨vjq ev K‡jR †_‡K D”P wk¶v MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKig K‡qKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi I‡qe wVKvbv n‡jv: www.
londonexternal.ac.uk, www.open.ac.uk, www.athabascau.ca,
www. distancelearning.ufl.edu BZ¨vw`|

g~j¨vqb
 1. GKRb ICT wel‡qi wk¶K wn‡m‡e wKfv‡e wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivL‡eb?
2. ICT wel‡q wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivL‡Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi D‡jøL Kiæb|

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